Dampak Keputusan Uni Eropa's Di Euro-Skeptisisme Dari Partai Peripheral Turki Agama

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{\info{\author Cabell}}
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\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1346\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1346\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Impact of EU\uc1\u8217XS Decisions on Euro-Skepticis}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {m of a Turkish Religious Peripheral Party,}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Felicity Party}\par\pard\li4640\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4640\ri0\s
l-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Imdat Ozen, Ph.D.}\par\pard\li3826\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Washington University in St. Louis}\
par\pard\li4413\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {{\field{\*\fld
inst{HYPERLINK "mailto:iozen@artsci.wustl.edu"}}{\fldrslt {iozen@artsci.wustl.ed
u}}}}\ul0 \par\pard\li5106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5106\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li510
6\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li5106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5106\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Abstract}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {This study achieve
d a group of objectives in}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {cluding the measuring of
the impact of the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{EU\uc1\u8217Xs decisions on trust-based, nationalism-}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {based, and religion-based Euro-skepticism,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-320\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {as well as Euro-skepticism in general, by }\fs24\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {conducting content analysis of statements}\par\pard\li1200
\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {made by some elite members of a
peripheral }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Turkish religious party, the Felicity Pa
rty}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(Saadet Part
isi, SP).The hypotheses were te}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sted at two independ
ent events (one on}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {December 17, 2004 and the other on October }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {03, 2
005). The data were collected from}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {the pro-SP Milli Gazete. Each hypothesis was tested by using
the two sample z-Test}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {formula. The findings show that the two de}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {cis
ions by the EU did not have any impact}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {on religion-based and trust-based Euro-skep}\fs24\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {ticism. Only the first event had an impact}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {on the nationalism-based Euro-skeptici
sm of }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {the SP. No positive impact was found at}\par
\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {the 0.05 level. By t
he end of the second even}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {t, only trust-based Eu}\fs
22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {ro-skepticism of the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-320\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {SP showed a decrease at the 0.10 level. The re}\fs
24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sults of this study were associated with}\par\pard\li12
00\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {social identity theory, with t
he group\uc1\u8217Xs stat}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {us as a peripheral party,
and the policy }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
requirements of the EU regarding Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs sensitive issues. }\par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\
margbsxn173\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Impact of

EU\uc1\u8217XS Decisions on Euro-Skepticis}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m of a T
urkish Religious Peripheral Party,}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Felicity Party}\par\pard\li9626\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {84}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li48
80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Introduction }\b0 \par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkey
\uc1\u8217Xs prospective EU membership }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {has captured
signific}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ant attention and}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sparked a serious debate in Europe for t
he past}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { several years. In spite of Turkey\uc1\u8217
Xs large}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Muslim
population, geographic size, level of }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {economic deve
lopment, and low per capita}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {income (Grigoriadis, 2006) (none of which }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {would appear to desi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gnate it as a prime}\par\par
d\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {candidate for EU members
hip), its unique geo-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {strategic position (at the cro
ssroads of the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B
alkans, the wider Middle East, Southern}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Caucasus, C
entral Asia, and beyond); its}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {importance to the security of Asia\uc1\u8217Xs ener}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {gy supply; and its political, economic, and}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {military leverage (Laciner, Ozcan, & B
al, 2005) have made Turkey a candidate country}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {that is different from all the others. }\par\par
d\li1920\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supporters and critics o
f Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { membership have both used T
urkey\uc1\u8217Xs}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Islamic religious and cultural identity, geogr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aph
ical position, demographic size, and level}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of economic development as arguments for }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {and against Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership. For}\par\pard\li1
200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {example, the supporters of Tu
rkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU me}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mbership believe that not onl
y would the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {admi
ssion of a Muslim country into the EU c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onstitute th
e most effective guarantee that}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {the EU would retain a secular, inclusive, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {and multicultural character, they believe it}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {would also send a powerful message to the re
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {st of the world (Grigoriadis, 2006). On the}\par\pa
rd\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {other hand, in the Decl
aration of the \uc1\u8220XNo Tu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rkish Membership in
the EU\uc1\u8221X campaign, the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {opponents of Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership argue that}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { Turkey belongs to the East and Islam,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {not Europe. They assert, quite simpl
y, that}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Turkey is not a European country, and,}\par
\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {likewise, that the O
rient and Islam are not pa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rt of Europe. These oppon
ents go so far as to}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {claim that most Europeans themselves do not wa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
nt to have Turkish or Arab countries in}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the European Union, as the EU is not a union of all demo
cracies, they say, nor is it only a}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {union of values. They remind those who will listen that the
EU is a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {European}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ Union and}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tha

t Turkey is culturally and historically not }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Europea
n. In their words, only the people of}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Europe can decide which countries are accepte}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {d as EU member nations}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, not politic
ians or}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {foreigne
rs (\uc1\u8220XCampaign against Turkish }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Membership\
uc1\u8221X). Some of these opponents,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {however, do believe that a \uc1\u8220Xspecial relations}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hip\uc1\u8221X between Turkey and the EU would be}\par
\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {desirable for strate
gic and economic reasons (S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chauble, 2004). This \uc
1\u8220Xspecial relationship\uc1\u8221X}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {might be defined as a sort of \uc1\u8220Xprivileged }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {partnership\uc1\u8221X between Tu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {rkey and EU member}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {nations, implying a close strategic, political}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {, and economic relationship between Turkey}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and EU member nations but still falling shor}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t of full EU membership for Turkey. This}\par\pard\li12
00\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {possibility became very popula
r, especially }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {among some political parties in Germa
ny,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Australia, a
nd France that oppose full memb}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ership for Turkey. U
nderlying European}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {fears, prejudices, and skepticism always s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eem to
surface in the discussion of full EU}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership for Turkey (Grigoriadis, 2006). This European r
ejectionism targeting Turkey}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {can be observed among both elites and the }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {common people of Europe (Yilmaz, 2004).}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {After taking a glimpse at the European }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {perception of Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs prospective EU}\par\pard\li1200
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership, it is relevant to lo
ok at the pe}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rception of Turkey about its own member
ship}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in the EU.
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\m
argtsxn666\margbsxn173\cols2\colno1\colw9626\colsr-0\colno2\colw1813\pard\li3466
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Journal of Global and Internatio
nal Studies}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {85}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-453\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkish public opinion is overwhelmingl}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {y in support of full EU membership, and}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enthusiasm among dominant groups is i
ncreas}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ing. According to the Euro-barometer,}\par\pa
rd\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkey is one of the hi
ghes}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t-ranking countries in support }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {of its own EU membership,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with 65 percent in favor of the proposal}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { (European Commission, 2002), and with 71}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {percent of this sample believing that the
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {country will benefit from such membership.}\par\par
d\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {There are many different
studies that measure }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the attitudes of the Turkish
public toward }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {T
urkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership. For instance, dr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aw
ing on pooled Eurobarometer data from}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2001, 2002, and 2003, one recent study examined the extent
to which attachment to}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca

lex100 {Islam, utilitarian considerations, and nati}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
onal identity explain individual support for}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs accession to the EU in a possi}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ble membership referendum (Kentmen, 2008).}\par\pard\
li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The study revealed that (1
) }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {people evaluated accession on th}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {e basis of its influence on}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {national identity and contributions to the na}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {tional economy in Turkey and (2) attitudes}\par\pard\li1200\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {toward the EU did not vary with one
\uc1\u8217Xs de}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {votion to Islam. This finding implie
s that}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Islamic v
alues are not incompatible with being part of the West and that attachment to}\p
ar\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Islam does not aff
ect attitudes toward the We}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {st. According to several
studies, mainly}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{descriptive, the majority of Turkish political }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {par
ties and elites are in favor of Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership. The Euro-skeptic elites and pa
rt}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ies are limited in number and have limited}\par\p
ard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {appeal to the Turkish
public, but the ambiva}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lent position of Europe and i
ts Turkey-}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {skept
icism harden them (Ayata, 2003). There is}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { a lack of
empirica}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l research about the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {perceptions of Turkish politic}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al elites toward the European Union. Therefore, conducting
}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an empirical st
udy on the Euro-skepticism of }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a peripheral, religio
us}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Turkish party (the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Felicity Party) makes my research valuable in
that it will reduce the deficit in empirical}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {research in this field. This study will measure th
e impact of the events of 17 December}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2004 and 3 October 2005 on trust-based and id}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {eology-based (religion and nationalism) }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {euro-skepticism specifically and on }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Euro-skepticism in general. }\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {There have been some studies on party }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preferences of the }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {indiv
iduals and how}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t
hey relate to the support of or opposition }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to EU me
mbership. For instance, among all}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {major political parties, only the Pro-Islamist Felicity Party
(Saadet Partisi-SP) has a}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {majority of voters against full membership }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{of Turkey in the EU. The SP\uc1\u8217Xs major pro-}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Islamist rival, the Justice and Development
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Party (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi-AKP) has a}\par\
pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {small majority (52 pe
rcent) in favor of full }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {EU membership. All other pa
rties have a clear}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {majority of voters in favor of Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU me}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {mbership. It is intere}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sting that the highest
}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {level of EU sup
port comes from the constituents of Kurdish HADEP, which was banned}\par\pard\li
1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in 2003. Despite much open o
pposition by the pa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rty elite, 68 percen}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {t of the Nationalist}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Action Party (Milliyetci Hareke}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{t Partisi-MHP) supporters are }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {also in clear suppo
rt of the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {EU mem
bership (Carkoglu, 2003). }\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {The main reason for the opposition to Turk}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {ey\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership by Felicity Party}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Saadet Partisi, SP) elites is Euro-skepticism
. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Euro-skepticism is rooted}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { in distrust of the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {EU, nationalism, and religion-based concerns }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {in Turkey. That is why, as a religiously}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {affiliated party, the Felicity Party shows a clea}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rer skepticism toward the EU than the other}\par\pard\
li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {political parties do. The
fear that European}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { integration could possibly erode
national}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sovere
ignty and dilute Turkish-Islamic identity}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and cultu
re forms this party\uc1\u8217Xs skepticism}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {toward EU integration (Arikan, 2004). By looki}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ng at the results of the research, however,}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\s
bkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\p
ard\li1346\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Impact of EU\uc1\u8217
XS Decisions on Euro-Skepticis}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m of a Turkish Religi
ous Peripheral Party,}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Felicity Party}\par\pard\li9626\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {86}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-386
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {we can see that while there is not a clear
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {correlation between part}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{y preference and support}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {of or opposition to EU integra}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tion in so
me cases, there is pr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ecisely such a correlation in}
\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {others. For exa
mple, even though MHP leader}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ship has shown a str}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ong resistance to EU }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {integration, 68 percent of its }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {constituents have supported Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership. On}\pa
r\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the other hand, AKP
is the leader of Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU integration process, but only 52 percent
}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of its constitu
ents support full EU membership }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for Turkey. This co
rrel}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ation is clearer in}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the case of other parties. Fo}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {r instance, the SP shows a str}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ong re
sistance against the EU,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {and the majority of its constituents show resistance as well. }\par\pa
rd\li1920\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Despite exceptions such
as the MHP and its}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { followers, a direct relationshi
p exists}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {between
Turkish individuals\uc1\u8217X party preferences and their suppor}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {t or resistance of}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership. Each party has }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a certain number of supporters, and the way}\par\pard\li1200\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {each political party thinks and oper
ates can ea}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sily affect the beliefs of its followers
.}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Indeed, partie
s may play an important role}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { in affecting society\u
c1\u8217Xs opinion about the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Integration of Turkey in the EU. For this r}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {eason, the resistance of any party to Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs}\par\pard\li1200\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {EU membership is important }\fs24\

cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enough to merit close examination since it might create a}
\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {much more comple
x integration }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {process in the European Union.}\par\p
ard\li1920\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {From a policy perspect
ive, there exist many so-called \uc1\u8220Xsensitive\uc1\u8221X issues that can}
\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {easily be used b
y the political parties that }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oppose Turkey\uc1\u821
7Xs EU membership. These issues,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {when publicly expressed, are easily exploited }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {by such parties and used}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { to stir up sup
port}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {from Euro-s
keptics, using nationalistic and re}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ligious rhetoric
to }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {build opposition to EU }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership within the largel}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {y EU-supportive Turkish public. The choice of rhetoric of}\par
\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {political parties ma
y significantly influen}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ce the level of support }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or opposition of the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {public with respect to full membership of Turk}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ey in the EU. In light of this, despite the}\par\pard\l
i1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {majority of public support
for Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership within Turkey, the polarized and}\par\pard\
li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {publicly proclaimed resist
ance to EU-membe}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rship of some Turkish elites (and t
heir}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {primary pol
itical parties) can manipulate th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e public opinion.
Indeed, \uc1\u8220Xsegments within the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {political elite can easily accomplish their }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {objective of melting mass support for EU}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership by providing misinformation
to }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the public and strategically shaping the}\par\pa
rd\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rhetoric around the sen
sitive issues\uc1\u8221X (Carkoglu, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2003). One su
ch example of a \uc1\u8220Xsensitive}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {issue\uc1\u8221X involves the cultura}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {l rights of the citizens }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of Kurdish origin a
nd the abolition of the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {death penalty. The death penalty is linked to}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ the Kurdish issue due to the fact that}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Abdullah Ocalan, the PKK leader, was on death row. }\
par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Therefore, in thi
s study, the relationship }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {will be looked at from th
e perspective of}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{political parties and their relationship to }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the su
pport or oppositi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on of Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU}\par\p
ard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership. While ther
e have been previ}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ous studies on the party preferenc
es of}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {constituen
cies and support or opposition for }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {EU membership, t
he perspective in this}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {particular study is from the }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {political parti
es\uc1\u8217X standpoint ra}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ther than that of party}
\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {constituencies.
The main reason that some }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {political parties resist
EU integration is}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{because of the various forms of Euro-skeptic}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ism t
hat they harbor. There are different}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {reasons for Euro-skepticism, and this study }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {will attempt to expl}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ain these reasons
and}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {measure whe

ther the decisions of the EU itsel}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f regarding Turke
y\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership have}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {had any impact on the attitudes of Euro-ske}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {ptical Turkish political elites. Events}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {occurring on December 17, 2004 and October }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3, 2005 will be used as to measure the}\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsx
n173\cols2\colno1\colw9626\colsr-0\colno2\colw1813\pard\li3466\ri0\sl-333\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Journal of Global and International Studies}\par\p
ard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {im
pact of the decisions of the EU on Turk}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ey\uc1\u8217
Xs own support of or opposition to its EU}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership. }\par\pard\li3600\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Islamist Parties and the Felicity Party }\b0 \par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {Until the late 1990s, Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs Islamist }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Parties were radically opposed to EU}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership for Turkey. According to Prof
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {essor Erbakan, who was the leader of the}\par\pard\
li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Welfare Party (Refah Parti
si) at that time }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and who is now the informal leader
of the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Felicity
Party (Saadet Partisi), }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the \uc1\u8220XEU is a Chr
istian Club, established to prove that the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cross was superior to the crescent.\uc1\u8221X In his
book, \uc1\u8220XThe Basi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c Problems of Turkey,\uc1
\u8221X he}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {87}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1
2240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {said: \uc1\u8220XI regard the application of Turkey for the
full membership in the EC as treason to}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {our history, civilization, culture, a}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {nd sovereignty\uc1\u8221X (Erbakan, 1991). }\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The Islamist Welfare Party, however, was
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {first ousted and then outlawed by the}\par\pard\li1
200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Constitutional Court in 1998.
At that time, th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e Welfare Party\uc1\u8217Xs elite
founded the Virtue }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Party (Fazilet Partisi) and ma}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de several change
s in political policy on a number of issues.}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Democracy, human rights, and freedom were th}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en emphasized by the party elites, one of}\par\pard\li1200
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the results of which was that th
e former Welfare Party\uc1\u8217Xs hostile stance on Turkish}\par\pard\li1200\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership in the European Union wa
s softened. In fact, the new leader of the Virtue }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Party, Recai Kutan, declared that the new }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {party would have a new image. He even}\par\pard\li1200
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {stressed the importance of Turke
y\uc1\u8217Xs EU me}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mbership and talked about the un
iversal}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {values o
f Europe without any indication of }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the Welfare Part
y\uc1\u8217Xs pr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eviously strongly anti-}\par\pard\l
i1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Western position (Unal, 199
8). Despite this, th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e state prosecutor who had appl
ied to the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Const
itutional Court for the Welfare Party\uc1\u8217Xs cl}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{osure declared publicly that because the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \

fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {new Virtue Party was the offici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {al successor to the }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Welfare Party (Refah}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Partisi), it, too,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {would be banned (Taniyici, 2003). When}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { the Virtue Party was banned by the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Constitutional Court in June 2001, its elite
s sp}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lit and founded two different parties: the}\par
\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Saadet Partisi (SP),
(the Felic}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ity Party) and the Adalet ve Kalkinma Pa
rtisi (AKP) (the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Justice and Development Party). Both partie}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s assum
ed a positive stance toward the EU,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {especially the AKP, which became a leader }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {within Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU- membership project}\par\pard\li1200\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Taniyici, 2003). }\par\pard\li1920
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Despite their previous resistanc
e to }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {EU-membership, the following events}\par\pard\
li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {precipitated a change in t
he }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Islamists\uc1\u8217X stance on proposed membersh
ip. The first was the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {ban on headscarves, and the second was the closur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {e of political parties, especially Islamist}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Parties, by the Turkish Constitutional Court and
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the influence of the military over civilian}\par\p
ard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {governments. Islamist
political elites star}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ted seeing the EU as a solutio
n to these}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conce
rns. They believed that the ban on headsc}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {arves migh
t be lifted w}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ith the help of the}\par\pard\li1200\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {libertarian rules, views, and poli
cies of the EU}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. They also believed th}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {at criticism from the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {EU would stop the Turkish Constitutional Court from disband
ing Islamist political }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {parties. Their hopes were not unfounded. For exam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {ple, the EU president stated that the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {EU \uc1\u8220Xnotes with regret the decision of }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the Turkish Constitutional Court on 16 January}\par\par
d\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1998 to order the closur
e of the Welfare Pa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rty, to confiscate its property,
and to ban}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cert
ain present and former members of that}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { party from b
eing members of the Turkish}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Parliament or from further political activity }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {for five years\uc1\u8221X (Bulletin of the European}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Union, 1998). The elite from the Virt
ue Party, in}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { particular, came to the conclusion tha
t}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn6
66\margbsxn173\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Impact
of EU\uc1\u8217XS Decisions on Euro-Skepticis}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m of
a Turkish Religious Peripheral Party,}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Felicity Party}\par\pard\li9626\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {88}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1200\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Western democracy would pro
vide a solution }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to these problems when Turkey becam
e a}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {member of th
e EU. As such, argues Ayata (2003}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), this radical sh
ift in Islamist party}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {ideology was born of necessity. }\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2

4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {As previously described, when the Virtue}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { Party was banned by the Constitutional}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Court, the elites of this pa}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {rty split and founded both the AKP (Justice and Development}\par\p
ard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Party) and the SP (Fel
icity Party). After th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e election of 2002, the AKP,
as a ruling party,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {continued supporting Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU membershi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
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0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {toward Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership st
arted to }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {change drastically afte}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {r the election of 2002.}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {This change was the result of se}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {v
eral factors. First, the electi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on of 2002 had, as a
result of}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the c
ourt-ordered disbanding }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the Virtue Party, rele}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gated members of the newly}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {founded Felicity Party to the periphery. O
n t}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {op of this, SP party me}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {mbers\uc1\u8217X perspectives}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {on Western democracy and EU-membership we}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {re done no favors when the EU was not}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {able to stop the Turkish Constitutional Cour}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t from closing the Islamic Virtue Party.}\par\pard\li1200
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Indeed, in February 13, 2003, wh
en the European}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Court of Human Rights ruled that t
he}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkish Const
itutional Court\uc1\u8217Xs decision to ban the Welfare Party had not violated h
uman}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rights laws
(Taniyici, 2003), Felicity Part}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y members were grea
tly disappointed. Finally,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {the EU also did not provide any solution to th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {e headscarves restricti}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ons. In fact, in 2005,
}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the European Co
urt of Human Rights upheld}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs rulin
g against a young woman}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {who had taken the Turkish State to the cour}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
t because she had been expelled from the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {University of Istanbul for refusing to take o}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ff the scarf in class (Financial Times Special}\par\pard\li12
00\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Report, 2006). The court rejec
t}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ed the appeal by Leyla Sahin,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { who argued that the state}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ban violated her right to an education and }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {discriminated against her. The verdict was a}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bitter shock for the public, especially
the Is}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lamist elite. After this court ruling on the}
\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {banning of heads
carves, they more clearly }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {understood what the EU co
uld and could not}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{offer to Turkey. }\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li48
66\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Methodology}\b0 \par\pard\li
1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {This study investigated whet}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {her th
e decisions of the }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {EU toward Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU}
\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership have
had any impact on the atti}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tudes of Euro-skeptical T
urkish political}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{elites. Events on December 17, 2004 and October 3, 2005 were used to measure th
is}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {possible impa

