PHNG PHAP DON BIEN

Phan Thanh Viet

Noi dong:
I. Cioi thieu.
Z. BL1 J lien voi cuc tri dat duoc doi xun.
J. Don lien lan kI thuat ham so.
+. BL1 J lien voi cuc tri dat duoc tai lien.
5. BL1 + lien.
o. Don lien lan ham loi.
7. Don lien ve ia tri trun lnh.
o. Linh ly don lien ton quat.
9. 'hn lai.
IO. Bai tap.
1. Gioi tbico.
Cac lan than men, rat nhieu tron so cac BL1 ma ta da ap co dau
dan thuc khi cac lien so lan nhau. Mot vi du kinh dien la
V do 1: (BL1 Cauchy) Cho x, y, z > 0 th x +y +z 3
3

xyz.
Co the noi so luon BL1 nhu vay nhieu den noi nhieu lan se thay
dieu do la ... hien nhien. 1at nhien, khon han nhu vay. 1uy nhien, tron
truon hop dan thuc khon xay ra khi tat ca cac lien lan nhau th ta
lai rat thuon roi vao mot truon hop khac, ton quat hon: do la co mot so
(thay v tat ca) cac lien lan nhau. day chun toi dan ra mot vi du se
duoc chun minh o phan sau.
V do 2: (\M) Cho x, y, z R, x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 9. 1h
2(x +y +z) xyz 10
1ron BL1 nay th dau = xay ra khi x = y = 2, z = 1 (va cac hoan
vi).
I
Co the nhieu lan se nac nhien khi liet ran con co nhun lat dan
thuc ma dau = xay ra khi cac lien deu khac nhau. \i du sau day cun
se duoc chun minh o phan sau.
V do 3: (|ackarfukel) Cho a, b, c la J so thuc khon am va co toi da
mot so lan O. 1h ta luon co:
a

a +b
+
b

b +c
+
c

c +a

5
4

a +b +c
day, dau dan thuc xay ra khi a = 3b > 0, c = 0 (va cac dan hoan vi).
Cac lan co the tu hoi la cac ia tri chan han nhu (3, 1, 0) co dac liet
ma lam cho dan thuc xay ra. Mot cach truc iac, ta thay duon nhu diem
dac liet do la do co mot lien lan O. \ ia thiet la cac lien khon am,
nen lien lan O con duoc oi la lien co ia tri tren lien.
1om lai, tron cac BL1 ma ta ap, co cac truon hop dau = xay
ra rat thuon ap: do la truon hop tat ca cac lien lan nhau (ta oi la cuc
tri dat duoc tai tam), ton quat hon la truon hop co mot so cac lien lan
nhau (ta oi la cuc tri dat duoc co tinh doi xun), mot truon hop khac
la dau = xay ra khi co mot lien co ia tri tren lien (va ta oi la cuc tri
dat duoc tai lien).
lhuon phap don lien duoc dat ra de iai quyet cac BL1 co dan nhu
tren. Y tuon chun la: neu ta dua duoc ve truon hop co hai lien lan
nhau, hoac la mot lien co ia tri tai lien, th so lien se iam di. Do do
BL1 moi don ian hon BL1 lan dau, dac liet neu BL1 moi chi con mot
lien th lan cach khao sat ham mot lien so ta se chun minh BL1 kha
don ian. Chinh v tu tuon la iam dan so lien nen phuon phap nay duoc
oi la phuon phap don lien.
Bay io chun toi se trnh lay cac kI thuat chinh cua phuon phap
thon qua cac lai toan cu the. Loi tuon rat quan tron ma chun toi
muon lan doc nam lat la cac BL1 voi J lien so. Sau do, cac mo ron cho
+ lien se duoc trnh lay. Cuoi cun, chun ta den voi cac phuon phap
don lien ton quat cho n lien so, tron do lan doc se cun chun toi di tu
nhun ket qua co dien toi nhun cai tien nho va sau do la mot ket qua
Z
het suc ton quat. 1inh than xuyen suot cua chun toi la muon lan doc
cam nhan duoc tinh tu nhien cua van de. Qua do, cac lan se ly iai duoc
tai sao, de roi co the tu mnh luoc di tren con duon san tao.
*Ghi chu: Chun toi se danh dau cac lai toan theo tun muc. \ so luon
cac dinh ly la rat it nen chun toi khon danh dau. Chun toi co an hi
ten tac ia va nuon trich dan doi voi tat ca cac ket qua quan tron, noai
tru nhun ket qua cua chun toi.
2. T 3 bicn voi coc tr| dat dooc doi xong.
Xin phac hoa lai tu tuon cua chun ta nhu sau. Bai toan cua chun ta se
co dan f(x, y, z) 0 voi x, y, z la cac lien so thuc thoa man cac tinh chat
nao day. Lieu chun ta mon muon la se co danh ia f(x, y, z) f(t, t, z)
voi t la mot dai luon thich hop tuy theo moi lien he iua x, y, z (ta se
oi day la kI thuat don ve Z lien lan nhau). Sau do chun ta kiem tra
f(t, t, z) 0 de hoan tat chun minh. Luu y ran neu cac lien da duoc
chuan hoa th luoc cuoi chi la lai toan voi mot lien.
1ron muc nay, chun ta se chi xem xet cac vi du co lan nhat.
ai toan 1. (BL1 Cauchy) Cho x, y, z > 0, chun minh ran
x +y +z 3
3

xyz
toi giai:
\ BL1 la don lac nen lan cach chuan hoa ta co the ia su x+y+z = 1
(*). \iet lai lai toan duoi dan f(x, y, z) 0 voi f(x, y, z) = 1 27xyz. 1a
thay ran khi thay x va y loi t =
x+y
2
th dieu kien (*) van lao toan (tuc la
van co t +t +z = 1), nen ta chi phai xem xet su thay doi cua xyz.
1heo BL1 Cauchy voi Z lien (chun minh rat don ian) th xy t
2
,
nen xyz t
2
z. \ay f(x, y, z) f(t, t, z).
Cuoi cun de y la z = 1 2t nen ta co:
f(t, t, z) = 1 27t
2
z = 1 27t
2
(1 2t) = (1 + 6t)(1 3t)
2
0
va lai toan chun minh xon. Lan thuc xay ra khi x = y va 3t = 1, nhIa
la x = y = 1/3, tuon duon voi x = y = z.
J
*Nban xct:
1) Co the nhieu ban se b ng vi cach chuan hoa tren. Chung toi xin
noi ro: khong co g la b an ay ca. Neu thch, cac ban hoan toan co
the chuan hoa theo cach khac, chang han gia s xyz = 1 va chng minh
f(x, y, z) 0 vi f(x, y, z) = x+y+z 3. Khi o bc don bien se la chng
minh f(x, y, z) f(t, t, z) vi t =

xy. e ngh ban oc t ly giai v sao
trong li giai tren th ta xet t =
x+y
2
con ay lai xet t =

xy, va sau o
hoan thanh chng minh theo cach nay.
2) Ban oc co the thac mac: khong can chuan hoa c khong? Cau tra li
la: c! That vay, chung ta van hoan toan co the xet bai toan f(x, y, z) 0
vi f(x, y, z) = x +y + z 3

xyz. Khi o bc don bien se la chng minh

f(x, y, z) f(t, t, z) vi t =
x+y
2
hay t =

xy eu c. Thc chat, ieu nay
hoan toan de hieu, no ch la s tng ng gia BT co ieu kien va BT
khong ieu kien (qua k thuat chuan hoa).
3) Chung toi ngh la cac ban se ong y rang: neu mot bai toan a chuan hoa
(tc la BT co ieu kien) th no se "gi y" cho chung ta cach don bien (phai
am bao ieu kien), tuy nhien, ngc lai mot bai toan cha chuan hoa (BT
khong ieu kien) th chung ta se co nhieu cach e don bien hn (noi chung, ta
se chon cach don bien sao cho bao toan c "nhieu" bieu thc nhat trong
BT - ieu nay cung tng ng vi chuan hoa sao cho bieu thc co dang
n gian nhat). Do o, mot s phoi hp tot gia k thuat chuan hoa va don
bien la mot ieu can thiet. Tuy nhien, khi a quen vi nhng ieu nay th cac
ban se thay khong co s khac biet ang ke nao gia chung.
ai toan 2. (BL1 Schur) Cho a, b, c 0, chun minh ran:
a
3
+b
3
+c
3
+ 3abc a
2
(b +c) +b
2
(c +a) +c
2
(a +b).
toi giai:
Xet f(a, b, c) = a
3
+b
3
+c
3
+3abc a
2
(b +c) b
2
(c +a) c
2
(a +b). Lat
t =
b+c
2
, ta hi von: f(a, b, c) f(a, t, t). Xet
d = f(a, b, c) f(a, t, t) =
_
b +c
5
4
a
_
(b c)
2
1a thay voi a, b, c la cac so khon am tuy y th khon chac co d 0. 1uy
nhien, neu ia su a = min{a, b, c} th ta van co d 0. Khi do ta chi con phai
+
chun minh f(a, t, t) 0. 'hun BL1 nay tuon duon voi a(a t)
2
0
nen hien nhien dun. Bai toan chun minh xon.
*Nban xct: Viec gia s a = min{a, b, c} la mot thu thuat rat thng c ap
dung e don bien. Nhac lai la neu BT 3 bien oi xng th ta co the gia s
a b c (hoac a b c), con trong trng hp BT 3 bien hoan v vong
quanh th ta co the gia s a = min{a, b, c} (hoac a = max{a, b, c}).
ai toan 3. Cho a, b, c la J so thuc duon co tich lan 1. Chun minh
ran:
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+
6
a +b +c
5.
Hoong dan:
'eu nhu Z lai toan lan dau la nhun lai toan quen thuoc, th day la
mot lai toan kho. \oi kinh nhiem thu duoc tu lai toan I, chun ta co the
nhI nay toi viec don lien theo trun lnh nhan de khai thac ia thiet
tich la so lan I. Mot loi iai theo huon do da duoc lan Yptsoi (Lai Loan)
dua len tren dien dan Mathlinks, ma sau day chun toi xin dan lai mot cach
van tat.
1a chun minh duoc f(a, b, c) f(a,

bc,

bc) neu ia su a b c.
1iep theo, ta chun minh ran f(a,

bc,

bc) 5, hay la
f
_
1
x
2
, x, x
_
5, voi x =

bc
BL1 nay tuon duon voi (x 1)
2
(2x
4
+ 4x
3
4x
2
x + 2) 0. \ lieu
thuc tron noac thu hai duon voi x > 0 nen chun minh hoan tat. Lan
thuc xay ra khi va chi khi a = b = c = 1.
Qua cac vi du tren, chun ta da thay cach don lien ve trun lnh con
va trun lnh nhan that la huu dun. 1uy nhien, cac cach don lien la vo
cun phon phu va uyen chuyen. \i du sau day minh hoa cho dieu do.
ai toan 4.(Iran I99o) Chun minh ran voi a, b, c > 0 th:
(ab +bc +ca)
_
1
(a +b)
2
+
1
(b +c)
2
+
1
(c +a)
2
_

9
4
.
Hoong dan:
Lay la mot lai toan rat kho. Cac lan co the thay dieu do qua su kien
5
la dau = dat duoc noai a = b = c con co a = b, c 0.
Cac lan nen thu de thay Z cach don lien thon thuon la trun lnh
con va trun lnh nhan deu dan den nhun BL1 vo cun phuc tap. Loi
iai sau day lay tu y cua thay 1ran 'am Dun, ma neu nhn kI lan se thay
duoc moi tuon quan, khon chi tron tinh toan ma tron ca tu duy, cua cac
kI thuat chuan hoa va don lien, ma chun toi da de cap tron nhan xet J)
cua lai toan I.
\ BL1 la don lac nen ta co the ia su ab + bc + ca = 1 (*). Bay io
ta hi von co danh ia f(a, b, c)
9
4
voi f(a, b, c) la lieu thuc thu hai cua
ve trai BL1 can chun minh. day t phai thoa moi lien he o (*), nhIa la
t
2
+ 2tc = 1.
Ban cach ia su c = min{a, b, c} ta se chun minh duoc f(a, b, c)
f(t, t, c). Cuoi cun, ta kiem tra f(t, t, c)
9
4
. day lan doc co the thay
c =
1t
2
2t
vao BL1 de thay:
f(t, t, c) =
(1 t
2
)(1 3t
2
)
2
4t
2
(1 +t
2
)
0
Bai toan chun minh xon'
*Nban xct: bc cuoi, cac ban cung co the khong chuan hoa na ma
quay lai BT ong bac:
(t
2
+ 2tc)(
2
(t +c)
2
+
1
4t
2
)
9
4
(t
2
+ 2tc)(8t
2
+ (t +c)
2
) 9(t +c)
2
t
2
0 2tc(t c)
2
0
Cuoi cun chun ta den voi mot vi du ma cuc tri khon dat tai tam, mac
du BL1 la doi xun. Cac lan se thay ran, tron con duon cua chun ta
phan quan tron nhat la don ve hai lien lan nhau, con sau do th cuc tri
dat tai tam hay khon khon phai la dieu mau chot.
ai toan S. (\M) Cho x, y, z la cac so thuc thoa man: x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 9.
Chun minh ran: 2(x +y +z) xyz 10.
toi giai.
Lat f(x, y, z) = 2(x +y +z) xyz. Chun ta hi von se co f(x, y, z)
f(x, t, t), tron do t
2
= (y
2
+z
2
)/2 (*) (chun toi nhI ran lay io lan doc
da tu ly iai duoc dieu nay). Luu y la tron (*) t co the nhan Z ia tri, de
o
dinh y ta hay xet khi t 0.
1a co: d = f(x, y, z) f(x, t, t) = 2(y + z 2t) x(yz t
2
). 1a thay
nay y +z 2t 0 va yz t
2
0. Do do de co d 0 ta chi can x 0.
1u do, ta ia su x = min{x, y, z}. Xet truon hop x 0. Khi do
ta don lien nhu tren va chi con phai chun minh f(x, t, t) 10. 1hay
t =
_
(9 x
2
)/2 ta co:
g(x) = f(x, t, t) = 2x + 2
_
2(9 x
2
) x(9 x
2
)/2
1a co:
g

(x) =
3x
2
2

5
2

4x

18 2x
2
Ciai ra ta thay phuon trnh g

(x) = 0 chi co I nhiem am la x = 1. Hon

nua g

lien tuc va g

(2) > 0 > g(0) nen suy ra g

doi dau tu duon san am

khi di qua diem x = 1. \ay x 0 th g(x) g(1) = 10 va ta co dieu
phai chun minh. 1ruon hop nay dan thuc dat duoc tai x = 1, y = z = 2.
lhan con lai ta phai iai quyet truon hop x > 0, tuc la J so x, y, z deu
duon. Luc nay dau BL1 la thuc su va ta chi can danh ia don ian chu
khon phai thon qua don lien. 'eu x 3/4 th
f(x, y, z) = 2(x+y+z)xyz 2
_
3(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)(
3
4
)
3
= 2

27
27
64
< 10
'eu x 3/4 th
f(x, y, z) = 2(x+y+z)xyz 2(
_
2(y
2
+z
2
)+3/4) = 2(

18+3/4) < 10
Bai toan chun minh xon'
3. Don bicn bang ki tboat bam so.
Lay la mot kI thuat rat quan tron cua phuon phap don lien. 1uy
nhien chun toi ioi thieu no nay sau phan co lan nhat la nham tran
li cho cac lan mot kI thuat can thiet truoc khi di qua cac muc sau. Hon
nua, chun toi nhI ran khi da quen voi no th cac lan se khon con phai
phan liet cuc tri dat tai tam hay tai lien, va do do muc tiep theo se nhe
nhan hon.
7
1ron $2 chun ta thay ran de chun to f(x, y, z) f(t, t, z) ta chi
viec xet hieu d = f(x, y, z) f(t, t, z) roi tm cach danh ia sao cho d 0.
1uy nhien, do la v dan BL1 qua don ian, phu hop voi cac lien doi
dai so. Cia su ta phai lam viec voi lieu thuc f co dan, chan han, nhu:
f(x, y, z) = x
k
+ y
k
+ z
k
voi k > 0 th cac cach lien doi dai so se tro nen
rat con kenh va phuc tap.
KI thuat ham so dun de iai quyet cac truon hop nhu vay. Y tuon
chinh the nay, chan han de chun minh f(x, y, z) f(x, t, t) voi t =
(y +z)/2, ta xet ham: g(s) = f(x, t +s, t s) voi s 0. Sau do chun minh
g tan voi s 0 (thon thuon dun con cu dao ham rat tien loi), suy ra
g(s) g(0), s 0, va ta se thu duoc dieu mon muon. Mot tron nhun
vi du quen thuoc voi cac lan la don lien lan ham loi, tuy nhien duoi day
chun ta se quan sat kI thuat don lien tron loi canh ton quat hon, con
van de ve ham loi se duoc tro lai o mot muc sau tron lai toan voi n lien.
Chun toi nhan manh ran, day la mot kI thuat kho, loi no chua dun
nhun net rat tinh te cua phuon phap don lien. 'hun vi du sau day the
hien rat ro ve dep va suc manh cua phuon phap don lien.
ai toan 1. Cho k > 0 va a, b, c la cac so khon am va chi co toi da I
so lan O. Chun minh ran:
(
a
b +c
)
k
+ (
b
c +a
)
k
+ (
c
a +b
)
k
min{2,
3
2
k
} ()
toi giai:
1at nhien ta chi can chun minh BL1 khi 2 =
3
2
k
k =
ln3
ln2
1 (cac
lan hay suy nhI tai sao BL1 dun cho truon hop nay lai dan den BL1
dun cho truon hop ton quat). Chu y voi k nhu tren th dan thuc xay
ra tai hai cho la a = b = c hoac a = b, c = 0 (va cac hoan vi).
Khon mat ton quat co the ia su a + b + c = 1 va b c a. Lat
t =
b+c
2
va m =
bc
2
, suy ra b = t + m, c = t m, a = 1 2t . Khi do ve trai
BL1 can chun minh la:
f(m) =
_
1 2t
2t
_
k
+
_
t +m
1 t m
_
k
+
_
t m
1 +mt
_
k
\ c a nen 3t 1 m 0, va 1 b +c = 2t nen
1
2
t
1
3
1a se khao sat f(m) tren mien m [0, 3t 1] voi t [
1
3
,
1
2
] la han so.
o
1a co:
f

