ien t cong suat 1

CHNG M AU: CAC HE THC VA KHAI NIEM C BAN TR TRUNG BNH CUA MOT AI LNG: Goi i (t) la ham bien thien tuan hoan theo thi gian vi chu ky Tp. Tr trung bnh cua ai lng i, viet tat la IAV c xac nh theo he thc:
I AV = 1 Tp
t 0 +Tp t0

i( t ).dt

Vi t0 la thi iem au cua chu ky c lay tch phan. Ta thng hay gap cac ai lng tr trung bnh c bieu dien vi ch so Id (Direct mot chieu) hoac IAV (Average .... tr trung bnh), v du ien ap trung bnh UAV, dong ien trung bnh IAV. V du 0-1 Xet qua trnh dong ien tren hnh ve H0.1 , tr trung bnh dong ien cho bi he thc:

Id

1 = 0.5

0.5

1 i ( t ).dt = 0.5

0.3 0

10.dt = 6 [ A ]

Trong nhieu trng hp, thc hien tch phan theo ham bien thi gian phc tap hn thc hien tch phan theo bien goc X vi X cho bi he thc: X=.t vi la tan so goc nao o xac nh. Khi ay, tr trung bnh ai lng theo goc X tnh theo he thc:

Id

1 = Tp

t 0 +Tp t0

1 i ( t ).dt = Xp

X 0 + Xp X0

i( X ).dX

Vi X0==.t0; Xp=.Tp; X=.t; dX==d(.t) V du 0-2 :

0-1

ien t cong suat 1

Tnh tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu cua bo chnh lu cau 1 pha khong ieu khien. Ham ien ap chnh lu co dang u=Um.sin(.t) ; vi Um=220 2 [V]; =314[rad/s]. Giai:

De dang thay rang, chu ky cua dang ap tren la Tp=0.01[s]. at X=314.t; Xp=314.0 ,01=[rad]. Ta co:

1 Ud = Xp

X 0 + Xp

X0

u( X ).dX =

1 220 2 . sin X .dX = 198 [V ]

0

Cac trng hp thng gap: Tai R: Quan he gia ien ap va dong ien tc thi qua ien tr R cho bi: uR=R.iR Lay tr trung bnh hai ve ta co: URAV=R.IRAV Tai L: Ta co: uL = L.
di L dt

che o xac lap iL(t0)=iL(t0+Tp), tr trung bnh ien ap tren L c xac nh bang cach lay tch phan hai ve cua he thc tren trong thi hian (t0.t0+Tp). Ket qua thu c: ULAV=0 Tai RL: Tng t, ta co:
ut = R .i t + L. di t dt

Tr trung bnh ap: UtAV=R.ItAV+ULAV=R.ItAV T o: ItAV=UtAV/R

0-2

ien t cong suat 1

Tr trung bnh dong khong phu thuoc vao gia tr L ma ch phu thuoc vao R va ien ap Tai RLE:
di t +E dt

ut.

ut = R .i t + L.

Vi E la sc ien ong khong oi: E=const. Ket qua: UtAV=R.ItAV+E hay ItAV=(UtAV-E)/R CONG SUAT TRUNG BNH Cong suat tc thi cua mot tai tieu thu c xac nh bang tch ien ap va dong ien tc thi dan qua tai o, tc la:
p( t ) = u( t ).i ( t )

Cong suat trung bnh c xac nh bang cach ap dung cach tnh trung bnh vao ai lng cong suat tc thi p(t), tc la:
PAV = 1 TP
TP 0

p( t ).dt =

1 TP

TP 0

u( t ).i( t ).dt
XP 0

hoac theo bien goc X=wt:

PAV 1 = XP
XP 0

1 p( X ).dX = XP

u( X ).i( X ).dX ;

X P = .TP

Trng hp dong qua tai khong oi theo thi gian i=const=IAV , cong suat trung bnh qua tai bang tch cua ien ap trung bnh va dong ien: PAV=UAV.I=UAV.IAV Trng hp ien ap at tren tai khong oi theo thi gian u=const=UAV, cong suat trung bnh cua tai bang tch ien ap va dong ien trung bnh: PAV=U.IAV=UAV.IAV Cac trng hp ac biet:

Tai R:
PAV =

1 TP

TP 0

u R ( t ).i R ( t ).dt =
TP 0

1 TP

TP 0

R.i

2 R ( t ).dt

PAV = R

1 TP

2 R ( t ).dt

2 = R.I Rrms

Tu ien va cuon khang la cac phan t co kha nang d tr va khong tieu hao cong suat. De dang dan giai he thc cho cac tai L va C nh sau. Tai L: PAV=0 Tai C: PAV=0 V du 0. 3 Gia s, ta co nguon ap cho nh trong trng hp v du 0-2, tai RLE noi tiep. Gia s tai co R=1, L vo cung ln va E=50V. Tnh tr trung bnh dong qua tai va cong suat qua tai? Giai: UtAV=198 V (xem v du 0.2)

0-3

ien t cong suat 1

Dong qua tai trung bnh: ItAV=(198-50)/1=148A Cong suat trung bnh qua tai: do L ln vo cung nen dong qua tai khong oi trong suot chu ky. T o: it=ItAV=148A. Ta ap dung c trong trng hp nay cong thc: Pt=UtAV.ItAV=198.148= 29304W=29,3kW TR HIEU DUNG CUA MOT AI LNG Gia thiet ai lng i bien thien theo thi gian theo mot ham tuan hoan vi chu ky Tp hoac vi chu ky theo goc Xp= .Tp. Tr hieu dung cua ai lng i c tnh theo cong thc:
IRMS 1 = . Tp
t 0 +Tp 2 t0

.dt =

1 . Xp

X 0 + Xp 2 X0

.dX

Ch so RMS ...Root Mean Square co ngha la tr hieu dung. V du 0-4 Cho mot ien ap dang u = U m . sin( 314.t ) = 220 2 . sin( 314.t )[V ] . a.Tnh tr hieu dung cua ien ap tren ? Cho ham u1 va u2 vi tnh chat sau:
u ; u 0 ; u1 = 0 ; u < 0

u ; u 0 u2 = u ; u < 0

b.Xac nh tr trung bnh va hieu dung cua cac ien ap u1 va u2 neu tren. Hng dan: a. Chu ky cua ien ap u la 2 [rad]. Tr hieu dung ien ap cho bi he thc:
U RMS = 1 . Tp
Um 2
t 0 +Tp t0

u 2 .dt =

1 . 2

2 0

(U

m . sin

X ) .dX
2

Lay tch phan ta thu c ket qua:

U RMS = = 220 [V ]

b. U1AV =
U 2 AV =

U 1 220 2 U m . sin x .dx = m = = 99V 2

0

U 1 2 2 U m . sin x .dx = m = 220 = 198V

0

U1rms =

1 2

2 (U m . sin x ) .dx

= U.

1 1 cos 2 x 1 1 sin 2 x .dx = U . x 2 2 4 0 0

U1rms = U .
U 2 rms 1 =

1 220 = = 155 ,56V 2 2

2 (U m . sin x ) .dx 0

2 1 cos 2 x 2 1 sin 2 x = U. .dx = U . x 2 2 4 0 0

0-4

ien t cong suat 1

U 2 rms = U . 2 = U = 220V 2

V du 0-5 Cho ham tuan hoan bieu dien ien ap tai u trong mot chu ky T nh sau:
U u= m 0 ; 0 t < .T ; ; .T t T

0 1

Ve dang song ien ap u va xac nh tr hieu dung ien ap tai. Hng dan:
U rms = 1 T
T

u 2 ( t ).dt =

T T 1 2 U m ..dt + 0 2 .dt = U m . T 0 T

HE SO CONG SUAT: He so cong suat hoac PF (Power Factor) oi vi mot tai c nh ngha bang t so gia cong suat tieu thu P va cong suat bieu kien S ma nguon cap cho tai o.
= PF = P S

Trong trng hp ac biet cua nguon ap dang sin va tai tuyen tnh cha cac phan t nh R,L,C khong oi va sc ien ong dang sin, dong ien qua tai se co dang sin cung tan so cua nguon ap vi goc lech pha co o ln bang . Ta co he thc tnh he so cong suat nh sau: P=m.U.I.cos. S=m.U.I

Trong o: U,I la cac tr hieu dung cua ien ap va dong ien qua tai; m la tong so pha. Cac bo bien oi cong suat la nhng thiet b co tnh phi tuyen. Gia s nguon ien ap cung cap co dang sin va dong ien qua no co dang tuan hoan khong sin. Da vao phan tch Fourier ap dung cho dong ien i, ta co the tach dong ien thanh cac thanh phan song hai c ban I(1) cung tan so vi nguon ap va cac song hai bac cao I(2), I(3) ,....De dang thay rang, song ien ap nguon va song hai c ban cua dong ien tao nen cong suat tieu thu cua tai: P=P1=m.U.I(1).cos1 1... goc lech pha gia ien ap va dong ien song hai c ban. Cac song hai con lai (bac cao) tao nen cong suat ao. Ta co:

P = cos S

0-5

ien t cong suat 1

S 2 = (m.U .I ) = m 2 .U 2 .( I(2 ) + I(22 ) + I(23 ) + ...) 1
2

S2 S
2

= m 2 .U 2 .I(2 ) + m 2 .U 2 . 1 = P + Q1 + D
2 2 2

j =2

I(2j )

= m 2 .U 2 .I(2 ) . cos 2 1 + m 2 .U 2 .I(2 ) . sin 2 1 + m 2 .U 2 . 1 1

I
j =2

2 ( j)

vi P=m.U.I(1).cos1 ... cong suat tieu thu cua tai Q1=m.U.I(1).sin1 ... cong suat phan khang (cong suat ao do song hai c ban cua dong ien tao nen)
D = m 2 .U 2 .