ct on a major religious party, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the Felicity Party (
Saadet Partisi, SP). }\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {A content analysis method was used in this study. The changes in the conte
nt and}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {occurrenc
es of this conservative party\uc1\u8217Xs st}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atement
s on trust-based and ideology- based}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Euro-skepticism were analyzed over time. }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { Two major EU decisions about Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs}\par\pard\li1200\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership were selected as critical
discourse moments around }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which to analyze the}\par
\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {possible attitude ch
anges of the Felicity Party }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with respect to Turkey\
uc1\u8217Xs EU membership}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {over time, particularly in reference to befo}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {re, during, and after th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ese two events. Both}\pa
r\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {latent and manifest
content anal}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yses of this party\uc1\u8217Xs officia
l}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { statements were employed to}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {understand the impact of the EU\uc1\u
8217Xs decisions on }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the Euro-skepticism of this pol
itical party.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\cols3\colno1\colw3466\colsr-0\colno2\colw6160
\colsr-0\colno3\colw1813\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
8\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\sl
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\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Specific}\b
0 \i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Journa
l of Global and International Studies}\par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-213\slmu
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Research Questio
ns }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-38
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {89}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1224
0\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Does Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs European Union (EU) member}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ship project (specifically reflected in}\par\pard\li15
60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the events of the December 17,
2004 and October 3, 2005) have any impact on the}\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Euro-skepticism (trust-based, nationalism-base
d and religion-based) of the Felicity}\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Party\uc1\u8217Xs elites?}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i
{General}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Do the decisions of the EU with respect to}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership have any impact}\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on the attitudes of Euro-skepti}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {cal Turkish political elites? }\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {V
ariables}\b0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Dependent variable }\b0 \i0 \par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Euro-skepticism (whether the result of trus}\fs24\cf0\f

0\charscalex100 {t-based, Nationalism-based, or Religion-based}\par\pard\li1200\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {concerns)}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl
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x100\b \i {Independent variable}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The decisio
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}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 03 October,
2005}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
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Tr
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}\par\pard
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}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
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(The fear of losing }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
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religious values)}\par\
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t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Figure 2: Operationalization of the Decision
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46\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3946\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\b \i {THE DECISIONS OF THE EU}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\
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}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { The Decis
ions that were ma}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de by EU Political Elites }\par\p
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sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {December 17, 2004
October 3, 2005
}\par\pard\sect\sect
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fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Journal of Global and International Studies}\par\pard
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3946\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {The
Importance of Two Major Events }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {91}\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1920\r
scalex100 {Essentially, 17 December 2004 is the date on which the European Union
approved}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkey
\uc1\u8217Xs completion of Copenhagen criteria, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and
the European Council decided to open}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {talks regarding Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs accession to th}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {e European Union on 3 October 2005, though}\par\pard\li1200
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with strings attached. The secon
d date, 3 Oc}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tober 2005, is the date on which the ac
cession}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {talks wi
th Turkey symbolically ope}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ned, as was promised on 1
7 December 2004.}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\r
i0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Timetable }\b0 \i0 \par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {The timetable begins on July 25, 2004 and end on February 25,
2006, examining}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{145 days before and after each major event. In}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { thi
s way, I ensure that no important data}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {between July25, 2004 and February 25, 2006 remains unexam
ined. By recording data}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {from 145 days before and after each major event, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {I maintain consistency in my research.
}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Th
e timetable was established as follows:}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {General P
eriod}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {for the December 17, 2004 event:}\i0
\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-333\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Before the decision: July 25, 2004 \uc1\u8211X Dece
mber 16, 2004}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\
sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {During the decision: December 17, 200
4}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {After the decision: December 18, 2004 \uc1\u8211X
May 10, 2005}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\
sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {General Period}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {for}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {the October 03, 2005 e
vent:}\i0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-3
33\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Before the decision: May 11, 2005 \uc1\u8
211X October 02, 2005}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
200\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {During the decision: October
03, 2005}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-34
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {After the decision: Octobe}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {r 04, 2005 \uc1\u8211X February 25, 2006}\par\pard\li5093\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5093\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b {Data Collection}\b0 \par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1920\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The data was collected fro
m a Pro-SP newspaper, the}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Milli Gazete}\i0
\ul0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. By doing a}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {content analysis, I looked at th}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {e frequency and content of the party\uc1\u8217Xs statements about the
}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {EU. The frequen
cy of these statements was i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ndicated as a percentag
e of all statements}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {about the EU made by the party. Since I am }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mea
suring Euro-skepticism, my main focus}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {was on the negative statements made by the }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {party about the EU. However, to see a}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {broader picture and to increas}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {e the reliability of}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { the study, I ha
ve paid attention on the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {positive, neutral, and ambiguous EU statements }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {as well. The technique of content analysis }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {helped me to classify and analyze party\uc1\u82
17Xs st}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atements and statement strategies. They were
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn66
of EU\uc1\u8217XS Decisions on Euro-Skepticis}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m of a
Turkish Religious Peripheral Party,}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Felicity Party}\par\pard\li9626\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {92}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1200\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {classified as negative (nati
onalism-based, reli}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gion-based, trust-based and othe
r negatives),}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ne
utral, positive, and ambiguous statements. }\par\pard\li4680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4680\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Samp
ling Frame}\b0 \par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1920\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Since this study focuses on the part
y elites}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { of the Felicity Part}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {y (Saadet Partisi,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {SP), my population of interest}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { was the Ce
ntral Office. Each}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { reachable individual of the}\par

\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Central Office was a
lso a part of the sample }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of this study. The Centra}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l Office is the main}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {decision-making mechanism of the party, and al}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l the other organs of the party must obey}\par\pard\
li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the rules, regulations, de
cisi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ons, and instructions of the }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Central Office. Basically, the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Central Office consists of the party elites. }\par\pa
rd\li3373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3373\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {The Organizational Structure of the Party }\b0 \par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {The Organizational Structure is compri}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {sed of three different Organs which}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {include:}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {(1)- Primary Organs (Main Organization}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {),}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(2)- Supplementary Organs, and
(3)- Agencies}\i0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {at Home and Abroad.}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This research focused
only on the }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Central Office from the Primary}\par\p
ard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Organs (Main Organizat
ion). Therefore, it can }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {be easily said that the Cen
tral Office is the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {most representative organ of the entire Pa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rty as
a whole. The list of the names and}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {positions can be seen from Appendix A in my dissertation and
on the official web page of }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {the political party, www.sp.org.tr/ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(
Official Web Page of SP).}\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li5160\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Coding}\b0 \par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {The data was coded as follows: The met}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {hod of content analysis helped me to}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {identify the negative (religious, nationalistic, }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {trust-based, and other }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {negat
ives), positive,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{neutral, and ambiguous statements from the texts. }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b \i {Column A}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1200\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The statements (observation
s) made by the }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {party about the EU were entered into
SPSS}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and numera
ted under the \uc1\u8220XTypeofStatement\uc1\u8221X (Col}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {umn A). This first column was used to}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {code each statement as a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7. The
statements (the first four of which}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {represent negative statements made by the pa}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {rty about the EU) were coded as follows:}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Religion = 1, Nationalism = 2, Trust = 3,
Ot}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {her Negatives = 4, Neutral = 5, Positive = 6,}\pa
r\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and Ambiguous = 7.}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Column B}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Column B displays the date (month/day/year) }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of each
statement and helps to mark the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {time that each statement was said or implemented.}\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\marg
bsxn173\cols3\colno1\colw3466\colsr-0\colno2\colw6160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1813\pa

l-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Column C}\b0 \i0 \par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Journal of Global and Intern
ational Studies}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {93}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Column C d
isplays the before, during, and afte}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r of each event
as follows: Before the first}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {event = 1, During the first event }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 2
, After the first event = }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3, Before the second even
t =}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4, During th
e second event= 5, and After the second event = 6.}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
\i {Column D}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
200\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Column D represents the polit
ic}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al party, and SP was coded as 1.}\par\pard\li1200
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\b \i {Column E}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Column E display
s the official}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { level, and two different le}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {vels were observed under this}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {column. The leader of the party was coded }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as 1, and the other el}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ites
around the party}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{leader were coded as 2.}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1200\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Column F}\b0 \i0 \pa
r\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The final Column F contains the type data. }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Basically, it indicates how the views of the}\par\pard\li1200\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {party elite were distributed. The
Press Brie}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fings were coded as 1, the speeches and}
\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {messages were co
ded as 2, and if the data }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {type was undetermined it
was coded as 3.}\par\pard\li3880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3880\ri
0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Coding Rules for the Column A.}\b
0 \par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Religion=1 }\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {The statement is coded as (1) Religion if the statement delivers a message
that EU}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membersh
ip will harm Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs Islamic valu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es, Isl
amic Identity, or Islamic culture and}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {expresses that the EU is a Christian club, anti}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {-Muslim and anti-Islam, or, if the statement}\par\pard\li1200\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {delivers a message that disagrees
with }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existing and many proposed future issues}\par
\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {regarding Islam (rel
igion). Support of D-8 was al}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {so considered as oppos
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ition to the EU as}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a \uc1\u8220XChristian Club.\uc1\u8221X }\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Nationalism=2}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {T
he statement is coded as (2) Nationalism if (a) the statement delivers a message
}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {that EU members
hip will harm Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {national values, n
ationa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l identity, national}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-
280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {culture, national interest}\fs24\cf0\f0\