(m) =
k(t +m)
k1
(1 t m)
k+1

k(t m)
k1
(1 +mt)
k+1
f

(m) 0
(t +m)
k1
(1 t m)
k+1

(t m)
k1
(1 +mt)
k+1
g(m) := [ln(t m) ln(t +m)]
k + 1
1 k
[ln(1 t m) ln(1 +mt)] 0
1iep tuc khao sat g, ta co:
g

(m) =
_
1
t m
+
1
t +m
_
+
k + 1
1 k
_
1
1 t m
+
1
1 +mt
_
0

2t
(t m)(t +m)
+
k + 1
1 k
.
2(1 t)
(1 t m)(1 +mt)
0 (1)
Lanh ia
k+1
1k
2, do vay de chun minh (I) ta can chun minh

t
t
2
m
2
+
2(1 t)
(1 t)
2
m
2
0 (1)
u(m) = t + 4t
2
3t
3
+ 3tm
2
2m
2
0
1hat vay, v u

(m) < 0 nen u(m) u(3t 1) = 2(3t 1)(2t 1)

2
0
\ay g(m) don lien suy ra g(m) g(0) = 0 suy ra f

(m) 0 suy ra
f(m) f(0). 'ho la khi m = 0 th b = c = t.
Cuoi cun, ta can chun minh h(t) := f(0) 2. \iet lai:
h(t) =
_
1 2t
2t
_
k
+ 2
_
t
1 t
_
k
1a khao sat h(t) tren mien t [0,
1
3
]. 1a co:
h

(t) =
2kt
k1
(1 t)
k+1

k
2
k
.
(1 2t)
k1
t
k+1
0
2
k+1
t
2k
[(1 t)(1 2t)]
k1
(2)
1ron BL1 cuoi, ve trai la ham don lien theo t va ve phai la ham nhich
lien theo t, va luu y la t
1
3
nen de chun minh (Z) ta can:
2
k+1
_
1
3
_
2k
[(1
1
3
)(1
2
3
)]
k1
9
Bat dan thuc nay dun, nen h(t) nhich lien, suy ra
h(t) h(
1
3
) = 2
Bai toan duoc iai quyet tron ven'
Nban xct: e thay c net ep cua bai toan nay, chung toi xin dan ra
mot so trng hp rieng cua no, ban than chung a la cac bai toan hay va
c biet en mot cach rong rai.
1) Trng hp k = 1, ta thu c BT Netbit:
a
b +c
+
b
c +a
+
c
a +b

3
2
ay la mot BT rat noi tieng. Mot cach chng minh "kinh ien" la:
a
b +c
+
b
c +a
+
c
a +b
+ 3 =
a +b +c
b +c
+
a +b +c
a +c
+
a +b +c
a +b
= (a +b +c)(
1
b +c
+
1
c +a
+
1
a +b
)
(a +b +c)
9
(b +c) + (c +a) + (a +b)
=
9
2
2) Trng hp k =
1
2
, ta thu c BT sau:
_
a
b +c
+
_
b
c +a
+
_
c
a +b
2
ay cung la mot bai toan rat ep, trc ay c biet en nh mot BT
ngc chieu vi BT Netbit. Co mot li giai rat n gan, ch dung BT
Cauchy:
_
a
b +c
=
2a
2
_
a(b +c)

2a
a +b +c
3) Trng hp k
2
3
, ta co BT sau:
(
a
b +c
)
k
+ (
a
b +c
)
k
+ (
a
b +c
)
k

3
2
k
IO
ay cung la mot bai toan rat ep a c biet en t trc nh la mot
m rong cho BT Netbit (no cung tng c ang tren tap ch THTT vi ten
cua tac gia la Tran Tuan Anh). T ket qua bai toan tong quat, ta biet rang
2/3 khong phai la so tot nhat e co gia tr nho nhat la 3/2
k
. Tuy nhien, no
la so tot nhat theo ngha co the ap dung BT Cauchy theo cach sau ay. e
n gian chung toi trnh bay vi trng hp k = 2/3.
a +b +c = a +
b +c
2
+
b +c
2
3
3
_
a(
b +c
2
)
2
(
2a
b +c
)
2
3

3a
a +b +c
Cun voi lai toan I, lai toan sau day cun la mot tron nhun vi du rat
dep cho kI thuat ham so.
ai toan 2. Cho k > 0, a, b, c 0 va a +b +c = 3. Chun minh ran:
(ab)
k
+ (bc)
k
+ (ca)
k
max{3, (
3
2
)
k
} ()
toi giai:
Khon mat ton quat co the ia su b c (con viec cho a = min hay
max th tuy theo tnh huon, ta se dieu chinh mot cach hop li khi can
thiet).
Lat t =
b+c
2
va m =
bc
2
suy ra b = t +m, c = t m . Khi do ve trai BL1
can chun minh tro thanh:
f(m) = a
k
[(t +m)
k
+ (t m)
k
] + (t
2
m
2
)
k
1a khao sat f(m) tren mien m [0, t]. 1a co:
f

(m) = ka
k
[(t +m)
k1
(t m)
k1
] 2km(t
2
m
2
)
k1
f

(m) 0 g(m) := a
k
[(t m)
1k
(t +m)
1k
] 2m 0
1at nhien ta chi can xet khi k > 1 (khi k 1 th lai toan don ian).
1a co:
g

(m) = a
k
k(k 1)[(t m)
k1
(t +m)
k
] > 0
II
g

(m) don lien, do do co toi da mot nhiem tren (0, t). \ g(0) =
0, g(t) = + nen chi co hai kha nan:
g(m) > 0 hoac g(m) = 0 +
1uon un ta co f(m) di len hoac f(m) di xuon roi lai di len. 1ron truon
hop nao th cuc dai cun dat o lien do do
f(m) max{f(0), f(t)}
'hac lai la m = 0 b = c = t va m = t c = 0.
De thay khi c = 0 th:
f(t) = 2(ab)
k

_
3
2
_
2k
nen ta chi con phai xet truon hop con lai. Lat:
h(t) := f(0) = 2t
k
a
k
+t
2k
= 2t
k
(3 2t)
k
+t
2k
1a co:
h

(t) = 4k(3 2t)

k1
t
k
+ 2k(3 2t)
k
b
k1
+ 2kb
2k1
h

(t) 0 2
_
3 2t
t
_
k1
+
_
3 2t
t
_
k
+ 1 0
u(x) := x
k
2x
k1
+ 1 0 voi x =
3 2t
t
1a co: u

(x) = [kx 2(k 1)]x

k2
. \ u

(x) co toi da mot nhiem tren R

+
nen u(x) co toi da 2 nhiem tron R
+
, tron do mot nhiem la x = 1.
1u do, ta se ia su a = min{a, b, c}. Khi do ta chi viec xet khi t 1 va
tuon un se la x 1. \ u(x) chi co toi da I nhiem tron (0, 1) nen h

(t)
chi co toi da 1 nhiem tron (1,
3
2
).
Luu y la luu y h

(1) = 0, h

(
3
2
) > 0. Do do, chi co hai kha nan hoac h(t)
don lien hoac h(t) co dan 0+. 1ron truon hop nao th h(t) cun dat
max tai hai lien, suy ra:
h(t) max{f(1), f(
3
2
)} = max{3, (
3
2
)
2k
}
va lai toan iai quyet xon'
IZ
*Nhan xet: day chun toi khon ia thiet a = min{a, b, c} nay tu dau la
muon nhan manh ran: viec don ve Z lien lan nhau luon thuc hien duoc
ma khon can thu tu sap duoc iua cac lien. 1an dun dieu do, chun ta
co the lam cach khac de ne viec khao sat lai toan I lien.
1hat vay, nhu tron chun minh da chi ra, ta luon co BL1 sau day ma
khon can ia thiet ve thu tu cua a, b, c:
f(a, b, c) max{(
3
2
)
2k
, f(a,
b +c
2
,
b +c
2
)} ()
1u do, voi moi a, b, c co dinh, xet day so sau: (a
0
, b
0
, c
0
) = (a, b, c), va
n Z
+
th ta dinh nhIa lan quy nap:
(a
2n1
, b
2n1
, c
2n1
) = (a
2n2
,
b
2n2
+b
2n2
2
,
b
2n2
+b
2n2
2
)
va:
(a
2n
, b
2n
, c
2n
) = (
a
2n1
+b
2n1
2
,
a
2n1
+b
2n1
2
, c
2n1
)
th ta co nay
f(a, b, c) max{(
3
2
)
2k
, f(a
n
, b
n
, c
n
)}, n Z
+
De thay cac day {a
n
}, {b
n
}, {b
n
} deu hoi tu ve I, nen chuyen qua ioi han
ta co dieu phai chun minh.
KI thuat chuyen qua ioi han nhu vay cun kha tu nhien. 'o co the
ton quat len thanh Z dinh ly don lien ton quat la SM\ va UM\ ma
chun toi se ioi thieu o phan sau. Cun su dun tinh lien tuc cua ham so
nhun voi kI thuat khac, chun toi con dat duoc I ket qua ton quat hon.
Sau khi co (*), con mot cach khac de dat duoc dieu phai chun minh
ma chi can su dun mot so huu han lan thay the. 1uy nhien, de khoi trun
lap chun toi se ioi thieu no tron muc BL1 + lien (va cac muc sau), khi
ma no thuc su can thiet.
h Con tron truon hop J lien, chun toi se chi su dun cach tiep can don
ian nhat (don ve I lien roi khao sat), nham iu duoc tinh tron san cua
tu tuon.
Chun toi hi von ran, sau khi doc kI hai lai toan tren, th cac lan co
the su dun kI thuat ham so de don lien theo cach lat k, chu khon nhat
IJ
thiet la don ve trun lnh con. Sau day la mot vi du cho kieu don lien
ve trun lnh nhan.
ai toan 3: (lham Kim Hun)
a) Cho cac so thuc duon a, b, c co tich lan 1 . Chun minh ran:
(i) 81(1 +a
2
)(1 +b
2
)(1 +c
2
) 8(a +b +c)
4
(ii) 64(1 +a
3
)(1 +b
3
)(1 +c
3
) (a +b +c)
6
toi giai:
(i). Lat f(a, b, c) = 8(a +b +c)
4
81(1 +a
2
)(1 +b
2
)(1 +c
2
). 1a co the ia
su a b. Xet ham so g(t) = f(ta, b/t, c) voi t [
_
b/a, 1]. 1a co:
g

(t) = 32(a
b
t
2
)(ta +
b
t
+c)
3
81(a
b
t
2
)(ta +
b
t
)(1 +c
2
)
\ t [
_
b/a, 1] nen g

(t) 0 neu:
32(d +c)
3
81d(1 +c
2
) voi d = ta +
b
t
1a co: 32(d+c)
3
> 32d(d
2
+2dc+3c
2
) 32d(3
3

d
4
c
2
+3c
2
) > 81d(1+c
2
)
(luu y la d
2
c 4)
\ay g

(t) 0 voi t [
_
b/a, 1]. Do do: g(1) g(
_
b/a). \ay f(a, b, c)
f(s, s, c) voi s =

ab. 1hay s = 1/

c ta duoc:
f(s, s, c) = f(
1

c
,
1

c
, c) = 8(
2

c
+c)
4
81(1 +
1
c
)
2
(1 +c
2
)
= (

c 1
c
)
2
(8c
5
+ 16c
9
2
+ 24c
4
+ 96c
9
2
+ 87c
3
+ 78c
5
2
+
+99c
2
+ 120c
3
2
21c + 94

c + 47)
0 (dpcm)
Lan thuc xay ra khi va chi khi a = b = c = 1.
(ii) Ban cach lam tuon tu nhu tren, lan doc co the tu chun minh BL1
nay. day chun toi xin luu y ran BL1 la thuc su va o+ la han so tot nhat.
Lieu cuoi cun ma chun toi muon noi voi lan doc, do la tu viec nam
duoc phuon phap den viec van dun duoc no mot cach thanh thao la ca
mot qua trnh. Lieu can nhat la cac lan phai co y chi de thuc hien van de
toi noi toi chon chu dun lo do nua chun, du phai doi mat voi nhun tinh
I+
toan phuc tap. Roi thanh con truoc moi lai toan se khien cac lan tu tin
hon. Chun toi dan ra day mot lai toan ma co the loi iai cua no se khien
nhieu lan khiep so, tuy nhien chun toi hi von cac lan se lnh tam de
thay duoc ve dep tron san cua no an dan sau nhun kI thuat tinh toan
lao luyen.
ai toan 4. Cho a, b, c 0, a + b + c = 3. 1m ia tri lon nhat cua
lieu thuc:
ab
3 +c
2
+
bc
3 +a
2
+
ca
3 +b
2
toi giai:
Loi iai sau day cua anh lhan 1hanh 'am.
Cia su a b c. Lat a = s + t, b = s t th ve trai BL1 can chun
minh la:
f(t) :=
c(s t)
3 + (s +t)
2
+
c(s +t)
3 + (s t)
2
+
s
2
t
2
3 +c
2
1a khao sat f(t) tren mien t [0, s c]. 1a co:
f

(t) =
c
3 + (s +t)
2

2c(s
2
t
2
)
(3 + (s +t)
2
)
2
+
c
3 + (s t)
2
+
2c(s
2
t
2
)
(3 + (s t)
2
)
2

2t
3 +c
2
=
4cst
uv
+
8cst(s
2
t
2
)(u +v)
u
2
v
2

2t
3 +c
2
< 0, t (0, s c) ()
voi u = 3 + (s +t)
2
, v = 3 + (s t)
2
(BL1 (*) se chun minh sau).
\ay t [0, s c] th:
f(t) f(0) =
2cs
3 +s
2
+
s
2
3 +c
2
=
2s(3 2s)
3 +s
2
+
s
2
3 + (3 2s)
2
=: g(s) (1)
Xet g(s) voi s [1,
3
2
]. 1a co:
g

(s) =
24s 12s
2
(3 + (3 2s)
2
)
2
+
18 24s 6s
2
(3 +s
2
)
2
=
108(s
2
3s + 4)(s 1)
2
(s
2
3s + 6)
j3 + (3 2s)
2
|
2
jJ s
2
|
2
De thay s
2
3s + 4 > 0 va s
2
3s +6 = (

333
2
s)(s +

33+3
2
) nen g

(s)
duon tren (1, s
0
) va am tren (s
0
,
3
2
) voi s
0
:=

333
2
= 1, 372281323...
\ay s [1,
3
2
] th:
g(s) g(s
0
) =
11

33 45
24
(2)
I5
1ron (1) va (2), dau = xay ra don thoi tai t = 0 va s = s
0
, tuc la
a = b = s
0
va c = 3 2s
0
.
\ay ia tri lon nhat can tm la
11

3345
24
= 0, 757924546..., dat duoc khi
a = b =

333
2
= 1, 372281323..., c = 6

33 = 0, 255437353...
Le ket thuc, ta chun minh BL1 (*). Lay la I BL1 kha chat. 1a se chi
ra voi t (0, s c) th:
4cs
uv
<
1
3 +c
2
(3) va
8cs(s
2
t
2
)(u +v)
u
2
v
2