I
j =2

2 ( j)

... cong suat bien dang (cong suat ao do cac song hai bac cao

cua dong ien tao nen). Khai niem bien dang (deformative) xuat hien t y ngha tac dung gay ra bien dang ien ap nguon cua cac thanh phan dong ien nay v khi i vao li ien chung tao nen sut ap tong khong sin tren tr khang trong cua nguon, t o song ien ap thc te cap cho tai b meo dang. T o, ta rut ra bieu thc tnh he so cong suat theo cac thanh phan cong suat nh sau:
= PF = P = S P
2 P + Q1 + D 2 2

Muon tang he so cong suat, ta co the: - giam Q1 -cong suat ao cua song hai c ban, tc thc hien bu cong suat phan khang. Cac bien phap thc hien nh bu bang tu ien, bu bang may ien ong bo kch t d hoac dung thiet b hien ai bu ban dan (SVC - Static Var Compensator); -giam D -cong suat ao cua cac song hai bac cao. Tuy theo pham vi hoat ong cua day tan so cua song hai bac cao c bu, ta phan biet cac bien phap sau ay: * loc song hai: ap dung cho cac song hai bac cao ln hn song hai c ban en gia tr khoang kHz. Co the s dung cac mach loc cong hng LC. V du dung mach loc LC cong hng vi bac 5,7,11..mac song song vi nguon can loc. * kh nhieu: ap dung cho cac song bac cao co tan so khoang kHz en hang Mhz. Cac song tan so cao nay phat sinh t cac mach ieu khien phat song vi tan so cao hoac do qua trnh ong ngat cac linh kien cong suat, cac song hoat ong trong cac mach ien co kha nang phat song ien t lan truyen vao moi trng va tao nen tac dung gay nhieu cho cac thiet b xung quanh, tham ch gay nhieu cho chnh ban than mach ieu khien cac thiet b cong suat. Cac thiet b bien oi cong suat thng phai trang b he thong kh nhieu nghiem ngat. Mot trong cac bien phap s dung la dung tu, dung boc kim day dan hoac dung li chong nhieu cho thiet b. Ngoai ra, co the bieu dien he so cong suat theo he thc sau:
= PF = I (1 ) I . cos 1

PHAN TCH FOURIER CHO AI LNG TUAN HOAN KHONG SIN

ai lng i tuan hoan, chu ky Tp nhng khong sin co the trien khai thanh tong cac ai lng dang sin theo he thc:

0-6

ien t cong suat 1

i = I AV +

A
n =1

n . sin( n .X ) 2 0

+B n . cos( n.X )

vi I AV =
An = 1
2

1 2

i .dx
1
2 0

i . sin( n.X ).dX ; B n =

i .cos( n.X ).dX

Bien o song hai bac n cua ai lng i c xac nh theo he thc:

I ( n )m =
2 2 An + B n

S dung he thc bien o va tm c, ai lng i co the viet lai di dang:

i = I AV +

I
n =1

( n ) m . sin( n.X

n )
n = arctan Bn An

vi n xac nh theo ham:

Tr trung bnh ai lng i chnh la he thc IAV. Tr hieu dung ai lng i cho bi he thc:
2 I rms = I AV +

n =1

2 I (2n ) = I AV +

n =1

I (2n ) m 2

Goi u, i va p la ien ap, dong ien va cong suat vi u,i co dang tuan hoan khong sin. Ta co:
u = U AV + i = I AV +
n =1

( n ) m . sin( n.X

n U )

I
n =1

( n ) m . sin( n.X

n _ I )

Cong suat trung bnh:

P = U AV .I AV +

U
n =1

( n ) .I ( n ) . cos( n _ U

n _ I )

P = U AV .I AV +

n =1

U ( n ) m .I ( n ) m 2

. cos( n _ U n _ I )

Neu nguon ien ap cung cap cho tai RL, quan he gia thanh phan song hai bac n cua ien ap U(n) va dong ien I(n) lien he theo he thc:
I ( n )m = U ( n )m Z (n) = U ( n )m R =
2

+ ( n..L ) 2 U(n) R
2

hoac: I ( n ) =

U(n) Z (n)

+ ( n..L ) 2

Trong trng hp ien ap dang sin va dong ien khong sin. HE SO MEO DANG

0-7

ien t cong suat 1 (Distortion Factor-DF) c nh ngha bang t so tr hieu dung thanh phan hai c ban va tr hieu dung ai lng dong ien:
DF = I (1 ) I

Quan he gia he so cong suat va he so meo dang v the lien he theo he thc: PF=DF.cos 1
O MEO DANG TONG DO SONG HAI (Total Harmonic Distortion-THD): la ai lng dung e anh gia tac dung cua cac song hai bac cao (2,3,...) xuat hien trong nguon ien, cho bi he thc:

THD I =

I
j 1

2 ( j)

I (1 )

Trong trng hp ai lng I khong cha thanh phan dc, ta co:

THD I =

I
j =2

2 ( j)

I (1 )

I 2 I (2 ) 1 I (1 )

Trong o, I(j) la tr hieu dung song hai bac j, j>=2 va I(1) la tr hieu dung thanh phan hai c ban dong ien. Quan he gia DF va THD:
DF = 1 1 + (THD ) 2

Bai tap: 0.1 ien ap at tren tai ien tr 10 co ham bieu dien u = 170. sin(100 .t )[V ] . Hay xac nh: a. ham cong suat tc thi cua tai b. cong suat tc thi ln nhat c. cong suat trung bnh cua tai 0.2 ien ap va dong ien tren tai la nhng ham tuan hoan theo thi gian vi chu ky T=100ms.
0 < t < 70 ms 0 < t < 50 ms 5V ; 0; ;i = u= 0V ; 70 ms < t < 100 ms 4 A; 50 ms < t < 100 ms

Xac nh: cong suat tc thi, cong suat trung bnh va nang lng tieu thu cua tai trong moi chu ky.

0-8

ien t cong suat 1

0.3 Xac nh cong suat trung bnh tren tai. Cho biet ien ap tai khong oi u=12VDC va dong ien qua tai tuan hoan co ham bieu dien trong moi chu ky T=100ms nh sau: i = 0.4
0 < t < 50 ms 0; 4 A; 50 ms < t < 100 ms

Dong ien qua phan t hai cc co dang i = 20. sin(100 .t )[ A ] I. Hay xac nh

cong suat tieu thu trung bnh tren phan t tren neu phan t hai cc la: a. ien tr 5 b. cuon day co cam khang 10mH c. sc ien ong E=6V. 0.5 Dong ien i = 2 + 20. sin(100 .t )[ A ] i qua mach RLE mac noi tiep. Xac nh cong suat tieu thu trung bnh tren moi phan t R,L va E, cho biet R=3 , L=10mH va E=12V. 0.6 Mot lo ien tr cong suat 1.500W khi s dung nguon u = 220 2 . sin(100 .t )[V ] . Neu ieu khien cong suat lo ien theo chu ky 12 phut vi trnh t ong ien 5 phut va ngat ien 7 phut. Hay xac nh: a. cong suat tc thi cc ai b. cong suat tieu thu trung bnh c. nang lng tieu thu di dang nhiet trong moi chu ky. 0.7 Xac nh ien ap hieu dung va dong ien hieu dung khi biet ham bieu dien cua chung tuan hoan theo chu ky T=100ms co dang:
0 < t < 70 ms 0 < t < 50 ms 5V ; 0; ;i = u= 0V ; 70 ms < t < 100 ms 4 A; 50 ms < t < 100 ms

0.8 Hay xac nh tr hieu dung ien ap, dong ien va cong suat tieu thu trung bnh bi tai khi cho biet qua trnh ien ap va dong ien cua no co dang: u = 2.5 + 10. cos(100 t ) + 3 2 . cos( 200 .t + 3 )[V ] ,
i = 1.5 + 2. cos(100 t ) + 1.1 cos( 200 .t + 3 ) + 1.5 cos( 300 .t + 3 )[ A ]

0.9 t cua tai. 0.10

Cho dong ien i = 1.5 + 2. cos(100 t ) + 1.1 cos( 200 .t + 3 )[ A ] i qua tai gom

R-C mac song song vi R=100 va C=50 F . Xac nh cong suat tieu thu tren moi phan Cho ien ap u = 2.5 + 10. cos(100 t ) + 3 2 . cos( 200 .t + 3 )[V ] at tren tai

RLE mac noi tiep vi R=4 , L=10mH va E=12V. Xac nh cong suat tieu thu tren moi phan t. 0.11 ien ap va dong ien qua tai bieu dien bi ham sau:
u = 20 +

n =1

20 . cos( nt )[V ] ; i = 5 + n

n
n =1

5
2

. cos( nt )[ A ]

xac nh cong suat trung bnh tren tai (chnh xac en n=4). 0.12 Cho nguon
u = 20 +

n . sin(100 nt )[V ] cung

n =1

20

cap tai RLE noi tiep vi

R=20 , L=250mH va E=36V. Xac nh cong suat trung bnh tren cac phan t tai.

0-9

ien t cong suat 1

0-10

ien t cong suat 1

CHNG MOT

CAC LINH KIEN BAN DAN

Ban dan: la chat ma trong nhiet o bnh thng no co o dan ien gia chat dan ien va chat cach ien. Hien nay, ban dan thng dung la Silic, Silic tinh khiet co cau truc tinh the rat ben vng. nhiet o thap, no khong co cac ien tch t do. V the, Silic tinh khiet hoat ong nh chat cach ien. Hon hp Silic vi cac nguyen to khac co anh hng rat ln en o dan ien cua Silic. Mot cua hon hp cua Silic cha tha ien tch t do va cac ien tch nay tr thanh hat dan ien, hon hp nay tao thanh chat ban dan loai N. Mot so hon hp cua Silic thieu ien tchung co lo hong. Cac lo hong tao thanh thanh phan dan ien chu yeu. Hon hp loai nay tao thanh ban dan loai P vi o dan ien loai P. Lp tiep xuc PN: la vung trong ban dan ma vung dan ien loai P c chuyen thanh loai N. ac tnh V-A: bieu dien quan he gia dong ien i qua hai cc cua linh kien va ien ap at gia cac cc o. Cac gia tr ien ap va dong ien nay c hieu la gia tr ap va dong mot chieu khong oi. 1.1 - PHAN LOAI LINH KIEN BAN DAN THEO KHA NANG IEU KHIEN Cac linh kien ban dan cong suat trong lanh vc ien t cong suat co hai chc nang c ban: ong va ngat dong ien i qua no. Trang thai linh kien dan ien (ong) la trang thai linh kien co tac dung nh mot ien tr rat be (gan bang khong). o ln dong ien qua linh kien phu thuoc trang thai mach ien luc linh kien ong va o sut ap tren linh kien nho khong ang ke (toi a khoang vai volt). Trang thai linh kien khong dan ien (ngat dong ien) la trang thai linh kien co tac dung trong mach nh mot ien tr rat ln. Dong ien i qua linh kien co o ln khong ang ke; o ln ien ap at len linh kien phu thuoc vao trang thai hoat ong cua mach ien ben ngoai. Do o, linh kien ban dan hoat ong vi hai che o lam viec ong va ngat dong ien c xem la ly tng neu trang thai dan ien no co o sut ap bang khong va trang thai khong dan ien, dong ien qua no bang khong. Cac linh kien ban dan co the chuyen oi trang thai lam viec cua mnh , v du t trang thai khong dan ien (ngat) sang trang thai dan ien (ong) va ngc lai thong qua tac dung kch thch cua tn hieu len cong ieu khien (ngo vao) cua linh kien. Ta goi linh kien co tnh ieu khien. Tn hieu ieu khien co the ton tai di dang dong ien, ien ap, anh sang vi cong suat thng nho hn rat nhieu so vi cong suat cua nguon va tai. Trong trng hp linh kien khong cha cong ieu khien va qua trnh chuyen trang thai lam viec cua linh kien xay ra di tac dung cua nguon cong suat ngo ra, ta goi linh kien thuoc loai khong ieu khien. V du: diode, diac la cac linh kien khong ieu khien Neu thong qua cong ieu khien, tn hieu ch tac ong en chc nang ong dong ien ma khong the tac ong lam ngat dong ien qua no, ta goi linh kien khong co kha nang kch ngat. V du nh thyristor, triac.

