CHAPTER 7

Applications of the Definite Integral in

Geometry, Science, and Engineering
EXERCISE SET 7.1

1. A =
1

2. A =

2
(x2 + 1 x)dx = (x3 /3 + x x2 /2)
= 9/2
1

4

3/2
2
( x + x/4)dx = (2x /3 + x /8) = 22/3

0
2

2
(y 1/y )dy = (y /2 + 1/y) = 1
2

3. A =

4. A =

1
2

2
(2 y 2 + y)dy = (2y y 3 /3 + y 2 /2) = 10/3

4
2

(4x x )dx = 32/3

5. (a) A =

16

(b) A =

( y y/4)dy = 32/3

y
(4, 16)
y = 4x
y = x2
5
x
1

6. Eliminate x to get y 2 = 4(y + 4)/2, y 2 2y 8 = 0,

(y 4)(y + 2) = 0; y = 2, 4 with corresponding
values of x = 1, 4.

(a) A =

[2 x (2 x)]dx +

4 xdx +
0

[2 x (2x 4)]dx

(2 x 2x + 4)dx = 8/3 + 19/3 = 9

(4, 4)

y2 = 4x

y = 2x 4
x

(b) A =

[(y/2 + 2) y 2 /4]dy = 9

278

(1, -2)

Exercise Set 7.1

279

( x x2 )dx = 49/192

7. A =

1/4

(1, 1)

y = x

y = x2
x
1
4

2
3

[0 (x 4x)]dx

8. A =

(0 cos 2x)dx

0 2

/4

(4x x3 )dx = 4

/2

9. A =

/2

cos 2x dx = 1/2
/4

y
1

y = cos 2 x
x

2
3

-1

y = 2x3 4x

10. Equate sec2 x and 2 to get sec2 x = 2,

3/4

sin y dy =

11. A =

y
y

(3, 2)
1

/4

(#, 2)

x = sin y

y = sec2 x

sec x = 2, x = /4

/4
A=
(2 sec2 x)dx = 2

/4

12. A =
1

[(x + 2) x2 ]dx = 9/2

y
(2, 4)

(1, 1)

y = x2
x

x=y2

280

Chapter 7


e2x ex dx
0

 ln 2
1 2x
=
e ex
= 1/2
2
ln 2

13. A =

14. A =
1

e
dy
= ln y = 1
y
1

y
e

y
y = e2x

x
1/e

2
y = ex

ln 2

15.


2
A=
|x| dx
1 + x2
1


1
2
=2

x
dx
1 + x2
0
1
= 4 tan1 x x2 = 1

16.

3
1

= 2, x =
, so
2
2
1x



3/2 
1
dx
2
A=
1 x2
3/2
3/2

1
= 2 3 23
= 2 sin x
3/2

y=2

1.5
1

1 y=
0.5

x
-1

1
1 - x2
x

3
2

3
2

3 x, x 1
,
1 + x, x 1



1

1
A=
x + 7 (3 x) dx
5
5



5

1
+
x + 7 (1 + x) dx
5
1



1

5
4
6
6 x dx
=
x + 4 dx +
5
5
5
1

17. y = 2 + |x 1| =

= 72/5 + 48/5 = 24

y
(5, 8)
y = 15 x + 7
(5, 6)
y = 3x

y = 1+x
x

Exercise Set 7.1

281

2/5

(4x x)dx

18. A =

19. A =

(x3 4x2 + 3x)dx

3
+
[(x3 4x2 + 3x)]dx
0

(x + 2 x)dx

+

2/5

2/5

(2 2x)dx = 3/5

3x dx +
0

= 5/12 + 32/12 = 37/12

2/5

( 25 , 85 )

-1

y = -x + 2
y = 4x

(1, 1)
x

-8

y= x

20. Equate y = x3 2x2 and y = 2x2 3x

to get x3 4x2 + 3x = 0,
x(x 1)(x 3) = 0; x = 0, 1, 3
with corresponding values of y = 0, 1.9.

1
[(x3 2x2 ) (2x2 3x)]dx
A=
0

1

3
-2

[(2x3 3x) (x3 2x2 )]dx

(x3 4x2 + 3x)dx +

-1

+

(x3 + 4x2 3x)dx

1

8
37
5
+ =
12 3
12

21. From the symmetry of the region

5/4

A=2
(sin x cos x)dx = 4 2
/4

22. The region is symmetric about the

origin so

2
|x3 4x|dx = 8
A=2
0

-1

3.1

-3

-3.1

282

Chapter 7

23. A =
1

(y 3 y)dy +

(y 3 y)dy

 3

y 4y 2 + 3y (y 2 y) dy

24. A =

= 1/2

 2

y y (y 3 4y 2 + 3y) dy

= 7/12 + 45/4 = 71/6

4.1
-1

-1
-2.2

12.1
0

25. The curves meet when x = ln 2, so

 ln 2


ln 2
2
2
1
1
(2x xex ) dx = x2 ex
= ln 2
A=
2
2
0
0

y
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
x
0.5

26. The curves meet for x = e2 2/3 , e2 2/3 thus



e22/3
1
3

A=
dx

x x 1 (ln x)2
e2 2/3


= 3 ln x sin1 (ln x)

e2

2/3

e2 2/3

y
20
15

2 2
1
= 4 2 2 sin
3

10
5
x
1

27. The area is given by
k = 0.997301.


(1/ 1 x2 x)dx = sin1 k k 2 /2 = 1; solve for k to get

28. The

b curves intersect at x = a = 0 and x = b = 0.838422 so the area is
(sin 2x sin1 x)dx 0.174192.
a

29. Solve 32x = x6 +2x5 3x4 +x2 to nd the real roots

x = 3, 1; from a plot it is seen that the line
1

is above the polynomial when 3 < x < 1, so A =

(32x(x6 +2x5 3x4 +x2 )) dx = 9152/105

Exercise Set 7.1

283

1
30. Solve x5 2x3 3x = x3 to nd the roots x = 0,
6 + 2 21. Thus, by symmetry,
2

(6+221)/2
7
27
+
(x3 (x5 2x3 3x)) dx =
21
A=2
4
4
0

31.

2 ydy =

2 ydy

k3 = 4

k= 34

2
2 3/2
= (27 k 3/2 )
k
3
3
k 3/2 = 27/2
2/3

k = (27/2)

x2 dx

1 3
1
k = (8 k 3 )
3
3

y 1/2 dy

y 1/2 dy =

x2 dx =

32.

x = y

= 9/ 4

y
y=9
y=k

x
2
x=k
x

(2x x2 )dx = 4/3

33. (a) A =
0

(b) y = mx intersects y = 2x x2 where mx = 2x x2 , x2 + (m 2)x = 0, x(x + m 2) = 0 so

x = 0 or x = 2 m. The area below the curve and above the line is
2m

2m

2m
1
1
1
(2 m)x2 x3
(2x x2 mx)dx =
[(2 m)x x2 ]dx =
= (2 m)3
2
3
6
0
0
0

3
3
3
so (2 m) /6 = (1/2)(4/3) = 2/3, (2 m) = 4, m = 2 4.

34. The line through (0, 0) and (5/6, 1/2) is y =

5/6 
A=
0

3
x;
5


5
3
3
x dx =
+1
sin x
5
2
24

y
1

y = sin x

( 56c , 12 )
c

35. (a) It gives the area of the region that is between f and g when f (x) > g(x) minus the area of
the region between f and g when f (x) < g(x), for a x b.
(b) It gives the area of the region that is between f and g for a x b.

284

Chapter 7

36. (b)

1
1/n

lim

n+

(x

x) dx = lim

n+

n
x2
x(n+1)/n
n+1
2

1


= lim

n+

1
n

n+1 2


= 1/2

37. The curves intersect at x = 0 and, by Newtons Method, at x 2.595739080 = b, so

b

b
(sin x 0.2x)dx = cos x + 0.1x2 1.180898334
A
0

38. By Newtons Method, the points of intersection are at x 0.824132312, so with

b

b
2
3
b = 0.824132312 we have A 2
(cos x x )dx = 2(sin x x /3) 1.094753609
0

39. By Newtons Method the points
of intersection

are x= x1 0.4814008713 and
x2 
ln x
(x 2) dx 1.189708441.
x = x2 2.363938870, and A
x
x1
40. By Newtons
of intersection are x = x1 where x1 0.6492556537, thus

x1  Method the points 
2
3 + 2 cos x dx 0.826247888
A2
1 + x2
0


|v| dt, so

60
(3t t2 /20) dt = 1800 ft.
(a) distance =

41. distance =

(3t t2 /20) dt =

(b) If T 60 then distance =

0

42. Since a1 (0) = a2 (0) = 0, A =
of the two cars at time T .

3 2
1
T T 3 ft.
2
60

(a2 (t)a1 (t)) dt = v2 (T )v1 (T ) is the dierence in the velocities

0

43. Solve x1/2 + y 1/2 = a1/2 for y to get

y = (a1/2 x1/2 )2 = a 2a1/2 x1/2 + x

a
A=
(a 2a1/2 x1/2 + x)dx = a2 /6
0

44. Solve for y to get y = (b/a) a2 x2 for the upper half

a 
b
4b a  2
4b
2
2
a x dx =
a x2 dx =
get A = 4

a 0
a
0 a

x
a

of the ellipse; make use of symmetry to

1 2
a = ab.
4

45. Let A be the area between the curve and the x-axis and AR the area of the rectangle, then
b

b
k
kbm+1
A=
xm+1 =
, AR = b(kbm ) = kbm+1 , so A/AR = 1/(m + 1).
kxm dx =
m
+
1
m
+
1
0
0