1
3 +c
2
(4)
la xon'
Chng minh (3): \ c + 2s = 1 va s > 1 nen cs < 1. Hon nua u =
3 + (s +t)
2
> 4, v = 3 + (s t)
2
> 3 +c
2
. 1u do suy ra (3).
Chng minh (4): Dun BL1 Cauchy ta co:
u
2
v
2
= [jJ (s t)|
2
jJ (s - t)]
2
|
2
16(s
2
t
2
), va
2cs(u+v)(3 +c
2
) = 4cs(3 +s
2
+t
2
)(3 +c
2
)
_
4cs + 3 +s
2
+t
2
+ 3 +c
2
3
_
3
1hay c = 3 2s vao, luu y la t s c = 3s 3, ta co:
4cs + 3 +s
2
+t
2
+ 3 +c
2
4(3 2s)s + 6 +s
2
+ (3s 3)
2
+ (3 2s)
2
= 12 + 6(s 1)(s 2) 12
suy ra 2cs(u +v)(3 +c
2
) < 4
3
. \ay:
8cs(s
2
t
2
)(u +v)
u
2
v
2
= 4.
s
2
t
2
u
2
v
2
.
2cs(u +v)(3 +c
2
)
3 +c
2
4.
1
4
4
.
4
3
3 +c
2
=
1
3 +c
2
va lai toan iai quyet xon'
4. T 3 bicn voi coc tr| dat dooc tai bicn.
'eu nhu tron phan truoc chun ta co the hieu don lien la day
hai lien lai an nhau, th tron truon hop nay ta phai hieu don lien
nhIa la day I lien ra lien. Chan han nhu xet BL1 f(x, y, z) 0
voi x, y, z 0, ta co the hi von vao danh ia f(x, y, z) f(0, s, t), tron
do s, t la cac dai luon thich hop sinh ra tu cac lien a, b, c (ta se oi day
Io
la kI thuat don I lien ra lien). 1at nhien ta se chon s, t sao cho hieu
d = f(x, y, z) f(0, s, t) la don ian va co the danh ia thuan loi. Cuoi
cun ta chi viec kiem chun f(0, s, t) 0.
1ruoc het, de cac lan lam quen voi cach don lien moi me nay, chun
toi xin tro lai mot vi du o phan truoc.
ai toan 1: (BL1 Schur) Cho a, b, c 0. Chun minh ran:
a
3
+b
3
+c
3
+ 3abc a
2
(b +c) +b
2
(c +a) +c
2
(a +b).
toi giai:
1ron $2, lai nay da duoc iai lan cach don Z lien ve lan nhau. 1uy
nhien nhan xet la noai diem a = b = c, dan thuc con dat tai a = b, c = 0
(va cac hoan vi). Do do, kI thuat don lien ra lien van co kha nan thanh
con'
Lat f(a, b, c) = a
3
+b
3
+c
3
+ 3abc a
2
(b +c) b
2
(c +a) c
2
(a +b).
1a hi von se co f(a, b, c) f(0, a +b, c). Xet hieu:
d = f(a, b, c) f(0, a +b, c) = ab(5c 4a 4b)
'hu vay la ta khon the co d 0, cho du tan dun su kien la a, b, c co
the duoc sap.
1hat dan tiec' 1uy nhien, neu cac lan dun lai o day th con dan
tiec hon. 1hay v lo do, ta hay xem lai v sao khon the co d 0. 'eu
tinh y, cac lan co the thay la f(a, b, c) se nho di khi hai lien tien lai an
nhau (do chinh la ly do ma ta co the don ve hai lien lan nhau nhu tron
$2), con o day khi thay lo (a, b, c) loi (0, a +b, c) th duon nhu cac lien
can cach xa nhau. Lo chinh la ly do cach don lien o tren that lai.
1u do, ta nay ra y la thay (a, b, c) loi (0, b +a/2, c +a/2). Xet hieu:
d
a
= f(a, b, c) f(0, b +a/2, c +a/2) = a(a + b 2c)(a +c 2b)
Lieu thu vi la ta co the ia su d
a
0. 1hat vay, dieu nay cun nho viec sap
thu tu nhun khon phai la iua cac lien a, b, c ma la iua cac hieu d
a
, d
b
, d
c
(tron do d
b
, d
c
la hai hieu tuon tu nhu d
a
). \ tinh doi xun nen ta co the
ia su d
a
= max{d
a
, d
b
, d
c
}. Khi do neu d
a
< 0 th
0 > d
a
d
b
d
c
= abc(b +c 2a)
2
(c +a 2b)
2
(a +b 2c)
2
I7
va mau thuan'
\ay d
a
0 nen f(a, b, c) f(0, s, t) voi s = b + a/2, t = c + a/2. Cuoi
cun, ta thay
f(0, s, t) = t
3
+s
3
t
2
s ts
2
= (t +s)(t s)
2
0
va chun minh duoc hoan tat.
*Nban xct: Mac du BT Schur qua quen thuoc, nhng cach chng minh
bang don bien mi ch c chu y gan ay. Tuy nhien, neu nh cach don
ve hai bien bang nhau co ve kha "hp ly", th cach don mot bien ra bien la
mot ket qua thc s bat ng. Tat nhien, chng minh tren khong phai la cach
ngan gon nhat, nhng ay chung toi muon nhan manh en s t nhien cua no.
'eu nhu tron lai toan I viec ap dun kI thuat don lien ra lien ay
lat no, th tron lai toan sau no la mot con duon tat yeu.
ai toan 2: (Hojoo Lee) Cho a, b, c 0, ab + bc + ca = 1 (*). Chun
minh ran:
1
a +b
+
1
b +c
+
1
c +a

5
2
toi giai:
Bai nay dan thuc khon xay ra tai tam, ma tai a = b = 1, c = 0 va cac
hoan vi. Xet mot truon hop rien khi c = 0, th lai toan tro thanh:
"Chng minh rang:
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
a +b

5
2
, vi ab = 1.
Lat s = a+b th dieu tren tuon duon voi s+
1
s

5
2
, hay (2s1)(s2)
0. BL1 cuoi la hien nhien v s = a +b 2

ab = 2.
\ay lay io ta chi can don mot lien ve O nua la xon. Cach lam sau
day lay tu y cua anh lham Kim Hun tren Dien Lan 1oan Hoc.
Lat f(a, b, c) la ve trai BL1 can chun minh. 1a hi von f(a, b, c)
f(a + b,
1
a+b
, 0) (chu y la cach lay nay nham dam lao dieu kien ()). Xet
Io
hieu:
d = f(a, b, c) f(a +b,
1
a +b
, 0)
=
_
1
a +b
+
1
a +
1ab
a+b
+
1
b +
1ab
a+b
_

_
1
a +b
+a +b +
1
a +b +
1
a+b
_
.
=
1
1 +a
2
+
1
1 +b
2
1
1
1 + (a +b)
2
1u do quy don len ta thay d 0 neu 2(1 ab) ab(a + b)
2
. 'eu ia su
c = max{a, b, c} th 2(1 ab) = 2c(a + b) ab(a + b)
2
. \ay luc nay d 0
va lai toan chun minh xon'
*Nban xct:
1) Li giai ay tien c a ra tren Dien an Toan Hoc la cua anh Phan
Thanh Nam, mot cach chng minh rat ngan gon. at x = a +b +c.
Neu x 2 th:
1
a +b
= c +
ab
a +b
c +
ab
a +b +c
f(a, b, c) x +
1
x

5
2
Neu x 2 th gia s a = max{a, b, c} ta co:
f(a, b, c) = (c +
ab
a +b
) + (b +
ac
a +c
) +
1
b +c
= (b +c +
1
b +c
) +
a(1 +bc)
ax +bc
2 +
1
2
=
5
2
(lu y la 2a(1 +bc) = 2a + 2abc ax +bc, v x 2 va 2a 1 .)
Tuy nhien, nhng li giai nh vay khong phai de dang ngh ra. Ve li giai
bang don bien tren, mot lan na chung toi nhan manh en tnh t nhien cua
no.
2) Bai toan 2 la mot bai toan hay va thu c s quan tam cua nhieu ban.
Tuy nhien, cac ban se bat ng khi no ch la mot he qua ...n gian cua mot
BT quen thuoc khac. o chnh la BT Iran 1996. That vay, vi gia thiet
ab +bc +ca = 1 th t ket qua cua BT Iran 1996 ta co ngay:
(
1
a +b
+
1
b +c
+
1
c +a
)
2
=
1
(a +b)
2
+
1
(b +c)
2
+
1
(c +a)
2
+
4(a +b +c)
(a +b)(b +c)(c +a)

9
4
+ 4 =
25
4
I9
(lu y la a +b +c = (a +b +c)(ab + bc +ca) (a +b)(b +c)(c +a))
T nhan xet tren, ta nh lai la trong $2, BT Iran 1996 a c giai bang
k thuat don ve hai bien bang nhau. T o co hai cau hoi rat t nhien la, th
nhat: bai toan 2 tren co the giai bang cach don hai bien bang nhau khong,
th hai: BT Iran 1996 co the giai bang cach don 1 bien ra bien khong?
Chung toi e ngh cac ban t giai ap hai cau hoi o.
3) Bai toan 2 lai dan en ket qua thu v sau ay, ma tac gia la ban Zhao bin
(Trung Quoc)
"Cho x, y, z la cac so thc khong am va ch co toi a 1 so bang 0. Chng
minh rang:
1
x
2
+y
2
+
1
y
2
+z
2
+
1
z
2
+x
2

10
(x +y +z)
2
.
Ban hai lai toan cu o tren, chun toi muon lan doc co mot cam
iac de dan doi voi kI thuat don lien ve lien. 1uy nhien, tron hai lai
nay th kI thuat don lai lien lan nhau van phat huy tac dun, do do
khon khoi kho khan tron viec thuyet phuc lan doc ve suc manh cua kI
thuat don lien ra lien. Do do, chun toi dan ra lai toan sau day, cac lan
se thay kI thuat don ve hai lien lan nhau hoan toan le tac, don ian v
dan thuc dat duoc khi ... cac lien doi mot khac nhau. Lay cun la mot
tron nhun vi du quan tron nhat cua kI thuat don lien ra lien ma chun
toi muon trnh lay voi cac lan.
ai toan 3: (|ackarfukel) Cho a, b, c la J so thuc khon am va co toi
da mot so lan O. Chun minh ran:
a

a +b
+
b

b +c
+
c

c +a

5
4

a +b +c ()
toi giai:
1ruoc khi tan con lai nay, ta can xem khi nao truon hop dau lan
xay ra: de thay a = b = c khon thoa, do do mot cach tu nhien ta nhI den
truon hop lien: c = 0. \oi c = 0 th BL1(*) tro thanh
a

a +b
+

b
5
4

a +b (1)
ZO
Chuan hoa a +b = 1. 1a co
(1) 1 b +

b
5
4
(

b 1/2)
2
0 (dun')
\ay dan thuc xay ra khi a = 3b, c = 0 (va cac hoan vi).
'hu vay truon hop dau lan xay ra khi ca la lien roi nhau, do do cac
phuon phap don ve hai lien lan nhau xem nhu khon con tac dun. Do
do, don mot lien ve lien co the xem la con duon tat yeu.
Khon mat ton quat co the ia su a = max{a, b, c} va a + b + c = 1.
Lat t =
a+c
2
va s =
ac
2
, suy ra a = t +s, c = t s, b = 1 2t. 1a co
()
t +s

s + 1 t
+
1 2t

1 t s
+
t s

2t

5
4
(1)
Lat f(s) = V T(1) voi s [0, t], ta se chun minh f(s) max(f(0), f(t)).
1a co :
f

(s) =
1

s + 1 t

t +s
2(s + 1 t)
3/2
+
1 2t
2(1 t s)
3/2

1

2t
\ chua xac dinh duoc dau cua f

(s) nen ta dao ham tiep

f

(s) =
1
(s + 1 t)
3/2
+
3(t +s)
4(s + 1 t)
5/2
+
3(1 2t)
4(1 t s)
5/2
f

(s) =
9
4(s + 1 t)
5/2

15(t +s)
8(s + 1 t)
7/2
+
15(1 2t)
8(1 t s)
7/2
=
18 + 3s 33t
(1 t s)
7/2
+
15(1 2t)
8(1 t s)
7/2
> 0, v b = 1 2t 0
\ay f