1-1

ien t cong suat 1

Ngc lai, cac linh kien co the thay oi trang thai t dan ien sang ngat ien va ngc lai thong qua tac dung cua tn hieu ieu khien , c goi la linh kien co kha nang kch ngat (Self commutated device-tam dch linh kien t chuyen mach). ai dien cho nhom linh kien nay la transistor (BJT,MOSFET,IGBT), GTO(Gate-Turn-Off thyristor), IGCT,MCT,MTO. Tren ay, ta cha e cap en tac dung ien ap va dong ien cua mach cong suat len qua trnh chuyen oi trang thai lam viec cua linh kien. Tn hieu ieu khien len manh cong ieu khien ch co tac dung khi trang thai ien ap at vao hai cc chnh ngo ra cua linh kien co chieu phan cc va o ln phu hp. Vi nhng nhan xet tren, cac linh kien ban dan cong suat, theo chc nang ong va ngat dong ien va theo kha nang ieu khien cac chc nang nay, co the chia lam 3 nhom chnh: - Nhom mot: gom cac linh kien khong ieu khien nh diode, diac; - Nhom hai: gom cac linh kien ieu khien kch ong c nh thyristor, triac; - Nhom ba: gom cac linh kien khien kch ngat c nh transistor (BJT,MOSFET,IGBT), GTO. Ngoai ra, dang mach phc hp gom thyristor va bo chuyen mach cung co kha nang ong dong ien cung nh ngat dong ien qua no nh tac dung cua cac tn hieu ieu khien len cac cong ieu khien. Ve kha canh ieu khien, mach phc hp nay cung vi cac linh kien nhom ba tao thanh nhom cong tac t chuyen mach. 1.2 - DIODE

Mo ta va chc nang Diode c cau tao thanh bi moi noi PN. Lp p thieu ien t va cha phan t mang ien dang lo hong. Tng t, lp n tha ien t. Cac lp pn trong cau truc diode at c bang cach them tap chat vao trong phien silic. e tao qua trnh dan ien i qua moi noi p-n, cac hat mang ien c tao thanh va tham gia qua trnh dan ien, mot ien ap c ap dung sao cho lp p mac vao cc dng va lp n vao cc am. Lc ien trng lam cho lo hong t lp p di chuyen vt qua moi noi p-n e vao lp n va cac ien t di chuyen t lp n vao lp p. Trng hp phan cc ngc lai, cac lo hong va ien t b keo ra xa khoi moi noi va tao thanh sc ien ong ben trong moi noi. Sc ien ong nay tac dung khong cho dong ien tch i qua diode - diode b ngat. Chieu thuan va chieu nghch: Neu nh diode trang thai dan ien th no chu tac dung cua ien ap thuan uF va cho dong ien thuan iF i qua.

1-2

ien t cong suat 1

ac tnh V-A ac tnh V-A cua diode c ve hnh H1.1 gom hai nhanh. Nhanh thuan: tng ng vi trang thai dan ien. Cac thong so quan trong cua no la ien ap u(TO) (turn on) va ien tr rF (differential forward resistance) c xac nh tai mot iem tnh nao o cua ac tnh
rF = du F diF

Nhanh nghch: tng ng vi trang thai nghch, diode khong dan ien. Cac thong so quan trong cua no la ien tr rR (differential reverse resistance) xac nh tai mot iem nao o cua ac tnh V-A.

rR =

du R di R

va ien ap anh thung chieu nghch u(Br) (Breaking). Sau khi ien ap vt qua gia tr u(BR) th gia tr uR giam i rat nhieu lan. Gia tr dong sau o se phu thuoc chu yeu vao ien ap va ien tr mach co cha diode trong o. Neu nh dong tang qua ln diode se b hong. CAC TNH CHAT ONG Trong cac hien tng qua o cua diode, qua trnh diode chuyen t trang thai dan sang trang thai nghch co y ngha quan trong. Hien tng nay goi la ngat diode hoac qua trnh chuyen mach cua diode. Khi dong thuan qua diode tat nhanh (chang han 10A/us), qua trnh ngat se khong dien ra theo ac tnh V-A. Qua trnh ngat dong nhanh co the theo doi tren hnh H1.2. Sau khi ong khoa S, nhanh cha diode thong en ien ap chuyen mach U : U tac dung tat nhanh dong qua diode. Sau khi dong ien thuan iF giam ve 0, dong ien qua diode khong tat ngay va tiep tuc dan theo chieu ngc lai vi toc o giam ban au. Sau mot thi gian ngan, kha nang dan ien theo chieu nghch b mat va dong ien giam ot ngot en gia tr cua dong ien nghch (nho khong ang ke ) - diode co kha nang chu ap nghch, ien tr nghch rR cua no c khoi phuc. Tren hnh ve H1.2 thi gian trr (reverse recovering) la thi gian phuc hoi tnh nghch. Dong irr i qua diode trong thi gian trr la dong chuyen mach hoac dong phuc hoi . Thi gian phuc hoi tnh nghch cang ln neu nh gia tr ien tch chuyen mach Qr cang ln. ien tch Qr cua diode c nh ngha nh sau: Qr =
t rr

i
0

rr dt

o ln Qr phu thuoc vao cau truc cua phien ban dan Si va cong nghe san xuat no. Ngoai ra con phai ke en cac yeu to khac nh o ln cua dong thuan qua diode, toc o giam dong ien va nhiet o lp PN. Dong ien phuc hoi khi giam qua nhanh t gia tr cc ai irrM se gay ra phan ien ap tren khang L noi tiep vi diode (khong the hien tren hnh ve). ien ap nay ket hp vi ap chuyen mach se gay ra qua ap khi chuyen mach. o ln cua qua ap uRM co the c han che bang bo loc RC . Mach RC tac dung sau khi phuc hoi ien tr nghch cua diode lam cho qua trnh tat dong qua cam khang L dien ra cham hn. ien tr R tac dung nh thanh phan tat dan trong mach L,C,U.

1-3

ien t cong suat 1

Mot he qua quan trong la cong suat ton hao khi ngat diode. Gia tr cong suat tc thi nay c tnh bang tch cua dong va ap cua diode. Trong thi gian ien ap nghch tang len, dong chuyen mach i qua diode ln. Gia tr cong suat ton hao tc thi v the se ln. Kha nang chu tai ien ap nh mc: c xac nh bi ien the nghch cc ai URRM. o la ien ap nghch ln nhat co the lap lai tuan hoan tren diode. Khi thiet ke mach bao ve chong lai qua ap nghch ngau nhien, ta nh mc theo ien the nghch khong the lap lai uRSM. Khi diode lam viec, ta khong cho phep xuat hien ap ln hn uRSM. Dong ien nh mc: diode khi hoat ong phat sinh ton hao. Ton hao chu yeu do dong thuan gay ra. Ton hao do dong nghch gay ra khong ang ke va cong suat ton hao do qua trnh ngat se co o ln ang ke khi tan so ong ngat ln hn khoang 400Hz. Cong suat ton hao tong khong c phep lam nong mach diode len qua nhiet o cc ai VjM, neu khong lp PN se b pha hong . V the diode c lam mat va kha nang chu dong cua no b gii han bi tr trung bnh cc ai cua dong thuan iF(AV)M . oi vi tng loai diode va ieu kien lam mat, cac nha san xuat thng a ra cac ac tnh IFAVM = f (Tamb) (Tamb la nhiet o moi trng). oi vi nhng ac tnh khac nhau nay, thong so c chon la hnh dang cua dong qua diode. Gia tr IFAV ng vi nhiet o Tamb va ieu kien lam mat cho trc va ng vi dang na song sin cua dong (50Hz) c goi la dong ac trng cua diode. Kha nang chu dong cua diode hien nay khoang vai ngan ampere. Kha nang chu qua dong: c cho dang o th qua dong IFSM = f(t), ng vi mot gia tr dong vt qua mc bnh thng, o th cho biet khoang thi gian ma diode co kha nang chu c ma khong b hong. Gia tr qua dong cho phep c goi la dong thuan cc ai khong the lap lai c IFSM. ng vi nhiet o ban au cho trc cua ban ban dan va tr cua ap nghch, gia tr IFSM cho biet o ln cua dong thuan chu c trong thi gian xac nh. Mot thong so khac anh hng len kha nang qua dong la nang lng tieu hao , xac nh bang tch phan theo thi gian cua ham IF bnh phng. Lng nang lng nay t le vi nang lng ma ban ban dan co kha nang hap thu di dang nhiet trong thi gian qui nh (khoang 10ms) ma khong b hong. T ac tnh IFSM(t) va

2 F .dt

, ta co the thiet ke mach bao

ve qua dong cho diode. Ghep noi tiep va song song cac diode c thc hien khi kha nang chu ap va dong cua cac diode khong ap ng c nhu cau at ra. Khi ghep noi tiep , ta can am bao tnh phan bo ien the eu tren cac diode. Cac diode ac biet 1. Schottky diode: o sut ap theo chieu thuan thap (khoang 0,3V). Do o, no c s dung cho cac mach ien ap thap. ien ap ngc chu c khoang 50- 100V 2. Diode phuc hoi nhanh: c ap dung trong cac mach hoat ong tan so cao. Kha nang chu ap en vai ngan volt va dong vai tram amper, thi gian phuc hoi trr khoang vai s. 3. Diode tan so cong nghiep: cac diode tan so cong nghiep c che tao e at o sut ap thap khi dan ien. He qua, thi gian trr tang len. Kha nang chu ap cua chung khoang vai kilovolt va dong ien vai kiloamper. Bang 1.1 Cac thong so ac trng cua diode
Loai Ap nh mc Dong trung bnh VF (ac trng) trr (max)

1-4

ien t cong suat 1

ln nhat Diode phuc hoi nhanh 1N3913 SD453N25S20PC Diode phuc hoi ac biet nhanh MUR815 MUR1560 RHRU100120 Diode Schottky MBR6030L 444CNQ045 30CPQ150 400V 2500V

nh mc 30A 400A 1.1V 2,2V 400ns 3 s

150V 600V 1200V 30V 45V 150V

8A 15A 100A 60A 440A 30A

0,975V 1.2V 2.6V 0.48V 0.69V 1.19V

35ns 60ns 60ns

1.3-TRANSISTOR BJT CONG SUAT (BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR)

Transistor co hai lp PN, da theo cau tao lp nay ta phan biet hai loai transistor: transistor PNP va transistor NPN. Cac lp PN gia tng ien cc c goi la lp emitter J1 va lp collector J2. Moi lp co the c phan cc theo chieu thuan hoac chieu nghch di tac dung cua ien the ngoai. S dch chuyen cua dong collector ic khi qua lp b phan cc nghch chu anh hng rat ln cua dong kch iB dan qua lp phan cc thuan. Hien tng nay tao thanh tnh chat c ban c s dung nhieu cua transistor va c goi la hien tng ieu che o dan ien cua lp b phan cc nghch. Trong lanh vc ien t cong suat, transistor BJT c s dung nh cong tac (khoa) ong ngat cac mach ien va phan ln c mac theo dang mach co chung emitter. Tren ien cc B,E la ien ap ieu khien uBE. Cac ien cc C.E c s dung lam cong tac ong m mach cong suat. ien the ieu khien phai tac dung tao ra dong iB u ln e ien ap gia cong CE at gia tr bang zero ( uCE 0).