Exercise Set 7.2

285

EXERCISE SET 7.2

1. V =
1

(3 x)dx = 8

[(2 x2 )2 x2 ]dx

2. V =
0

(4 5x2 + x4 )dx

=
0

= 38/15

3. V =
0

1
(3 y)2 dy = 13/6
4

4. V =

x4 dx = 32/5

6. V =

(4 1/y 2 )dy = 9/2

1/2

5. V =
0

/3

sec2 x dx = ( 3 1)

/4

y
y = sec x

y = x2

2
1

-1
-2

/2

cos x dx = (1

7. V =

2/2)

/4

[(x2 )2 (x3 )2 ]dx

8. V =
0

y = cos x

(x4 x6 )dx = 2/35

0

x
3

=
y

-1

(1, 1)
y = x2
y = x3

4
2

9. V =
4

[(25 x ) 9]dx

(16 x2 )dx = 256/3

= 2
5

(9 x2 )2 dx

=
3

10. V =

(81 18x2 + x4 )dx = 1296/5

y

y = 25 x2

9
y = 9 x2

y=3
x

x
-3

286

Chapter 7

4
2

2 2

[(4x) (x ) ]dx

11. V =
0

/4

(cos2 x sin2 x)dx

12. V =
0

(16x2 x4 )dx = 2048/15

/4

cos 2x dx = /2
0

(4, 16)

16

y = cos x

y = 4x

y = sin x x

y = x2

x
4
-1

2x ln 3
e
= 4
2
0

ln 3

e2x dx =

13. V =
0

14. V =

e4x dx =

(1 e4 )
4

y
1

x
1

-1

2
1

1
15. V =

dx = tan (x/2)
= 2 /4
2
2
2 4 + x
2

16. V =
0

1
e6x

6x

dx = ln(1 + e ) = (ln(1 + e6 ) ln 2)
6x
1+e
6
6
0

y 2/3 dy = 3/5

17. V =

18. V =
1

(1 y 2 )2 dy

=
1

(1 2y 2 + y 4 )dy = 16/15
y

y1/3

x=
y = x3

x = 1 y2

x
-1

x
-1

-1

Exercise Set 7.2

287

19. V =

(1 + y)dy = 8

[22 (y + 1)]dy

20. V =

(3 y)dy = 9/2

x = y + 1
y = x2 1

y
x = 1 + y
x
2

(2, 3)

3/4

csc2 y dy = 2

21. V =

(y y 4 )dy = 3/10

22. V =

/4

x = y2

1
6

(1, 1)
x = y

x = csc y
-1

-2

-1

-1

2
2

23. V =
1

[(y + 2) y ]dy = 72/5

24. V =
1



(2 + y 2 )2 (1 y 2 )2 dy

(3 + 6y 2 )dy = 10

=
1

x = y2

(4, 2)

y
x = 2 + y2
x = 1 y2
1

x= y+2
x

(1, 1)
1

-1

e2y dy =

25. V =
0

27. V =
a


 2
e 1
2

26. V =
0

dy = tan1 2
1 + y2

b2 2
(a x2 )dx = 4ab2 /3
a2

y
b

y = ba a2 x 2
x

288

Chapter 7

1
dx = (1/b 1/2);
2
x
b
(1/b 1/2) = 3, b = 2/( + 6)

28. V =

29. V =

(x + 1)dx

30. V =

[(x + 1) 2x]dx

+
0

= /2 + /2 =

-1

y=6x
x

y = 2x

(9 y 2 )2 dy

[32 (3

32. V =

x)2 ]dx

(81 18y 2 + y 4 )dy

(6 x x)dx

= 135/2

= 648/5
y

31. V =

= 8 + 8/3 = 32/3

y = x

y
(1, 2)
y = x + 1

(6 x)2 dx

0
1

x dx +

x = y2

x
9

y=3
y = x

x
9

33. V =

[( x + 1)2 (x + 1)2 ]dx

y
x=y
x = y2

1
1

(2 x x x2 )dx = /2

x
1

y = -1

[(y + 1)2 (y 2 + 1)2 ]dy

34. V =

x=y

(2y y 2 y 4 )dy = 7/15

=
0

x
1
x = y2
x = 1

Exercise Set 7.2

289

35. A(x) = (x2 /4)2 = x4 /16,

20
V =
(x4 /16)dx = 40, 000 ft3

(x x4 )dx = 3/10

36. V =
0

(x x2 )2 dx

37. V =

38. A(x) =

1
2

(x 2x + x )dx = 1/30

V =

Square

2
1
1
x = x,
2
8

1
x dx =
8
y

y
y = x (1, 1)

y = x

y = x2
1

39. On the upper half of the circle, y =

1 x2 , so:

(a) A(x) is the area of a semicircle of radius y, so

1
1
2
2
2
A(x) = y /2 = (1 x )/2; V =
(1 x ) dx =
(1 x2 ) dx = 2/3
2 1
0
y

-1

y = 1 x2

1 x

(b) A(x) is the area of a square of side 2y, so

1

1
A(x) = 4y 2 = 4(1 x2 ); V = 4
(1 x2 ) dx = 8
(1 x2 ) dx = 16/3
1

-1

2y

y = 1 x 2

1 x

(c) A(x) is the area of an equilateral triangle with sides 2y, so

3
A(x) =
(2y)2 = 3y 2 = 3(1 x2 );
4

1

1

V =
3(1 x2 ) dx = 2 3
(1 x2 ) dx = 4 3/3
1

2y

2y

-1

2y
y = 1 x2

1 x

290

Chapter 7

40. By similar triangles, R/r = y/h so

R = ry/h and A(y) = r2 y 2 /h2 .

h
2
2
V = (r /h )
y 2 dy = r2 h/3

R
h

41. The two curves cross at x = b 1.403288534, so

b

/2
16
2
V =
(sin16 x (2x/)2 ) dx 0.710172176.
((2x/) sin x) dx +
b

42. Note that 2 sin x cos3 x = 4x2 for x = /4. From the graph it is apparent that this is the rst
positive solution, thus the curves dont cross on (0, /4) and

/4

[( 2 sin x cos3 x)2 (4x2 )2 ] dx =

V =
0

1 5
17 6
+

48
2560

(1 (ln y)2 ) dy =

43. V =
1

44. V =

tan 1

[x2 x2 tan1 x] dx =

[tan2 1 ln(1 + tan2 1)]

6

(r2 y 2 ) dy = (rh2 h3 /3) =

45. (a) V =
rh

1 2
h (3r h)
3
y

(b) By the Pythagorean Theorem,

r2 = (r h)2 + 2 , 2hr = h2 + 2 ; from Part (a),


h
h 3 2
2
2
2
(3hr h ) =
V =
(h + ) h )
3 2
3
1
= h(h2 + 32 )
6
46. Find the volume generated by revolving
the shaded region about the y-axis.

10+h

(100 y 2 )dy = h2 (30 h)

V =
3
10
Find dh/dt when h = 5 given that dV /dt = 1/2.

dV
dh

(30h2 h3 ),
= (60h 3h2 ) ,
3
dt
3
dt

1
dh dh
= (300 75) ,
= 1/(150) ft/min
3
dt dt
2

V =

h
r

x2 + y2 = r2
x

y
h 10
h
-10

10

x = 100 y 2

Exercise Set 7.2

291

5
= 0.5; {y0 , y1 , , y10 } = {0, 2.00, 2.45, 2.45, 2.00, 1.46, 1.26, 1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 1.25};
10
9 

y i 2
x 11.157;
left =
2
i=0

47. (b) x =

right =

10 

y i 2

i=1

x 11.771; V average = 11.464 cm3

48. If x = r/2 then from y 2 = r2 x2 we get y = 3r/2

as limits of integration; for 3 y 3,

y
3r
2

x = r 2 y 2

A(y) = [(r2 y 2 ) r2 /4] = (3r2 /4 y 2 ), thus

V =

3r/2

(3r2 /4 y 2 )dy

3r/2

3r/2

(3r2 /4 y 2 )dy =

= 2

3r
2

3r3 /2

49. (a)

(b)
h 4

x
-2

h4

h
-4
0h<2

-4

2h4

If the cherry is partially submerged then 0 h < 2 as shown in Figure (a); if it is totally submerged then 2 h 4 as shown in Figure (b). The radius of the glass is 4 cm and that of the
cherry is 1 cm so points on the sections shown in the gures satisfy the equations x2 + y 2 = 16
and x2 + (y + 3)2 = 1. We will nd the volumes of the solids that are generated when the shaded
regions are revolved about the y-axis.
For 0 h < 2,

h4

V =
4

[(16 y 2 ) (1 (y + 3)2 )]dy = 6

h4

(y + 4)dy = 3h2 ;
4

for 2 h 4,

V =
4

[(16 y 2 ) (1 (y + 3)2 )]dy +

= 6
4

=
so

h4

(y + 4)dy +
2

h4

(16 y 2 )dy

1
(16 y 2 )dy = 12 + (12h2 h3 40)
3

1
(12h2 h3 4)
3

2
3h
V =
1 (12h2 h3 4)
3

if 0 h < 2
if 2 h 4

292

50.