(s) > 0 voi moi s [0, t] nen theo dinh li Rolle ruy ra f

(s) co
toi da da hai nhiem tren [0, t]. Mat khac de dan chun minh f

(0) 0
va f

(t) 0 do do f

(s) chi co the doi dau toi da mot lan tren (0, t), hon
nua f

(s) chi co the co mot tron cac dan sau: f

(s) > 0, s (0, t) hoac

f

(s) < 0, s (0, t) hoac f

(s) co dan 0 + tren (0, t). 1uy nhien tron

truon hop nao th f(s) cun chi co the dat cuc dai tai lien.
\ay f(s) max(f(0), f(t)) voi moi s [0, t] nen ta chi can chun minh
BL1 sau nua la xon:
max(f(0), f(t)) 5/4
ZI
Muon vay ta chun minh lan luot cac BL1 f(0) 5/4 va f(t) 5/4.
\iec chun minh hai BL1 nay deu rat de dan, nen chun toi de nhi lan
doc tu kiem chun.
Han nhien cac lan deu don y ve su can thiet cua phuon phap don
lien ra lien doi voi lai toan J. 1uy nhien, co the nhieu lan se cho ran:
v lai toan J khon doi xun nen moi khon xay ra truon hop dau = khi
co hai lien lan nhau. Le phu dinh nhan xet do, chun toi ket thuc muc
nay lan cach dan ra mot lai toan cua anh lham Kim Hun tren 1H11:
ai toan 4. Cho a, b, c 0, a +b +c = 3. Chun minh ran:
(a
3
+b
3
+c
3
)(a
3
b
3
+b
3
c
3
+c
3
a
3
) 36(ab +bc +ca)
toi giai:
Khon mat ton quat co the ia su a b c. Lat
f(a, b, c) = 36(ab +bc +ca) (a
3
+b
3
+c
3
)(a
3
b
3
+b
3
+c
3
+c
3
a
3
)
Khi do f(a, b +c, 0) = 36a(b +c) (a
3
+ (b +c)
3
)a
3
(b +c)
3
.
1a se chun minh ran f(a, b, c) f(a, b +c, 0). 1hat vay, chu y ran:
36(ab +bc +ca) 36a(b +c)
va
(a
3
+b
3
+c
3
)(a
3
b
3
+b
3
c
3
+c
3
a
3
) [a
3
+ (b +c)
3
]a
3
(b +c)
3
(v ta co a
3
+b
3
+c
3
a
3
+ (b +c)
3
va a
3
b
3
+b
3
c
3
+c
3
a
3
a
3
(b +c)
3
)
Do do ta chi can chun minh lai toan tron truon hop c = 0, hay
36ab a
3
b
3
(a
3
+b
3
) 36 a
2
b
2
(a
3
+b
3
)
Lat t = ab, lat dan thuc co the viet lai duoi dan t
2
(27 9t) 36
t
3
+ 4 3t
2
. 'hun day lai la BL1 Cauchy cua la so t
3
/2, t
3
/2, 4. Lan
thuc xay ra khi c = 0 va a + b = 3, ab = 2 hay a = 2, b = 1, c = 0 (va cac
hoan vi).
ZZ
*Nban xct: Mot v du na, n gian hn, cua cung tac gia tren Dien an
Toan Hoc:
" Cho a, b, c 0, a +b +c = 2. Tm gia tr ln nhat cua:
(a
2
ab +b
2
)(b
2
bc +c
2
)(c
2
ca +a
2
).
Bai toan nay khong kho va e ngh ban oc t giai quyet.
S. T 4 bicn.
Sau khi nam vun kI thuat don lien voi J so th cac lan co the doc muc
nay mot cach nhanh chon. Chun toi chi xin luu y dac thu cua truon
hop + lien: Khi co + lien th ta co the don lien theo tun cap, va co the
chun minh duoc nay lai toan (chan han nhu BL1 Cauchy). 1uy nhien,
thuan loi nay thuon chi xuat hien tron cac lai toan kha don ian. Loi
voi cac lai phuc tap th thuon ta chi don duoc I cap nho thu tu sap duoc
iua cac lien. Sau khi don duoc hai lien lan nhau (hoac don duoc mot
lien ra lien) th ta chua co nay BL1 voi I lien, ma phai qua mot BL1
trun ian (Z hay J lien). 1uy nhien thuon th cac BL1 trun ian nay
kha de de co the chun minh truc tiep hoac danh ia de quy ve I lien. 'oi
chun, chun toi nhan manh dieu can thiet o day la cac lan can quan sat
that kI moi lien he iua + lien de co cach xu ly thich hop.
Chun ta lat dau voi mot vi du kinh dien cho kI thuat don lien
voi BL1 + lien.
ai toan 1. (IM SL, \iet 'am de nhi) Cho a, b, c, d 0, a+b +c +d = 1.
Chun minh ran:
abc +bcd +cda +dab
1
27
+
176
27
abcd
toi giai:
Bai nay dan thuc xay ra khi a = b = c = d = 1/4 hoac a = b = c =
1/3, c = 0. Do do, nhun danh ia thon thuon rat de roi vao le tac.
Lat f(a, b, c, d) = abc +bcd +cda +dab kabcd voi k =
176
27
. 1a co:
f(a, b, c, d) = ab(c +d kcd) +cd(a +b)
ZJ
1u do, ta hi von co f(a, b, c, d) f(t, t, c, d) voi t =
a+b
2
. \ 0 ab t
2
nen de co dieu nay ta can c + d kcd 0. day rat may man la neu co
dieu nay co dieu nuoc lai, nhIa la c +d kcd < 0, th BL1 lan dau hien
nhien dun v:
f(a, b, c, d) = ab(c+dkcd)+cd(a+b) cd(a+b) (
c +d + (a +b)
3
)
3
=
1
27
\ay ta co the ia su la luon co f(a, b, c, d) f(
a+b
2
,
a+b
2
, c, d). Luu y la ta
da thuc hien duoc viec don lien nhu tren ma khon can lat cu ia thiet
phu nao ap dat len Z lien a, b. Do do nho tinh doi xun ta co the don Z
lien lat k tron + lien ve lan nhau.
1u do, dat them s =
c+d
2
ta co:
f(a, b, c, d) f(t, t, c, d) f(t, t, s, s) = f(t, s, t, s)
f(
t +s
2
,
t +s
2
, t, s) f(
t +s
2
,
t +s
2
,
t +s
2
,
t +s
2
) = f(
1
4
,
1
4
,
1
4
,
1
4
) =
1
27
va lai toan chun minh xon'
*Nban xct:
1) Trong li giai tren, thc chat la c moi bc ta lai phan ra 2 trng hp:
co mot trng hp th don bien c va mot trng hp ma BT hien nhien
ung. Do o, li giai khong khoi co phan roi ram. Ban oc nen trnh bay lai
bang cach phan chng (gia s co (a
0
, b
0
, c
0
, d
0
) sao cho f(a
0
, b
0
, c
0
, d
0
) >
1
27
)
se gon gang va chat che hn. Mot cach khac la gop ca hai trng hp lai:
f(a, b, c, d) max{
1
27
, f(
a +b
2
,
a +b
2
, c, d)} (1)
2) ay con co mot cach nhn na, thoat nhn th khong khac may y tren
(tham ch co ve dai dong hn), tuy nhien ay la mot k thuat rat co ch. Y
tng nay lay t anh Phan Thanh Nam va anh Pham Kim Hung tren Dien an
Mathlinks.
Nhac lai la f(a, b, c, d) = ab(c +d kcd) +cd(a + b). at g(x) = ab(c +
d kcd) +cd(a +b) th g la ham tuyen tnh, va ab [0, t
2
] (vi t =
a+b
2
) nen
g(ab) max{g(0), g(t
2
)}. Chu y g(0) = f(0, a +b, c, d). Vay ta co:
f(a, b, c, d) max{f(0, a +b, c, d), f(t, t, c, d)} (2)
Z+
Vi cach viet trong BT (2) tren th viec cc tr at tai tam hoac tai bien
la rat ro rang. That ra, trong bai toan nay ta co ngay f(0, a + b, c, d)
1
27
va co the chuyen (2) ve (1). Tuy nhien, vi cac bai phc tap th dang (2) se
to ra rat co ch, ac biet la trong k thuat don bien tong quat cho n so ma
chung toi se trnh bay phan sau.
3) Cac ban hay t giai quyet bai toan tng t sau ay cua Nguyen Anh
Cng.
"Gia s x, y, z, t la cac so thc khong am thoa man x + y + z + t = 4,
chng minh rang:
3(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+t
2
) + 4xyzt 16 .
Chun ta tiep tuc voi I lai toan ma tron do cac kI thuat don Z lien
lan nhau la thuc su ro ran.
ai toan 2. (lhan 1hanh 'am) Cho a, b, c, d la cac so thuc khon am
co ton lan +. Chun minh lan:
abc +bcd +cda +dab + (abc)
2
+ (bcd)
2
+ (cda)
2
+ (dab)
2
8
toi giai:
Loi iai sau day cua tac ia lai toan. Lat f(a, b, c, d) la V T BL1 can
chun minh. 1a co:
f(
a +b
2
,
a +b
2
, c, d) f(a, b, c, d)
= (
a b
2
)
2
(c +d) + (
a b
2
)
2
[(
a +b
2
)
2
+ab](c
2
+d
2
)
(a b)
2
2
c
2
d
2
(
a b
2
)
2
(c +d + 4abcd 2c
2
d
2
)
\ay neu c +d + 4abcd 2c
2
d
2
th f(
a+b
2
,
a+b
2
, c, d) f(a, b, c, d).
1a ia su a b c d th theo tren ta co: f(x, x, c, d) f(a, b, c, d) voi
x =
a+b
2
. 1uon tu, ta xet: f(x, x,
c+d
2
,
c+d
2
) f(x, x, c, d).
'eu 2x + 4x
2
cd 2x
4
th f(x, x,
c+d
2
,
c+d
2
) f(x, x, c, d). \a ta chi can
chun minh f(x, x, y, y) 8 voi x +y = 2. Lieu nay don ian.
'eu 2x + 4x
2
cd < 2x
4
th ta danh ia tiep: 2xcd + 2x
2
c
2
d
2
<= 2x
4
nen:
f(x, x, c, d) = x
2
(c +d) +2xcd+2x
2
c
2
d
2
+x
4
(c
2
+d
2
) x
2
(c +d) +x
4
(c +d)
2
Z5
va do x
2
(c + d) (4/3)
3
nen f(x, x, c, d) <= (4/3)
3
+ (4/3)
6
< 8. Bai
toan chun minh xon'
*Nban xct:
1) Ve ieu kien c + d + 4abcd 2c
2
d
2
e don hai bien a, b bang nhau, ta
thay ch can ab cd la u. ieu o co ngha la neu gia s a b c d
th ta co the don hai bien bat k trong 3 bien a, b, c ve bang nhau (hn na
neu 2 bien cha bang nhau th BT ay la thc s, ngha la sau khi don
bien th ham f se tang len mot ai lng > 0). Lieu ieu o co dan en:
f(a, b, c, d) f(t, t, t, c) vi t =
a+b+c
3
hay khong?
Ro rang, neu gia s f at cc ai tai (a, b, c, d) th theo o ta phai co
a = b = c. Tren Dien an Mathlinks ban Zhao Bin a co mot li giai vi y
tng o. Tuy nhien, viec ton tai cc ai cua ham f (vi 4 bien) khong phai
la chuyen hien nhien (mac du no rat ro rang ve mac trc giac).
Mot y na, la bang cach don bien lien tiep gia 3 bien a, b, c ta co the
dung day so e chuyen qua gii han va a ve 3 bien bang nhau. Nhng mot
lan na, mac du ro rang ve mac trc giac nhng cach lam tren khong phu
hp vi cach tiep can s cap.
Tuy nhien, trong bai toan 3 ngay ben di ay chung toi se cung cap cho
cac ban mot cach lam het sc thu v e chuyen ve 3 bien bang nhau trong
nhng trng hp nh vay.
2) Noi them ve bai toan 2. Bai nay khong kho va theo li tac gia bai toan
th no c at ra e giai quyet bai toan sau ay cua anh Pham Kim Hung:
"Chng minh rang vi 4 so khong am a, b, c, d co tong bang 4 th:
1
5 abc
+
1
5 bcd
+
1
5 cda
+
1
5 dab
1.
bang cach s dung bo e sau ay:
"Cho 4 so x
i
0 thoa man:

4
i=1
(x
i
+x
2
i
) 8 va x
i
+x
j
3 ,i = j. Th:
1
5 x
1
+
1
5 x
2
+
1
5 x
3
+
1
5 x
4
1.
Bo e nay rat thu v nhng no khong nam trong pham vi don bien cua
chung ta. Tuy nhien, co mot cau hoi la lieu co the giai quyet bai toan cua
anh Pham Kim Hung bang cach don bien hay khong? o la mot van e hay
ma chung toi muon cach ban t mnh suy ngh.
Zo
1ron lai toan sau, cau a) la cua anh lham Kim Hun, con cau b)
la mot ket qua manh ma chun toi tm duoc.
ai toan 3. Cho a, b, c, d 0, a+b+c+d = 4. Lat F
k
= (1+a
k
)(1+b
k
)(1+
c
k
)(1 +d
k
). Chun minh ran:
a) F
4
F
3
l) F
2
F
1
.
toi giai:
a) 1a se chun minh BL1 nay lan phan chun. Cia su nuoc lai tuc
ton tai lo lon so (a, b, c, d) thoa man: a, b, c, d 0, a + b + c + d = 4 va
F
4
F
3
(1).
1heo BL1 Bunhacopski ta co: F
4
.F
2
F
2
3
, F
3
.F
1
F
2
2
, F
2
.F
0

F
2
1
(2). 1u (I) va (Z) suy ra F
4
< F
3
< F
2
< F
1
< F
0
= 16 (3). 1u (J) ta
co F
4
< 16 suy ra max(a, b, c, d) < 2.
Le dan toi mau thuan voi (3), ta se chun minh F
3
F
1
(4). 1hat
vay:
(4) (1 a +a
2
)(1 b +b
2
)(1 c +c
2
)(1 d +d
2
) 1
(
3
4
+
(2a 1)
2
4
)(
3
4
+
(2b 1)
2
4
)(
3
4
+
(2c 1)
2
4
)(
3
4
+
(2d 1)
2
4
) 1
(1 +
(2a 1)
2
3
)(1 +
(2b 1)
2
3
)(1 +
(2c 1)
2
3
)(1 +
(2d 1)
2
3
)
_
4
3
_
4
(1 +x
2
)(1 +y
2
)(1 +z
2
)(1 +t
2
)
_
1 +
_
x +y +z +t
4
_
2
_
4
(5)
(1ron do x =
2a1

3
, y =
2b1

3
, z =
2c1

3
, t =
2d1

3
)
1u do xet BL1
(1 +A
2
)(1 +B
2
)
_
1 +
_
A+B
2
_
2
_
2
(6)

1
8
(AB)
2
(8 A
2
6AB B
2
) 0
1a thay neu A+B 2 th BL1 nay dun.
Khon mat ton quat co the ia su a b c d. Ket hop voi a + b +
c + d = 4 ta de dan chun minh: x + t < 2 va y + z < 2. Do vay theo
Z7
BL1(o) ta co:
(1 +x
2
)(1 +t
2
)
_
1 +
_
x +t
2
_
2
_
2
(7)
(1 +y
2
)(1 +z
2
)
_
1 +
_
y +z
2
_
2
_
2
(8)
nhan (7) va (o) ve theo ve suy ra:
(1 +x
2
)(1 +t
2
)(1 +y
2
)(1 +z
2
)
__
1 + (
x +t
2
)
2
__
1 + (
y +z
2
)
2
__
2
(9)
1u x + t < 2 va y + z < 2 suy ra:
x+t
2
+
y+z
2
< 2. Do do lai ap dun
BL1(o) ta duoc:
_
1 + (
x +t
2
)
2
_ _
1 + (
y +z
2
)
2
_

_
1 +
_
x +y +z +t
4
_
2
_
2
(10)
1u (9) va (IO) suy ra:
(1 +x
2
)(1 +y
2
)(1 +z
2
)(1 +t
2
)
_
1 +
_
x +y +z +t
4
_
2
_
4
\ay (5) dun suy ra (+) dun (mau thuan voi (J)). Lieu do co nhIa viec
ia su o (I) la sai tuc ta co BL1 nuoc lai la F
4
F
3
(dpcm).
b) Cau nay manh hon cau a) do do dun manh loi nhu cau a th khon
on, tuy nhien neu duon lon tien con th khon ap van de :
Lat f(a, b, c, d) = V T V P ta can chun minh f(a, b, c, d) 0. Muon
vay, truoc het ta chun minh menh de sau:
Mcnb dc: 'eu a +b 2 va a x b th
f(a, b, c, d) f(x, a +b x, c, d) 0
1hat vay:
f(a, b, c, d) f(x, a +b x, c, d)
= (a x)(x b) [(d + 1)(c + 1) (d
2
+ 1)(c
2
+ 1)(ab x
2
+ax +bx 2)]
tu do su dun ia thiet de dan suy ra dieu chun minh.
Zo
1ro lai lai toan ta co the ia su a b c d. Lat x =
a+b+c
3
th: Chu
y a +c 2 va c x a nen ap dun menh de ta co:
f(a, b, c, d) f(a +c x, b, x, d) (1)
Chu y la x =
(a+cx)+b+x
3
nen neu x = min{x, b, a + c x} hoac x =
max{x, b, a+cx} th a+cx = b = x nen f(a+cx, b, x, d) = f(x, x, x, d)
va lai toan chi con I lien.
Cia su nuoc lai, khi do co hai truon hop:
b < x < a +c x (2) hoac a +c x < x < b (3)
Lai su dun menh de cho ta:
(2) :f(a +c x, b, x, d) f(x, a +b +c 2x, x, d) = f(x, x, x, d) hoac
(3) :f(a +c x, b, x, d) f(a +b +c 2x, x, x, d) = f(x, x, x, d)
'oi chun tron truon hop nao ta cun co
f(x, b, a +c x, d) f(x, x, x, d) (2)
1u (I) va (Z) suy ra f(a, b, c, d) f(x, x, x, d). Le iai quyet lai toan I lien,
ta thay x =
x+y+z
3
=
4d
3
va chun minh:
f(
4 d
3
,
4 d
3
,
4 d
3
, d) 0 (4)
1hat vay:
(4)
1
729
(d
6
22d
5
+223d
4
1268d
3
+4210d
2
7564d +6364)(d 1)
2
0
Bat dan thuc cuoi dun nen ta co dieu phai chun minh.
*Nban xct: Viec oi bien trc khi don bien cua cau a) la kha k la va
em lai hieu qua khong ng. K thuat don ve 3 bien bang nhau cua cau b)
la rat manh, va hoan toan s cap (bi so bc don bien ch la hu han). K
thuat nay co the ng dung cc tot cho cac bai 4 bien. Hn the, phan sau
no se c m rong e giai quyet bai toan vi n bien.
Cuoi cun, chun ta den voi mot vi du cho truon hop don lien ra
lien. Lay cun la mot lai toan cua anh lham Kim Hun.
ai toan 4. Cho a, b, c, d 0 . Chun minh ran:
a
b
2
+c
2
+d
2
+
b
a
2
+c
2
+d
2
+
c
a
2
+b
2
+d
2
+
d
a
2
+b
2
+c
2

4
a +b +c +d
Z9
toi giai: Xet
f(a, b, c, d) =

4
a
b
2
+c
2
+d
2

4
a +b +c +d
Cia su a b c d. 1a co:
f(a, b, c, d) f(a, b,

a
2
+b
2
, 0)
=
c
a
2
+b
2
+d
2
+
d
a
2
+b
2
+c
2

4
a +b +c +d
(

c
2
+d
2
a
2
+b
2

4
a +b +

a
2
+b
2
)
(do a
2
+b
2
c
2
+d
2
nen de thay BL1 tren dun)
\ay van de con lai la chun minh f(a, b,

c
2
+d
2
, 0) 0. BL1 cuoi chun
minh khon kho nen xin nhuon lai cho lan doc.
*Nban xct: Cach don bien tren nham bao toan tong a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+d
2
.
Tat nhien, viec nay cung khong phai la ieu qua quan trong, bi neu thch cac
ban cung co the bao toan a + b +c +d bang cach chng minh f(a, b, c, d)
f(
a+b
2
+
a+b
2
, c, d), sau o anh gia
f(t, t, c, d)
2t
t
2
+ (c +d)
2
+
c +d
(
c+d
2
)
2
+ 2t
2

4
2t +c +d
=
x
x
2
/4 +y
2
+
y
y
2
/4 +x
2
/2

4
x +y
(trong o x = 2t, y = c +d)
Bc cuoi cung la f(x, y) 0 (chng minh cai nay khong kho cac ban co the
gia s x +y = 1 cho gon)
Len day chun ta tam ket thuc phan don lien cho BL1 cu the (co
J hoac + lien) de luoc san phan don lien cho BL1 n lien. 'hu chun
ta se thay, day la mot lInh vuc kho hon han. 1uy nhien cac kI thuat chinh
deu dat nen tan thon qua viec khao sat BL1 cu the, ma dac liet la
nhun tu tuon manh nha khi khao sat BL1 + lien.
JO
6. Don bicn bang bam Ioi.
Cac lan than men, phuon phap don lien ma chun ta da tm hieu
tron cac muc truoc khon phai la tu tren troi roi xuon. 1hat ra y tuon
don lien da the hien rat ro nay tron cac BL1 co dien. Do do neu xep
theo don chay thoi ian th le ra muc nay phai duoc neu ra nay tu dau.
1uy nhien, chun toi nhI la se thu vi hon neu chun ta tro lai oc re sau
khi cac lan da cam nhan don lien nhu la mot phuon phap hien dai.
Mot tron nhun con cu chinh de don lien tron cac BL1 dan co
dien la ham loi. Lay la mot khai niem quen thuoc, tuy nhien de tien loi
cho lan doc chun toi xin nhac lai.
|nb ngbia: Mot ham so f : [a, b] R duoc oi la loi neu:
f(tx + (1 ty)) tf(x) + (1 t)f(y), x, y [a, b], t [0, 1]
*Nban xct:
1) Neu f kha vi 2 lan th mot tieu chuan rat quan trong e kiem tra tnh loi
la f

(x) 0, x (a, b).