charscalex100 {, national sovereignty, nation state,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ national unity, state entirety,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {state dignity or expresses that }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t
he EU is anti-Turkish and an }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {external enemy, or (b)
if the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {statemen
t delivers a message that disagrees}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { with existing a
nd many proposed future}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {issues regarding nationalism. }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\
pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15
840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Impact of EU\uc1\u8217XS Decisions on Euro-Skepti
cis}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m of a Turkish Religious Peripheral Party,}\par\
pard\li4880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Felicity Party}\par\p
ard\li9626\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {94}\par\pard\li1920\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b \i {Trust=3}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The statement is cod
ed as (3) Trust if }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the statement expresses any doub
t about the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {EU\u
c1\u8217Xs willingness and honesty in accepting Turkey as a member, or any distr
ust of the EU}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an
d the EU\uc1\u8217Xs double standards towards Turkey.}\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-21
0\b \i {Other Negatives=4}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The statement is
coded as (4) Other Ne}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gatives if the statement deliv
ers any}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {message
that is (a) neither Religion-base}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d, Nationalism-bas
ed, nor Trust-based Euro-}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {skepticism related, or, (b) if the statement is a combination of Relig
ion-based,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Natio
nalism-based, and Trust-based Euro-skeptic}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ism, or (
c) if there is more than one}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {meaning. }\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1920\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Neutral=5}\b0 \i0 \par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The statement is coded as (5) Neutral if }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {the statement delivers any message that is}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {neither negative nor positive nor ambi
guous.}\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Positive=6 }\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1920\ri
calex100 {The statement is coded (6) Positive if th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
e statement delivers any message that is}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {positive about the EU. }\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
\i {Ambiguous=7}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1920\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The statement is coded as (
7) ambiguous if (a) the statement is open to two or}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {more interpretations or has more than one po
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ssible meaning, so that it is not clear how the}\pa
r\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sentence will be co
ded, or (b) if the statemen}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t is neither negative no
r neutral nor positive.}\par\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i4346\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Reliability of the Study}
\b0 \par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {At the end of the coding of each of the }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {related statements made about the EU, 50}\par\pard\li1200\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {randomly selected statements were
coded by }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {two independent coders. The results were}

\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {compared with th
e original coding to determine }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the reliability of t
his research. Since three}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {observers (the researcher and two independent}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { coders) were involved in this research,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Inter-Rater (Inter-Observer or Inter-Coder) Reli}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ability is the best technique to assess the}\par\pard\
li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {degree to which different
rate}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rs/observers give consistent estimates of the s
ame }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phenomenon.
Inter-rater reliability is the comm}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {only used term
for the extent to which}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {independent coders evaluate a characteristic }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{of a message or artif}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {act and reach the same }\par
\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conclusion (Lombard,
Snyder-Dutch, & Brack}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en, 2004). Tinsley and Weiss
(1975, 2000)}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ind
icate that inter-code}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r (inter-rater) agreement is t
he mo}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {st specific term for the type of }\par\pard\li
1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consistency required in cont
ent analysis. Kolb}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e and Burnett (1991) not}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {e that \uc1\u8220Xinter-judge}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Journal of Global and Interna
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0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {95}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
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alue}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Error(a) }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
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scalex100 {Approx. T(b)}\tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Approx. Sig. }\par\pard
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0\colsr-0\colno5\colw2746\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Measure of Agreement Kappa}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {N of Valid Cases}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.837}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {50}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
061}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11.094}\
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.000}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1200
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Since the results are .86 and .8
3, we can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { say that this study is reliable.}\par\par
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ectd\sbkpage

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f0\charscalex100\b { + n}\b0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2}\b0 }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {) }\b0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1200\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {If Z is 1.96 or highe
r, then the difference of mean}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s is significant at t
he }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.05 level. In that }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280

\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {case, the null hypotheses were rejected}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (Zhou, Fielding, Silverman, Tempany, 2003).}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100\b {Main Hypotheses }\b0 \par\pard\li1893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1893\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {H1}\b0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { _The decisions of the EU in regards }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {to Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership do not have}\par\pard\li1200\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {any impact on trust-based Euro-ske
pticism; H2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { _The decisions of the EU in regards to}
\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkey\uc1\u8217
Xs EU membership do not have any im}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pact on national
ism-base}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d Euro-skepticism; }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H3 _The decisions of the EU in regards
to}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership do not have any
}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {impact on relig
ion-based Euro-skepticism; and H4_The decisions of the EU in regards to}\par\par
d\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU me
mbership do not have any impact on the attitudes of Euro-skeptical}\par\pard\li1
200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkish political elites. }\
par\pard\li2186\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Each of these hyp
otheses will be tested}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { based on a party (SP), and e
ach major}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {decisi
on from the EU (17 December, 2004 and 3 October, 2005). }\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
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7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;7;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

tional Studies}\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5160\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100\b {Results}\b0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {Hypotheses Testing for SP}\b0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
Table 3: Types of Statements: Before, during and after each event Crosstabulatio
n (SP)}\b0 \par\pard\li1293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1293\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Before, During, And After Each Event}\
b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {97}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pgh
sxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols8\colno1\colw3173\colsr-0\colno2\colw946\co
lsr-0\colno3\colw1013\colsr-0\colno4\colw920\colsr-0\colno5\colw946\colsr-0\coln
o6\colw1013\colsr-0\colno7\colw986\colsr-0\colno8\colw2440\pard\li1680\ri0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Types of}\b0 \par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-226
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Statements }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Before}\b0 \par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-2
26\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1st}\b0 \par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-240\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Event}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {During}\b0 \par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1st}\b0 \par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b {Event}\b0 \par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {After}\b0 \par\pard\li133\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\b {1st}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b {Event}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b {Before}\b0 \par\pard\li133\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {2nd}\b0 \par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Even
t}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Duri
ng}\b0 \par\pard\li146\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2nd}\b0
\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Event}\b0 \par\c
olumn\pard\li40\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {After}\b0 \par\
pard\li93\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2nd}\b0 \par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Event}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Total }\b0 \par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw3320\
colsr-0\colno2\colw1920\colsr-0\colno3\colw2880\colsr-0\colno4\colw906\colsr-0\c
olno5\colw2413\pard\li1293\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Reli
gion}\b0 \par\pard\li1293\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Natio
nalism}\b0 \par\pard\li1293\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Tru
st}\b0 \par\pard\li1293\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Other N
egatives }\b0 \par\pard\li1293\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
Neutral }\b0 \par\pard\li1293\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {P
ositive }\b0 \par\pard\li1293\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {A
mbiguous }\b0 \par\pard\li1293\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {

Total }\b0 \par\column\pard\li53\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {
43 0}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {133 0}\par\par
d\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {54 1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {111 1}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-253\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {46 3}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1066\fs
20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {4}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li53\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {54 0}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {445 5}\par\column\pard\li53\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {58 35 0}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {199 127 1}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {45 53 1}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {89 5
3 4}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {29 17 0}\par\p
ard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1066\*\tx2026\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2}\ta
b \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li5
3\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {71 42 2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {493 327 8}\par\column\pard\li53\ri0\sl-333
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {37 173}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {99 559}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {34 188}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {80 338}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {24 119}
\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li53\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {29 198}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {303}\par\column\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li160\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {15
81}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The appropriate numbers are inserted into }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {the two sample z-Test formula. If z is }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.96 or higher, then the difference of me
ans is }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {significant at the .05 level. In that case,
the}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {null hypothe
ses will be rejected. }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1200\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Two Sample Z-Test Formula:
}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\cols3\colno1\colw3173\colsr-0\colno2\colw2213\colsr-0\colno3\colw6053\pard\li1
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9121X}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {P}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = X}{\s
ub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / n}{\sub \fs10\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li1760\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u9122X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u710X}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { -}{ }\fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u710X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-440\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9124X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\
slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9125X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0
\fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9125X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1224
0\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw3866\colsr-0\colno2\colw1
520\colsr-0\colno3\colw1506\colsr-0\colno4\colw1786\colsr-0\colno5\colw2760\pard
\li1266\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 { }\fs32\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
P}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = X}{\sub \fs10\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / n}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {

2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9125
X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \p
ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols12\co
lno1\colw2560\colsr-0\colno2\colw893\colsr-0\colno3\colw493\colsr-0\colno4\colw3
60\colsr-0\colno5\colw1506\colsr-0\colno6\colw413\colsr-0\colno7\colw826\colsr-0
\colno8\colw600\colsr-0\colno9\colw386\colsr-0\colno10\colw826\colsr-0\colno11\c
olw600\colsr-0\colno12\colw1973\pard\li2200\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {p}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {(1}{ }\fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}{ }\fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i
0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { )}\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \par\column
\pard\li506\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx800\fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1}{ }\fs32\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {-}\tab \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-493\s
lmult0 \fs40\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 {\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c
}\i0 }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pa
rd\li26\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u710X}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-480\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs4
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u710X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\mar
glsxn666\margrsxn133\cols9\colno1\colw2360\colsr-0\colno2\colw866\colsr-0\colno3
\colw413\colsr-0\colno4\colw480\colsr-0\colno5\colw853\colsr-0\colno6\colw413\co
lsr-0\colno7\colw2426\colsr-0\colno8\colw1840\colsr-0\colno9\colw1786\pard\li176
0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9122X}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-386\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs32
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9125X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw5386\colsr-0\colno2\colw1160\colsr-0\colno3\colw182
6\colsr-0\colno4\colw3066\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx4080\fs28\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {P}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (X}
{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + X}{\sub \fs1
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) / (n}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {1}}\fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + n}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}}\fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or,}{ }\
fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li12
00\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Hawkes, Marsh, 2005)}\par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9125X}\par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-546\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 {\sub \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs40\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs40\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {n}\i0 {\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-5
46\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 {\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{1}}\fs40\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs40\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 {\sub \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn158
40\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Table 4: Hypothes
is Testing for Felicity Party (SP)}\b0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
Hypothesis Testing for Felicity Party (SP)}\b0 \par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\co
lw5813\colsr-0\colno2\colw5626\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b {First Event }\b0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\b {H1
}\b0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { P}{\sub \fs12\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 54/445= 0.121 }\par\pard\li1
\charscalex100 { P}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { = 45/493= 0.091 }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b {Second Event}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b {H1 }\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
1}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 53/327= 0.162}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}{\sub \f
s12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 34/303= 0.112}\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect
\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margb
sxn173\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Impact of EU\u
c1\u8217XS Decisions on Euro-Skepticis}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m of a Turkis
h Religious Peripheral Party,}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Felicity Party}\par\pard\li9626\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {98}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5813\colsr-0\colno2\colw5626\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-21
\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { P}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {c}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (54+45)/ (445+493) = 99/938= 0.105}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { z = -1.496}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b {H2
}\b0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}{\sub \fs12\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 133/445= 0.298}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 { P}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { = 199/493= 0.403 }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {P}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =
(133+199)/ (445+493)= 332/938= 0.353}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {z = -3.350}\p
ar\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {H3 }\b0 \par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { = 43/445= 0.096}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { P}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=
58/493= 0.117}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P
}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (133+199)/
(445+493)= 332/938= 0.107}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1133\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {z = -1.036}\par\pard\li11
33\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {H4
}\b0 \par\pard\li1133
arscalex100 {P}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
= 341/445= 0.776}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{P}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 391/493=
0.793}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-253\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}}\fs18
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ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {z = -0.990}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
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lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { P}
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i0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { z = 1.812 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2