Chapter 7


x = h r2 y2 ,

r 



(h + r2 y 2 )2 (h r2 y 2 )2 dy
V =
r

= 4h
r


= 4h

(x h 2) + y 2 = r 2
x

r2 y 2 dy

1 2
r
2


= 2 2 r2 h

51. tan = h/x so h = x tan ,

A(y) =

1
1
1
hx = x2 tan = (r2 y 2 ) tan
2
2
2

because x = r y ,

r
1
V = tan
(r2 y 2 )dy
2
r

r
2
= tan
(r2 y 2 )dy = r3 tan
3
0
2

u
x


52. A(x) = (x tan )(2 r2 x2 )

= 2(tan )x r2 x2 ,

r 
V = 2 tan
x r2 x2 dx

53. Each cross section perpendicular to the

y-axis is a square so
A(y) = x2 = r2 y 2 ,

r
1
(r2 y 2 )dy
V =
8
0

2
= r3 tan
3

V = 8(2r3 /3) = 16r3 /3

y

x tan u
y
r 2

x = r2 y2

x
x2

r
x

54. The regular cylinder of radius r and height h has the same circular cross sections as do those of
the oblique clinder, so by Cavalieris Principle, they have the same volume: r2 h.

EXERCISE SET 7.3

2x(x2 )dx = 2

1. V =
1

x3 dx = 15/2
1

2. V =


2x( 4 x2 x)dx = 2

2y(2y 2y 2 )dy = 4

3. V =
0

8
(x 4 x2 x2 )dx =
(2 2)
3

(y 2 y 3 )dy = /3
0

Exercise Set 7.3

293

2y[y (y 2 2)]dy = 2

4. V =
0

(y 2 y 3 + 2y)dy = 16/3
0

1
3

5. V =

2(x)(x )dx
0

6. V =
4

x4 dx = 2/5

= 2

2x( x)dx
9

x3/2 dx = 844/5

= 2

y = x

y = x3
2

1
x
-1

-9

-4

-1

7. V =

2x(1/x)dx = 2

dx = 4

8. V =

/2

2x cos(x2 )dx = / 2

y=

y = cos (x2)

1
x

-3

-1

x
p
2

2x[(2x 1) (2x + 3)]dx

9. V =
1

2x(2x x2 )dx

10. V =
0

2
2

(x x)dx = 20/3

= 8

(2x2 x3 )dx =

= 2

y = 2x x 2

(2, 3)

(1, 1)
x
2

(2, 1)

x
dx
+1
0
1
= ln(x2 + 1) = ln 2

11. V = 2

x2

y=

1
x2 + 1

x
-1

294

Chapter 7

x2

12. V =

2xe

x2

dx = e

3

= (e3 e)

y
20
y = ex

10

x
-3 -1

2y 3 dy = /2

13. V =

14. V =

y 2 dy = 76/3

2y(2y)dy = 4
2

3
2

x = y2

x = 2y
x

2y(1

15. V =
0

y)dy

2y(5 y 4/y)dy

16. V =
1

(y y 3/2 )dy = /5

= 2

(5y y 2 4)dy = 9

= 2
1

y (1, 4)

y = x

x = 5y
x

(4, 1)

x = 4/y

x sin xdx = 2 2

17. V = 2
0

/2

x cos xdx = 2 2

18. V = 2
0

2x(x3 3x2 + 2x)dx = 7/30

19. (a) V =
0

(b) much easier; the method of slicing would require that x be expressed in terms of y.
y
y = x3 3x2 + 2x
x
-1

Exercise Set 7.3

295

2(x + 1)(1/x3 )dx

20. V =
1

= 2

y
x+1

(x2 + x3 )dx = 7/4

y = 1/x 3

x
1x 2

-1

2(1 y)y 1/3 dy

21. V =
0

(y 1/3 y 4/3 )dy = 9/14

= 2
0

1y

2x[f (x) g(x)]dx

22. (a)

h
(r y) is an equation of the line
r
through (0, r) and (h, 0) so


r
h
(r y) dy
V =
2y
r
0


2h r
=
(ry y 2 )dy = r2 h/3
r 0

k/4

23. x =

24. V =

2y[f (y) g(y)]dy

(b)

x = y1/3

(0, r)

(h, 0)

2(k/2 x)2 kxdx

= 2 k

k/4

(kx1/2 2x3/2 )dx = 7k 3 /60

k/2 x

y = kx
x

y = kx

a

2x(2 r2 x2 )dx = 4
x(r2 x2 )1/2 dx
0
0
a

4  3
4
r (r2 a2 )3/2
= (r2 x2 )3/2 =
3
3
0

25. V =

x = k/2
x = k/4

y = r 2 x2
x

a
y = r 2 x2

296

Chapter 7

26. V =
a


2(b x)(2 a2 x2 )dx

= 4b
a

a2 x2 dx 4


x a2 x2 dx

= 4b (area of a semicircle of radius a) 4(0)

b-x

a2 x2
x
a

a2 x2

= 2 2 a2 b

27. Vx =
1/2

x=b

1
dx = (2 1/b), Vy = 2
x2

dx = (2b 1);
1/2

Vx = Vy if 2 1/b = 2b 1, 2b2 3b + 1 = 0, solve to get b = 1/2 (reject) or b = 1.

b

x

1 2
1 2
)

dx
=

tan
(x
)
=

tan
(b
4
4
1 1+x
1
  1

= 2
(b) lim V =
b+
2
4
4

28. (a) V = 2

EXERCISE SET 7.4

1. (a)

dy
= 2, L =
dx

dx
1
(b)
= ,L =
dy
2

2.

1 + 4dx =

1 + 1/4 dy = 2 5/2 = 5

dx
dy
= 1,
= 5, L =
dt
dt

12 + 52 dt =

26

9 1/2
81
x , 1 + [f  (x)]2 = 1 + x,
2
4

3/2 1

1

81
8
1+ x
L=
1 + 81x/4 dx =
= (85 85 8)/243
243
4
0

3. f  (x) =

4. g  (y) = y(y 2 + 2)1/2 , 1 + [g  (y)]2 = 1 + y 2 (y 2 + 2) = y 4 + 2y 2 + 1 = (y 2 + 1)2 ,

L=
0

1

(y 2 + 1)2 dy =
(y 2 + 1)dy = 4/3
0

 2
dy
dy
4
9x2/3 + 4
2 1/3
5.
, 1+
= 1 + x2/3 =
,
= x
dx
3
dx
9
9x2/3

40

8 2/3
9x + 4
1
L=
dx
=
u1/2 du, u = 9x2/3 + 4
1/3
18
3x
1
13
40

1 3/2
1
1
=
=
u
(40 40 13 13) =
(80 10 13 13)
27
27
27
13

Exercise Set 7.4

297

or (alternate solution)
2
4 + 9y
dx
9
,
=1+ y =
dy
4
4



40

1 4
1
1
L=
(80 10 13 13)
4 + 9y dy =
u1/2 du =
2 1
18 13
27
x = y 3/2 ,

3
dx
= y 1/2 , 1 +
dy
2


2


1 6 1
1 3
1 6 1
1 3
3

2
6
6
3
x +x
x + +x =
x +x
6. f (x) = x x , 1 + [f (x)] = 1 +
=
,
16
2
16
2
4
4

2


3

3 
1 3
1 3
3
3
dx = 595/144
dx =
L=
x +x
x +x
4
4
2
2


1 3
1
y + 2y 1 , g  (y) = y 2 2y 2 ,
8
24

2


1 4 1
1 2
1 4 1
2
4
4

2
y + 2y
y + 4y
y + + 4y =
=
,
1 + [g (y)] = 1 +
2
2
8
64
64


4
1 2
y + 2y 2 dy = 17/6
L=
8
2

7. x = g(y) =

1
1
8. g (y) = y 3 y 3 , 1 + [g  (y)]2 = 1 +
2
2


4
1 3 1 3
L=
dy = 2055/64
y + y
2
2
1


1 6 1 1 6
y + y
4
2 4

9. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = (t2 )2 + (t)2 = t2 (t2 + 1), L =