1-5

ien t cong suat 1

ac tnh V-A trong mach co chung emitter

ac tnh V-A ngo ra cua transistor mac chung cc emitter. ac tnh ngo ra (output characteristic) -hnh H1.4a,b -bieu dien quan he cua cac ai lng ngo ra IC = f(UCE). Thong so bien thien la dong kch iB. Cac ac tnh ngo ra c ve cho cac gia tr khac nhau cua iB trong vung 1 cua he toa o. Trong vung toa o nay con ve ng thang bieu dien ac tnh tai UCE = U - R.IC. Giao iem cua ng thang nay va ac tnh ngo ra (ng vi tr thiet lap iB) se xac nh iem lam viec gom dong IC va ien the uCE. Trong vung cha cac ac tnh ngo ra, ta phan biet vung nghch, vung bao hoa va vung tch cc. Vung nghch: ac tnh ra vi thong so iB = 0 nam trong vung nay. Transistor che o ngat. Dong collector iCO co gia tr nho khong ang ke i qua transistor va tai. Khi uBE < 0, khong co dong ien kch, transistor trang thai ngat va o ln dong iCO giam nho hn na. Tuy nhien, kha nang chu ap ngc cua lp cong emitter kha nho. Do o, can han che ien ap am tren BE e no khong vt qua gia tr cho phep. Vung bao hoa: nam gia ng thang gii han a va gii han bao hoa b. ng thang gii han a xac nh ien the uCE nho nhat co the at c ng vi gia tr iC cho trc. Gii han bao hoa la ng thang xac nh ranh gii cua cac trang thai uCB = 0 va uCB > 0. Neu nh iem lam viec nam trong vung bao hoa (xem iem ONG), transistor se ong, dong iC dan va ien the uCE at gia tr uCESAT nho khong ang ke (khoang 1-2 V) va nh vay, khi thc hien tang dong ien kch IB>IBsat, dong ien qua collector hau nh khong thay oi. ien the uCESAT goi la ien the bao hoa va ta noi rang transistor trang thai bao hoa. Vung tch vc: la vung ma transistor hoat ong che o khuech ai tn hieu, tng ng vi cac gia tr lam viec uCE > uCESAT va dong iC>IC0. Moi quan he gia hai ai lng uCE va IC phu thuoc vao tai va dong iB. Khi transistor lam viec nh mot cong tac ong m (switching), iem lam viec cua no se khong nam trong vung nay. He so khuech ai trong mach co chung emitter He so khuech ai tnh cua dong: c nh ngha tai mot iem lam viec (IC,IB)UCE=const (khi UCE = hang so ) bi tham so hFE: hFE = IC/IB He so nay con c ky hieu la . He so hFE xac nh o doc cua ng thang i qua goc toa o va iem lam viec tren ac tnh chuyen oi IC(IB). He so khuech ai tnh ti han: la gia tr hFE khi iem lam viec nam tren ranh gii bao hoa va c ky hieu la hFESAT.

1-6

ien t cong suat 1

Khi tnh toan dong ien kch ong transistor, ta dung he so hFESAT xac nh cho iem lam viec nam trong vung bao hoa. Gia s trong vung bao hoa, ONG (hnh H1.4a) la iem lam viec vi dong ien qua collector ICS va he so hFESAT c thiet lap tng ng vi iem B. Dong ien kch ong transistor c xac nh theo he thc:
I BS = h FESAT U U CESAT R I CS

Dong ICS c xac nh t phng trnh ien ap mach tai:

i CS =

Mach kch phai tao dong IB u ln sao cho :

I B > I BS = I CS h FESAT

Trong thc te, o ln dong kch c thiet lap vi he so an toan ks.

IB = k S .I C h FESAT

He so ks =2 5 c chon e viec kch ong an toan khi xet en cac anh hng khac nhau lam thay oi thong so cua transistor va cac transisor cung loai cung co s sai biet tham so do ieu kien che tao thc te. Viec a he so nay am bao cac transistor cung loai eu at c trang thai bao hoa. Ton hao phat sinh khi transistor dan ien:
PT = U BE .I BE + U CE .I C

Viec tang he so ks qua ln se khong lam giam ien ap UCE bao nhieu nhng no co the lam tang ang ke ien ap UBE va cong suat ton hao mach cong nay.

Cac transistor cong suat ln co he so hFE ch khoang 10- 20. Do o, e giam bt dong kch IB, tc tang hFE co the ghep noi tiep cac transistor cong suat theo cau hnh Darlington (hnh H1.6). Bat li cua cau hnh Darlington la o sut ap UCE che o ong cua transistor b tang len va tan so ong ngat b giam. Cac transistor Darlington co thi gian tre khi ong va ngat t vai tram ns en vai s. He so hFEESAT at en gia tr vai tram. Cac tnh chat ong

1-7

ien t cong suat 1

Khao sat cac hien tng qua o khi ong va ngat transistor co y ngha quan trong. Qua trnh dong collector IC khi kch ong co dang xung vuong ve tren hnh H1.5. Thi gian ong ton keo dai khoang vai s. Thi gian ngat toff vt qua 10s. Mot he qua bat li trong cac hien tng qua o la viec tao nen cong suat ton hao do ong va ngat transistor. Cong suat ton hao lam gii han day tan so hoat ong cua transistor. Gia tr tc thi cua cong suat ton hao trong qua trnh ong ngat tng oi ln, v dong ien i qua transistor ln va ien ap tren transistor trang thai cao. e theo doi mot cach n gian, ta co the hnh dung qua trnh ong ngat nh s chuyen oi iem lam viec t v tr NGAT en v tr 0NG (hoac ngc lai) xuyen qua vung tch cc (hnh H1.5). Qua trnh nay keo dai trong thi gian ton hoac toff. Kha nang chu tai : nh mc ien ap: phu thuoc vao ien ap anh thung cac lp ban dan va xac nh bi gia tr uCEOM -gia tr ien the cc ai at len lp collector-emitter khi iB = 0 va gia tr cc ai uEBOM - ien the lp emitter-base khi iC = 0. Cac gia tr nay la nhng tr tc thi. Ta can phan biet chung trong trng hp tai dang mot chieu khong oi theo thi gian va cac tai xung, mac dau thong thng trong ca hai trng hp cac ien ap c thiet lap giong nhau. nh mc dong ien: gia tr cc ai cua dong collector iCM, dong emitter iEM va dong kch iBM. o la cac gia tr cc ai tc thi cua transistor khi ong trong trang thai bao hoa. Khi thiet lap chung, ta xet en anh hng cua cac moi tiep xuc, day dan ti ien cc va cac gia tr hFEsat, uCEsat. Cong suat ton hao: cong suat ton hao tao nen trong hoat ong cua transistor khong c phep lam nong ban dan vt qua gia tr nhiet o cho phep TjM (TjM =1500C). V the, can lam mat transistor va toan bo cong suat ton hao phai nho hn PtotM. Cong suat ton hao chu yeu do cong suat ton hao tren collector, PC= UCE.ICE tao ra (cac thanh phan khac cua Ptot thng bo qua ). Gia tr PtotM phu thuoc vao phng phap lam mat va c cho di dang ham so Ptot =f(Tamb) (Tamb la nhiet o moi trng ), thong so la UCE . Cong suat ton hao hnh thanh khi transistor dan bao hoa, ngay ca khi IC = ICM, rat nho so vi gia tr PtotM. Cong suat ton hao khi transistor ngat thng khong ang ke. Trong che o xung, khi tan so ong ngat cao va vt qua gia tr chang han 2000 Hz th cong suat ton hao trung bnh do ong ngat co the at gia tr ang ke va lam cho cong suat ton hao tong co the vt hn PtotM. Mach kch Transistor BJT e tang tan so ong ngat cua transistor cong suat, can giam thi gian ton,toff. e giam ton ta co the a xung dong kch IB vi nh kha ln au giai oan kch. Sau khi transistor dan, co the giam dong kch IB en gia tr dong bao hoa. ieu khien kch ong: Gai dong ien kch co the at c bang mach (H1.7). Khi xung ien ap UB a vao, dong ien qua cong B b gii han bi ien tr R1.

1-8

ien t cong suat 1

I BO =

U1 U BE R1

Sau thi gian qua o, dong IB co gia tr:

I B1 = U1 U BE R1 + R2 R2 R1 + R2

Tu C1 c nap en o ln
UC UB

Hang so thi gian nap tu:

R1.R2 .C1 R1 + R2

Neu nh ta cho ien ap UB ve 0, lp BE b phan cc ngc va tu C1 phong qua R2 . Hang so thi gian xa tu la 2 = R2.C1.. e u thi gian nap va xa tu, o rong xung phai thoa man : t1 5.1 t2 5.2 Do o, tan so ong ngat ln nhat
f3 = 1 1 0,2 = = T t1 + t2 1 + 2

ieu kien kch ngat: Neu ien ap UB giam xuong gia tr am U2 < 0, ien ap ngc at len BE bang tong ien ap UB va UC. Gai dong IB xuat hien, sau khi tu C1 xa het, ien ap tren BE xac lap bang U2. Neu can thiet lap qua trnh kch ong va kch ngat rieng biet, ta co the s dung mach sau (H1.8):

1-9

ien t cong suat 1

Diode D1 bao ve mach cong cua transistor trong thi gian kch ngat Mach cach ly tn hieu ieu khien va mach kch : Cac mach phat ra tn hieu e ieu khien mach cong suat dung ban dan thng yeu cau cach ly ve ien. ieu nay co the thc hien bang optron hoac bang bien ap xung. Bien ap xung: gom mot cuon s cap va co the nhieu cuon th cap. Vi nhieu cuon day pha th cap, ta co the kch ong nhieu transistor mac noi tiep hoac song song. S o nguyen ly mach cach ly tn hieu ieu khien dung bien ap xung c ve tren hnh H1.9. Bien ap xung can co cam khang tan nho va ap ng nhanh. Trong trng hp xung ieu khien co canh tac ong keo dai hoac tan so xung ieu khien thap, bien ap xung sm at trang thai bao hoa va ngo ra cua no khong thoa man yeu cau ieu khien.

Optron: gom nguon phat tia hong ngoai dung diode (ILED) va mach thu dung phototransistor. Tn hieu xung ieu khien c a vao LED va ngo ra c dan t phototransistor (H1.10).

1-10

ien t cong suat 1

Thi gian ton cua phototransistor khoang 2-5s, toff = 300ns. Mach dung optron oi hoi phai tao nguon rieng cho no. Do o, mach phc tap va ton kem hn. Mach bao ve BJT Dang mach bao ve BJT tieu bieu c ve tren hnh H1.11. Tac dung cua mach nham bao ve transistor trc cac hien tng tang qua nhanh cua
di qua transistor. dt du gia hai cc CE. Cuon khang LS thc hien Mach RC co tac dung han che o doc dt di qua BJT. giam s tang nhanh dong dt

ien ap

du dt

va dong ien

1.4 - MOSFET (METAL - OXIDE - SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR) Loai transistor co kha nang ong ngat nhanh va ton hao do ong ngat thap c goi la Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) vi cong ieu khien bang ien trng (ien ap). MOSFET c s dung nhieu trong cac ng dung cong suat nho (vai kW) va khong thch hp s dung cho cac ng dung co cong suat ln. Tuy nhien, linh kien MOSFET khi ket hp vi cong nghe linh kien GTO lai phat huy hieu qua cao va chung ket hp vi nhau tao nen linh kien MTO co ng dung cho cac tai cong suat ln. MOSFET co hai loai pnp va npn. Tren hnh H1.12 mo ta cau truc MOSFET loai npn. Gia lp kim loai mach cong va cac moi noi n+ va p co lp ien moi silicon oxid SiO. iem thuan li c ban cua MOSFET la kha nang ieu khien kch ong ngat linh kien bang xung ien ap mach cong. Khi ien ap dng ap at len gia cong G va Source, tac dung cua ien trng (FET) se keo cac electron t lp n+ vao lp p tao ieu kien hnh thanh mot kenh noi gan cong nhat, cho phep dong ien dan t cc drain (collector) ti cc Source (emitter). MOSFET oi hoi cong suat tieu thu mach cong kch thap, toc o kch ong nhanh va ton hao do ong ngat thap. Tuy nhien, MOSFET co ien tr khi dan ien ln. Do o, cong suat ton hao khi dan ien ln lam no khong the phat trien thanh linh kien cong suat ln.