2) Neu f loi th f lien tuc. Ngc lai, neu f lien tuc th tnh loi cua f la
tng ng vi ieu co ve "yeu hn" la: f(
x+y
2
)
f(x)+f(y)
2
.
Cac lan co the thay, dinh nhIa ham loi da danh nay vao muc tieu
don lien. Chun ta co nay ket qua quen thuoc sau:
|nb Iy: (BL1 |ensen) Cho f la ham so loi [a, b] R.
(i) \oi x
i
la n so thuoc [a, b] ta co:
f(
x
1
+x
2
+... +x
n
n
)
f(x
1
) +f(x
2
) +... +f(x
n
)
n
(ii) \oi x
i
la n so thuoc / va
i
la n so khon am co ton lan I ta co:
f(
1
x
1
+
2
x
2
+... +
n
x
n
)
1
f(x
1
) +
2
f(x
2
) +... +
1
f(x
n
)
'hun ket qua tren la quen thuoc va chun toi lo qua chun minh.
1hay vao do chun toi dan ra day mot chun minh cho BL1 Cauchy lan
cach dun ham loi. 'hac lai:
JI
ai toan 1. (BL1 Cauchy) Cho n so thuc duon x
i
. Chun minh ran:
x
1
+x
2
+... +x
n
n

n

x
1
x
2
...x
n
toi giai:
Lay loarit Z ve, ta chuyen ve dan:
ln(
x
1
+x
2
+... +x
n
n
)
ln(x
1
) +ln(x
2
) +... +ln(x
n
)
n
Ham so f(x) = ln(x) di tu R
+
R kha vi Z lan va f

(x) = x
2
< 0, x >
0. Do vay ham g(x) = f(x) se thoa g

(x) > 0, x > 0. \ay loi. 1u do,

ap dun BL1 |ensen ta co nay dieu phai chun minh.
*Nban xct: Mot cach khac rat thong dung dung e chng minh BT Cauchy,
o la chng minh quy nap theo n. Cach lam o rat hay, en noi ta co cam
giac la "cai g ung cho n = 2 th cung ung cho n tuy y". Cac ban hay
quan sat k cach chng minh o, roi chng minh lai BT Jensen, cac ban se
thay ham loi la mot tong quat noi len ban chat cua van e.
Ham loi co the un dun tron rat nhieu BL1 co dien, va nhun BL1
co dien nay lai iai quyet duoc rat nhieu lai toan khac. 1at nhien, no
khon phai la mot con cu van nan, tuy nhien neu liet su dun kheo
leo th suc manh cua no khon nho. Chun toi dan ra day mot vi du cho
thay chun ta khon the ap dun ham loi de cho nay ket qua, son no
iup iai quyet duoc mot truon hop quan tron ma cac truon hop con lai
co the chun minh don ian lan cach nay hay cach khac.
ai toan 2. Cho cac so thuc x, y, z co ton lan I. Chun minh ran:
x
1 +x
2
+
y
1 +y
2
+
z
1 +z
2

9
10
toi giai:
Xet f(t) =
t
1+t
2
th BL1 can chun minh tuon duon:
f(x) +f(y) +f(z) 3f(
x +y +z
3
)
JZ
Do do, neu f la ham loi th coi nhu lai toan duoc iai quyet.
1a co:
f

(t) =
2t(3 t
2
)
(1 +t
2
)
3
nen f

(t) 0, t [0,

3]. \ay neu x, y, z [0,

3] th lai toan duoc iai

quyet.
1ron truon hop con lai th chac chan ta se co dau BL1 thuc su. Do
vay cu viec chia thanh nhieu truon hop con de xet.
Co the ia su x y z luu y x +y +z = 1 va x, y, z / [0, 1] nen z phai
am suy ra f(z) < 0
*'eu y am suy ra x duon va f(y) < 0, ta co f(x) + f(y) + f(z) < f(x) <
1/2 < 9/10
*'eu y duon suy ra x duon va luu y f(y), f(x) nhich lien tren [

3, +]
do do f(x) +f(y) +f(z) < f(x) +f(y) < f(

3) +f(

3) < 9/10
Bai toan chun minh xon.
*Nban xct: Tat nhien li giai tren cha phai la ngan gon so vi nhieu
li giai khac cho bai toan nay ma chung toi c biet. Tuy nhien t tng
cua no hoan toan trong sang. ay, neu thay v mong muon don bien toan
cuc (don 1 lan 3 bien) bang viec hi vong hp ly hn la don c 2 bien ve
bang nhau th li giai se ngan hn. That vay, neu co 2 trong 3 bien x, y, z
thuoc oan [0,

3] th dung ham loi ta don c 2 bien nay ve bang nhau, va

bai toan ch con 1 bien, xem nh giai quyet xong. Trong phan con lai th viec
chia trng hp se n gian hn. Nh vay, chung ta co them mot k thuat e
don 2 bien ve bang nhau la s dung ham loi.
Mac du ay la mot cong cu tot, nhng mot iem yeu rat de nhan ra la
trong BT, cac bien phai nam trong cac bieu thc oc lap nhau (e co the
viet thanh dang f(x
1
) +... +f(x
n
)). Trong khi o, nhng BT ma ta a gap
phan ln khong co ieu o, va ta se phai lam viec vi dang tong quat hn
la f(x
1
, ..., x
n
). Chung ta se phai thiet lap cac ket qua ve don bien cho dang
tong quat nay muc sau.
'hu da noi o tren, voi ham loi th y tuon don cac lien ve lan nhau
the hien nay tu dinh nhIa. 1uy nhien, dieu lat no la kI thuat don lien
ra lien cun co the thuc hien thon qua ham loi. Cac lan co the thay nay
dieu do qua ket qua sau day:
JJ
|nb Iy: Cho f : [a, b] R la mot ham loi. Khi do:
f(x) max{f(a), f(b)}, x [a, b]
Cbong minb:
\ f lien tuc nen f dat ia tri lon nhat tai x
0
[a, b]. Xet khi |x
0
a|
|x
0
b| (nhIa la x
0
an a hon l). 1h x
1
= 2x
0
a [a, b]. Khi do theo
dinh nhIa ham loi ta co:
f(a) +f(x
1
) 2f(
a +x
1
2
) = 2f(x
0
)
suy ra f(a) = f(x
0
). \oi x
0
an l hon a th chun minh tuon tu.
*Nban xct: e cac ban co the cam nhan "cai ung" cua nh ly tren chung
toi se neu ra mot hnh anh khi f

(x) > 0, x (a, b). Khi o, f

ong bien
nen ch co toi a 1 nghiem tren (a, b), noi cach khac la ch oi dau toi a 1
lan. Do o f se ri vao cac trng hp sau ay: ong bien, nghch bien, "i
len roi i xuong", hoac "i xuong roi i len". Va trong trng hp nao ta
cung thu c ket qua can thiet. (Mot chng minh khac trong trng hp nay
la gia s f at cc ai tai x
0
(a, b) th f

(x
0
) 0, mau thuan.)
Chun toi se dan ra day Z lai toan ma chun thuc su la cac lai toan
kho cho du iai lan lien doi dai so hay quy nap.
ai toan 3. Cho 0 < p < q, va n so thuc x
i
[p, q]. Chun minh ran:
(x
1
+x
2
+... +x
n
)(
1
x
1
+
1
x
2
+... +
1
x
n
) n
2
+
_
n
2
4
_
(p q)
2
pq
tron do ki hieu [x] la chi phan nhuyen cua x
(*Ghi chu: ay la mot bai tong quat, trong o trng hp n = 5 la bai
USAMO 77, con n = 3 la e thi Olympic 30 4 nam 2001 )
toi giai:
1u ia thiet x
i
[p, q], ta de dan doan ran: C1L' se dat duoc khi
x
i
[p.q] voi moi i. Khi do, s tron n so x
i
co k so p va n k so q th:
V T = (kp + (n k)q)(
k
q
+
n k
q
) = k
2
+ (n k)
2
+k(n k)(
p
q
+
q
p
)
J+
= n
2
+k(n k)
(p q)
2
pq
= n
2
+
1
4
_
n
2
(n 2k)
2

(p q)
2
pq
\ k nuyen nen n
2
(n2k)
2
n
2
(khi n chan) va n
2
(n2k)
2
n
2
1
(khi n le). 1u do, ta thu duoc BL1 lan dau don thoi chi ra luon truon
hop dau lan xay ra.
Len day, ta chot nhan ra: mau chot cua van de chi la nhan xet: C1L'
se dat duoc khi x
i
= p hoac x
i
= q voi moi i. \a that lat no, nhan xet
nay chun minh rat de.
\oi moi i, ta xem ve trai la mot ham theo x
i
, ta se chun to: f(x
i
)
max{f(p), f(q)} , va dau lan xay ra khi va chi khi x
i
{p, q}.
1a co: f(x) = Ax+
B
x
+C. Co the khao sat ham de ra nay ket qua (suy
ra luon dau lan xay ra khi x
i
{p, q}). Son o day trnh lay mot cach so
cap hon. Le y:
f(x
i
) f(p) = (x
i
p)(A
B
x
i
p
)
f(x
i
) f(q) = (x
i
q)(A
B
x
i
q
)
1u do neu f(x
i
) > max{f(p), f(q)} th ro ran x
i
/ {p, q} va:
A
B
x
i
p
> 0, A
B
x
i
q

B
x
i
p
< A <
B
x
i
q
mau thuan p < q. \ay f(x
i
) max{f(p), f(q)}.
Can noi them ve truon hop dau lan: s f(x
i
) = max{f(p), f(q)} ma
x
i
/ {p, q}. 'eu f(x
i
) = f(p) th A =
B
x
i
p
>
B
x
i
p
, khi do f(x
i
) f(p) < 0
(mau thuan). 1uon tu, neu f(x
i
) = f(q) cun mau thuan. \ay f(x
i
) =
max{f(p), f(q)} tuon duon voi x
i
{p, q}
*Nhan xet: Ta co bai toan m rong sau:
"Cho a
i
[a, A], b
i
[b, B] vi 0 < a A va 0 < b B. Tm gia tr ln
nhat cua
T =
(a
2
1
+... +a
2
n
)(b
2
1
+... +b
2
n
)
a
1
b
1
+... +a
n
b
n
.
Nha toan hoc Polya a cho mot chan tren la:
1
4
__
AB
ab
+
_
ab
AB
_
2
Bai toan tren man y nhIa la tm chan tren cua BL1 Bunhacopski,
J5
mot dieu rat tu nhien duoc dat ra la chan tren cua BL1 Cosi la ! 'eu
lan to mo th hay xem tiep lai toan sau day:
ai toan 4. (lhan 1hanh 'am) Cho 0 < a < b, va n so thuc x
i
[p, q].
Chun minh ran:
T =
x
1
x
2
+
x
2
x
3
+... +
x
n
x
1
n +
_
n
2
_
(p q)
2
pq
toi giai:
\oi moi i, thay x
i
loi p hay q th it nhat mot truon hop T phai tan
len, va neu T khon tan th luot x
i
{p, q}.
Cho i chay tu 1 toi n, voi moi i ta thay x
i
loi p hay q sao cho 1 tan
len (hoac iu nuyen neu hai truon hop deu khon tan)
Sau luoc lien doi tren ta da co x
i
[p, q] voi moi i. 'eu x
i
= q voi moi
i th T = n, khon phai C1L', do do chi can xet khi x
i
= p.Do hoan vi
von quanh nen co the ia su x
1
= p. Khi do lat ke x
3
= p hay q ta thay
x
2
loi q th T van khon iam. Sau khi thay x
2
loi q ta lai thay x
3
loi p
th 1 van khon iam ... Cu nhu vay ta xen ke p, q cho toi so x
n
th 1 van
khon iam. Sau khi thuc hien qua trnh nhu tren luc nay ta co
T =
n
2
(
p
q
+
q
p
) (neu n chan) va T =
n 1
2
(
p
q
+
q
p
) + 1 (neu n le)
1a viet lai Z truon hop duoi dan:
T = n +
_
n
2
_
(p q)
2
pq
, n
va day chinh la ve phai BL1 can chun minh. Lan thuc xay ra khi
x
i
{p, q} va xen ke ke tu x
1
toi x
n
(khon ke von x
n
, x
1
). Bai toan den
day duoc iai quyet tron ven '
'hu vay, chun ta co the thay y tuon don lien da xuat hien rat som
nay tron cach tiep can co dien. Chun ta da ap lai 2 kI thuat don lien
quan tron o cac muc truoc la: don lien ve tam va don lien ra lien. Lac
Jo
liet tron truon hop cuc tri dat duoc tai tam, ham loi con cho ta mot kieu
don lien nua rat thu vi ma chun ta se tm hieu o muc sau. Mac du voi
mot loat cac lai BL1 xuat hien an day th co ve nhu con cu co dien la
khon du (hoac rat kho khan), nhun mot lan nua, chun toi nhan manh
tam quan tron cua nhun y tuon co dien, ma dua vao do chun ta moi
co the dun tren vai nhun nuoi khon lo.
7. Don bicn vc gia tr| trong bnb.
Cho den lay io, tron phuon phap don lien cua chun ta, so lan
thuc hien thao tac don lien luon la huu han, nho do loi iai la ro ran va
hoan toan so cap. Lay la mot dieu rat tot ma chun toi muon duy tr tiep
tuc tron muc nay.
1ruoc het, chun toi ioi thieu them mot cach don lien nua danh cho
ham loi. 1a se oi day la kI thuat don lien ve ia tri trun lnh, ma cac
lan se thay ro dieu do qua ket qua sau:
|nb Iy: Cho f la ham loi [a, b] R. 1a co:
f(a) +f(b) f(x) +f(a +b x), x [a, b]
Cbong minb:
\ x [a, b] nen: x = ta + (1 t)b voi t [0, 1]. Khi do: a + b x =
(1 t)a +tb. /p dun dinh nhIa ham loi, ta co:
f(x) +f(a +b x) = f(ta + (1 t)b) +f((1 t)a +tb)
[tf(a) + (1 t)f(b)] + [(1 t)f(a) +tf(b)] = f(a) +f(b)
Ln dun ket qua nay, ta co nay chun minh cho BL1 |ensen. 'hac lai:
|nb Iy: (BL1 |ensen) Cho f la ham so loi [a, b] R. 1h voi x
i
[a, b]
la n so co trun lnh con lan 1, ta co:
f(x
1
) +f(x
2
) +... +f(x
n
) nf(T)
Cbong minb:
1a cho thuc hien thuat toan sau:
*ooc 1: 'eu x
i
= T, i th dun lai. 'eu khon th qua luoc Z.
J7
*ooc 2: \ khon co x
i
= T, i nen phai co I lien lon hon hon 1 va
I lien nho hon 1, ma ta co the ia su la x
1
> T > x
2
. Khi do thay lo
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) loi lo (T, x
1
+x
2
T, ..., x
n
). Sau do tro lai luoc I.
'hu vay moi lan thuc hien luoc Z th lo moi cun co trun lnh con
la 1, tuy nhien no lam cho lieu thuc f tan len. Mat khac moi lan thuc
hien luoc Z th so lien lan 1 tan len it nhat la I, do do sau huu han (co
the lay la n 1) lan thuc hien luoc Z, ta se phai dun lai o luoc I. Chu y
la tron qua trnh thay the th lieu thuc f tan len, do vay ta co dieu phai
chun minh.
\ay la chun ta co them mot cach don lien moi. So dI chun toi
khon dua cach don lien nay ra o cac muc truoc, la v no chi co ia tri khi
don lien ve tam, ma khi do voi n = 3 th kI thuat don Z lien ve lan
nhau da du su dun. 1uy nhien, kI thuat nay se phat huy tac dun khi so
lien tan len, cu the la voi truon hop n lien ton quat. Ly do kha don
ian: tron BL1 voi n lien, cho du ta don duoc Z lien ve lan nhau th
cun chua thu duoc dan ke, va tron truon hop do th sau huu han lan
don lien van khon the dua duoc ve truon hop I lien (chu chua noi la
dua duoc ve truon hop cac lien lan nhau). 1uy nhien, neu su dun kI
thuat don lien ra lien hoac don lien ve ia tri trun lnh th tnh hnh
lai khac: sau moi lan don lien th so luon lien co ia tri co dinh tan len
(la ia tri tai lien hoac ia tri trun lnh), do do chi can huu han lan don
lien ta se dua duoc tat ca cac lien ve cac ia tri co dinh va lai toan xem
nhu iai quyet xon.
1at nhien, kha nan de co the don I lien lat k ve lien hoac ia tri
trun lnh la khon cao. 1uy nhien, cai quan tron la tinh than cua no:
don I lien ve ia tri co dinh. Ban doc co the thay y tuon nay cuc k hieu
qua tron truon hop + lien (xem cau c), Bai toan J, $5). 1ron muc nay,
chun toi tiep tuc ioi thieu Z lai toan khac, ma tron do y tuon don lien
ve ia tri trun lnh da cho loi iai lat no. Lay la Z lai toan dac sac cua
anh lham Kim Hun, ma viec iai quyet chun da dem lai cho chun toi
nhieu y tuon moi cho phuon phap don lien.
ai toan 1. Cho n so thuc duon a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
co tich lan 1 . Chun minh
ran voi k = 4(n 1) ta luon co:
1
a
1
+
1
a
2
+... +
1
a
n
+
k
a
1
+a
1
+... +a
n
n +
k
n
(1)
toi giai:
Jo
\oi n = 1, n = 2 th lai toan don ian, nen duoi day ta xet khi n 3.
1ruoc het, ta khao sat cac truon hop co the don lien va rut ra:
Mcnb dc 1: Ki hieu f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) la lieu thuc ve trai BL1 can chun
minh.
(i) 'eu a
1
x a
2
va a
1
a
2
1 th
f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) f(x,
a
1
a
2
x
, a
3
, ..., a
n
)
(ii) 'eu (1 a
1
)(1 a
2
)[ka
1
a
2
(

n
i=1
a
i
)(

n
i=3
a
i
+a
1
a
2
+ 1)] 0 th
f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) f(1, a
1
a
2
, a
3
, ..., a
n
)
(iii) 'eu a
1
, a
2
1 a
3
th:
f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) min{f(1, a
1
a
2
, a
3
, ..., a
n
), f(1, a
2
, a
1
a
3
, a
1
a
i
, ..., a
n
)}
Chng minh menh e 1:
Le viet cho on ta dat A =

n
i=3
a
i
.
(i) 1a co:
f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) f(x,
a
1
a
2
x
, a
3
, ..., a
n
)
=
1
a
1
+
1
a
2