=

2
1 3 1 3
y + y
,
2
2

t(t2 + 1)1/2 dt = (2 2 1)/3

10. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = [2(1 + t)]2 + [3(1 + t)2 ]2 = (1 + t)2 [4 + 9(1 + t)2 ],

1

L=
(1 + t)[4 + 9(1 + t)2 ]1/2 dt = (80 10 13 13)/27
0

2

/2

11. (dx/dt) + (dy/dt) = (2 sin 2t) + (2 cos 2t) = 4, L =

2 dt =
0

12. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = ( sin t + sin t + t cos t)2 + (cos t cos t + t sin t)2 = t2 ,


t dt = 2 /2
L=
0

13. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = [et (cos t sin t)]2 + [et (cos t + sin t)]2 = 2e2t ,

/2

L=
2et dt = 2(e/2 1)
0

2et dt = 2(e4 e)

14. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = (2et cos t)2 + (2et sin t)2 = 4e2t , L =
1


sec x tan x
= tan x, 1 + (y  )2 = 1 + tan2 x = sec x when 0 < x < /4, so
sec x

/4

sec x dx = ln(1 + 2)
L=

15. dy/dx =

298

Chapter 7


cos x
= cot x, 1 + (y  )2 = 1 + cot2 x = csc x when /4 < x < /2, so
sin x



/2

21
csc x dx = ln( 2 1) = ln
( 2 + 1) = ln(1 + 2)
L=
2+1
/4

16. dy/dx =

17. (a) (dx/d)2 + (dy/d)2 = (a(1 cos ))2 + (a sin )2 = a2 (2 2 cos ), so

2 

2 
2
2
L=
(dx/d) + (dy/d) d = a
2(1 cos ) d
0

18. (a) Use the interval 0 < 2.

(b) (dx/d)2 + (dy/d)2 = (3a cos2 sin )2 + (3a sin2 cos )2
= 9a2 cos2 sin2 (cos2 + sin2 ) = (9a2 /4) sin2 2, so
/2

2

/2
L = (3a/2)
sin 2 d = 3a cos 2
= 6a
| sin 2| d = 6a
0

19. (a)

(b) dy/dx does not exist at x = 0.

(8, 4)

(-1, 1)
x

(c)

x = g(y) = y 3/2 , g  (y) =

L=
0


1 + 9y/4 dy

+
0

8
=
27

1 + 9y/4 dy

3 1/2
y ,
2

(portion for 1 x 0)
(portion for 0 x 8)

13
8
13 1 + (10 10 1) = (13 13 + 80 10 16)/27
8
27

20. For (4), express the curve y = f (x) in the parametric form x = t, y = f (t) so dx/dt = 1 and
dy/dt = f  (t) = f  (x) = dy/dx. For (5), express x = g(y) as x = g(t), y = t so
dx/dt = g  (t) = g  (y) = dx/dy and dy/dt = 1.


21. L =
0


1 + 4x2 dx 4.645975301

22. L =

1 + cos2 y dy 3.820197789

23. Numerical integration yields: in Exercise 21, L 4.646783762; in Exercise 22, L 3.820197788.
24. 0 m f  (x) M , so m2 [f  (x)]2 M 2 , and 1 + m2 1 + [f  (x)]2 1 + M 2 ; thus


1 + m2 1 + [f  (x)]2 1 + M 2 ,

b

b

b
2

2
1 + m dx
1 + [f (x)] dx
1 + M 2 dx, and
a
a
a


(b a) 1 + m2 L (b a) 1 + M 2

25. f  (x) = cos x, 2/2 cos x 1 for 0 x /4 so



3/2 L
2.
(/4) 1 + 1/2 L (/4) 1 + 1,
4
4

Exercise Set 7.5

299

26. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = (a sin t)2 + (b cos t)2 = a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t

= a2 (1 cos2 t) + b2 cos2 t = a2 (a2 b2 ) cos2 t


a2 b2
2
2
=a 1
cos t = a2 [1 k 2 cos2 t],
a2

2 

/2 
L=
a 1 k 2 cos2 t dt = 4a
1 k 2 cos2 t dt
0

27. (a) (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = 4 sin2 t + cos2 t = 4 sin2 t + (1 sin2 t) = 1 + 3 sin2 t,

2 

/2 
L=
1 + 3 sin2 t dt = 4
1 + 3 sin2 t dt
0

(b) 9.69

4.8

1 + 3 sin2 t dt 5.16 cm

(c) distance traveled =

1.5

4.6

28. The distance is

1 + (2.09 0.82x)2 dx 6.65 m

29. L =


1 + (k cos x)2 dx

1.84

1.83

1.832

3.8202

5.2704

5.0135

4.9977

5.0008

Experimentation yields the values in the table, which by the Intermediate-Value Theorem show
that the true solution k to L = 5 lies between k = 1.83 and k = 1.832, so k = 1.83 to two decimal
places.

EXERCISE SET 7.5

1. S =
0

2(7x) 1 + 49dx = 70 2

x dx = 35 2

1
1
2. f  (x) = , 1 + [f  (x)]2 = 1 +
4x
2 x


4

4

1
dx = 2
2 x 1 +
x + 1/4dx = (17 17 5 5)/6
S=
4x
1
1

3. f  (x) = x/ 4 x2 , 1 + [f  (x)]2 = 1 +

S=
1

x2
4
=
,
2
4x
4 x2

1


2
2
2 4 x (2/ 4 x )dx = 4
dx = 8
1

4. y = f (x) = x3 for 1 x 2, f  (x) = 3x2 ,

2

2


3
4 3/2
4
S=
2x 1 + 9x dx =
= 5(29 145 2 10)/27
(1 + 9x )
27
1
1


5. S =
0

2

2(9y + 1) 82dy = 2 82
(9y + 1)dy = 40 82
0

300

Chapter 7

6. g  (y) = 3y 2 , S =

2y 3

1 + 9y 4 dy = (10 10 1)/27

7. g  (y) = y/


9 y 2 , 1 + [g  (y)]2 =

9
,S=
9 y2

9 y2 

3
9 y2

dy = 6

dy = 24
2

2y
,
1y

0

0


2y
dy = 4
2(2 1 y)
2 y dy = 8(3 3 2 2)/3
S=
1y
1
1

8. g  (y) = (1 y)1/2 , 1 + [g  (y)]2 =

2

1
1 1
1 1/2 1 1/2
1 1/2 1 1/2
x
+ x
,
x , 1 + [f  (x)]2 = 1 + x1 + x =
x
2
2
4
2 4
2
2





3 
3
1 1/2 1 1/2
1
dx =
+ x
(3 + 2x x2 )dx = 16/9
2 x1/2 x3/2
S=
x
2
3
2
3
1
1

9. f  (x) =

 
2

1 4
1 2
1
1 2

2
4
2
= x + x
,
10. f (x) = x x , 1 + [f (x)] = 1 + x + x
4
2 16
4




2 

2
1 3
1 5 1
1 3 1 1
1 2
2
x + x
x + x+ x
S=
x + x
dx = 2
dx = 515/64
2
3
4
4
3
3
16
1
1


1 4 1 2 
1
y + y , g (y) = y 3 y 3 ,
8
4
4
 
2

1
1
1
1 + [g  (y)]2 = 1 + y 6 + y 6 = y 3 + y 3 ,
2 16
4



2

2 

1 4 1 2
1
S=
y 3 + y 3 dy =
2
(8y 7 + 6y + y 5 )dy = 16,911/1024
y + y
4
8
4
16
1
1

11. x = g(y) =

1
65 4y
,
, 1 + [g  (y)]2 =
16 y; g  (y) =
4(16 y)
2 16 y


15 

15 

65 4y
S=
2 16 y
65 4y dy = (65 65 5 5)
dy =
4(16 y)
6
0
0

12. x = g(y) =

2

13. f (x) = cos x, 1 + [f (x)] = 1 + cos x, S =

2 sin x 1 + cos2 x dx = 2( 2 + ln( 2 + 1))

14. x = g(y) = tan y, g  (y) = sec2 y, 1 + [g  (y)]2 = 1 + sec4 y;