1-11

ien t cong suat 1

ac tnh V-A linh kien loai n c ve tren hnh H1.12, co dang tng t vi ac tnh V-A cua BJT. iem khac biet la tham so ieu khien la ien ap kch UGS thay cho dong ien kch IBE.

MOSFET trang thai ngat khi ien ap cong thap hn gia tr UGS. e MOSFET trang thai ong, oi hoi ien ap cong tac dung lien tuc. Dong ien i vao mach cong ieu khien khong ang ke tr khi mach trang thai qua o, ong hoac ngat dong. Luc o xuat hien dong phong va nap ien cho tu cua mach cong. Thi gian ong ngat rat nho, khoang vai ns en hang tram ns phu thuoc vao linh kien. ien tr trong cua MOSFET khi dan ien Ron thay oi phu thuoc vao kha nang chu ap cua linh kien. Do o, cac linh kien MOSFET thng co nh mc ap thap tng ng vi tr khang trong nho va ton hao t. Tuy nhien, do toc o ong ngat nhanh, ton hao phat sinh thap. Do o, vi nh mc ap t 300V- 400V MOSFET to ra u iem so vi BJT tan so vai chuc kHz. MOSFET co the s dung en mc ien ap 1000V, dong ien vai chuc amper va vi mc ien ap vai tram volt vi dong cho phep en khoang 100A. ien ap ieu khien toi a 20V (2V,5V,10V.. tuy theo loai), mac du thong thng co the dung ap en 5V e ieu khien c no. Cac linh kien MOSFET co the au song song e m rong cong suat. Mach kch MOSFET e giam thi gian kch ong ton cua MOSFET ta co the s dung dang mach (H1.13a) Khi tac dung ien ap uG , dong ien tch ien ban au cho tu mach cong G:
IG = UG RS U G .RG RS + R1 + RG

Sau o ien ap xac lap tren cong la

U GS =

RS la ien tr trong cua mach kch.

1-12

ien t cong suat 1

S o mach kch c cai thien tren hnh H1.13b s dung cau truc totem-pole gom 2 transistor NPN va PNP. Khi ien ap kch U1 mc cao, Q1 dan va Q2 khoa lam MOSFET dan. Khi tin hieu U1 thap, Q1 ngat, Q2 dan lam cac ien tch tren mach cong c phong thch va MOSFET tr nen ngat ien. Tn hieu U1 co the lay t mach collector m (opencollector TTL) va totem-pole ong vai tro mach em (buffer). Tng t nh BJT, mach kch cong G cua MOSFET co the c cach ly vi mach tao tn hieu ieu khien thong qua bien ap xung, optron hoac cap quang (H1.14a,b). Mach bao ve MOSFET Cau tao khac biet cua MOSFET so vi BJT lam cho linh kien hoat ong tot ma khong can bao ve nhieu nh BJT. Tuy nhien, ta co the s dung mach RC nho mac song song vi ngo ra cua linh kien e han che tac dung cac gai ien ap va cac xung nhieu dao ong xuat hien khi linh kien ong.

Bang 1.2 Cac thong so ac trng cua MOSFET

Loai IRFZ48 ien ap nh mc ln nhat 60V Dong trung bnh nh mc 50A Ron 0.018 Qg (ac trng) 110nC

1-13

ien t cong suat 1

IRF510 IRF540 APT10M25BNR IRF740 MTM15N40E APT5025BN APT1001RBNR

100V 100V 100V 400V 400V 500V 1000V

5.6A 28A 75A 10A 15A 23A 11A

0.54 0.077 0.025 0.55 0.3 0.25 1.0

8.3nC 72nC 171nC 63nC 110nC 83nC 150nC

*Qg: lng ien tch c nap va phong t ien dung ngo vao khi thc hien kch ong va ngat transistor. Cong suat ton hao mach cong phu thuoc vao ai lng Qg theo he thc: PG = Q g .U GS .fs ; fs la tan so ong ngat transistor. 1.5 - IGBT ( INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR ) IGBT co ky hieu, mach ien tng ng ve tren hnh H1.15. IGBT la transistor cong suat hien ai, che tao tren cong nghe VLSI, cho nen kch thc gon nhe. No co kha nang chu c ien ap va dong ien ln cung nh tao nen o sut ap va phai khi dan ien. IGBT co phan t MOS vi cong cach ien c tch hp trong cau truc cua no. Giong nh thyristor va GTO, no co cau tao gom hai transistor. Viec ieu khien ong va ngat IGBT c thc hien nh phan t MOSFET au noi gia hai cc transistor npn. Viec kch dan IGBT c thc hien bang xung ien ap a vao cong kch G. ac tnh V-A cua IGBT co dang tng t nh ac tnh V-A cua MOSFET. Khi tac dung len cong G ien the dng so vi emitter e kch ong IGBT, cac hat mang ien loai n c keo vao kenh p gan cong G lam giau ien tch mach cong p cua transistor npn va lam cho transistor nay dan ien. ieu nay se lam IGBT dan ien. Viec ngat IGBT co the thc hien bang cach khoa ien the cap cho cong kch e ngat kenh dan p. Mach kch cua IGBT v the rat n gian.

u iem cua IGBT la kha nang ong ngat nhanh, lam no c s dung trong cac bo bien oi ieu che o rong xung tan so cao. Mac khac, vi cau tao cua mot transistor, IGBT co o sut ap khi dan ien ln hn so vi cac linh kien thuoc dang thyristor nh GTO. Tuy nhien, IGBT hien chiem v tr quan trong trong cong nghiep vi hoat ong trong pham vi cong suat en 10MW hoac cao hn na.

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Cong nghe che tao IGBT phat trien tang nhanh cong suat cua IGBT a giup no thay the dan GTO trong mot so ng dung cong suat ln. ieu nay con dan en cac cai tien hn na cong nghe cua GTO va tao nen cac dang cai tien cua no nh MTO,ETO va IGCT. Giong nh MOSFET, linh kien IGBT co ien tr mach cong ln lam han che cong suat ton hao khi ong va ngat. Giong nh BJT, linh kien IGBT co o sut ap khi dan ien thap (23V; 1000V nh mc) nhng cao hn so vi GTO. Kha nang chu ap khoa tuy cao nhng thap hn so vi cac thyristor. IGBT co the lam viec vi dong ien ln. Tng t nh GTO, transistor IGBT co kha nang chu ap ngc cao. So vi thyristor, thi gian ap ng ong va ngat IGBT rat nhanh, khoang mot vai s va kha nang chu tai en 4,5kV-2.000A. Hien nay cong nghe che tao IGBT ang c ac biet phat trien e at den mc ien ap vai ngan Volt (6kV) va dong ien vai ngan Amper. IGBT co kha nang hoat ong tot khong can en mach bao ve. Trong trng hp ac biet, co the s dung mach bao ve cua MOSFET ap dung cho IGBT. Modul IGBT thong minh (Intelligent Power Modul): c che tao bi cong nghe tch hp cao. Tren modul cha ng phan t IGBT, mach kch lai, mach bao ve, cam bien dong ien. Cac modul nay at o tin cay rat cao. Mach kch IGBT t thiet ke tng t nh mach kch cho MOSFET. Do gia thanh IGBT cao, va ac biet cho cong suat ln, mach kch lai IGBT c che tao di dang IC cong nghiep. Cac IC nay co kha nang t bao ve chong qua tai, ngan mach, c che tao tch hp dang modul rieng (1,2,4,6 driver) hoac tch hp tren ca modul ban dan (hnh thanh dang complex (bao gom mach lai, IGBT va mach bao ve) ) Tren bang B1.3 mo ta thong so mot so linh kien IGBT bao gom ien ap nh mc, dong ien nh mc, o sut ap khi dan ien (VTM) va thi gian ap ng khi kch dan linh kien (ton). Bang B1.9 so sanh cac thong so cua IGBT vi mot so linh kien cong suat ln nh GTO,GCT va ETO Bang 1.3 Cac thong so ac trng cua IGBT
Loai Linh kien ri HGTG32N60E2 HGTG30N120D2 Linh kien dang module CM400HA-12E CM300HA-24E Module ap thap ien ap nh mc ln nhat 600V 1200V Dong trung bnh nh mc 32A 30A VTM ton (ac trng) 0.62 s 0.58 s

2.4V 3.2V

600V 1200V 30V 45V 150V

400A 300A 60A 440A 30A

2.7V 2.7V 0.48V 0.69V 1.19V

0.3 s 0.3 s

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1.6 THYRISTOR (SCR- SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER)

Mo ta va chc nang Thyristor gom 3 lp PN va mac vao mach ngoai gom 3 cong: ien cc anode A, cathode C va cong ieu khien G. Ve mat ly thuyet ton tai cau truc thyristor: PNPN va NPNP, trong thc te ngi ta ch phat trien va s dung loai PNPN. S o thay the thyristor bang mach transistor c ve hnh H1.16. Gia s anode cua thyristor chu tac dung cua ien ap dng so vi cathode (uAK > 0). Khi a vao mach G, K cua cathode (tng ng vi mach base- emitor cua tranristor NPN) xung dong IG, transistor NPN se ong. Dong ien dan tiep tuc qua mach emitor -base cua transistor PNP va ong no. Cac transistor se tiep tuc ong ngay ca khi dong iG b ngat. Dong qua collector cua mot transistor cung chnh la dong i qua base cua transistor th hai va ngc lai. Cac transistor v vay cung nhau duy tr trang thai ong. Cac tnh chat va trang thai c ban: Neu transistor b ngat, th anode co the chu c ien ap dng so vi cathode.- trang thai khoa ; hoac ien ap am so vi cathode - trang thai nghch. Hien tng ong SCR tc chuyen t trang thai khoa sang trang thai dan ien co the thc hien neu thoa man ca hai ieu kien sau: 1/- Thyristor trang thai khoa. 2/-co xung dong ien kch iG > 0 u ln. Hien tng ngat SCR : qua trnh chuyen t trang thai dan ien sang khong dan ien (tc trang thai nghch hoac trang thai khoa). Qua trnh nay gom hai giai oan: 1/- Giai oan lam dong thuan b triet tieu: thc hien bang cach thay oi ien tr hoac ien ap gia anode va cathode. 2/- Giai oan khoi phuc kha nang khoa cua thyristor. Sau khi dong thuan b triet tieu, can co mot thi gian - thi gian ngat, e chuyen thyristor vao trang thai khoa. ac tnh V-A

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ac tnh V-A ngo ra: quan he gia ien ap va dong ien i qua hai cc anode, cathode (xem hnh H1.17). ac tnh ngo vao quan he gia ien ap va dong cong G (cong ieu khien). ac tnh V-A ngo ra gom 3 nhanh :