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0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { P}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { = 99/303= 0.326 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {P}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =
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0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {z = 1.611}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {H3 }\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri
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327= 0.107}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}{\sub
\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 37/303= 0.122}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { P}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {c}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (35+37)/ (327+303) = 72/630= 0.1
14}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { z = -0.594}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b {H4
}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {1}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 268/327= 0.819
}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 250/303= 0.825}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}{\
sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (268+250)/ (32
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arscalex100\b {Cumulative }\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b {Percent}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {10.9}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\mar
grsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw3226\colsr-0\colno2\colw2240\colsr-0\colno3\colw1133\c
olsr-0\colno4\colw4840\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {Nationalism}\b0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {Trust}\b0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Other Negatives }\b0 \par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b {Neutral }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {559 35.4}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {
188 11.9}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {338 21.4}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {119 7.5}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {35.4}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {11.9}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {21.4}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {7.5}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {46.3}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {58.2}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {79.6}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {87.1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw3226\colsr-0\coln
o2\colw1213\colsr-0\colno3\colw1026\colsr-0\colno4\colw1133\colsr-0\colno5\colw4
840\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Positive }\b0 \
par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Ambiguous }\b0
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {198 12.5}\par\column\pard\li0

\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0.4}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0.4}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {12.5}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {87.5}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {100}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\cols2\colno1\colw3226\colsr-0\colno2\colw8213\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Total }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1581 100 100}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1
2240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Figure 3: Typ
es of Statements (SP) }\b0 \par\pard\li2306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
Types of Statements (SP)
}\b0 \par\pard\li1733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1733\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1733\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{40}\par\pard\li1733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1733\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1733\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1733\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {30}\par\pard\li1453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1453\ri0\sl386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {%}\b0 \par\pard\li1733\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1733\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {20}
00 {10}\par\pard\li1826\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1826\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1826\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1826\r
scalex100 {0}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\ma
rgrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4946\colsr-0\colno2\colw6493\pard\li2506\ri0\sl-186\s
lmult0 \*\tx3213\*\tx4280\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Religion}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {Nationalism}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Trus}\fs14\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {t}\par\column\pard\li146\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx946\*\tx1760\*\tx2
466\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Othe}\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {r }\tab \fs14\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {Neutral}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Positive}\tab \fs14
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {A}\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {mbiguous}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Negatives}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li4213\ri0\sl-320\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Types of Statements}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgws
xn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\cols2\colno1
\colw9346\colsr-0\colno2\colw2093\pard\li3386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Journal of Global and International Studies}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {101}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\marg
rsxn133\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmu
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Even though the Felicity Party (Saadet Part}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i
si) is a Turkish Political Party with a}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {strong Islamist view, the religion-based st}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {atements made by the party regarding EU}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership are much less frequent than t
he nationalism-based statements (10.9% and}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {35.4%, respectively). After the cl}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {osure of two Islamist parties, the Welfare Party and the}\par\pard\li1
200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Virtue Party, by the Constitu
tional Court in 1998 and 2001, the Felicity Party made}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {several changes in their polic}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {y on different issues. This in}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ten

tional change in policy}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {could easily be one of the reasons why the pa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{rty elites of SP app}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eared to avoid making}\par\pa
rd\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {religion-based comments
and instead made}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { more made nationalism-based criti
cism }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {regarding
Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs relationship with the Eu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ropean U
nion. Like the Nationalist Action}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Party (MHP), the Felicity Party (SP) also }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {shows no sympathy toward the EU. In fact,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the SP party uttered the smallest percentage
(.4%) of positive statements with respect to}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership, which appears to
i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llustrate the party elites\uc1\u8217X clear skepti
cism }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {toward Tur
key\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership process. The party\uc1\u8217Xs skepticism is furth
er illustrated }\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
by the many statements made that demons}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {trate the pa
rty\uc1\u8217Xs trus}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t-based, nationalism-}\par\pard
\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {based, religion-based con
cerns regarding EU }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership and genera}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {l Euro-skepticism.}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {For instance, one of the party officials bitter}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {ly predicted that the \uc1\u8220XEU will never give}\par\pard\l
i1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkey a date to start full
membership }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {negotiations\uc1\u8221X Milli Gazet}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e, (2004a). Another}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {party official concurred, saying, the \uc1\u8220XEU
will }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {not give us a date in December\uc1\u8221X Mil
li}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Gazete, (2004
b). Several hundred similar statem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ents from the SP
party elite show their}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {different types of skepticism towards the EU.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft2826\shptop12386\shpright10520\shpbottom12386\shpfhdr0\s
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0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Table 6: Befo
re, during and after each event (SP)}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1224
0\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw6600\colsr-0\colno2\colw4
840\pard\li3226\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5466\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Freque
ncy }\b0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Percent}\b0 \tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {Valid}\b0 \par\pard\li5466\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {Percent}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b {Cumulative }\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {Percent}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5466\colsr-0\colno2\colw1133\colsr-0\colno3\colw48
40\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3226\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \ul {Bef
ore 1st Event }\b0 \ul0 \tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {445 28.1}\par\column\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {28.1}\par\column\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {28.1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4440\colsr-0\c
olno2\colw1026\colsr-0\colno3\colw1133\colsr-0\colno4\colw4840\pard\li1200\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \*\tx3226\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {During 1st Event }\b0 \tab
\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3226\fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {After 1st Event }\b0 \tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {4
93 31.2}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx3226\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b \ul {Before 2nd Event}\b0 \ul0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {327 20.7}\par\
pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3226\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {During 2nd
Event}\b0 \tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {8}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \*\tx3226\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {After 2nd Event}\b0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {303 19.2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {0.3}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {
0.5}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0.3}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {31.2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {20.7}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0.5}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {19.2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {28.5}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {59.6}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {80.3}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {80.8}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {100}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghs
xn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3226\colsr-0\colno2\colw8213\pa
rd\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Total }\b0 \par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1581 100 100}\par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1200\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b {Figure 4: Before, during and after each event (SP)}\b0 \par\pard\l
i2280\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2280\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li2280\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2280\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
6\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
Before, during and af
ter each event (SP)}\b0 \par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l

i1813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {40}\par\pard\li18
13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
18\cf0\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-200\s
lmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {30}\par\pard\li1506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1506\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {%}\b0 \par\
8\cf0\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {20}\par\par
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl
-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {10}\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
arscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li2720\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx3866\*\tx5080\*\tx6093\*
\tx7226\*\tx8440\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Beforethefirs}\fs14\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {t}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Duringthefirs}\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex10
0 {t}\tab \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {A}\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {fterthefirst
}\tab \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Beforethesecond}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex10
0 {Duringthesecond}\tab \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {A}\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{fterthesecond}\par\pard\li3613\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Before, during and after each event}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn122
40\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {103}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
18\cf0\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The result
s of the data show that the SP }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {was more affected by
the first event, on}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {December 17, 2004, than by the second, on October 3, 2005. The figures abov
e illustrate}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tha
t the number of statements made by the SP }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {party dec
reases with the second event. If}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {we look at Table 3, we see that the number }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {of nationalism-based statements made by the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {SP for the first event is 332. This number
decreased to 226 for the second event. This}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {decrease may either be due to a general decrea}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se in the party elite\uc1\u8217Xs }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Euro-skepticism, or it}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {may simply reflect the party elites\uc1\u8217X decisi}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {on to stop speaking publicly about the EU. To}\par\pard\li1133\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {determine which might be the case,
we must look at the positive statements made by}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {party members. If, while nationalism-based ne}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gative statements decrease, there is no}\par\pard\li11
33\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {concurrent increase in positiv
e statements made}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, it is hard to say definitively t
hat Euro-}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {skepti
cism is decreasing. Instead, the a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pparent decline i
n sk}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {epticism might more }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {accurately reflect the party e}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {lites\uc1\u8217X decision simply not to talk about the EU anymo
re.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Table 7: T
he level of party official (SP) }\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pg
hsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3146\colsr-0\colno2\colw3386\
colsr-0\colno3\colw4906\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133
arscalex100\b {Leader }\b0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\b {Other Elites}\b0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\b {Total }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2253\fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Frequency }\b0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Percent}
\b0 \tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Valid}\b0 \par\pard\li2253\ri0\sl-226\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Percent}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0
\*\tx2240\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {494 31.2}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3
1.2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2240\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1087 6
8.8}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {68.8 100}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1581 100 100}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Cumulative }\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Percent}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f2\charscalex100 {31.2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\
marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Figure 5: The
level of party official (SP)}\b0 \par\pard\li2573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\