/4

S=
2 tan y 1 + sec4 y dy 3.84
0


15. f (x) = e ,

2

2ex

2x

1 + [f (x)] = 1 + e , S =


1 + e2x dx 22.94

16. x = g(y) = ln y, g  (y) = 1/y, 1 + [g  (y)]2 = 1 + 1/y 2 ; S =

1 + 1/y 2 ln y dy 7.05

17. Revolve the line segment joining the points (0, 0) and (h, r) about the x-axis. An equation of the
line segment is y = (r/h)x for 0 x h so

h

h


2r 
S=
2(r/h)x 1 + r2 /h2 dx = 2 r2 + h2
x dx = r r2 + h2
h
0
0

Exercise Set 7.5

301

18. f (x) = r2 x2 , f  (x) = x/ r2 x2 , 1 + [f  (x)]2 = r2 /(r2 x2 ),

r

r


2
2
2
2
2 r x (r/ r x )dx = 2r
dx = 4r2
S=
r



r2 y 2 , g  (y) = y/ r2 y 2 , 1 + [g  (y)]2 = r2 /(r2 y 2 ),

r

r


2
2
2
2
2
2 r y r /(r y ) dy = 2r
dy = 2rh
(a) S =

19. g(y) =

rh

rh

(b) From Part (a), the surface area common to two polar caps of height h1 > h2 is
2rh1 2rh2 = 2r(h1 h2 ).
20. For (4), express the curve y = f (x) in the parametric form x = t, y = f (t) so dx/dt = 1 and
dy/dt = f  (t) = f  (x) = dy/dx. For (5), express x = g(y) as x = g(t), y = t so
dx/dt = g  (t) = g  (y) = dx/dy and dy/dt = 1.
21. x = 2t, y  = 2, (x )2 + (y  )2 = 4t2 + 4

4

4 


8
(17 17 1)
S = 2
(2t) 4t2 + 4dt = 8
t t2 + 1dt =
3
0
0
22. x = 2 cos t sin t, y  = 5 cos t, (x )2 + (y  )2 = 4 cos2 t sin2 t + 25 cos2 t,

/2


S = 2
5 sin t 4 cos2 t sin2 t + 25 cos2 t dt = (145 29 625)
6
0
23. x = 1, y  = 4t, (x )2 + (y  )2 = 1 + 16t2 , S = 2

1 + 16t2 dt =

(17 17 1)
24

24. x = 2 sin t cos t, y  = 2 sin t cos t, (x )2 + (y  )2 = 8 sin2 t cos2 t

/2


/2

S = 2
cos2 t 8 sin2 t cos2 t dt = 4 2
cos3 t sin t dt = 2
0

25. x = r sin t, y  = r cos t, (x )2 + (y  )2 = r2 ,

r sin t r2 dt = 2r2
sin t dt = 4r2
S = 2
0

 2  2
dy
dx
dy
dx
+
= 2a2 (1 cos )
26.
= a(1 cos ),
= a sin ,
d
d
d
d

2

2


2
2
S = 2
a(1 cos ) 2a (1 cos ) d = 2 2a
(1 cos )3/2 d,
0

but 1 cos = 2 sin2 so (1 cos )3/2 = 2 2 sin3 for 0 and, taking advantage of the
2
2


3
2
sin d = 64a2 /3.
symmetry of the cycloid, S = 16a
2
0
27. (a) length of arc of sector = circumference of base of cone,
1
! = 2r, = 2r/!; S = area of sector = !2 (2r/!) = r!
2

302

Chapter 7

(b) S = r2 !2 r1 !1 = r2 (!1 + !) r1 !1 = [(r2 r1 )!1 + r2 !];

Using similar triangles !2 /r2 = !1 /r1 , r1 !2 = r2 !1 , r1 (!1 + !) = r2 !1 , (r2 r1 )!1 = r1 !
so S = (r1 ! + r2 !) = (r1 + r2 ) !.

l1
r1

l2
l

r2

28. S =


2[f (x) + k] 1 + [f  (x)]2 dx




29. 2k 1 + [f  (x)]2 2f (x) 1 + [f  (x)]2 2K 1 + [f  (x)]2 , so

b

b

b



2k 1 + [f  (x)]2 dx
2f (x) 1 + [f  (x)]2 dx
2K 1 + [f  (x)]2 dx,
a

1 + [f  (x)]2 dx S 2K

2k
a

a
b

1 + [f  (x)]2 dx, 2kL S 2KL

30. (a) 1

b



1 + [f  (x)]2 so 2f (x) 2f (x) 1 + [f  (x)]2 ,

b

b

2f (x)dx
2f (x) 1 + [f  (x)]2 dx, 2
f (x)dx S, 2A S

(b) 2A = S if f  (x) = 0 for all x in [a, b] so f (x) is constant on [a, b].

EXERCISE SET 7.6

1. (a) W = F d = 30(7) = 210 ftlb
6

6

6
1
(b) W =
F (x) dx =
x2 dx =
= 5/6 ftlb
x 1
1
1


2. W =

40 dx

F (x) dx =
0

3. distance traveled =

40
(x 5) dx = 80 + 60 = 140 J
3

v(t) dt =
0

work done is 10 10 = 100 ftlb.

4t
2 5
dt = t2 = 10 ft. The force is a constant 10 lb, so the
5
5 0

4. (a) F (x) = kx, F (0.05) = 0.05k = 45, k = 900 N/m

0.03
900x dx = 0.405 J
(c) W =
(b) W =
0

5. F (x) = kx, F (0.2) = 0.2k = 100, k = 500 N/m, W =

0.10

0.8

500xdx = 160 J
0

6. F (x) = kx, F (1/2) = k/2 = 6, k = 12 N/m, W =

12x dx = 24 J
0

900x dx = 3.375 J

0.05

Exercise Set 7.6

303

7. W =

kx dx = k/2 = 10, k = 20 lb/ft

0

(9 x)62.4(25)dx

8. W =
0

(9 x)dx = 56, 160 ftlb

= 1560

6 9-x

x
0

(9 x)(25)dx = 900 ftlb

9. W =
0

10. r/10 = x/15, r = 2x/3,

10
W =
(15 x)62.4(4x2 /9)dx
0

83.2

=
3

15

10

10
x

15 - x

10

(15x2 x3 )dx
0

= 208, 000/3 ftlb

11. w/4 = x/3, w = 4x/3,

2
W =
(3 x)(9810)(4x/3)(6)dx
0

3
2
x

w(x)

(3x x2 )dx

= 78480

3-x

= 261, 600 J
12.


w = 2 4 x2

2

(3 x)(50)(2 4 x2 )(10)dx
W =
2

= 3000
2

4 x2 dx 1000

3
w(x)

2 3-x
x


x 4 x2 dx

2
0

= 3000[(2)2 /2] 0 = 6000 ftlb

-2

(10 x)62.4(300)dx

13. (a) W =
0

10
9 10 - x
x

(10 x)dx

= 18,720
0

= 926,640 ftlb
(b) to empty the pool in one hour would require
926,640/3600 = 257.4 ftlb of work per second
so hp of motor = 257.4/550 = 0.468

0
20

15

304

Chapter 7

14. W =

x(62.4)(300) dx = 18,720
0

x dx = (81/2)18,720 = 758,160 ftlb

0

100

15(100 x)dx

15. W =

Pulley

100

= 75, 000 ftlb

100 - x

Chain

x
0

16. The total time of winding the rope is (20 ft)/(2 ft/s) = 10 s. During the time interval from time t
to time t + t the work done is W = F (t) x.
The distance x = 2t, and the force F (t) is given by the weight w(t) of the bucket, rope and
water at time t. The bucket and its remaining water together weigh (3 + 20) t/2 lb, and the rope
is 20 2t ft long and weighs 4(20 2t) oz or 5 t/2 lb. Thus at time t the bucket, water and rope
together weigh w(t) = 23 t/2 + 5 t/2 = 28 t lb.
The amount of work done in the time interval from time t to time t + t is thus
W = (28 t)2t, and the total work done is

10
10


W = lim
(28 t)2t =
(28 t)2 dt = 2(28t t2 /2) = 460 ftlb.
n+

17. When the rocket is x ft above the ground

3000

total weight = weight of rocket + weight of fuel

= 3 + [40 2(x/1000)]
= 43 x/500 tons,

x
Rocket

3000

(43 x/500)dx = 120, 000 fttons

W =
0

18. Let F (x) be the force needed to hold

charge A at position x, then
c
c
F (x) =
, F (a) = 2 = k,
2
(a x)
4a

A
-a

B
0

so c = 4a2 k.