1
x

x
a
1
a
2
+
k
A+a
1
+a
2

k
A+x +
a
1
a
2
x
=
(x a
1
)(a
2
x)[(A+a
1
+a
2
)(A+x +
a
1
a
2
x
) ka
1
a
2
]
a
1
a
2
(A+a
1
+a
2
)(A+x +
a
1
a
2
x
)
1heo BL1 Cauchy:
(A+a
1
+a
2
)(A+x +
a
1
a
2
x
)) n
2
4(n 1) = k ka
1
a
2
va ta co dpcm.
(ii) Cun tu dan thuc o tren cho x = 1 ta co:
f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) f(1, a
1
a
2
, a
3
, ..., a
n
)
=
(1 a
1
)(1 a
2
)[ka
1
a
2
(A+a
1
+a
2
)(A+a
1
a
2
+ 1)]
a
1
a
2
(A+a
1
+a
2
)(A+a
1
a
2
+ 1
va ta co dpcm.
(iii) Xet hai truon hop:
J9
Trng hp 1: 'eu ka
1
a
2
(

n
i=1
a
i
)((

n
i=3
a
i
+a
1
a
2
+1)]) th dun (ii) ta
co f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) f(1, a
1
a
2
, a
3
, ..., a
n
).
Trng hp 2: 'eu ka
1
a
2
(

n
i=1
a
i
)((

n
i=3
a
i
+a
1
a
2
+1)]) th v a
3
1 a
2
nen:
ka
1
a
3
(
n

i=1
a
i
)(

i=1,3
a
i
+a
1
a
3
+ 1)
(that vay:

i=1,3
a
i
+a
1
a
3
+ 1
a
1
a
3
=

n
i=1
a
i
a
1
a
3
+ 1
a
1
a
3
+ 1

n
i=1
a
i
a
1
a
2
+ 1
a
1
a
2
+ 1 =

n
i=3
a
i
+a
1
a
2
+ 1
a
1
a
2
)
Do do, dun (ii) ta co: f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
i
, ..., a
n
) f(1, a
2
, ..., a
1
a
i
, ..., a
n
).
Menh de I chun minh xon' 'o se cho phep ta dua lai toan ve I lien.
Mcnb dc 2: 1a se luon dua duoc lai toan ve truon hop co n 1 lien
lan nhau va 1.
Chng minh menh e 2:
*ooc 1: Lua ve truon hop co n 1 lien 1.
Cia su con co nhieu hon I lien lon hon I, ma ta co the ia su la a
1
, a
2
.
1h su dun menh de I (iii) ta luon co the thay lo (a
1
, ..., a
n
) loi I lo khac,
van co tich lan I, lam cho f khon tan, va hon nua co so lien lan I
tan len it nhat la I. Do do sau huu han lan thay (khon qua n 1) ta se
co duoc n 1 lien 1.
*ooc 2: Lua n 1 lien 1 ve lan nhau.
Cia su a
1
a
2
... a
n1
1 la n 1 lien co trun lnh nhan la
x. 'eu n 1 lien nay chua lan nhau th a
1
< x < a
n1
va dun menh
de I (i) ta co the thay lo (a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n1
, a
n
) loi (x, a
2
, ...,
a
1
a
n1
x
, a
n
). Khi
do f khon iam va so lien lan x tan len it nhat la I. 1a cun luu y la
a
1
a
n1
x

a
1
x
1 (v a
1
la so nho nhat tron n1 so a
1
, ..., a
n1
nen a
1
x),
do do viec thay the nay van dam lao n1 lien deu 1, dieu do cho phep
viec thay the co the thuc hien lien tiep. \ay sau huu han (khon qua n1)
lan thay the ta se co n 1 lien 1 deu lan nhau.
Cuoi cun, ta iai quyet lai toan I lien, tuc la chun minh:
f(x, x, ..., x,
1
x
n1
) f(1, 1, ..., 1) voi x 1
+O
Lat:
g(x) := f(x, x, ..., x,
1
x
n1
) =
n 1
x
+x
n1
+
k
(n 1)x +
1
x
n1
voi x (0, 1].
1a co:
g

(x) =
n 1
x
2
+ (n 1)x
n2

k[n 1
n1
x
n
]
((n 1)x +
1
x
n1
)
2
= (n 1)
x
n
1
x
2
_
(n 1)x
n
1
(n 1)x
n
+ 1
_
2
luu y la k = 4(n 1)
1a thay nay g(x) 0 voi x (0, 1], nen g(x) g(1) va ta co dpcm.
Bai toan chun minh xon'
*Gbi cbo: Bai toan ban au cua anh Pham Kim Hung la vi k = 3n, n 4.
Ket qua ay manh hn, va nh cac ban thay trong chng minh cho trng
hp 1 bien th so k = 4(n 1) "hp ly" hn.
ai toan 2. Cho n so thuc duon a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
co tich lan 1. Chun minh
ran:
(1 +a
2
1
)(1 +a
2
2
)...(1 +a
2
n
)
2
n
n
2n2
(a
1
+a
2
+... +a
n
)
2n2
toi giai:
\oi n = 1, n = 2 th don ian nen ta chun minh cho n 3. 1a
thay lai toan tuon duon voi f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) 0 va cun tuon duon voi
g(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) 0, tron do:
f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) = k(a
1
+a
2
+... +a
n
)
2n2
(1 +a
2
1
)(1 +a
2
2
)...(1 +a
2
n
)
g(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) = ln(k) + (2n 2) ln(a
1
+a
2
+... +a
n
)+
ln(1 +a
2
1
) ln(1 +a
2
2
) ... ln(1 +a
2
n
)
(ve viec tai sao phai xet ca f va g se lnh luan o sau)
Khao sat so lo cac truon hop co the don lien, ta co:
Mcnb dc 1:
(i) 'eu a
1
1 a
2
, a
3
th:
f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) min{f(1, a
1
a
2
, a
3
, ..., a
n
), f(a
1
, 1, a
2
a
3
, ..., a
n
)}
+I
(ii) 'eu a
1
= max{a
i
}
n
i=1
va a
1
x a
2
1 th:
g(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) g(x,
a
1
a
2
x
, a
3
, ..., a
n
)
Chng minh menh e 1:
(i) Xet cac hieu
f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) f(1, a
1
a
2
, a
3
, ..., a
n
)
= ks
2n2
ku
2n2
+ [2(1 +a
2
1
a
2
2
) (1 +a
2
1
)(1 +a
2
2
)](1 +a
2
3
)...(1 +a
2
n
)
(voi s = a
1
+a
2
+... +a
n
, u = 1 +a
1
a
2
+... +a
n
)
= k(a
1
+a
2
1 a
1
a
2
)(s
2n3
+s
2n4
u +... +u
2n3
)+
+(1 a
2
1
)(1 a
2
2
)(1 +a
2
3
)...(1 +a
2
n
)
= (1 a
1
)(1 a
2
)[k(s
2n3
+... +u
2n3
)+
(1 +a
1
)(1 +a
2
)(1 +a
2
3
)...(1 +a
2
n
)]
Su dun lai dan thuc o tren voi a
3
doi cho cho a
1
, ta co:
f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) f(a
1
, 1, a
2
a
3
, ..., a
n
)
= (1 a
2
)(1 a
3
)[k(s
2n3
+... +v
2n3
)+
(1 +a
2
)(1 +a
3
)(1 +a
2
1
)(1 +a
2
4
)...(1 +a
2
n
)]
(voi v = 1 +a
2
a
3
+a
1
+a
4
+... +a
n
)
1u Z dan thuc o tren, ta thay:
neu k(s
2n3
+... +u
2n3
) (1 +a
1
)(1 +a
2
)(1 +a
2
3
)...(1 +a
2
n
) 0 (2)
1h f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) f(1, a
1
a
2
, a
3
, ..., a
n
)
neu k(s
2n3
+...+v
2n3
)(1+a
2
)(1+a
3
)(1+a
2
1
)(1+a
2
4
)...(1+a
2
n
) 0 (3)
1h f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) f(1, a
1
a
2
, a
3
, ..., a
n
)
Do do, ta chi can chun minh tron Z BL1 (2) va (3) co it nhat mot cai
dun la xon' Chan han, ta ia su (2) sai, va se chun minh (3) dun.
Muon vay, ta chi can chun minh: u v va (1+a
1
)(1+a
2
3
) (1+a
3
)(1+a
2
1
)
la xon' Lieu nay co duoc tu viec tinh toan don ian:
u v = a
3
+a
1
a
2
a
1
a
2
a
3
= (1 a
2
)(a
1
a
3
) 0
(1 +a
1
)(1 +a
2
3
) (1 +a
3
)(1 +a
2
1
) = (a
3
a
1
)(a
1
a
3
+a
1
+a
3
1) 0
\ay menh de (i) chun minh xon'
(ii) \oi viec xuat hien ham ln ta khon the xet hieu roi lien doi, ma thay
+Z
vao do ta dun dao ham.
Xet:
g(t) = ln(k) + 2(n 1) ln(ta
1
+
a
2
t
+a
3
+... +a
n
)+
ln(1 +t
2
a
2
1
) ln(1 +
a
2
2
t
2
) ln(1 +a
2
3
) ... ln(1 +a
2
n
)
voi t [
_
a
2
/a
1
, 1].
1a co:
g

(t) =
2(n 1)(a
1

a
2
t
2
)
ta
1
+
a
2
t
+a
3
+... +a
n

2ta
2
1

2a
2
2
t
3
(1 +t
2
a
2
1
)(1 +
a
2
2
t
2
)
= 2(a
1

a
2
t
2
)[
(n 1)
ta
1
+
a
2
t
+a
3
+... +a
n

ta
1
+
a
2
t
(1 +t
2
a
2
1
)(1 +
a
2
2
t
2
)
]
\ t [
_
a
2
/a
1
, 1] nen a
1

a
2
t
0. Do do, oi 1 la thua so con lai, ta chi
can chun minh T 0 la co the suy ra g don lien (tren [
_
a
2
/a
1
, 1]).
Le viet cho on, ta dat
c =
_
(1 +t
2
a
2
1
)(1 +
a
2
2
t
2
), d = ta
1
+
a
2
t
1a co:
T 0
n 1
d +a
3
+... +a
n

d
c
2
(n 1)c
2
d
2
+d(a
3
+... +a
n
)
\ c d (BL1 Bunhiacopski) nen de co BL1 tren ta chi can:
(n 2)c a
3
+... +a
n
Lieu nay dun v c > a
1
a
2
a
1
max{a
3
, ..., a
n
}.
Lay t
0
= max{x,
a
1
a
2
x
}/a
1
, th
t
0
[
_
a
2
a
1
, 1], t
0
a
1
= max{x,
a
1
a
2
x
},
a
2
t
0
= min{x,
a
1
a
2
x
}
\ g don lien tren [
_
a
2
/a
1
, 1] nen g(1) g(t
0
) va ta co dpcm.
\ay menh de (ii) chun minh xon' Menh de I chun minh xon'
+J
1ro lai lai toan, ta se noi la lo (a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) duoc thay the loi lo
(b
1
, b
2
, ..., b
n
)) neu f(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) f(b
1
, b
2
, ..., b
n
) boac g(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
)
g(b
1
, b
2
, ..., b
n
).
Mcnb dc 2: Luon dua duoc ve truon hop co n 1 lien lan nhau 1.
Chng minh menh e 2:
*ooc 1: Lua ve truon hop co n 1 lien 1.
Cia su con co Z lien a
2
, a
3
< 1. Khi do phai co I lien > 1, ma ta co the
ia su la a
1
. Su dun menh de I (i), ta co the thay lo (a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
) loi lo
(1, a
1
a
2
, a
3
, ..., a
n
) hoac lo (a
1
, 1, a
2
a
3
, ..., a
n
). Chu y la cho du thay loi lo
nao, th so cac lien lan I cun tan len it nhat la I. Do do, don tac thay
the nay se phai dun lai sau khon qua n 1 lan. Khi do, ta se co n 1
lien 1.
*ooc 2: 1a chun minh luon co the thay n 1 lien 1 loi trun lnh
nhan cua chun. 1hat vay, ia su a
1
a
2
... a
n1
1 a
n
va
dat x =
n1

a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n1
1. 'eu tron n 1 lien dau tien van con
lien khac x th a
1
> x > a
n1
. Su dun menh de (ii) ta co the thay lo
(a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n1
, a
n
) loi lo (x, a
3
, ...,
a
1
a
2
x
, a
n
). Chu y la
a
1
a
n1
x
a
n1
1
(v a
1
la so lon nhat tron cac so {a
i
}
n1
i=1
nen a
1
x) cho nen viec thay
the nay van dam lao n 1 lien dau tien 1 (de co the thay the lien
tiep). Chu y ran sau khi thay the th so lien lan x tan len it nhat la I.
Do do, sau khon qua n1 lan thay the th ca n1 lien dau tien deu lan x.
Cuoi cun ta iai quyet lai toan I lien.
Xet ham so h(x) := g(x, x, ..., x,
1
x
n1
)
= ln(k) + 2(n 1) ln((n 1)x +
1
x
n1
) (n 1) ln(1 +x
2
) ln(1 +
1
x
2n2
)
voi x 1.
1a co:
h

(x) = 2(n 1)
n 1
n1
x
n
(n 1)x +
1
x
n1

2(n 1)x
1 +x
2


2(n1)
x
2n1
1 +
1
x
2n2
=
2(n 1)
x
_
(n 1)(x
n
1)
(n 1)x
n
+ 1

x
2
1 +x
2
+
1
1 +x
2n2
_
=
2(n 1)
x
_
(n 1)(x
n
1)
(n 1)x
n
+ 1

x
2n
1
(1 +x
2
)(1 +x
2n2
)
_
++
Chu y la x 1 nen de co h

(x) 0 ta chi can:

n 1
(n 1)x
n
+ 1

x
n
+ 1
(1 +x
2
)(1 +x
2n2
)
1a dat duoc dieu nay lan danh ia don ian:
n 1
(n 1)x
n
+ 1

1
x
n
+ 1

x
n
+ 1
(1 +x
2
)(1 +x
2n2
)
(Co dau thu hai la do BL1 Bunhiacopski )
\ay voi x 1 th h