\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2573\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {The l
evel of party official (SP)}\b0 \par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-213\
{60}\par\pard\li1800\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1800\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1800\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
%}\b0 \par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {40}\par\pa
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {20}
00 {0}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn1
33\cols2\colno1\colw6266\colsr-0\colno2\colw5173\pard\li3493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Leade}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\par\pard\li3906
\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {The level of party official}\b
0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Other Elit
es}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The SP\uc1\u8217Xs statements came more from p
arty }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elites than from th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{e party leader. The}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {leader of the party has made fewer comments }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
bout the EU compared }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to the other elites.}\par\pard
\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(68.8% vs. 31.2%).}\par\p
ard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Table 8: The data ty
pe (SP)}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\mar
grsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3613\colsr-0\colno2\colw3373\colsr-0\colno3\colw4453\p
\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Press Brie
fings }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2240\fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {Frequency }\b0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Percent}\b0 \tab \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\b {Valid}\b0 \par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {Percent}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2240\fs20\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {594 37.6}\tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {37.6}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Cumulative }\b0 \par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Percent}\b0 \par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {37.6}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5853\colsr0\colno2\colw1133\colsr-0\colno3\colw4453\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\b {Speeches and Messages }\b0 { }\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{818 51.7}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {51
.7}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {89.3}\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\c
olno1\colw3613\colsr-0\colno2\colw2240\colsr-0\colno3\colw1133\colsr-0\colno4\co
lw4453\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Undetermined
}\b0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Total }\b
0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {169 10.7}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100\ul {1581 100 100}\ul0
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {10.7}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {100}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\s
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tional Studies}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\b {Figure 6: the data type (SP)}\b0 \par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {The data type (SP)}\b0 \par\pa
lt0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {60}\par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {50}\pa
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-200\
slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {40}\par\pard\li1333\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {%}\b0 \par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {30}\par\pard\li1640\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
cf0\f2\charscalex100 {20}\par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
\par\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {10}\par\pard\li1
733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
s16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {105}\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4293
\colsr-0\colno2\colw2386\colsr-0\colno3\colw4760\pard\li2693\ri0\sl-200\slmult0
\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Press Briefings}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmu
lt0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Speeches and Messages}\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-320
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {data type}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Undetermined}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The S
P mostly used speeches and messages to}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { deliver thei
r opini}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on about the European}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Union. Press briefings were secondary
to publ}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ic statements made by these party elites.}\p

ar\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Conclusion and Implications}\b0 \par\pard\li1853\ri
calex100 {The findings of this study show that}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { the
two decisions made by the EU (on}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {December 17, 2004 and October 5, 2005) did not have any impact
on the Felicity Party\uc1\u8217Xs}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {religion-based or trust-based Euro-skepticism.}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { The findings also show that only the first}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {event had an impact on the Felicity Par
ty\uc1\u8217X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s nationalism-based Euro-skepticism. T
he}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hypotheses te
sted in this study }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {were conducted on one party and
on two different events}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {(including time both before and after each even}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {t). Since there were 4 general hypotheses,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the total hypotheses testing o}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {ccurred 8 times. The findings sh}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ow that 1
of instances of}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{hypotheses testing had a negative im}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pact, and 7 in
stances of testing had no impact at all.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {No positive impact was found at the 0.05 leve}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {l. Only one of hypothesis test showed}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {significance at the 0.10 level. The }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {results of all testing showed}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { that the two decisions of}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {the European Union either did not change the }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Felicity Party\uc1\u8217Xs Euro-skepticism or that the}\par\pard\li1133
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {party\uc1\u8217Xs Euro-skepticis
m was ch}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anged in a negative way. None of the tests
showed a}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrs
xn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\ma
rgtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li1253\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Impact of EU\uc1\u8217XS Decisions on Euro-Skepticis}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{m of a Turkish Religious Peripheral Party,}\par\pard\li4800\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Felicity Party}\par\pard\li9413\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {106}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {positive impact or
decrease in Euro-skepticism (even though the actions of the EU on}\par\pard\li11
33\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {both dates tested appeared to
be positive). Why, then, didn\uc1\u8217Xt the two events have any}\par\pard\li11
33\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {positive impact on the Felicit
y Party\uc1\u8217Xs Euro-skepticism? }\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The first answer to the question can be asso}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {ciated with the Social Identity Theory.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Group membership creates in-g}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {roup/self-categorization and }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enh
ancement in ways that}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {favor the in-group at the expense of th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e outgroup (TCW, 2004). \uc1\u8220XMinimal Group}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Studies\uc1\u8221X conducted by Tajfel a}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {nd Turner (1986) showed that }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the m
ere act of individuals}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {categorizing themselves as group members was sufficient to lead them to d
isplay in-}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {group
favoritism. After they categorize themselv}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es as gr
oup members, individuals seek to}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {create positive self-esteem by positively diffe}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {rentiating their in-group from an out-group}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on some valued dimension. This theory

was developed in response to several}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {experiments conducted by Tajfel and his co}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {lleagues demonstrating that individuals}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {attempt to maximize the differences between
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {their group and other groups, even at the}\par\pard
\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cost of in-group rewards
(Tajfel, 1970; Ta}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jfel & Billing, 1974; Tajfel, Bill
ing, Bundy, &}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fl
ament, 1971). Social Identity Theory (SIT) }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is based
on the assumption that inter-group}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {perceptions and conflicts arise because groups }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {attempt to maintain }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {distinctiveness
from}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {other grou
ps (Cable, Welbourne, 1994). As suc}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {h, regardless of
whethe}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r the decisions of}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the EU may be externally perceived as pos
itiv}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e, if members of the }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Felicity Party seek to}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {maintain an identity that is distinct fro}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
m European groups, and if the party seeks to}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {maximize differences between their group a}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {nd Europe (and by extension, the EU) by}\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {making statements that invoke concer
n that the }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {EU is in fact discriminatory or prejudic
ed}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(against Turk
ey, its citizens, or}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { its religious practices), the
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {favorable decisi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ons of
the EU}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {will not
matter and will result in no decrease in}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Euro-skep
ticism within the Felicity Party. }\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Since its inception, Social Identity Theory has mainly focus
ed on inter-group}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{phenomena in the context of large scale soci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al ca
tegories and dem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ographic groups. It has}\par\pard\l
i1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {paid less attention to smal
l gr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oups and intra-group phenomena. In}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { the last ten years, this}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {has changed, and social identity researchers }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {have increasingly applied the principles of }\par\pard\li113
3\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {SIT to organizational contex}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ts (Knippenberg & Hogg, 2001). }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Specifically, SIT has been}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {applied to a wide range of fiel}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ds
at the national and organizati}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onal levels, but ther
e is still}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a lac
k of research that applies this }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {theory at the inter
-national level. }\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {The application of this theory to }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {national (SP)
and supra-national (EU)}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {organizations is one of the unique features }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{of this research. Li}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ke Flockhart\uc1\u8217Xs (2005
)}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {study, my stud
y is an example of inter-group }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phenomena in the con
t}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ext of large scale}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {social categories and demographic groups. Floc}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {khart explains why Europeanization is so}\par\pard\l
i1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {differently perceived by ma
sses than it is by th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e elites in Denmark. Flockhart
writes, \uc1\u8220XThe}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {explanation is based on a con}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ceptualization

of mass and elite as two distinct social}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {groups, which have been differently constructe}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {d, and which are undergoing different self-}\par\pard\li113
3\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and other categorization proces
se}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s, leading to very different conceptions of inter
est and}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {politica
l preferences, and hence different view}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s on the des
irability of Europeanization\uc1\u8221X}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Flockhart, 2005). }\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In my study, if the reason why the EU}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8217Xs favorable decisions did not decrease}\par\pard\li113
3\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Euro-skepticism within the Feli
c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ity Party is indeed the resu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {lt of an in-group vs. out-group}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phenomenon, then the case of the Felicity Part}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {y (SP) vs. European Union (EU) helps us}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to understand how the Social Identity
Theory }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {might be applied with }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {respect to inter-group}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {discrimination and how it might create serious }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {international problems. In other words, if}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpag
e\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\cols2\
colno1\colw9413\colsr-0\colno2\colw2026\pard\li3386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Journal of Global and International Studies}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {107}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn66
6\margrsxn133\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-34
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {SIT helps to answer the questi}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {on of why the EU\uc1\u8217Xs positive ac}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {tions did not decrease Euro-}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {skepticism within the Felicity }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P
arty, then we can conclude }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {that this study applied
Social}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Identity
Theory on an inter-group phenomenon at}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { the internat
ional le}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vel. The results of}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {this study show that even though the de
cisions fr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {om the EU were positive, they either did}
\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {not decrease Eur
o-skepticism or they change}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d the party elites\uc1\u
8217X Euro-skepticism in a}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {negative way. Therefore, we can conclude that}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { like the other studies}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { related to Social }\pa
r\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Identity Theory, in
ter-group relationships at }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the international level
play out very much}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {the way they do at the inter-group level. La}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bora
tory studies that use SIT\uc1\u8217Xs minimal group}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {paradigm have demonstrated that simply assi}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gning an individual to a group is sufficient}\par\pa
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to generate in-group fa
voritism (Brewer, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1979; Tajfel, 1982). Even}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { explicitly random}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {assignment of individuals to different gr}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {oups has caused discrimination against out-}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {groups and increased intra-group coope
ra}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tion and cohesion (Billing, Tajfel, 1973;}\par\pa
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Locksley, Ortiz, & Hepb
urn, 1980). }\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ap
art from Social Identity Theory alt}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ogether, the sec
ond reason why the EU\uc1\u8217Xs}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\