0
W =
4a2 k(a x)2 dx = 2ak J
a

19. (a) 150 = k/(4000)2 , k = 2.4 109 , w(x) = k/x2 = 2,400,000,000/x2 lb



(b) 6000 = k/(4000)2 , k = 9.6 1010 , w(x) = 9.6 1010 /(x + 4000)2 lb

5000
(c) W =
9.6(1010 )x2 dx = 4,800,000 milb = 2.5344 1010 ftlb
4000

20. (a) 20 = k/(1080)2 , k = 2.3328 107 , weight = w(x + 1080) = 2.3328 107 /(x + 1080)2 lb

10.8
(b) W =
[2.3328 107 /(x + 1080)2 ] dx = 213.86 milb = 1,129,188 ftlb
0

Exercise Set 7.7

305

21. W = F d = (6.40 105 )(3.00 103 ) = 1.92 109 J; from the Work-Energy Relationship (5),
vf2 = 2W/m + vi2 = 2(1.92 109 )/(4 105 ) + 202 = 10,000, vf = 100 m/s
22. W = F d = (2.00 105 )(2.00 105 ) = 4 1010 J; from the Work-Energy Relationship (5),
vf2 = 2W/m + vi2 = 8 1010 /(2 103 ) + 108 11.832 m/s.
23. (a) The kinetic energy would have decreased by
(b) (4.5 1014 )/(4.2 1015 ) 0.107

1
1
mv 2 = 4 106 (15000)2 = 4.5 1014 J
2
2
1000
(c)
(0.107) 8.24 bombs
13

EXERCISE SET 7.7

1. (a) F = hA = 62.4(5)(100) = 31,200 lb
2

P = h = 62.4(5) = 312 lb/ft

2. (a) F = P A = 6 105 (160) = 9.6 107 N

(b) F = hA = 9810(10)(25) = 2,452,500 N

P = h = 9810(10) = 98.1 kPa
(b) F = P A = 100(60) = 6000 lb

62.4x(4)dx

3. F =
0

4. F =

9810x(4)dx
1

= 249.6

x dx

= 39,240

x dx = 499.2 lb

= 156,960 N

1
x

5. F =


9810x(2 25 x2 )dx

x(25 x2 )1/2 dx

= 19,620
0

= 8.175 105 N
0

5y

y = 25 x 2

225 x 2

6. By similar triangles

2
w(x)
2 3x

, w(x) = (2 3 x),
=
4
2 3
3



23
2
62.4x (2 3 x) dx
F =
3
0

23
124.8
(2 3x x2 )dx = 499.2 lb
=
3 0
4

w(x)

x
4
2 3

306

Chapter 7

7. By similar triangles
w(x)
10 x
=
6
8
3
w(x) = (10 x),
4



10
3
F =
9810x (10 x) dx
4
2

10
(10x x2 )dx = 1,098,720 N
= 7357.5

8. w(x) = 16 + 2u(x), but

1
12 x
u(x)
so u(x) = (12 x),
=
8
2
4
w(x) = 16 + (12 x) = 28 x,

12
F =
62.4x(28 x)dx
4

12

(28x x2 )dx = 77,209.6 lb.

= 62.4

0
6

4
x

u(x)

w(x)

12

w(x)

16

10

9. Yes: if 2 = 21 then F2 =

2 h(x)w(x) dx =
a

10. F =
0


50x(2 4 x2 )dx

1 h(x)w(x) dx = 2F1 .
a

2 y

y = 4 x2

x(4 x2 )1/2 dx

= 100

21 h(x)w(x) dx = 2

= 800/3 lb

24 x2

11. Find the forces on the upper and lower halves and add them:
w1 (x)
x

=
, w1 (x) = 2x
2a
2a/2

2a/2


x(2x)dx = 2
F1 =
0

2a/2
2

x dx =

2a /6,

w2 (x)
2a x

=
, w2 (x) = 2( 2a x)
2a
2a/2

2a

2a

x[2( 2a x)]dx = 2
( 2ax x2 )dx = 2a3 /3,
F2 =
2a/2

F = F1 + F2 =

2a3 /6 +

x
2a/2
x
2a

w1(x)
a

a 2a
w2(x)

2a/2

2a3 /3 = a3 / 2 lb

12. If a constant vertical force is applied to a at plate which is horizontal and the magnitude of the
force is F , then, if the plate is tilted so as to form an angle with the vertical, the magnitude of
the force on the plate decreases to F cos .

Exercise Set 7.7

307

Suppose that a at surface is immersed, at an angle with the vertical, in a uid of weight density
, and that the submerged portion of the surface extends from x = a to x = b along an x-axis
whose positive diretion is not necessarily down, but is slanted.
Following the derivation of equation (8), we divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals
a = x0 < x1 < . . . < xn1 < xn = b. Then the magnitude Fk of the force on the plate satises the
inequalities h(xk1 )Ak cos Fk h(xk )Ak cos , or equivalently that
Fk sec
h(xk ). Following the argument in the text we arrive at the desired equation
h(xk1 )
Ak

b
F =
h(x)w(x) sec dx.
a

13.

162 + 42 = 272 = 4 17 is the

other dimension of the bottom.

(h(x) 4)/4 = x/(4 17)

h(x) = x/ 17 + 4,

sec = 4 17/16 = 17/4

4 17

F =

62.4(x/ 17 + 4)10( 17/4) dx

= 156 17

4 17

16
4
0
h(x)

4
x
4

10

417

(x/ 17 + 4)dx

= 63,648 lb
14. If we lower the water level
by y ft then the force F1 is computed as in Exercise 13, but with h(x)
replaced by h1 (x) = x/ 17 + 4 y, and we obtain

417

62.4(10) 17/4 dx = F 624(17)y = 63,648 10,608y.

F1 = F y
0

If F1 = F/2 then 63,648/2 = 63,648 10,608y, y = 63,648/(2 10,608) = 3,

so the water level should be reduced by 3 ft.
15. h(x) = x sin 60 =

3x/2,

200

= 30 , sec = 2/ 3,

100

F =
9810( 3x/2)(200)(2/ 3) dx
0

60
100

100

= 200 9810

x dx
0

= 9810 1003 = 9.81 109 N

h+2

16. F =

0 x(2)dx
h

h+2

= 20

x dx
h

= 40 (h + 1)

h
x
h+2

2
2

h(x)

308

Chapter 7

17. (a) From Exercise 16, F = 40 (h + 1) so (assuming that 0 is constant) dF/dt = 40 (dh/dt)
which is a positive constant if dh/dt is a positive constant.
(b) If dh/dt = 20 then dF/dt = 800 lb/min from Part (a).
18. (a) Let h1 and h2 be the maximum and minimum depths of the disk Dr . The pressure P (r) on
one side of the disk satises inequality (5):
h1 P (r) h2 . But
lim h1 = lim h2 = h, and hence

r0+

r0+

h = lim h1 lim P (r) lim h2 = h, so lim P (r) = h.

r0+

r0+

r0+

r0+

(b) The disks Dr in Part (a) have no particular direction (the axes of the disks have arbitrary
direction). Thus P , the limiting value of P (r), is independent of direction.

EXERCISE SET 7.8

1. (a) sinh 3 10.0179
(b) cosh(2) 3.7622

2. (a) csch(1) 0.8509

(b) sech(ln 2) = 0.8

(c) tanh(ln 4) = 15/17 0.8824

(d) sinh1 (2) 1.4436
(e) cosh1 3 1.7627
3
(f ) tanh1 0.9730
4

(c) coth 1 1.3130

1
(d) sech1 1.3170
2
1
(e) coth 3 0.3466

(f ) csch1 ( 3) 0.5493



1
4
3
=
3
3


5
1
1 1
+2 =
(b) cosh( ln 2) = (e ln 2 + eln 2 ) =
2
2 2
4

1
1
3. (a) sinh(ln 3) = (eln 3 e ln 3 ) =
2
2

e2 ln 5 e2 ln 5
25 1/25
312
=
=
2
ln
5
2
ln
5
e
+e
25 + 1/25
313


63
1 1
1 3 ln 2
3 ln 2
8 =
e
)=
(d) sinh(3 ln 2) = (e
2
2 8
16
(c) tanh(2 ln 5) =

4. (a)

1 ln x
1
(e
+ e ln x ) =
2
2

1
1 ln x
e ln x ) =
(e
(b)
2
2




1
x+
x
1
x
x


=

x2 + 1
,x>0
2x

x2 1
,x>0
2x

x2 1/x2
x4 1
e2 ln x e2 ln x
=
=
,x>0
e2 ln x + e2 ln x
x2 + 1/x2
x4 + 1


1 + x2
1 1
1 ln x
ln x
(e
+x =
,x>0
+e )=
(d)
2
2 x
2x

(c)

5.

sinh x0

cosh x0

tanh x0

coth x0

sech x0

csch x0

(a)

2 /5

5 / 2

1/5

1/ 2

(b)

3/ 4

5/ 4

3/ 5

5/3

4/5

4/3

(c)

4/3

5/ 3

4/5

5/4

3/ 5

3/ 4

Exercise Set 7.8

309

(a) cosh2 x0 = 1 + sinh2 x0 = 1 + (2)2 = 5, cosh x0 =

9
25
3
1=
, sinh x0 = (because x0 > 0)
16
16
4
 2
9
4
16
3
=
, sech x0 = ,
=1
(c) sech2 x0 = 1 tanh2 x0 = 1
5
25
25
5
  
4
4
5
1
5
sinh x0
cosh x0 =
=
= tanh x0 we get sinh x0 =
= , from
3
5
3
sech x0
3
cosh x0

(b) sinh2 x0 = cosh2 x0 1 =

6.

d
1
cosh x
d
cschx =
=
= coth x csch x for x = 0
dx
dx sinh x
sinh2 x
sinh x
1
d
d
=
= tanh x sech x for all x
sech x =
dx
dx cosh x
cosh2 x
sinh2 x cosh2 x
d cosh x
d
=
coth x =
= csch2 x for x = 0
dx sinh x
dx
sinh2 x
dy
dy dx
=
cosh y; so
dx dy
dx
d
dy
1
1
1
for all x.
=
[sinh1 x] =
=
=
2
dx
dx
cosh y
1 + x2
1 + sinh y

7. (a) y = sinh1 x if and only if x = sinh y; 1 =

(b) Let x 1. Then y = cosh1 x if and only if x = cosh y; 1 =

dy dx
dy
=
sinh y, so
dx dy
dx

1
1
d
dy
1
[cosh1 x] =
=
=
for x 1.
= 2
2
dx
dx
sinh y
x
1
cosh y 1
(c) Let 1 < x < 1. Then y = tanh1 x if and only if x = tanh y; thus
dy dx
dy
dy
d
dy
1
1=
=
.
sech2 y =
(1 tanh2 y) = 1 x2 , so
[tanh1 x] =
=
dx dy
dx
dx
dx
dx
1 x2
9. 4 cosh(4x 8)
12. 2

15.