- nhanh thuan (1): thyristor trang thai dan ien. o sut ap gia anode cathode nho khong ang ke. - Nhanh nghch (3): ng vi trang thai nghch tng t nh diode. - Nhanh khoa (2): ng vi trang thai khoa. Neu dong iG = 0 th dang nhanh khoa tng t nh nhanh nghch. Thay v ien tr rR th ay la ien tr rD (differential block resistance). Tng t ta co ien ap ong uBO thay v uBR. Khi ien ap at en gia tr uBO, thyristor khong b pha hong ma se b ong (chuyen t trang thai khoa sang trang thai dan ien). Khi iG thay oi, tuy thuoc vao o ln cua iG ma gia tr cua ien the khoa thay oi theo (ien the khoa giam khi iG tang). Hien tng thyristor dan ien do tac dung ien ap vt qua uBO (iG=0) la s co gay ra do qua ien ap xuat hien tren li. Thong thng, ta ong thyristor bang xung dong qua mach G,K. ien tr thuan rT va ien ap thuan uTO c nh ngha tng t nh trng hp cua diode. Khac vi diode, cac nhanh thuan cua thyristor khong bat au t goc zero cua he truc ma t gia tr IH (holding current) dong duy tr trang thai dan. Neu gia tr dong giam nho hn iH th thyristor tr ve trang thai khoa. Ngay sau khi ong thyristor, trc khi dong cong iG tat, oi hoi dong thuan phai at en hoac vt hn gia tr dong chot iL, iL > iH (L: Latching).

e ong thyristor, khoang au xung dong kch phai co tr u ln. Dang xung dong thng s dung cho cong co dang nh hnh H1.18. Do tnh chat cua lp nghch khong tot nen khong c phep e xuat hien tren no ien the am du ch rat nho. Khi thyristor trang thai nghch viec kch vao cong G se lam tang dong nghch mot cach

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vo ch. Cac xung ieu khien thng c truyen en thyristor nh cac bien ap xung. Nhiem vu cua no la tach mach cong suat khoi nguon tao xung kch. Khi s dung cac bien ap xung, can phai giai quyet van e lam tat nhanh dong t hoa khi xung b ngat (neu khong th dong t khong ngng tang len sau moi lan a xung vao) va van e bao ve lp cong cua thyristor trc ien ap nghch. e giai quyet van e tren ta co the s dung dang mach hnh H1.22. Cac tnh chat ong Tac dung ien ap khoa uV (hoac uD): ve ban chat o la tac dung ien ap nghch len lp ban dan (xem hnh H1.19). Luc o, no hoat ong nh mot tu ien, ien dung cua no phu thuoc vao o ln ien ap at vao:
iC = d (C .uV ) du dC = uV . + C. V dt dt dt duV u ln (gia s rang C dt

Theo phng trnh tren, dong iC at gia tr ln khi

khong oi). Bi v mot phan ng dan cua iC trung vi ng dan cua dong kch cong nen co tac dung nh ong kch va lam ong thyristor ngoai y muon. V the ngi ta gii han o doc cua uV en gia tr:
du Su crit = V dt max

Viec ong thyristor khong xay ra ngay khi xung dong iG vao cong. Thoat tien dong dan iV i qua mot phan nho cua tiet dien cua thyristor cho noi vi cong G. Sau o, ien tch dan tang dan len cua tiet dien phien ban dan, ien ap khoa giam dan. oi vi cac thyristor, thong thng thi gian ong ien tgt trong khoang 3 10s. Khi dong iV tang nhanh qua, ch co mot phan nho tiet dien chung quanh mach cong G dan ien va dan en qua tai, co the lam tang nhiet o len en gia tr lam hong linh kien. V the o tang cua dong iV b gii han en gia tr Scrit = diode .
diV . dt max

Ngat thyristor (xem hnh H1.21): giai oan au dien ra tng t nh khi ngat Thi gian phuc hoi tnh nghch trr, ien tch chuyen mach Qr (ln hn oi vi thyristor). Sau khi phuc hoi ien tr nghch cua cac lp J1 va J3 (xem hnh H119), qua trnh ngat van cha cham dt, can co them mot thi gian na e khoi phuc kha nang khoa - tc la khoi phuc ien tr nghch cua lp J2. V vay, ta nh ngha them tq la thi gian ngat toi thieu can thiet ma SCR can duy tr ap ngc e khoi phuc kha nang khoa, no bat au khi dong ien thuan tr ve zero cho en khi ien ap khoa tac dung tr lai ma khong lam SCR ong lai (Ig = 0). Neu ta tac dung ien ap khoa len sm

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hn khoang thi gian tq nay, SCR co the ong ngoai y muon dau cha co xung kch a vao cong kch. Thi gian ngat phu thuoc vao cac ieu kien luc ngat nh nhiet o chat ban dan, dong b ngat, toc o giam dong va ien ap nghch. Cac thyristor thng co tq trong khoang t vai s en hang tram s. Cac he qua: cong suat ton hao do ong ngat qua ien ap do qua trnh chuyen mach, cac gii han Sucrit, Sicrit. Qua ien ap do qua trnh chuyen mach co the c gii han bang mach RC. Cuon cam khang bao ve vi SCR) e gii han o doc
duV . dt diV ket hp vi mach RC (song song dt

Kha nang mang tai Kha nang chu ap va dong va kha nang qua tai c xem xet tng t nh diode. ien the nghch cc ai co the lap lai uRRM va ien the khoa uDRM thng bang nhau va cho biet cac gia tr ien ap ln nhat tc thi cho phep xuat hien tren thyristor bi v ien the cc ai khong lap lai cua thyristor thng khong c biet. Kha nang chu ap cua thyristor at en hang chuc kV, thong thng mc 5-7 kV, dong ien trung bnh at en khoang 5.000A. o sut ap khi dan ien nam trong khoang 1,5-3V. Phan ln cac thyristor c lam mat bang khong kh. Cac thyristor ac biet Thyristor cao ap: co ien ap lap lai ln nhat khoang vai ngan volt. Cac thong so ac trng tnh chat ong cua no khong co li (Qr, tq,Sucrit, Sicrit). Thyristor nhanh: cac thong so cai tien tnh chat ong c tot hn nh tq nho, Sucrit, va Sicrit ln. Kha nang chu ap va dong cua no thap hn. Thyristor GATT: ban chat giong nh thyristor ap ng nhanh. Bang cach tac dung ien ap ngc len mach cong, thi gian tq co the giam xuong con phan na so vi thyristor nhanh. Fotothyristor: Co the cho ong bnh thng bang xung kch vao cong G, hoac bang tia sang len v tr nhat nh cua vo cha thyristor.

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Fotothyristor cach ly nguon xung kch va mach cong suat, cac dang cua no c ve tren hnh H1.20. Trong o phng an hnh a/- s dung dang vi mach giup tan dung nguon tia sang kch thch, phng an b/- va c/- bao am cach ly tot gia nguon xung kch va mach cong suat, do o han che nhieu tac dung cua song nhieu, dang c/- ch can cong suat kch cua nguon sang khong ang ke.
Bang B1.4 Cac thong so ac trng cua thyristor SKKT 41/12E (SEMIKRON) VRRM VDRM VRSM (dV/dt)crit ITRMS ITAV (di/dt)crit VT VGT IGT IH IL 1200V 1200V 1300V 1000V/ s 75A 48A 150A/ s Max. 1,95V 3V 150mA 150mA 300A ien ap ngc cc ai lap lai cho phep -Repetitive peak Reverse voltage ien ap khoa lap lai cc ai cho phep -Repetitive peak off-state voltage ien ap ngc cc ai khong lap lai cho phep -Nonrepeative peak reverse voltage o tang ien ap khoa cho phep dong ien hieu dung -RMS-on-state current dong ien trung bnh -Mean on state current o tang dong ien cho phep khi linh kien ong ien ap thuan -Direct on- state voltage ien ap cong kch -Gate trigger voltage Dong ien cong kch -Gate trigger current dong ien duy tr -Holding currentdong ien chot -Latching current

Mach kch thyristor Trong cac bo bien oi cong suat dung thyristor, thyristor va mach tao xung kch vao cong ieu khien cua no can cach ien. Tng t nh cac mach kch cho transistor, ta co the s dung bien ap xung hoac optron, xem hnh H1.22

Mach kch dung bien ap xung c ve tren hnh H1.22a. Sau khi tac dung ap len mach cong B cua transistor Q1. Transistor Q1 dan bao hoa lam ien ap Vcc xuat hien tren cuon s cap cua bien ap xung va t o xung ien ap cam ng xuat hien pha th cap bien ap. Xung tac dung len cong G cua thyristor. Khi khoa xung kch cho

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transistor Q1 b ngat dong qua cuon s cap bien ap xung duy tr qua mach cuon s cap va diode Dm. Viec a xung kch dai vao cong G lam tang them ton hao mach cong, do o co the thay the no bang chuoi xung. Muon vay, xung ieu khien ket hp vi tn hieu ra cua bo phat xung vuong qua mach cong logic AND trc khi a vao cong B cua transistor Q1 (xem H1.22b). Mach kch cha phan t photocoupler co the la phototransistor hoac photothyristor. Xung kch ngan phat ra t diode quang ILED (Infrared light emiting diode) kch dan foto thyristor va t o kch dan thyristor cong suat H1.24. Mach kch oi hoi co nguon dc cung cap rieng v the tang them gia thanh va kch c cua mach ieu khien.

Trong nhieu trng hp ng dung, mach kch n gian s dung cau truc cha diac nh tren hnh ve H1.23, o ln goc kch phu thuoc thi gian nap ien tch cho tu (xac nh bi hang so thi gian RC) va ien ap tac dung cua diac. Mach s dung trc tiep nguon ien cong suat e lam nguon kch. Pham vi ieu khien goc kch b han che. Mach bao ve thyristor: thong thng, mach RC mac song song vi thyristor ( hnh H1.22) co the s dung e bao ve no chong qua ien ap. Mach co the ket hp vi cuon khang bao ve mac noi tiep vi thyristor chong s tang nhanh dong ien qua linh kien (diV/dt). Cac gia tr RC co the xac nh t ieu kien gii han ien ap tren linh kien hoac e cho n gian, co the s dung bang tra cu cung cap bi nha san xuatxem bang B1.5 Bang B1.5. Mach bao ve SCR chong qua ien ap (SEMIKRON)
ien ap nguon AC

50A
C[ F] R[ ] P[W] C[ F] R[ ] 0.22 47 5 0.1 82

100A
0.33 33 10 0.22 47

200A
0.68 15 15 0.47 22

400A
1 15 25 1 22

800A
10 50 1.5 15

1200A
4.7 10 100 2.2 12

230V

400V

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500V

P[W] C[ F] R[ ] P[W] C[ F] R[ ] P[W]