(x) 0 nen h(x) don lien, suy ra h(x) h(1) = 0 va

ta co dpcm.
\ay lai toan chun minh xon' Lan thuc xay ra khi va chi khi a
1
= a
2
=
... = a
n
= 1 voi n 3 (con voi n = 1, n = 2 th co dan thuc).
*Nban xct:
1) Bai toan nay do anh Pham Kim Hung at ra di dang bai toan m va
chng minh tren ay cua chung toi la chng minh au tien cho no.
2) ay viec xet ong thi 2 ham f, g cho phep ta m rong kha nang don
bien: khi th xet f n gian hn, khi th xet g n gian hn. Trong bai toan
1 th v van e n gian hn nen ch can mot ham f la u.
8. |nb Iy don bicn tong qoat.
Cac lan than men, noi ve cac dinh ly don lien phai nhac toi Z ket
qua dau tien het suc an tuon, la dinh ly don lien manh (SM\) cua anh
lham Kim Hun va dinh ly don lien khon xac dinh (UM\) cua lan Linh
'oc /n. 1ron do, xuon son cua cac dinh ly nay la lo de day so, mot
ket qua cho ta cam iac ro ran the nao la don lien.
1ron muc nay, chun toi se cun cap cho cac lan mot dinh ly don
lien rat ton quat dinh ly CM\ cua anh lhan 1hanh 'am voi mot
cach tiep can moi. Co the trnh lay nan on lan cach dan ra dinh ly va
chun minh no, tuy nhien chun toi khon lam nhu vay v muon chia se
voi cac lan ca con duon (tron tu duy) de xay dun no. Hi von la sau khi
xem xon, cac lan se co cam iac la co vo so dinh ly don lien.
Chun ta lat dau lan mot so dinh nhIa tron khon ian R
n
.
+5
|nb ngbia 1:
Khon ian R
n
la tap hop cac lo thu tu x = (x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) voi x
i
R, i.
Mot day {x
m
= (x
1,m
, ..., x
n,m
)} tron R
n
oi la hoi tu ve z = (z
1
, ..., z
n
)
R
n
neu tun day x
i,m
hoi tu ve z
i
khi m , i = 1, 2, ..., n.
Cho D R
n
. Mot ham so f : D R oi la lien tuc tren D neu: voi moi
day {x
m
} D va voi moi z D sao cho {x
m
} hoi tu ve z, th ta deu co:
f(x
m
) hoi tuve f(z).
|nb ngbia 2: Cho D R
n
. 1a noi:
D don neu voi moi day {x
m
} D va voi moi z R
n
sao cho {x
m
} hoi
tu ve z, th ta deu co z D.
D li chan neu ton tai so thuc M sao cho: x = (x
1
, ..., x
n
) D}, th
|x
i
| M, i = 1, 2, ..., n.
V du nhu mot tap hop huu han th don va li chan.
Xuat phat diem cua chun ta la ket qua tuyet dep sau day:
|nb Iy 1: Cho D don va li chan tron R
n
, va f : D R lien tuc.
1h f dat ia tri nho nhat tren D, nhIa la ton tai x
0
D sao cho:
f(x
0
) f(x), x R.
Lay la mot ket qua co lan va co tron chuon trnh pho thon o cac
nuoc, tuy nhien o nuoc ta th no duoc xem la thuoc 1oan cao cap. 1uy
nhien, de tien loi cho lan doc chun toi dan ra day mot chun minh ma
cac lan hoan toan co the hieu duoc voi kien thuc pho thon.
Chun toi nhac lai mot ket qua co tron SCK: moi day so thuc don
dieu va li chan th hoi tu. 1ien de nay se duoc su dun de chun minh
mot ket qua ve day con.
|nb ngbia 2: Cho I day so {a
m
}

m=1
(tron R hoac tron R
n
). Mot day
{a
m
k
}

k=1
duoc oi la mot day con cua day {a
m
}

m=1
neu {m
k
}

k=1
la mot day
tan nat cac so nuyen duon.
*V du: {a
2m
}

m=1
la mot day con cua day {a
m
}

m=1
. Duoi day cac can
cua chi so se duoc lo qua neu khon ay hieu lam.
o dc 1: (Weierstrass) Moi day a
m
li chan tron R th co I day con hoi tu.
Cbong minb:
1a chun minh co mot day con don dieu la xon.
Xet tap T := {m Z
+
|m

> m sao cho a

m
a
m
}. 'eu 1 huu han th
+o
day {a
m
} se iam ke tu I chi so nao do. 'eu 1 vo han th ta se trich duoc
I day con tan. 1ron ca hai truon hop th ta luon co I day con don dieu.
o dc 2: (Weierstrass) Moi day a
m
li chan tron R
n
th co I day con hoi tu.
Cbong minb:
Xet {a
m
= (x
1,m
, ..., x
n,m
)} la mot day li chan tron R
n
. Khi do day
{x
1,m
} li chan tron R nen co I day con {x
1,m
k
1
} hoi tu. Day {x
2,m
k
1
}
cun li chan tron R nen co I day con {x
2,m
k
2
} hoi tu. Ban cach lay
day con cua day con lien tiep nhu vay, cuoi cun ta thu duoc day con
{a
m
k
= (x
1,m
k
, ..., x
n,m
k
} ma i = 1, 2, ..., n, ta co day {x
i,m
k
} hoi tu tron R.
Lieu do cun co nhIa la day {a
m
k
} hoi tu tron R
n
.
o dc 3: (1inh day du cua R) Cho / la I tap li chan tron R. 1h ton tai
M R sao cho: M A (nhIa la M a, a A) va co I day {a
k
} tron /
hoi tu ve M. 1a se ki hieu M = infA.
Cbong minb:
1a chun minh ran > 0, a A, a A. Cia su nuoc lai. Khi
do lay x
1
A tuy y, lan quy nap ta xay dun duoc day {x
m
} tron / sao
cho x
m+1
x
m
, m Z
+
. Khi do ta co: x
m
x
1
(m1), m Z
+
va dieu nay mau thuan voi / li chan duoi.
'hu vay, m Z
+
, ton tai a
m
A sao cho a
m

1
m
A. \ day {a
m
} li
chan nen co day con {a
m
k
} hoi tu ve M tron R. 1a chun minh M A
nua la xon. 1hat vay, lay a A lat k th a
m
k

1
m
k
a, k Z
+
, nen
cho k suy ra M a.
Cbong minb d|nb Iy 1: Xet A = f(D). 1a chun minh / co phan tu
nho nhat.
1a se chi ra / co tinh chat sau: neu day {a
m
} chua tron / va a
m

th A. 1hat vay, theo dinh nhIa ta co x
m
D sao cho f(x
m
) = a
m
.
\ day {x
m
} li chan (chua tron D) nen co day con {x
m
k
} hoi tu ve c tron
R
n
. \ D don nen c D. \ f(x
m
) nen \ f(x
m
k
) . Mat khac,
v {x
m
k
} c va f lien tuc nen f(x
m
k
) f(c). \ ioi han la duy nhat
nen f(c) = .
Bay io, ta thay / li chan duoi (v tu lap luan tren voi = ta se
ap mau thuan). Do do ton tai M = infA. Do dinh nhIa inf va tinh chat
cua / vua chi ra o tren, suy ra M A. \ay / co phan tu nho nhat la M.
Linh ly chun minh xon'
+7
Linh ly I la mot mo ron cua mot ket qua quen thuoc co tron SCK:
Cho [a, b] la I khoan don tron R va f : [a, b] R lien tuc, th f co ia
tri nho nhat tren [a, b]. Do do, ve mat truc iac th dinh ly I kha ro ran.
1uy nhien, co the cac lan se kho hnh dun la dinh ly nay th lien quan
den van de don lien! He qua sau day cua dinh ly I se la cha khoa
cho cac dinh ly don lien cua chun ta. Luu y ran tat ca cac ket qua tron
muc nay khon can dieu kien f doi xun.
|nb Iy 2: Cho:
D la I tap don, li chan tron R
n
, va la I tap con don cua D.
T : D D la mot phep lien doi lat k.
f : D R la mot ham so lien tuc thoa man f(x) > f(T(x)), x D\.
1h ta co C1'' cua f dat duoc tren , nhIa la:
f(x) > min
y
{f(y)}, x D\.
Cbong minb:
Do dinh ly I, ton tai x
0
D sao cho f(x
0
) f(x), x D. 'eu x
0
khon thuoc th f(x
0
) > f(T(x
0
)), mau thuan. \ay x
0
va ta co dieu
phai chun minh.
*Ghi chu: 1a thay phep lien doi T : D D nhun thuc ra tron dinh ly
tren chi doi hoi tinh chat cua 1 tren D\. Do do voi x th T(x) co
the lay ia tri tuy y va ta co the xem nhu T(x) = x. Quy uoc nay se duoc
su dun tron phan con lai, nhIa la T(x) = x, x va ta chi quan tam
ia tri cua T tren D\.
Lay la mot he qua qua don ian phai khon cac lan, tuy nhien y tuon
don lien cua no da lo ro. Le minh hoa, chun toi dan ra day mot chun
minh cho BL1 Cauchy.
ai toan 1: (BL1 Cauchy) Cho n so thuc khon am x
1
, ..., x
n
. Chun minh
ran:
x
1
+... +x
n
n
n

x
1
...x
n
Cbong minb:
Ban cach chuan hoa, ta co the ia su x
1
...x
n
= 1 va chun minh
x
1
+... +x
n
n. 1at nhien ta chi can xet khi x
i
n, i.
Xet: D = {x = (x
1
, ..., x
n
)|x
i
[0, n], x
1
...x
n
= 1} th de thay D don va
li chan. Xet = {x
0
= (1, 1, 1, ..., 1)}.
Xet f : D R lien tuc nhu sau: voi moi x = (x
1
, ..., x
n
) D
+o
th f(x) = x
1
+ ... + x
n
. Xet T : D\ D nhu sau: \oi moi x =
(x
1
, ..., x
n
) D\, th ton tai x
i
= x
j
va ta dat T(x) la lo thu duoc tu
x sau khi thay x
i
va x
j
loi trun lnh nhan cua chun, khi do de thay
f(x) f(T(x)) = (

x
i

x
j
)
2
> 0.
\ay ta co the ap dun dinh li Z de suy ra f(x) f(x
0
), x D, hon nua
dau = chi xay ra khi x = x
0
.
1ron nhieu truon hop, co the ham f se khon du tot va ta se chi
co co dieu kien f(x) f(T(x)). 1at nhien khi do ta khon the ap dun
dinh ly I. Mot doi hoi hop ly la phep lien doi 1 phai du tot de lu lai (nho
la phep lien doi 1 la do ta chon). Lieu nay dua den:
|nb Iy 3: Cho:
D la I tap don, li chan tron R
n
, va la I tap con don cua D.
T : D D la I phep lien doi sao cho ton tai mot ham so h lien tuc
D R thoa man: h(T(x)) < h(x),x D\.
f : D R la mot ham so lien tuc thoa man f(x) f(T(x))x D.
1h ta co C1'' cua f tren D cun la C1'' cua f tren , nhIa la:
f(x) min
y
{f(y)}, x D.
Mac du la truon hop rien cua mot dinh ly ton quat hon o cuoi lai,
nhun v tam quan tron cua dinh ly nay nen chun toi van dan ra day
mot chun minh cho no.
Cbong minb:
Lay y
0
sao cho f(y
0
) = min
y
{f(y)}. Cia su phan chun ran ton tai
z D sao cho f(z) < f(y
0
). 1at nhien ta co the ia su h(x) 0, x D
(neu khon chi viec thay h loi h

= h M, voi M la C1'' cua h tren D).

Chon > 0 du nho ta co: f(z) +h(z) < f(y
0
). Lat g(x) := f(x) + h(x),
x D. 1h g : D R lien tuc, g(x) > g(T(x))x D\ va g(z) <
f(y
0
) min
y
{g(y)}. Lieu nay mau thuan voi dinh ly Z.
Sau day la mot he qua an tuon cua dinh ly J.
Hc qoa 1: (SM\-Stronly Mixin \arialles) Cho:
D R
n
, D = {x = (x
1
, ..., x
n
)|x
i
,

x
i
= ns = const} va s
0
:=
(s, s, ..., s) D.
lhep lien doi T : D D nhu sau: voi moi phan tu a = (a
1
, .., a
n
) D,
a = s
0
, ta chon ra Z chi so i = j nao do (tuy theo ham f len duoi) sao cho
+9
a
i
= a
j
, roi thay a
i
, a
j
loi trun lnh con cua chun.
f : D R la ham so lien tuc thoa man: f(a) f(T(a)), a D.
Khi do: f(a) f(s
0
), a D.
Cbong minb: \oi phep lien doi 1 nhu vay, ta chon h(x) =

n
i=1
x
2
i
, x =
(x
1
, ..., x
n
) D. /p dun dinh ly J (o day = {s
0
}).
*Nhan xet: 1hon thuon, tron ap dun ta se lay a
i
, a
j
la min va max cua
{a
1
, ..., a
n
}. Khi do, co the chun minh tu I phan tu lat k cua D, sau vo
han lan lap 1 se thu duoc (s, s, ..., s), va su dun tinh lien tuc cua f ta cun
thu duoc ket luan.
Rien tron truon hop nay (min va max) th khon nhat thiet thay
a
i
, a
j
loi trun lnh con ma co the ton quat hon:
Hc qoa 2: Cho:
D R
n
don va li chan. Coi la tap hop cac phan tu tron D co dan
(s, s, ..., s), va ia su khac ron.
lhep lien doi T : D D nhu sau: voi moi phan tu a = (a
1
, .., a
n
) D\,
ta chon ra Z chi so i = j sao cho a
i
, a
j
la min va max cua {a
1
, ..., a
n
}, sau
do thay a
i
, a
j
loi , (a
i
, a
j
).
f : D R la ham so lien tuc thoa man: f(a) f(T(a)), a D.
Khi do:
f(x) min
y
{f(y)}, x D.
Cbong minb: Mot cach tu nhien, ta hi von vao ham
h(a) = max{a
1
, ..., a
n
} min{a
1
, ..., a
n
}, a = (a
1
, ..., a
n
) D
1uy nhien, ta khon co nay h(a) > h(T(a)), a D\. Lo la v tron
n so a
1
, ..., a
n
co the co nhieu so lan nhau va lan max hay min cua
{a
1
, ..., a
n
}. 'hun ta chi viec thay T loi T

= T
n
(T
k
nhIa la lap lai T
voi k lan) th h(a) > h(T

(a)), a D\ va ta co the ap dun dinh ly J.

1uy nhien, doi khi chi I phep lien doi 1 se khon du, vi du nhu khi ta
chua liet chinh xac la don lien ve lien hay ve tam. Do do, dinh ly J duoc
mo ron thanh dinh ly don lien ton quat sau day.
|nb Iy 4: (CM\ Ceneral Mixin \arialles) Cho:
D la I tap don, li chan tron R
n
, va la I tap con don cua D.
T
j
: D D la cac phep lien doi sao cho ton tai cac ham so h
j
lien tuc
D R thoa man: h(T
j
(x)) < h
j
(x),x D\, j {1, ..., k}.
5O
f : D R lien tuc thoa man f(x) min
j{1,...,k}
{f(T
j
(x))}, x D.
1h f(x) min
y
{f(y)}, x D.
1a su dun lai chun minh cua dinh ly J cun voi I cai tien nho.
Cbong minb:
Lay y
0
sao cho f(y
0
) = min
y
{f(y)}. Cia su phan chun ran ton tai
z D sao cho f(z) < f(y
0
). 1at nhien ta co the ia su h
j
(x) 0, x
D, j = 1, ..., k. Chon > 0 du nho ta co: f(z)+h
j
(z) < f(y
0
), j = 1, ..., k.
Lat g
j
(x) := f(x) +h
j
(x), x D, j = 1, ..., k.
Lat g(x) = min{g
1
(x), ..., g
k
(x)}, x D. 1h g : D R lien tuc,
g(x) > g(T(x))x D\ va g(z) < f(y
0
) min
y
{g(y)}. Lieu nay mau
thuan voi dinh ly Z.
*Chi chu: 1a da su dun ket qua la neu g
j
la cac ham lien tuc th g =
min{g
1
, ..., g
k
} cun la ham lien tuc. 1at nhien ta chi can chun minh
voi k = 2, va tron truon hop nay th chi can de y la min{g
1
, g
2
} =
1
2
(g
1
+g
2
|g
1
g
2
|). Con su kien g(x) > g(T(x)), x D\ th rat ro ran,
v neu u
j
> v
j
, j = 1, ..., k th min{u
1
, ..., u
k
} > min{u
1
, ..., u
k
}.
Cac lan than men, tuy hnh thuc phat lieu nan on nhun CM\
co tam un dun cuc k ron rai. Cu moi mot (hay mot vai) phep lien doi
1 thich hop la ta lai co mot dinh ly don lien moi. Chun toi ket thuc muc
nay lan mot he qua cua CM\, ma co the xem la su mo ron cua SM\
o He qua Z. Cun xin luu y ran cac ket qua co ten SM\ va UM\ o day
ton quat hon so voi cac dinh ly cun ten ma chun toi da dan ra lan dau.
Hc qoa 3: (UM\ Undefined Mixin \arialles) Cho:
D {x = (x
1
, ..., x
n
) R
n
|x
i
0, i = 1, ..., n}, D don va li chan. Coi
la tap hop cac phan tu tron D co t thanh phan lan O va n t thanh
phan lan nhau (t 0).
Z phep lien doi T
1
, T
2
: D D nhu sau: voi moi phan tu a = (a
1
, .., a
n
)
D\, chon ra Z chi so i = j sao cho a
i
= min{a
t
> 0, t = 1, ..., n} va
a
j
= max{a
1
, ..., a
n
}, sau do thay a
i
, a
j
loi , (a
i
, a
j
) (un voi T
1
) va

< a
i
< a
j
<

(un voi T
2
).
f : D R lien tuc thoa man: f(a) min{f(T
1
(a)), f(T
1
(a))}, a D.
1h
f(x) min
y
{f(y)}, x D.
5I
Cbong minb:
Chon h
1
(a) = max{a
1
, ..., a
n
} min{a
1
, ..., a
n
} va h
2
(a) = h
1
(a),
a = (a
1
, ..., a
n
) D. 1uon tu nhu he qua Z, ta thay T
1
loi T