f0\charscalex100 {decisions may not have reduced Euro-ske}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {pticism among SP party members could be}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {associated with the fact that the Felicity Pa}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rty is a peripheral party in Turkey. (The SP}\par\pard\l
i1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {was a peripheral party at t
he time that this}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { study was conducted, and it is st
ill peripheral.)}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Conducting research on a periph}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eral party is anoth
er cont}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ribution of this study. By}\par\pard\li1133\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {studying a peripheral party, an o
pportunity is cr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eated to compare and contrast the f
indings}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of this
study with a similar study that wa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s conducted on Tu
rkey\uc1\u8217Xs core parties (Arikan,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2004) and to show how this more radical, peri}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {pheral party responded to}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { the poss
ibility of}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turke
y\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership both (a) when it }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {was a
core party (before the Constitutional}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Court had disbanded its previous}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { incarnation, the Virtue Part}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y) and (b) in its n
ow more }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {periphe
ral incarnation. As }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the literature review }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {confirms, core political}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { partie
s with a role}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in
governance seldom embrace Euro-skeptic positio}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ns.
In the first place, such parties are,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in effect, charged with bringing their count}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {ries into compliance with the acquis and}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cannot undermine the prevailing consensu
s on }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the \uc1\u8220Xreturn to Europe.\uc1\u8221X Fu
rthermore,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {parti
es in power are responsible for the c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ontinuation an
d implementation of the reform}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {package that involves unpopular social and ec}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {onomic policies, so that the conditionality }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {associated with accession has an instrumen
tal value as justification for the reform }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Hughes, Sasse, & Gordon, 2002).}\par\pard\li1853\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Parties in opposition, on the }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {other hand, appear to have more incentives to}\par\pard\l
i1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {articulate Euro-skeptic vie
ws as a means of }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {differentiating themselves within
the political}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sp
here itself and making inroads into th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e competition
for power (Bielasiak, 2004). }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Eventually, the anti-Europe position is most }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {frequently advanced by peripheral parties,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {who aim to position themselves closer to th
e }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {core of political power (and further from the}\pa
r\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {periphery) specific
ally by differentiating them}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {selves from core partie
s\uc1\u8217X policies and}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {public statements. }\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {By applying this theory to Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs three types of poli
tical parties discussed}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {earlier, it becomes evident that the level of }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Euro-skepticism gradually increases as the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {parties\uc1\u8217X centrality decreases,}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { going from ruling parties (lowes}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{t level) to opposition parties}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {to peripheral parties (highest level). In other }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {words, parties closer to the government tend}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to soften their positions toward Europ
e, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {leaving Euro-skepticism to those that are}\par\p
ard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {peripheral to the part
y system}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. As the literature review c}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {onfirms, the reason why there}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {was no apparent decrease in the Euro-skeptic}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {ism of the Felicity Pa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rty elit
es might be}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {asso
ciated with the peripheral st}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atus of their politica
l party. }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\marg
rsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
margtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li1253\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Impact of EU\uc1\u8217XS Decisions on Euro-Skepticis}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {m of a Turkish Religious Peripheral Party,}\par\pard\li4800\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Felicity Party}\par\pard\li9413\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {108}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A similar study t
o this one, conduc}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ted by Arikan (2004), found that
both}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fundamental
nationalist and reli}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gious parties in Turkey are }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in support of Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU}\par\pard\li1133\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership when they are core par
ties. Ar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ikan\uc1\u8217Xs study showed that these fu
ndamental}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {partie
s demonstrated a positive reaction to two }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {different
critical events, and both of these}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {events possibly played a key role in increasi}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ng the overall percentage }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of pro-EU f
ramings}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in both
parties (as opposed to their anti-EU }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {framings). The
results of my study are in}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {complete opposition to those of Arikan\uc1\u8217Xs study, }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {which may be a function of the Felicity}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Party\uc1\u8217Xs status as a periphe
ral party. The number of positive statements made by the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Felicity Party with respect to Turkey\u
c1\u8217Xs EU}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { membership coded in my study shows th
at}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {there is no s
upport for the EU at}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { all within the Felic}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ity Party. Specifical}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ly, the fin
dings of}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {this st
udy show that the percentage of positive statements made by the SP about the EU
}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {was only 0.4 pe
rcent, which can be seen fr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {om the frequency tables
for \uc1\u8220Xtypes of}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {statements\uc1\u8221X of the party. This is a clear pr}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {oof that the discourse of a core, fundamental}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {party (like the former Virtue Party) c
hange}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s considerably as the party becomes more}\par\
pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {peripheral (like the
current Felicity Party). }\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {To return to more core status, th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e SP ma
y have been using Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership as a political tool to manipulat}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {e public opinion and regain party popularity in}\par\pard\li1133
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the years leading up to the 2007
national elect}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ion. This party may also have been}\

par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {differentiating t
hemselves from and targeting }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {core parties such as t
he AKP by criticizing}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {that party\uc1\u8217Xs way of handling Tu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rkey
\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership process.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { If this were th
e case, the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {SP m
ight have believed that such tactics }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {could cast dou
bt on the success of the current}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {government, thereby giving the SP a chance to defend itself and
influence the Turkish}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {public against the AKP administration. This e}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{xplanation of Peripheral Parties vs. Core}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Parties also nicely parallels the Social Identity The
ory\uc1\u8217Xs In-group vs. Out-group}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {paradigm.}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {The third and final reason why the EU\uc1\u8217Xs }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {positive actions with respect to Turkey}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {failed to reduce Euro-skepticism among F
elic}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ity Party elites may be explained by}\par\pard\
li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {associating the findings o
f th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is study with the EU\uc1\u8217Xs policies with
respect to Turkey}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{themselves. The results of this study may not }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {be
associated only with the Social Identity}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Theory or with a group\uc1\u8217Xs status as a periphe}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ral party. The policy requirements of the EU }\par\p
ard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {regarding Turkey and t
he sensitive nature of}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { these issues may be the real
reason why}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ther
e was not a positive change in the Euro-skepticism of the Felicity Party\uc1\u82
17Xs elites.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sim
ply put, the party elites might have had se}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rious co
ncerns about th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e future of Turkey,}\par\pard\li1133
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and the EU\uc1\u8217Xs membershi
p requirements with re}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {spect to some sensitive issue
s might have}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mai
ntained or even increased the party\uc1\u8217Xs Euro}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{-skepticism. The cont}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ent analysis of the}\par\par
d\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {study coded the nature o
f all statements ma}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de by Felicity Party elites show
ing Euro-}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {skepti
cism. A total of 1581 statements made }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {by the SP abo
ut the EU and the EU\uc1\u8217Xs Policy}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {towards Turkey were found. Most of these statements are
negative. The following}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {concerns of the Felicity Party elites are likely responsible}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { in no small way for increased}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Euro-skepticism toward the EU: (1) the Cyprus}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { issue, (including recognition of southern}\par\pard\l
i1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cyprus, the lifting of the
rest}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rictions on Cyprus-flagged vesse}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ls and vessels serving the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cyprus trade), (2) the retria}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {l of Abdullah Ocalan who is the leader of PKK, (3) the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {promotion of Kurdish Nationalism by th
e EU, (4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) the change in electoral system (the 10}\p
ar\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {percent threshold
and the use of}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { other languages rather than }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkish by political parties),}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(5) the changes on the Penal Code of Turke}\

fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y, (6) the reopening of}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
the Greek Orthodox}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn
666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\cols2\colno1\colw9413\colsr-0\colno2\col
w2026\pard\li3386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Journal of Glob
al and International Studies}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {109}\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-2
00 {Seminary, which has been closed since 1971, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(7)
the removing of the bans on public use}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the ecclesiastical title of }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Ecumenical Patriarch and the el}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ection of the he
ads of some }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rel
igious minorities, (8) the re}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cognition of some grou
ps in Tu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rkey as minorities such as}\par\pard\li1133
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kurds and Alevis, (9) the openin
g of Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {border with Armenia, (10) t
he recognition}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o
f so-called Armenian Genocide, (11) the le}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {galizing
of adultery, (12) the allowing of}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {property sales to foreigners in Turkey and }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Northern Cyprus, and (13), the fear that}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {European integration could erode}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { national sovereignty and dilu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {te Tu
rkish-Islamic identity}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {and culture (Arikan, 2004).}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {In addition to these nationalism-based and }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {religion based concerns about the EU\uc1\u8217Xs}\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {policies with respect to Turkey\uc1\
u8217Xs domestic a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ffairs, EU-skeptical political le
aders also}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {have
concerns about the double standards of th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e EU towar
d Turkey. They believe that the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {EU is particularly tough on }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkey,
and they suspect th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {at whatever else Turkey}\par\pa
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {accomplishes, European
Union countries will }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {not let Turkey join because of
other}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {member na
tions\uc1\u8217X deeply engrained prejudices. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Any o
f the political issues listed above,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {along with the complicating issues of in-group vs. out-grou
p social identity and the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {peripheral status of th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e Felicity Party m
ay serve to explai}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n why the favorable decisions of}
\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the EU on two se
parate occasions did not decr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ease the Euro-skeptici
sm of the elites of }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs Felicity Party (Saadet Partisi, SP.)}\par\pard\li1853\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {As we observed from the hypotheses
test}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ing, the two major events did not have}\par\par
d\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {any impact on religion-b
ased and trust-based Euro-skepticism. Additionally, only the first}\par\pard\li1
133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {event had an impact on the na
tionalism-based}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Euro-skepticism of the SP. This res
ult}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {showed that
the SP may have been more concerned about nationalism-based issues}\par\pard\li1
133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {throughout the duration of fi
rst event. The }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {party made 133 nationalism-based sta
tements}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {before t
he first event and 199 afte}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r the first event. In ge

neral, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the data analysis shows that}\par\pard\li113
3\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the frequency of the SP\uc1\u82
17Xs negative EU-related }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {statements increased becau
se of the impact}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{of the first event. This first event, on December 17, 2004, provided the first
indication }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for
this peripheral party that the EU was not}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, in fact
, an insincere supra-national unity }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(contrary to statements made by the SP party }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {elite to that effect). Instead, this event}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {proved that the EU is ready to open th
e door }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for Turkey when Turkey completes the EU\uc1\
u8217Xs}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {outlined
requirements. The declarations that}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { this periphera
l party continued to make}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {about the EU were seemingly unfounded in light of the nature of the De
cember 17 event.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{The December 17 decision from the EU also a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ppeared
to prove the success of Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existing government at that time and could ha}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ve had an impact on the results of the 2007}\par\pard\li11
33\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {national election in favor of
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the current government. Knowing this, the Felicity
Party}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {might have
wanted to overshadow the succe}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ss of the existing g
overnment by increasing}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {their SP\uc1\u8217Xs own speeches on some sensitive nationalism-based is
sues, hoping that doing so}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {might help to turn the public\uc1\u8217Xs}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ attention in different directi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on. As a result, I
believe that}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the
frequency of nationalism-based, negative st}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atement
s made by the SP increased in this}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {party\uc1\u8217Xs discourses. The first and second events}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { did not affect the overall Euro-skepticism }\par\pard\
li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the SP in any way. }\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\
sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\m
argbsxn173\pard\li1253\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Impact of
EU\uc1\u8217XS Decisions on Euro-Skepticis}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m of a Tu
rkish Religious Peripheral Party,}\par\pard\li4800\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Felicity Party}\par\pard\li9413\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {110}\par\pard\li4160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li41
60\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Policy Recommendations}\b0 \
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The discussions about Euro-skepticism have recently
attracted intense academic}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {interest in both EU member and candidate }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{countries. The dream of a \uc1\u8220XUnited States of}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Europe\uc1\u8221X has started to more ser
iously face the }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {threat of Euro-skepticism. Euro-ske
pticism }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {at firs
t showed itself mostly in candidate coun}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tries but i
s also demonstrated in some EU}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {member countries. Sir Anthony Eden\uc1\u8217Xs often }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {cited comment, from one}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { of his spe
eches}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {made in 19
52 at Columbia University in New York, explains, for example, British Euro-}\par
\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {skepticism very well
. He said simply, \uc1\u8220XBri}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tish membership [in