7 0.1 120 10

15 0.22 68 25

30 0.33 33 40 0.33 47 70

60 0.68 22 70 0.47 33 100

100 1.5 22 150 1.0 33 100

150 2.2 18 250 1.0 22 300

690V

1.7 TRIAC Triac la linh kien co the dan dong ien theo ca hai chieu. V vay nh ngha dong thuan va dong ngc khong co y ngha, tng t cho khai niem ien ap ngc. Viec kch dan triac thc hien nh xung dong ien a vao cong ieu khien G. ieu kien e triac ong ien la a xung dong kch vao cong ieu khien trong ieu kien ton tai ien ap tren linh kien khac zero. Giong nh thyristor, khong the ieu khien ngat dong qua triac. Triac se ngat theo qui luat a c giai thch oi vi thyristor. Mo ta va chc nang Viec ong triac theo ca hai chieu c thc hien nh 1 cong duy nhat G va xung dong kch vao cong G co chieu bat ky. Bi v triac dan ien ca hai chieu nen ch co hai trang thai, trang thai dan va khoa. Mac du vay co the nh ngha triac co chieu thuan va chieu nghch. ac tnh V-A ac tnh V-A cua triac tng t nh thyristor. Do kha nang dan ien theo ca hai chieu, ac tnh triac co dang oi xng qua tam toa o. Can noi them ve trng hp ac tnh cong ieu khien. Viec kch ong triac co the chia ra lam cac trng hp:

uV > 0

c/- uG > 0 , iG > 0 d/- uG < 0 , iG < 0 Mac du co the tao dong kch co dau tuy y, nhng thc te viec kch thuan li hn khi dong kch dng cho trng hp dong qua triac dng va dong kch am khi dong qua triac am. Cac tnh chat ong Viec ong (xem thyrisror): thi gian ong tgt , nhanh nhat trng hp a, cham nhat trng hp c. Toc o tang cua dong dan b gii han bi:

uVR > 0

a/- uG > 0 , iG > 0 b/- uG < 0 , iG < 0

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di di = VR S i crit = V dt max dt max

Viec ngat (xem thyristor): thi gian ngat c tnh t luc giam dong dan theo mot hng ve 0 en khi co the at ien ap khoa cung chieu o len triac. Neu ta ngat dong dan cua triac trong mot chieu nao o, ien the khoa chieu ngc lai tang len cuoi qua trnh chuyen mach vi toc o ln co the gay ra viec ong ngoai y muon. V the, toc o tang cua ien the khoa khi chuyen mach b gii han bi gia tr:
du du S u crit = V = VR dt max dt max

Cac gia tr Sucrit thng nho hn 20V/s. Toc o gii han cua ien the khoa Sucrit oi vi triac ien trang thai khong dan ien co gia tr cao hn - khoang vai tram V/s. Kha nang chu tai nh mc ien ap: Xac nh theo ien ap khoa cc ai co the lap lai, no bang nhau cho ca hai hng uDRM = uRRM. ien ap cc ai khong lap lai khong c biet . nh mc dong ien: Xac nh theo gia tr hieu dung ln nhat cua dong dan iVM. Thng c nh ngha cho dong hnh sin oi vi nhiet o cho trc va van toc lam mat cho trc. Bang B1.6 Cac thong so c ban cua triac BCR5AS (Mitsubishi )
VDRM ITRMS IFGT,IRGT VDSM ITSM VGM IGM VTM VFGT,VRGT IFGT,IRGT (dV/dt)crit (diT/dt)crit 600A 5A 30mA 720V 50A 10V 2A Max. 1,8V Max. 1,5V Max. 30mA 5V/ s 100A/ s ien ap khoa lap lai cc ai- repetitive peak off-state voltage Tr hieu dung dong ien dan- RMS on-state current Dong ien kch ien ap khoa khong lap lai cc ai- non-repetitive peak off-state voltage Dong ien nh khong lap lai cc ai qua linh kien-dang sin- surge onstate current ien ap kch cc ai peak gate voltage Dong ien kch cc ai- peak gate current ien ap tren triac khi dan ien- on state voltage ien ap kch cong Dong ien kch cong o tang ien ap khoa critical-rate of rise off-state commutating voltage o tang dong ien qua linh kien cc ai-Critical rate of rise of on-state current

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1.8 GTO (GATE TURN OFF THYRISTOR )

GTO co cau tao gom bon lp pnpn tng t vi thyristor thong thng (SCR)hnh H1.26a, vi cac tnh nang tng t cua thyristor vi iem khac biet la co the ieu khien ngat dong ien qua no. Mach tng ng GTO c ve tren hnh H1.26b co

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cau truc tng t mach mo ta SCR nhng co them cong kch ngat mac song song cong kch ong. Ky hieu linh kien GTO ve tren hnh H1.26c. Cau truc thc te (loai GTO oi xng) ve tren hnh H1.26d. GTO c kch ong bang xung dong ien tng t nh khi kch ong thyristor thong thng. Dong ien kch ong c tang en gia tr IGM va sau o giam xuong en gia tr IG . iem khac biet so vi yeu cau xung kch ong SCR la dong kch iG phai tiep tuc duy tr trong suot thi gian GTO dan ien.

e kch ngat GTO, xung dong ien am ln c a vao cong G cathode vi o doc (diGQ/dt) ln hn gia tr qui nh cua linh kien, no ay cac hat mang ien khoi cathode, tc ra khoi emitter cua transistor pnp va transistor npn se khong the hoat ong che o tai sinh. Sau khi transistor npn tat, transistor pnp con lai se hoat ong vi cong kch ong trang thai m va linh kien tr ve trang thai khong dan ien. Tuy nhien, dong ien yeu cau mach cong G e tat GTO co gia tr kha ln. Trong khi xung dong ien can a vao cong e kch ong GTO ch can at gia tr khoang 3-5%, tc khoang 30A vi o rong xung 10 s oi vi loai linh kien co dong nh mc 1000A th xung dong ien kch cong e ngat GTO can at en khoang 30-50%, tc khoang 300A vi o rong xung khoang 20-50 s. Mach cong phai thiet ke co kha nang tao xung dong kch toi thieu at cac gia tr yeu cau tren (IGQM). ien ap cung cap mach cong e tao xung dong ln va neu thng co gia tr thap, khoang 10-20V vi o rong xung khoang 20-50 s, nang lng tieu ton cho viec thc hien kch ngat GTO khong cao. Qua trnh ien ap va dong ien mach anode va mach cong khi kch

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ong GTO va kch ngat no c mo ta tren hnh H1.27c,d. Nang lng kch ngat GTO nhieu gap 10-20 lan nang lng can cho qua trnh kch ong GTO. iem bat li ve mach kch ngat la mot nhc iem cua GTO khi so sanh no vi IGBT. He qua la thi gian ngat dong ien keo dai, kha nang chu di/dt, dv/dt kem, mach bao ve khi kch ong va kch ngat lam tang chi ph lap at cung nh lam cong suat hon hao tang len. Do kha nang kch ngat cham nen GTO c s dung trong cac bo nghch lu ieu che o rong xung (PWM) vi tan so ong ngat thap. Tuy nhien, ieu nay chap nhan c trong cac ng dung cong suat ln. Mach ieu khien kch ngat GTO co gia thanh tng ng gia thanh linh kien. o sut ap cua GTO khi dan ien cao hn khoang 50% so vi thyristor nhng thap hn 50% so vi IGBT vi cung nh mc. GTO co kha nang chu tai cong suat ln hn IGBT va c ng dung trong cac thiet b ieu khien he thong li ien (FACTS Controller) en cong suat vai tram MW. GTO c chia lam hai loai - loai cho phep chu ap ngc (symmetrical), va loai noi tat anode (anode short GTO thyristor) ch co kha nang khoa ap thuan tr so ln. Loai th nhat co cau truc giong nh SCR, co kha nang chu c ap khoa va ap ngc vi gia tr ln gan nh nhau. Loai th hai- GTO co anode noi tat, co mot phan lp J1 b noi tat nh lp n+ (H.26e). Do o, kha nang khoa ap ngc cua loai GTO nay kem, bang kha nang chu ap ngc cua lp J3 (khoang di 15V). Tuy nhien, bu lai, cau tao cua no cho phep at c kha nang chu ap khoa va dong ien ln cung nh kha nang giam sut ap khi dan ien va no thch hp cho cac ng dung oi hoi tan so ong ngat ln nhng khong can kha nang chu ap ngc cao (chang han cac bo nghch lu ap). e tang cng hieu qua s dung, cac GTO con c che tao vi diode ngc tch hp trong linh kien (reverse conducting GTO Thyristor hoac asymmetric GTO). Cau tao linh kien gom phan GTO co anode oi xng va phan goi la diode phuc hoi nhanh (fast recovery diode) - xem hnh H1.26f, cho phep linh kien dan dong ien ngc ma khong can lap at diode ngc ngoai linh kien, lam giam kch thc va khoi lng mach ien s dung GTO Mach bao ve Linh kien GTO can phai co mach bao ve. Qua trnh ngat GTO oi hoi s dung xung dong kch u rong. ieu nay dan en thi gian ngat dai, kha nang di/dt va dv/dt cua GTO thap. V the, can phai gii han cac tr so hoat ong khong vt qua gia tr an toan trong qua trnh ngat GTO. H1.28 ve mach bao ve GTO trong qua trnh ngat. Tu ien C dung e bao ve GTO trong qua trnh kch ngat phai co gia tr ien dung ln hn gia tr qui nh cua nha san xuat, at en o ln khoang vai F. Ngoai ra, GTO oi hoi mach bao ve chong hien tng tang nhanh dong ien khi ong. Diode cua mach bao ve phai co kha nang chu gai dong ln bi v trong qua trnh se xuat hien dong co bien o ln qua diode va tu ien. ien tr mach bao ve co tr so nho va am bao tu xa ien hoan toan trong khoang thi gian ong ngan nhat cua GTO khi van hanh. Khi GTO ong, nang lng tch tr tren tu se phai tieu tan het tren ien tr nay. V the, gia tr nh mc cong suat cua ien tr kha cao. Moi GTO co mot gia tr dong c ieu khien cc ai ma neu vt qua th khong the ngat no bang xung dong ngc cong Gate. Neu trong qua trnh van hanh bo bien oi cong suat s dung GTO nh linh kien ong ngat, s co co the xay ra (v

1-26

ien t cong suat 1

du nh ngan mach) gay nen hien tng qua dong, he thong bao ve phai c thiet ke e nhan biet s co va ngat GTO e bao ve linh kien. Neu nh gia tr dong qua GTO khi s co xay ra thap hn tr so dong cc ai th co the ngat GTO bang xung dong cong am ieu khien vi bien o thch hp. Nhng neu gia tr dong s co vt qua gia tr bao ve bang xung dong am, can s dung mach bao ve kieu on bay (gom khoa cong suat mac song song vi linh kien GTO). Nguyen ly hoat ong cua mach bao ve la tao ngan mach nguon cap ien cho GTO bang cach kch ong mot SCR mac song song vi linh kien GTO. Dong ngan mach lam chay cau ch va cat linh kien GTO khoi nguon. ieu o c minh hoa tren H1.29.