1
11. csch2 (ln x)
x

10. 4x3 sinh(x4 )

sech2 2x
tanh 2x

13.

1
csch(1/x) coth(1/x)
x2

2 + 5 cosh(5x) sinh(5x)

4x + cosh2 (5x)

14. 2e2x sech(e2x ) tanh(e2x )

16. 6 sinh2 (2x) cosh(2x)

17. x5/2 tanh( x) sech2 ( x) + 3x2 tanh2 ( x)

18. 3 cosh(cos 3x) sin 3x

20.

1
1/x2

1+

(1/x2 ) =

19.
1

|x| x2 + 1




1
2
2
22. 1/
(sinh x) 1 1 + x

24. 2(coth

x)/(1 x )
2

 

1
= 1/ 9 + x2
2
1 + x /9 3
1



21. 1/ (cosh1 x) x2 1

23. (tanh1 x)2 /(1 x2 )

25.

sinh x

sinh x

=
=
2
|
sinh x|
cosh x 1

1, x > 0
1, x < 0

310

Chapter 7

26. (sech2 x)/

1 + tanh2 x

28. 10(1 + x csch

31.


9

x)

27.


x
1

+ csch x
|x| 1 + x2

1
sinh7 x + C
7

32.

1
34. coth(3x) + C
3
37.

41.

42.

43.

44.

1
sinh(2x 3) + C
2

35. ln(cosh x) + C

ln 3
1
3
sech x
= 37/375
3
ln 2

33.

2
(tanh x)3/2 + C
3

1
36. coth3 x + C
3

ln 3
= ln 5 ln 3
38. ln(cosh x)
0

1
1
du = sinh1 3x + C
3
1 + u2

2
1

x = 2u,
du =
du = cosh1 (x/ 2) + C
2u2 2
u2 1


1

du = sech1 (ex ) + C
u = ex ,
u 1 u2


1
u = cos ,
du = sinh1 (cos ) + C
1 + u2


du

= csch1 |u| + C = csch1 |2x| + C

u = 2x,
u 1 + u2




1
5/3
1
1

x = 5u/3,
du =
du = cosh1 (3x/5) + C
2
2
3
3
25u 25
u 1
1
3

39. u = 3x,

40.

ex

+ ex sech1 x
2x 1 x

1/2
1 1 + 1/2
1
45. tanh1 x
= tanh1 (1/2) tanh1 (0) = ln
= ln 3
2 1 1/2
2
0
1

46. sinh

3
0

ln 3

49. A =
0

= sinh1

3 sinh1 0 = ln( 3 + 2)

ln 3
1
1
sinh 2x dx = cosh 2x
= [cosh(2 ln 3) 1],
2
2
0

1
1
1 ln 9
(e + e ln 9 ) = (9 + 1/9) = 41/9 so A = [41/9 1] = 16/9.
2
2
2


ln 2
ln 2
50. V =
sech2 x dx = tanh x
= tanh(ln 2) = 3/5
but cosh(2 ln 3) = cosh(ln 9) =

51. V =
0

52.
0

0
5

(cosh2 2x sinh2 2x)dx =

dx = 5
0

1
1
1
cosh ax dx = 2, sinh ax = 2, sinh a = 2, sinh a = 2a;
a
a
0

let f (a) = sinh a 2a, then an+1 = an

sinh an 2an
, a1 = 2.2, . . . , a4 = a5 = 2.177318985.
cosh an 2

Exercise Set 7.8

311

53. y  = sinh x, 1 + (y  )2 = 1 + sinh2 x = cosh2 x



ln 2

ln 2
1
3
1 ln 2
1
ln 2
2
=
L=
cosh x dx = sinh x
= sinh(ln 2) = (e e
)=
2
2
2
4
0
0
54. y  = sinh(x/a), 1 + (y  )2 = 1 + sinh2 (x/a) = cosh2 (x/a)
x1

x1
cosh(x/a)dx = a sinh(x/a)
= a sinh(x1 /a)
L=
0

55. sinh(x) =
cosh(x) =

1 x
1
(e ex ) = (ex ex ) = sinh x
2
2
1 x
1
(e + ex ) = (ex + ex ) = cosh x
2
2

1
1 x
(e + ex ) + (ex ex ) = ex
2
2
1
1 x
(b) cosh x sinh x = (e + ex ) (ex ex ) = ex
2
2
1 x
1
(c) sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y = (e ex )(ey + ey ) + (ex + ex )(ey ey )
4
4

56. (a) cosh x + sinh x =

1 x+y
[(e
ex+y + exy exy ) + (ex+y + ex+y exy exy )]
4

1 (x+y)
e(x+y) ] = sinh(x + y)
[e
2
(d) Let y = x in Part (c).
=

(e) The proof is similar to Part (c), or: treat x as variable and y as constant, and dierentiate
the result in Part (c) with respect to x.
(f )

Let y = x in Part (e).

(g) Use cosh2 x = 1 + sinh2 x together with Part (f).

(h) Use sinh2 x = cosh2 x 1 together with Part (f).
57. (a) Divide cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1 by cosh2 x.
sinh x
sinh y
+
sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
tanh x + tanh y
cosh x cosh y
(b) tanh(x + y) =
=
=
sinh x sinh y
cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
1 + tanh x tanh y
1+
cosh x cosh y
(c) Let y = x in Part (b).
1
58. (a) Let y = cosh1 x; then x = cosh y = (ey + ey ), ey 2x + ey = 0, e2y 2xey + 1 = 0,
2


2x 4x2 4
y
2
e =
= x x 1. To determine which sign to take, note that y 0
2

so ey ey , x = (ey + ey )/2 (ey + ey )/2 = ey , hence ey x thus ey = x + x2 1,

y = cosh1 x = ln(x + x2 1).

ey ey
e2y 1
=
, xe2y + x = e2y 1,
ey + ey
e2y + 1
1+x
1 1+x
= (1 + x)/(1 x), 2y = ln
, y = ln
.
1x
2 1x

(b) Let y = tanh1 x; then x = tanh y =

1 + x = e2y (1 x), e2y

312

Chapter 7


d
1 + x/ x2 1

(cosh1 x) =
= 1/ x2 1
dx
x + x2 1




1
d
d 1
1
1
= 1/(1 x2 )
(tanh1 x) =
(b)
(ln(1 + x) ln(1 x)) =
+
dx 2
2 1+x 1x
dx

59. (a)

60. Let y = sech1 x then x = sech y = 1/ cosh y, cosh y = 1/x, y = cosh1 (1/x); the proofs for the
remaining two are similar.


61. If |u| < 1 then, by Theorem 7.8.6,


For |u| > 1,

62. (a)

du
= tanh1 u + C.
1 u2

du
= coth1 u + C = tanh1 (1/u) + C.
1 u2

d
x
d
1
1
=
(sech1 |x|) =
(sech1 x2 ) =
2
2
2
dx
dx
x 1 x2
x 1x
x

(b) Similar to solution of Part (a)

63. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f )

1 x
(e ex ) = + 0 = +
2
1 x
lim sinh x = lim
(e ex ) = 0 =
x
x 2
ex ex
=1
lim tanh x = lim x
x+
x+ e + ex
ex ex
= 1
lim tanh x = lim x
x
x e + ex

lim sinh1 x = lim ln(x + x2 + 1) = +
lim sinh x = lim

x+

x+

x+

x+

lim tanh1 x = lim

x1

x1

1
[ln(1 + x) ln(1 x)] = +
2


x2 1) ln x]
x+
x+


x + x2 1
= lim ln
= lim ln(1 + 1 1/x2 ) = ln 2
x+
x+
x
cosh x
ex + ex
1
= lim
= lim
(b)
lim
(1 + e2x ) = 1/2
x
x
x+
x+
x+
e
2e
2

64. (a)

lim (cosh1 x ln x) = lim [ln(x +

65. For |x| < 1, y = tanh1 x is dened and dy/dx = 1/(1 x2 ) > 0; y  = 2x/(1 x2 )2 changes sign
at x = 0, so there is a point of inection there.