1
= T
n
1
va
T

2
= T
n
2
de co: h
1
(a) > h
1
(T

1
(a)), h
2
(a) > h
2
(T

2
(a)), a = (a
1
, ..., a
n
) D.
/p dun CM\ ta co dieu phai chun minh.
9. Nbn Iai.
Cac lan than men, co le lay io la luc tam dun de nhn lai hanh
trnh vua qua. 'hu chun toi da noi tron $6, don lien da duoc liet den tu
rat som thon qua ham loi va dan den cac ket qua tuyet dep. BL1 |ensen
co the xem nhu mot tieu chuan de don lien ve tam mot cach toan cuc. \e
cac ket qua nay, cac lan co the tm doc mot cach rat day du tron cuon
Bat dan thuc noi tien cua J nha toan hoc Hardy Polya Littewood.
1ron truon hop J lien, co le quen thuoc nhat voi lan doc la nhun
BL1 luon iac, chan han nhu:
sinA+sinB +sinC
3

3
2
(1)
cosA+cosB +cosC
3
2
(2)
voi A, B, C la J canh I tam iac.
BL1 (1) co the thu duoc nay lan cach ap dun BL1 |ensen cho ham
loi. BL1 (2) th tinh te hon, ham f(x) = cosx co f

(x) = cosx nen chi

loi tren [0, ]. Do do ta khon the ap dun nay BL1 |ensen cho J lien
/,B,C. 1uy nhien, ta co the ia su A B C va khi do th A, B [0, ]
nen ta co the don Z lien A, B ve lan nhau. Sau do lai toan chi con mot
lien va tro nen don ian.
'hu vay, tu tuon don lien da dan lo ro. 1hay v mon muon co nay
mot cach don lien toan cuc, chun ta hi von co the tun luoc don ian lai
toan lan cach iam dan so lien. Lay chinh la tu tuon chinh cua phuon
phap don lien. 1ron truon hop J lien, sau khi thuc hien duoc don tac
don lien (lat ke la ve Z lien lan nhau, hay don I lien ra lien, hay don I
lien ve ia tri trun lnh) th an nhu lai toan chi con I lien va xem nhu
iai quyet don ian. Do do, phep don lien khon can tac dun voi Z lien
lat k ma co the tan dun thu tu sap duoc iua cac lien neu BL1 la doi
xun.
5Z
Cac lan than men, chun toi danh ra J muc de khao sat van de don
lien cho BL1 J lien cun chi la de cac lan nam duoc tu tuon cua phuon
phap, chu khon phai liet ke tat ca cac kI thuat can thiet. Chan han nhu
don lien tron BL1 luon iac voi cac BL1 tuyet dep cua |ackarfulkel
(xem phan lai tap) cun kha thu vi. 1uy nhien chun toi nhI ran trnh
lay tat ca se nham chan va vo vi, v mot khi nam duoc tu tuon chinh th
cac lan co the ap dun tron vo van truon hop khac nhau.
Loc xon phan BL1 J lien, co le lan doc se co cam iac la hnh nhu
moi BL1 deu co the chuyen ve truon hop Z lien lan nhau hoac I lien
dat ia tri tai lien. lhai noi ran dieu nay dun cho hau het cac BL1 ma
chun ta da ap. 1uy nhien, nay sau day chun toi se cun cap cho cac
lan mot vi du nam noai thon le do. 1ron vi du nay, tham chi BL1
dan xet la da thuc doi xun thuan nhat J lien. \i du nay lay tu y tuon
cua anh Bui \iet /nh.
ai toan 1. Cho a, b, c 0. Khi do BL1:
(a
3
+b
3
+c
3
6abc)
2
+ ((a +b +c)
3
36abc)
2
0
chi xay ra dau = tron truon hop (a, b, c) = (t, 2t, 3t), t 0 (va cac hoan
vi).
Ban doc tu kiem tra dieu do.
'hu vay, cac lan co the yen tam la phuon phap don lien co y nhIa.
\oi lai toan + lien th thon thuon chun ta phai thuc hien hon I
lan don tac don lien nen se phuc tap hon. 1ron truon hop n lien ton
quat th viec don lien tro nen cuc k kho khan. 'oai BL1 |ensen cho
phep don I luc ca n lien (nhun dan tiec, no chi iai quyet duoc I luon
kha nho cac BL1) th an nhu ta khon co con cu nao khac. 1ron truon
hop nay, thon thuon quy nap cun la mot y hay. Chun toi dan ra day
mot vi du cho thay su tinh te cua chun minh quy nap tron BL1.
ai toan 2. (lham Kim Hun) Cho n so thuc duon a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
co tich
lan I. Chun minh ran voi moi k > 0 th:
1
(1 +a
1
)
k
+
1
(1 +a
2
)
k
+... +
1
(1 +a
n
)
k
min{1,
n
2
k
}
Bai toan nay da duoc dua len Dien Lan 1oan Hoc voi ten oi la 1hach
1huc I, va la mot lai rat kho. 1uy nhien, no se vo cun don ian neu ta
5J
lam viec voi lai toan ton quat hon:
"Cho n so thc dng a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
co tch bang s 1. Chng minh rang vi
moi k > 0 th:
1
(1 +a
1
)
k
+
1
(1 +a
2
)
k
+... +
1
(1 +a
n
)
k
min{1,
n
1 +
n

s
}.
\oi lai toan ton quat hon nay th lai co the chun minh lan quy nap.
1hat vay, xet lai toan voi n so, ta co the ia su a
n
= min{a
1
, ..., a
n
}. Khi
do ap dun ia thiet quy nap cho (n 1) so a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n1
co tich 1, ta
dua duoc nay lai toan ve I lien. Con viec con lai chi la khao sat ham
mot lien.
Mot kI thuat khac de dua cac BL1 n lien ve I lien la don lien ve
ia tri trun linh tron $7. 'hu chun toi da chi ra, y tuon cach don nay
dua tren cach don lien ve ia tri trun lnh cho ham loi. Lay la cach don
lien rat tot v no co tinh huu han. 1uy nhien, no chi ap dun duoc cho
cac lai cuc tri dat duoc tai tam.
Bay io ta phai doi mat voi kha nan cuc tri dat tai ca tam va lien.
Ro ran kha nan don ve mot lien la khon cao. Do do chun ta hi von
vao dieu tot nhat la co mot cach don lien toan cuc, dai loai nhu BL1
|ensen. \oi muc tieu do, Z dinh ly tuyet dep phai ke den la dinh ly SM\
(don lien manh) va UM\ (don lien khon xac dinh). Hai dinh ly nay co
the noi la anh em son sinh. SM\ dun de chuyen tri cac BL1 cuc tri
dat duoc tai tam, tron do cai tien dan ke nhat la khon can don duoc Z
lien lat k ve lan nhau ma chi can don lien lon nhat va lien nho nhat.
UM\ th doi hoi ia thiet dat len Z lien lat k, tuy nhien no cho phep ta
dun hoa ca Z truon hop cuc tri dat duoc tai tam va tai lien duoi mot dan
ton quat. Le cho hnh thuc don ian, Z dinh ly nay deu chi xet cho ham
doi xun.
Chun toi da quan sat Z ket qua tren va nhan thay su khon can thiet
cua viec tach roi Z truon hop, va da tm ra mot ket qua hoi tu day du uu
diem cua Z dinh ly tren. 1uy nhien no chi la mot truon hop rien cua He
qua J tron $8. Linh ly CM\ khon chi don thuan la ton quat Z dinh ly
ke tren, ma no mo ra mot chan troi moi voi vo van cac kieu don lien . Mot
dieu k la la o day chi doi hoi: neu lo x = (x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) chua roi vao cac
truon hop toi han (tuc la thuoc ), th luon co the thay the lan I lo
(la T(x)). 'eu nhu tron SM\ (co dien), su kien don Z lien, lon nhat va
5+
nho nhat, ve lan nhau co the dan den mot cam nhan ro ran la n lien
se tien ve ia tri trun lnh, th tron truon hop nay lo de day so khon
con tac dun. 1uy nhien, ket qua van duoc chi ra.
Cac lan than men, cac lan da cun chun toi di tren mot hanh trnh,
ma chun toi chon v no tot nhat chu khon phai la day du nhat. Co
nhieu van de chun toi khon dua ra, hoac khon trnh lay kI, v chun
toi khon coi tron su day du. Cai ma chun toi coi tron la co an de cac
lan thay duoc van de mot cach nhanh chon, ro ran va hop ly. Hi von
voi nhun tu tuon ma chun toi da khoi oi cac lan se du cam hun va
kha nan de tiep luoc tren con duon san tao.
Cuoi cun, chun toi muon ui loi cam on dac liet toi anh lhan 1hanh
'am va anh lham Kim Hun, nhun nuoi da co rat nhieu ket qua va y
tuon duoc su dun. Chun toi cun xin chan thanh cam on tat ca tac ia
cac lai toan, cac nuon trich dan, tron do co thay lham \an 1huan
nuoi da cun cap cho chun toi mot tai lieu ve don lien co ia tri.
10. ai tap.
Sau day la mot so lai tap danh cho lan doc. Hi von cac lan se tm
duoc nhieu niem vui khi thu suc voi chun. (ghi chu: bai de, bai trung
bnh, bai kho, bai cc kho)
ai tap 1: (/sian lacific Math.2004) Cia su a, b, c la cac so duon tuy y.
Chun minh BL1
(a
2
+ 2)(b
2
+ 2)(c
2
+ 2) 9(ab +bc +ca)
ai tap 2: (MSl ZOOI) Chun minh ran neu a, b, c la cac so duon co
tich lan 1 th ta co BL1
(a +b)(b +c)(c +a) 4(a +b +c 1)
ai tap 3: Cho a, b, c khon am thoa man a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 3. Chun minh
ran
a +b +c a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+c
2
a
2
55
ai tap 4: (Huynh 1an Chau) Cho x, y, z 0 va x + y + z = 1.Chun
minh ran:
x
3
+y
3
+z
3
+ 6xyz
1
4
ai tap S: Chun minh ran neu x, y, z la cac so thuc khon am thoa
man dieu kien x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 3 th ta co BL1:
7(xy +yz +zx) 12 + 9xyz
ai tap 6: (Chon doi tuyen \iet 'am I99o) Cho a, b, c la cac so thuc lat
k, chun minh ran:
F(a, b, c) = (a +b)
4
+ (b +c)
4
+ (c +a)
4

4
7
(a
4
+b
4
+c
4
) 0
ai tap 7: (lham \an 1huanZhao Bin). Cia su x, y, z la la so thuc
khon am nhun chi co nhieu nhat mot so lan O. Chun minh ran
1
x
3
+y
3
+
1
y
3
+z
3
+
1
z
3
+x
3

20
(a +b +c)
3
ai tap 8 (lham Kim Hun). Chun minh ran voi moi so thuc a, b, c
khon am ta luon co BL1:
1

4a
2
+bc
+
1

4b
2
+ca
+
1

4c
2
+ab

4
a +b +c
ai tap 9: (Murray Klamkin) Chun minh ran voi cac so thuc khon
am a, b, c co ton lan Z, th
(a
2
+ab +b
2
)(b
2
+bc +c
2
)(c
2
+ca +a
2
) 3
ai tap 10: (1on quat RMZOOO) Cho a, b, c 0 va a +b +c = 3. 1m
han so k > 0 nho nhat sao cho BL1 sau luon dun:
a
k
+b
k
+c
k
ab +bc +ca
ai tap 11: (1run Quoc ZOO5) Cho a, b, c > 0 va ab + bc + ca = 1/3.
5o
Chun minh ran:
1
a
2
bc + 1
+
1
b
2
ca + 1
+
1
c
2
ab + 1
3
ai tap 12: (mathlinks) Cho a, b, c 0 va ab +bc +ca = 1. Chun minh
ran:
1 +a
2
b
2
(a +b)
2
+
1 +b
2
c
2
(b +c)
2
+
1 +c
2
a
2
(c +a)
2

5
2
ai toan 13 Cho a, b, c [p, q] voi 0 < p q. 1m ia tri lon nhat cua:
a
b +c
+
b
c +a
+
c
a +b
ai toan 14.(|ackarfulkel) Cho tam iac nhon /BC. Chun minh ran:
a)
sin
A
2
+sin
B
2
+sin
C
2

4
3
(1 +sin
A
2
sin
B
2
sin
C
2
)
l)
cos
A
2
+cos
B
2
+cos
C
2

4

3
(1 +cos
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
)
ai toan 1S.(|ackarfulkel) Cho tam iac /BC. Chun minh ran:
cos(
AB
2
) +cos(
B C
2
) +cos(
C A
2
)
2

3
(sinA+sinB +sinC)
ai toan 16 (lhan 1hanh 'am) Cho la so thuc x, y, z khon am co ton
lan 1. Chun minh ran
_
x +y
2
+
_
y +z
2
+

z +x
2
2
ai tap 17 (\asile Cirtoaje) Xet la so thuc khon am a, b, c thoa dieu
kien a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 1. Chun minh ran:
1
1 ab
+
1
1 bc
+
1
1 ca

9
2
57
ai tap 18: (lhan 1hanh 'am) Cho a, b, c 0 va thoa man a+b +c = 1.
Chun minh ran:
a) (\MLI)
_
a +
(b c)
2
12
+
_
b +
(c a)
2
12
+
_
c +
(a b)
2
12

3
l)
_
a +k(b c)
2
+
_
a +k(b c)
2
+
_
a +k(b c)
2

3
1ron do k = 1

3
2
ai toan 19 (lhan 1hanh \iet) Cho tam iac /BC co do dai J canh la
BC = a, CA = b, AB = c . Coi p la nua chu vi cua tam iac va m
a
, m
b
, m
c
la do dai la duon trun tuyen tuon un ha tu A, B, C xuon cac canh doi
dien. Chun minh ran:
m
a
+m
b
+m
c

_
3p
2
+
1
2
[(a b)
2
+ (b c)
2
+ (c a)
2
]
ai tap 20: (lhan 1hanh 'am) Cho x, y, z [1, 1] va x + y + z = 0.
Chun minh ran
a)
_
1 +x +y
2
+
_
1 +y +z
2
+

1 +z +x
2
3
l)
_
1 +x +
7
9
y
2
+
_
1 +y +
7
9
z
2
+
_
1 +z +
7
9
x
2
3
ai tap 21 (lham Kim Hun) Cho x, y, z, t 0 va x + y + z + t = 4.
Chun minh ran:
(1 + 3x)(1 + 3y)(1 + 3z)(1 + 3t) 125 + 131xyzt
ai tap 22 (Bat dan thuc 1ukervici) \oi moi so thuc duon a, b, c, d th
a
4
+b
4
+c
4
+d
4
+ 2abcd a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+c
2
d
2
+d
2
a
2
+a
2
c
2
+b
2
d
2
5o
ai tap 23 (lham \an 1huan 'uyen /nh 1uan) Xet + so thuc a, b, c, d
thoa man a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+d
2
= 1.Chun minh ran
1
1 ab
+
1
1 bc
+
1
1 cd
+
1
1 da
+
1
1 db
+
1
1 ca
8
ai tap 24 (lham Kim Hun) Cho cac so thuc khon am a, b, c, d, k co
ton lan 4. Chun minh ran
(abc)
k
+ (bcd)
k
+ (cda)
k
+ (dab)
k
max{4, (
4
3
)
3k
}
ai tap 2S (lhan 1hanh 'am)
Cho cac so thuc x, y, z, t thoa: max{xy, yz, zt, tx} 1. Chun minh ran
_
1 xy +y
2
+
_
1 yz +z
2
+

1 zt +t
2
+

1 tx +x
2

_
16 + (x y +z t)
2
ai tap 26 (lhan 1hanh 'am) Cho cac so thuc x, y, z, t [1, 1] thoa
man x +y +z +t = 0. Chun minh ran
_
1 +x +y
2
+
_
1 +y +z
2
+

1 +z +t
2
+

1 +t +x
2
4
(*Chi chu: Bai nay xuat phat tu truon hop la so tron lai 20a, dI nhien
se kho hon rat nhieu. BL1 tuon tu voi 5 so khon con dun nua)
ai tap 27 (\asile Cirtoaje) Chun minh ran neu a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
khon
am va co ton lan n th
(n 1)(a
2
1
+a
2
2
+... +a
2
n
) +na
1
a
2
...a
n
n
2
ai tap 28: (lham Kim Hun) Cia su a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
la cac so thuc khon
am co ton lan n. 1m tnn cua lieu thuc
S = a
2
1
+a
2
2
+... +a
2
n
+a
1
a
2
...a
n
(
1
a
1
+
1
a
2
+... +
1
a
n
)
59
bai tap 29 1m han so duon k
m
tot nhat de BL1 sau luon dun voi
moi day so thuc khon am x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
co ton lan n
(1 +mx
1
)(1 +mx
2
)...(1 +mx
n
) (m+ 1)
n
+k
m
(x
1
x
2
...x
n
1)
tron do m la han so duon lat k.
ai toan 30 (lhan 1hanh \iet) Cho a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
, s, k la cac so thuc duon
thoa man: a
1
a
2
...a
n
= s
n
va n 1 =
n
(1+s)
k
. Xet BL1:
1
(1 +a
1
)
k
+
1
(1 +a
2
)
k
+... +
1
(1 +a
n
)
k
n 1
a) Chun minh ran BL1 tren noi chun khon dun.
b) (\M I999) Chun minh BL1 tren dun tron truon hop k = 1.
c) 1m tat ca cac ia tri k (tuy thuoc n) de BL1 tren dun.
oO