] a \uc1\u8216Xfederation on the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {continent of Europe\uc1\u8217X was something \uc1\u8216Xw}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e know in our bones we cannot do\uc1\u8217X\uc1\u8221X (Y
oung,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1998, 73-7
4). Additionally, the opposition of }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {France and the
Netherlands in the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {ratification of referenda for the proposed EU}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { co
nstitution showed that the dream of being}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a \uc1\u8220XUnited States of Europe\uc1\u8221X would
not come }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {without problems. The EU began to realize}
\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {that it is probl
ematic to think that the Europ}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ean Union project mig
ht develop into the sort}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {of federal state advocated by \uc1\u8220Xeurofederalists\uc1\u8221X suc
h as the former German foreign}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {minister Herr Fischer because of the many }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {differences among the member states with}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {respect to language, culture, and historical}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { background. Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs possible membership}\par
\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {only creates an addi
tional, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {potentially complicating diffe}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {rence among member nations,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with the possibility of bringi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {ng Islam to the EU (Christie, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2007). What th
en, would be the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{best way to help decrease Euro-skepticism }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in EU me
mber and ca}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ndidate countries? }\par\pard\li1853\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I strongly believe that}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { Christie\uc1\u8217Xs (2007) modern-day}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { Madisonian approach for the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {EU might be a good solution to decrease Eu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {ro-skepticism. By following Christie\uc1\u8217Xs}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Madisonian approach, I would }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {recommend that the EU focus its future efforts on two of}\par
\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the primary purposes
of the original Ameri}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {can Constitution. According t
o this approach,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{the EU should first promote economic growth}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { throug
h trade, a common currency, and the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {protection of private contra}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ctu
al and property rights. S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {econd, the EU should leave
the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {development
of social welfare, domestic, and }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {criminal policies
to the individual states. }\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {I believe that it is too early for EU to}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ be the \uc1\u8220XUnited States of Europe.\uc1\u8221X As}\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Christie indicates, the EU should no
t ignore the hi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {storical fact that it took a long ti
me for}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13 origin
al American colonies to become }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the United States of
America, even though}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {they, unlike EU member and candidate natio}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ns,
\uc1\u8220Xshared the same language (English), a}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {common language and culture influenced by that
religion (Protestant Christianity),}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {common legal principles based on English law, and a common
histor}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y as people who had}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fought and bled together ag}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {ainst a common enemy for inde}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pendenc
e\uc1\u8221X (Christie, 2007).}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\

charscalex100 {Even today, some issues in the US are matters }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {of state, not federal, law. Problematically,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the EU has continued to accept new member
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s without giving enough time to test the}\par\pard\
li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {harmony of all these state
s. It might well be}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { a big mistake for the EU to app
roach}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membership
issues by the Franco-German vi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sion of \uc1\u8220Xd
eeper and narrower\uc1\u8221X instead of}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {choosing the British vision of \uc1\u8220Xwider and sha
llower.\uc1\u8221X The Franco-German vision}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {promotes the political integra}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {tion of the EU as more important than expanding the free-}\par\pard\li113
3\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {trade zone. On the other hand,
the British vi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sion promotes expanding the free-trad
e zone}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {into as m
any countries as possible while preven}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ting the evol
ution of the EU into a federal}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {super-state. Once the \uc1\u8220Xharmony test\uc1\u8221X can be a
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ccomplished by the states, then it will be }\par\pa
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {more rational to work o
n the vision of \uc1\u8220Xd}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eeper and narrower\uc1\
u8221X (Christie, 2005) }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\cols2\colno1\colw9413\colsr-0\col
no2\colw2026\pard\li3386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Journal
of Global and International Studies}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {111}\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1853\r
scalex100 {As discussed above, if the EU leaves st}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
tes free to make their own decisions on}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {some issues, it will diminish Euro-skeptic}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {ism and may get member states closer to}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {accepting the idea of Europeanization or
the \uc1\u8220XUn}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ited States of Europe.\uc1\u8221X
This could solve}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{the problem and decrease Euro-skepticism }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in member
countries such as France and}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Denmark and in candidate countries such as Turkey. This will also
eliminate the concerns}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {of Euro-skeptical Turkish political elites }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o
n some sensitive nati}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onalistic and religious}\par\p
ard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {issues. In addition to
that, the }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {EU must also help Turkey to}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { understand the nature of the}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {accession process better. This will alleviate c}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oncerns about double standards of the EU}\par\pard\li1
133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {toward Turkey. }\par\pard\li
1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Finally, the EU needs to fi}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nd a strategy to build trust in the Euro-skeptical T
urkish}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {people an
d in the hearts and minds of the }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkish elite, whi
le stressing the aim of}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {eventual Turkish membership. The EU mu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {st al
so realize th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {at being \uc1\u8220Xtoo tough on}\par\
pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkey\uc1\u8221X wil
l not solve the problem. On th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e contrary, being too
tough will only serve}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {reinforce Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs view that the EU impos}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {es double standards and will not admit Turkey}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266

\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no matter what Turkey does to seek membersh
ip. }\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In additio
n to the responsibilities of }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the EU to Turkey, Euro
-skeptical Turkish}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {elites also have serious res}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ponsibility for a be
tterment and modernization of Turkey. First}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of all, they must recognize that globaliza}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {tion transformed the world into a small village,}\par\pard\li
1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and we all members of the wo
rld bear some responsibility for ach}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ieving peace in
that}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {village. T
he key to this peace is, among othe}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r things, better
foreign policy. Turkey needs}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {to be constructive. It should not be forgotte}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {n that selfishness, discrimination, anger, and}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prejudice towards other religi}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {ons and nations have no place}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { in
foreign policy (TESEV,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2006).}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn1
33\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li1253\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Impact of EU\uc1\u8217XS Decisions on Euro-Skepticis}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {m of a Turkish Religious Peripheral Party,}\par\pard\li4800\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Felicity Party}\par\pard\li9413\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {112}\par\pard\li3440\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li3440\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Recommendati
ons for Future Research}\b0 \par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li1853\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Turkey held both parlia
mentary and presid}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ential elections in 2007, and the
result}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the p
arliamentary elections might shape th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e future of EU
-Turkey relations. The SP did}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {not win the 2007 elections and }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {still
remains a peripheral party. If, however, this}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {peripheral party wins a future election and becom
es a core party in the future, it will be}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {interesting to revisit their stance regardi}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {ng Turkey\uc1\u8217Xs EU membership and relationship}\par\pard
\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with Europe in general. I
f this study is repl}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {icated when the Felicity Party
is more of a}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cor
e party, and if the results }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {show that the party\uc1
\u8217Xs Euro-ske}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pticism has decreased and that}\pa
r\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {it has become more
supportive of the EU and th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e EU\uc1\u8217Xs policie
s, then the findings of this}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {study will also be confirmed. This study can al}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {so be replicated on Eu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ro-skeptical partie
s}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {once Turkey ha
s become an EU member. It wi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ll be very interesting
to see how the Euro-}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {skeptical parties will be affected by that }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eve
nt and how they w}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ill react to the EU.}\par\pard\li4
\charscalex100\b {Limitations of this Study}\b0 \par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The
main limitation of the study is its fo}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cus on only
available data from the Pro-}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {SP Milli Gazete. In addition to the direct statem}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {ents of these political elites, there were}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-28

0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {some indirect statements paraphrased by th
e }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {news reporter. Even }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
though the statements}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {came from the political elite, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {there is alway
s a risk that these paraphrased statements}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {might have included the perception of the repor}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ter, and there is no way for the researcher}\par\pard\li1
133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to confirm the accuracy of th
e statements w}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ithout seeing a transcription of the
original}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {stateme
nt.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133
\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\cols2\colno1\colw9413\colsr-0\colno2\colw2026\pard\li33
86\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Journal of Global and Internat
ional Studies}\par\pard\li4506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4506\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4506\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {Acknowledgement }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {113}\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1853\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {This study has been formed from my Ph.D}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. diss
ertation, and I would like to thank}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {my dissertation chair, Dr. Judyth Twigg, for }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {her constant support, encouragement, and}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {patience with my questions during that pr
oc}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ess. Without her ongoing assistance, valuable}\pa
r\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {support, and right
guidance, this stud}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y would not have been completed.
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn66
of EU\uc1\u8217XS Decisions on Euro-Skepticis}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m of a
Turkish Religious Peripheral Party,}\par\pard\li4800\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Felicity Party}\par\pard\li9413\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {114}\par\pard\li4893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i4893\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {References }\b0 \par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {Arikan, H. (2004).}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {The Impa
cts of domestic and International Dynamics on Turkish}\i0 \par\pard\li1853\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {National Identity: FP and MHP\uc1\u8
217Xs A}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {pproach to the European Union 1999 \uc
1\u8211X2001.}\i0 \par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{South Illinois University, Carbondale.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
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4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(2), Carfax Publishing.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmu
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00 {S Working Paper Series. Organizational}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Change and the Identity Cycle: Understand}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {ing the Effect of }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Change on Indiv
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}}}}\ul0 \par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {{\fi
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tions/Social_Identity_Theory.doc/}}}}\ul0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {TESEV, (2
006). \uc1\u8220XEU-Turkey relations: One }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {year onTurkey\uc1\u8217Xs Progress towards the}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {EU.\uc1\u8221X Key conclusions of the 3}{\super \fs16\
up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rd}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Bosporus Conference,
organized by the British}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Council, the Cente for European Reform and the Turkish Economic and Soc
ial}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Studies Foun
dation (TESEV), Istanbul}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, September 15-16, 2006. Re
trieved May 4,}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
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w.tesev.org.tr/eng/events/conf_bosp_15spt2006.php"}}{\fldrslt {http://www.tesev.
org.tr/en}\ul0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {g/events/conf_bosp_15spt2006.php}}
}}\ul0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://www.tese
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00 { Reliability and Agreement of Subjective}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Judgements.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Journ
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00 {Reliability and Agreement. In H. E. A.}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \

fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tinsley & S. D. Brown, Eds.,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {Handbook of Applied Multivariate Statistics and}\i0 \par\pard\li1853\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Mathematical Modeling}\i0 \fs24\
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\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Challenges\uc1\u8221X, organized by the Reseau}\par\pard\
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fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { C. (2003). Statistical Concepts Series.}\par\pard\li
1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Retrieved September, 15, 200
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d{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/cgi/reprint/226/3/609.pdf#
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Dampak Keputusan Uni Eropa's Di Euro-Skeptisisme Dari Partai Peripheral Turki Agama

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