1
a

66. Let x = u/a,

du =
dx = cosh1 x + C = cosh1 (u/a) + C.
2
2
2
u a
a x 1 


2 a2

u
+
u
a
1

cosh (u/a) = ln(u/a + u2 /a2 1) = ln

u + u2 a2 u + u2 a2






= ln u + u2 a2  ln a = ln |u + u2 a2 | + C1





1



so
du = ln u + u2 a2  + C2 .
u2 a2

67. Using sinh x + cosh x = ex (Exercise 56a), (sinh x + cosh x)n = (ex )n = enx = sinh nx + cosh nx.

Chapter 7 Supplementary Exercises

1 tx
e
t

etx dx =

68.
a

a
=
a

313

1 at
2 sinh at
(e eat ) =
for t = 0.
t
t

69. (a) y  = sinh(x/a), 1 + (y  )2 = 1 + sinh2 (x/a) = cosh2 (x/a)

b

b
L=2
cosh(x/a) dx = 2a sinh(x/a) = 2a sinh(b/a)
0

(b) The highest point is at x = b, the lowest at x = 0,

so S = a cosh(b/a) a cosh(0) = a cosh(b/a) a.
70. From Part (a) of Exercise 69, L = 2a sinh(b/a) so 120 = 2a sinh(50/a), a sinh(50/a) = 60. Let
u = 50/a, then a = 50/u so (50/u) sinh u = 60, sinh u = 1.2u. If f (u) = sinh u 1.2u, then
sinh un 1.2un
; u1 = 1, . . . , u5 = u6 = 1.064868548 50/a so a 46.95415231.
un+1 = un
cosh un 1.2
From Part (b), S = a cosh(b/a) a 46.95415231[cosh(1.064868548) 1] 29.2 ft.
71. From Part (b) of Exercise 69, S = a cosh(b/a) a so 30 = a cosh(200/a) a. Let u = 200/a,
then a = 200/u so 30 = (200/u)[cosh u 1], cosh u 1 = 0.15u. If f (u) = cosh u 0.15u 1,
cosh un 0.15un 1
then un+1 = un
; u1 = 0.3, . . . , u4 = u5 = 0.297792782 200/a so
sinh un 0.15
a 671.6079505. From Part (a), L = 2a sinh(b/a) 2(671.6079505) sinh(0.297792782) 405.9 ft.
72. (a) When the bow of the boat is at the point (x, y) and the person has walked a distance D,
then the person is located at the point (0, D), the line segment connecting (0, D) and (x, y)

has length a; thus a2 = x2 + (D y)2 , D = y + a2 x2 = a sech1 (x/a).




1 + 5/9
1
14.44 m.
(b) Find D when a = 15, x = 10: D = 15 sech (10/15) = 15 ln
2/3


2
1 2
a
a2
x
1
+x =
(c) dy/dx =
+
=
a x2 ,
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
x
a x
a x
x a x
15

15
225
a2 x2
a2
225
 2
1 + [y ] = 1 +
= 2 ; with a = 15 and x = 5, L =
dx =
= 30 m.
x2
x
x2
x 5
5

CHAPTER 7 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES

(2 + x x2 ) dx

6. (a) A =

(b) A =

y dy +

[( y (y 2)] dy

[(2 + x)2 x4 ] dx

2

4

(d) V = 2
y y dy + 2
y[ y (y 2)] dy
0
2

2


(e) V = 2
x(2 + x x2 ) dx
(f ) V =
(c) V =

(f (x) g(x)) dx +
a

(b) A =
1

(x3 x) dx +

(g(x) f (x)) dx +
b

(x x3 ) dx +
0

(f (x) g(x)) dx
c

(x3 x) dx =
1

(y (y 2)2 ) dy

y dy +

7. (a) A =

1 1 9
11
+ + =
4 4 4
4

314

Chapter 7

8/27

8. (a) S =
0

(c) S =


2x 1 + x4/3 dx

(b) S =

2
0


2(y + 2) 1 + y 4 /81 dy

y3 
1 + y 4 /81 dy
27

 2
 y 1/3
 y 2/3
dy
dy
x2/3 + y 2/3
a2/3
=
9. By implicit dierentiation
, so 1 +
=1+
=
=
,
dx
x
dx
x
x2/3
x2/3

a/8

a/8
a1/3
1/3
L=
dx
=
a
x1/3 dx = 9a/8.
(x1/3 )
a
a
10. The base of the dome is a hexagon of side r. An equation of the circle of radius r that lies in a
vertical x-y plane and passes through two opposite vertices of the base hexagon is x2 + y 2 = r2 .
A horizontal, hexagonal cross section at height y above the base has area

r

3 3 2
3 3 2
3 3 2
2
A(y) =
(r y 2 ) dy = 3r3 .
x =
(r y ), hence the volume is V =
2
2
2
0
11. Let the sphere have radius R, the hole radius r. By the Pythagorean Theorem, r2 + (L/2)2 = R2 .
Use cylindrical shells to
calculate the volume
of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis
the region r < x < R, R2 x2 < y < R2 x2 :
R

R

4
4
(2x)2 R2 x2 dx = (R2 x2 )3/2
= (L/2)3 ,
V =
3
3
r
r
so the volume is independent of R.

L/2

12. V = 2

16R2 2
4
LR2
(x L2 /4)2 =
4
L
15

13. (a)

(b) The maximum deection occurs at

x = 96 inches (the midpoint
of the beam) and is about 1.42 in.

x
100

200

-0.4

(c) The length of the centerline is

192 
1 + (dy/dx)2 dx = 192.026 in.

-0.8

-1.2
-1.6

14. y = 0 at x = b = 30.585; distance =

1 + (12.54 0.82x)2 dx = 196.306 yd

15. x = et (cos t sin t), y  = et (cos t + sin t), (x )2 + (y  )2 = 2e2t

/2

/2 2t
S = 2
(et sin t) 2e2t dt = 2 2
e sin t dt
0

/2

1
2 2
(2e + 1)
= 2 2 e2t (2 sin t cos t)
=
5
5
0


16. (a)
0

(sin1 x)2 dx = 1.468384.

/2

y(1 sin y)dy = 1.468384.

(b) 2
0

Chapter 7 Supplementary Exercises

315

1/4
1
1
17. (a) F = kx, = k , k = 2, W =
kx dx = 1/16 J
2
4
0

L
kx dx = kL2 /2, L = 5 m
(b) 25 =
0

150

(30x + 2000) dx = 15 1502 + 2000 150 = 637,500 lbft

18. F = 30x + 2000, W =

0

19. (a) F =

x3 dx N
0

w(x)
x
(b) By similar triangles
= , w(x) = 2x, so
4
2

4
2
F =
(1 + x)2x dx lb/ft .

h(x) = 1 + x
0

8 2
(c) A formula for the parabola is y =
x 10, so F =
125

w(x)

x
2

9810|y|2
10

125
(y + 10) dy N.
8

20. y  = a cosh ax, y  = a2 sinh ax = a2 y

21. (a) cosh 3x = cosh(2x + x) = cosh 2x cosh x + sinh 2x sinh x
= (2 cosh2 x 1) cosh x + (2 sinh x cosh x) sinh x
= 2 cosh3 x cosh x + 2 sinh2 x cosh x
= 2 cosh3 x cosh x + 2(cosh2 x 1) cosh x = 4 cosh3 x 3 cosh x
x
x
(b) from Theorem 7.8.2 with x replaced by : cosh x = 2 cosh2 1,
2
2
1
2 x
2 x
2 cosh
= cosh x + 1, cosh
= (cosh x + 1),
2
2
2
x
x
1
(cosh x + 1) (because cosh > 0)
cosh =
2
2
2
x
x
(c) from Theorem 7.8.2 with x replaced by : cosh x = 2 sinh2 + 1,
2
2

1
x
x
x
1
(cosh x 1)
2 sinh2 = cosh x 1, sinh2 = (cosh x 1), sinh =
2
2
2
2
2
22. (a)

(b) r = 1 when t 0.673080 s.

(c) dr/dt = 4.48 m/s.

t
1

316

Chapter 7

23. Set a = 68.7672, b = 0.0100333, c = 693.8597, d = 299.2239.

(a)

(b) L = 2

650

1 + a2 b2 sinh2 bx dx

= 1480.2798 ft

-300

300
0

(d) 82

(c) x = 283.6249 ft

24. The x-coordinates of the points of intersection are a 0.423028 and b 1.725171; the area is

b
(2 sin x x2 + 1)dx 2.542696.
a

25. Let (a, k), where /2 < a < , be the coordinates of the point of intersection of y = k with
y = sin x. Thus k = sin a and if the shaded areas are equal,

a

a
(k sin x)dx =
(sin a sin x) dx = a sin a + cos a 1 = 0
0

Solve for a to get a 2.331122, so k = sin a 0.724611.

k = 1.736796.

x sin x dx = 2(sin k k cos k) = 8; solve for k to get

26. The volume is given by 2

0