Trong nhng nam gan ay, GTO tr thanh linh kien ong ngat c s dung rong rai cho cac mach cong suat ln: mot GTO loai noi tat anode co gia tr nh mc ap khoang 4500V va nh mc dong 6000A. Cac gia tr tng ng cua loai GTO cho phep dan dong ngc la 4500V va 3000A (Mitsubishi 1998). ien ap at tren GTO khi dan ien thng cao hn SCR (2-3V). Toc o ong ngat t vai s en 25s. Tan so ong ngat khoang 100Hz en 10kHz. Linh kien cong suat se tr nen chat lng cao neu cho o sut ap thap khi dan ien (nh thyristor), yeu cau mach ieu khien n gian va kha nang ngat dong nhanh (nh IGBT). Hien nay, mot so linh kien nh vay a xuat hien tren th trng va chung co kha nang thay the dan GTO. Chung co the xem la nhng dang cai tien cua GTO, che tao theo nguyen ly khoi tch hp (Power Electronics Building Block- PEBB) nham giam bt cac yeu cau ve mach kch va lam tang kha nang ngat nhanh. Cac linh kien nay gom MTO (MOS Turn-Off Thyristor), ETO (Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor) va IGCT (Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor). Bang B1.7: Cac thong so c ban cua GTO FG1000BV-90DA (Mitsubishi)
Thong so VDRM IT(AV) di/dt max ITQRM o ln 4.500V 400A 1000A/ s 1000A Ghi chu ien ap khoa nh lap lai tuan hoan cc ai (Repetitive peak off state voltae) Dong trung bnh (f=60Hz dang sin, goc dan 1800) Toc o tang dong khi ong cc ai Gia tr dong thuan cc ai ma linh kien co the ieu khien ngat c (mach bao ve Cs=0,7 F,Ls=0,3 H). Linh kien co the b hong neu no thc hien kch ngat dong ien ln hn ITQRM ien ap ngc nh cc ai cho phep ien ap thuan cc ai

VRRM VTM

17V Max. 4V

1-27

ien t cong suat 1

IRRM IDRM tgt tgq IGQM VGT IGT Max. 100mA Max. 100mA Max. 10 s Max. 20 s 300A Max. 1,5V Max. 2500mA Dong ngc cc ai (tng ng i VRRM) Dong thuan cc ai trang thai khoa. Thi gian tre khi ong Thi gian tre khi ngat. Dong kch ngat qua cong G ien ap cong khi kch ong Dong ien cong khi kch ong

1.9 IGCT (INTEGRATED GATE COMMUTATED THYRISTOR) Cau tao va chc nang: S cai tien cong nghe che tao GTO thyristor a dan en phat minh cong nghe IGCT. GCT Gate Commutated Thyristor la mot dang phat trien cua GTO vi kha nang keo xung dong ien ln bang dong nh mc dan qua cathode ve mach cong trong 1 s e am bao ngat nhanh dong ien. Cau truc cua GCT va mach tng ng cua no giong nh cua GTO. IGCT la linh kien gom GCT va co them mot so phan t ho tr, bao gom ca board mach ieu khien va co the gom ca diode ngc. e kch ong GCT, xung dong ien c a vao cong kch lam ong GCT tng t nh trng hp GTO. e kch ngat GCT, moi noi pn base-emitter c phan cc ngc bang cach cung cap ien ap nguon ngc chieu. ieu nay lam triet tieu dong ien qua cathode v toan bo dong ien i qua cathode se c ay sang mach cong vi toc o rat nhanh va bien GCT tr thanh mot transistor pnp. e co the tao dong ien qua mach cong tang nhanh va u ln, GCT (IGCT) c che tao ac biet e giam cam khang mach cong (mach vong cong ieu khien cathode) en gia tr nho nhat. Van e mau chot cua GCT la tao kha nang tang nhanh dong ien qua cong. ieu nay at c bang ong dan ien ong truc qua mach cong- cathode va cong nghe mach ieu khien nhieu lp (multilayer). Chung cho phep dong cong tang vi toc o 4kA/ s khi ien the cong- cathode mc 20V. Trong thi gian 1 s , transistor npn cua GTO b ngat hoan toan va cc cong cua transistor pnp con lai b m lam GCT b ngat. Do viec ngat thc hien bang xung dong rat ngan nen cong suat ton hao mach cong c giam en mc toi thieu. Cong suat tieu thu cua GCT giam i khoang 5 lan so vi trng hp GTO. Lp p pha anode c lam mong va lam giau hat mang ien chut t e cho phep kh cac hat mang ien pha anode nhanh hn trong thi gian ngat. IGCT co the tch hp diode ngc bang moi noi n+n-p c ve ben phai cua hnh H1.30. Diode ngc can thiet trong cau tao cua cac bo nghch lu ap. Qua trnh ngat dong ien cua GCT bi tac dung xung dong kch cong c ve minh hoa tren hnh H1.32. e co the so sanh vi qua trnh ngat dong cua GTO, o th cua dong cong c ve cho hai trng hp. Kha nang chu tai

1-28

ien t cong suat 1

u iem chnh cua IGCT the hien cac mat sau:-kha nang chu ap khoa cao en 6kV ( d kien se tang len en 10kV) vi o tin cay cao; ton hao thap khi dan ien bi co kha nang dan nh thyristor; kha nang gii han dong ngan mach s dung mach bao ve cha cuon khang han che di/dt (turn on snubber) va gia thanh thap do tan dung cong nghe silicon vi mc tch hp nang lng cao.

Cac thiet b s dung IGCT co cong suat thay oi trong khoang 0,3 en 5MW cho cac ng dung truyen ong ien noi chung, en 5MW cho thiet b on nh ien ap (Dynamic Voltage Restorer), nguon d phong (Dynamic UPS) va may cat, en 20MW oi vi cac truyen ong ac biet, 25MW oi vi mach sieu dan t SMES (Supermagnetic Energy Storage) va 100MW cho thiet b truyen tai ien (interties).

1-29

ien t cong suat 1

Bang B1.8 Cac thong so c ban cua GCT oi xng FGC800A-130DS (Mitsubishi)
ien ap khoa ien ap ngc Dong ien thuan cc ai ma linh kien co the kch ngat Dong thuan trung bnh Thi gian lu tr (storage time) Toc o tang ti han cua dong ien Thi gian ong (turn on time) o sut ap khi dan Dong ngc cc ai Dong ien trang thai khoa Toc o tang ien ap khoa Dong ien kch ong ien ap xung kch ong VDRM VRRM ITQRM IT(AV) ts dit/dt Tgt VTM IRRM IDRM dV/dt IGT VGT 6500V vi VGK= -2V 6.500V 800A vi diGQ/dt=1200A/ s , khong mach bao ve 330A- dang sin, f=60Hz, goc dan 1800 3 s vi diGQ/dt=1200V/ s , Cs=0,1 F ,Rs=10 1000A/ s vi IGM=90A, diG/dt=50A/ s ,Cs=0,1 F ,Rs=10 Max. 5 s vi iGM=90A va diG/dt=50A/ s Max. 8V vi IT=800A Max. 150mA Max. 100mA Min. 3000V/ s Max. 0,5A Max. 1,5V

1.10 MCT (MOS CONTROLLED THYRISTOR)

Cau tao va chc nang MCT co cau tao ket hp cong nghe cua thyristor vi u iem ton hao dan ien thap va kha nang chu ap cao va cua MOSFET vi kha nang ong ngat nhanh. Hnh ve H1.33 mo ta cau truc cat ngang cua mot MCT, trong o MOSFET c tch hp trong cau truc cua SCR e thc hien ieu khien qua trnh ong va ngat linh kien nay. MCT c ieu khien qua cong MOS. Trong cong nghiep thng xuat hien cac MCT loai p. Ky hieu va ac tnh cua MCT c mo ta tren hnh H1.32. e kch dan MCT, xung ien ap am c a vao gia cong gate- anode. ieu nay dan en viec ong On- FET (p-FET) (trong khi o cong off-FET (n-

1-30

ien t cong suat 1

FET) van b khoa) va kch thch lp cong em -emitter cua transistor npn Q1. Transistor Q1 va Q2 sau o chuyen sang trang thai dan ien.

e ngat MCT, ien ap cong gate anode chuyen sang gia tr dng. ieu nay lam Off-FET Q4 dan ien va lam noi tat mach emitter lp em cua transistor Q2. Transistor Q2 v the b tat lam MCT b ngat. MCT at o sut ap thap khi dan ien (nh GTO) va thap hn ca IGBT. Phng phap ieu khien dung xung ien ap (nh MOSFET, IGBT). Mach lai n gian hn so vi GTO v khong oi hoi xung dong ien am kch cong. Toc o ong ngat cua MCT nhanh hn so vi GTO. V the, MCT ang dan tr thanh linh kien ieu khien ngat ly tng cho cac tai co yeu cau o sut ap thap, ton hao thap va ong ngat nhanh. Kha nang dong ien cua MCT nho hn so vi GTO. Kha nang chu tai MCT c ap dung cho cac trng hp yeu cau ien tr va o t cam nho vi kha nang chu c gai dong ien ln va di/dt cao. MCT co kha nang chu c o tang dong ien 1.400kA/ s va gia tr dong nh 14kA, tnh qui oi tren dien tch la 40kA/cm2 oi vi xung dong ien. Cac MCT c che tao dang tch hp v du gom 4 en 6 linh kien (ThinPak). MCT c s dung lam thiet b phong nap ien cho may bay, xe o to, tau thuy, nguon cung cap, ti vi. MCT cung c s dung lam cong tac chuyen mach mem (Soft switching) trong cac mach dao ong cong hng (Auxiliary Resonant Commutated Pole). Kha nang chu di/dt cao va gai dong ln con m ra hng phat trien dung MCT che tao cac may cat vi u iem gon nhe, gia thanh ha va ap ng nhanh so vi cac may cat ban dan hien tai. MCT dang tch hp (ThinPak) con c s dung trong cac he truyen ong may keo trong giao thong van tai. 1.11 MTO (MOS TURN OFF THYRISTOR)

1-31

ien t cong suat 1

Linh kien MTO thyristor c phat trien bi hang SPCO (Silicon Power Coperation) tren c s cong nghe GTO va MOSFET. Chung khac phuc cac nhc iem cua GTO lien quan en cong suat mach kch, mach bao ve va cac han che cua tham so dv/dt. Khong giong nh IGBT tch hp cau truc MOS phu len toan bo tiet dien ban dan, MTO at MOS FET tren phien silicon. Cac linh kien co cau truc tng t thyristor nh MTO (xem hnh H1.34) va GTO thng c s dung trong cac trng hp co yeu cau cong suat ln nh kha nang hoat ong gan nh mot cong tac 2 trang thai ly tng co ton hao thap ca hai trang thai on va off.

Cau truc MTO gom 4 lp va hai cong ieu khien- mot cong ieu khien kch ong va mot cong ieu khien kch ngat. Tai hai cong nay, lp kim loai c ghep tren lp p. MTO c kch ong bang xung dong ien trong khoang thi gian 5-10 s vao cong turn on-G1, tng t nh khi kch GTO. Xung dong nay se cung cap dong ien vao lp em cua transistor NPN Q1 ma dong qua collector cua no se cung cap dong em cho transistor NPN Q2 va qua trnh tai sinh dien ra sau o tao thanh trang thai dan ien cua MTO. e ngat dong qua MTO, mot xung ien ap khoang 15V can a vao cong off G2- tng t nh khi ngat MCT. Xung ien ap tren se lam cau truc mach FET dan ien, lam noi tat mach emitter va cong kch cua transistor npn Q1. Do o, lam giam kha nang dan lp emitter va lp em cua transistor Q1 va qua trnh tai sinh se dng lai. So vi trng hp GTO phai s dung xung dong am rat ln e dap tat qua trnh tai sinh cua transistor Q1, qua trnh ngat dong cua MTO dien ra nhanh hn nhieu (1-2 s so vi 10-20 s). MTO tat vi thi gian lu tr (storage time) ngan hn nhieu so vi GTO, do o ton hao tng ng hau nh c loai bo va at ap ng nhanh hn so vi GTO . Nhng u iem tren lam giam gia thanh che tao va tang o tin cay hoat ong. Kha nang chu tai:

1-32

ien t cong suat 1

MTO thch hp s dung cho cac truyen ong cong suat ln, ien ap cao (>3kV cho en 10kV), dong ien ln hn 4000A, o sut ap thap (thap hn so vi IGBT) va cho cong suat tai trong pham vi 1MVA en 20MVA do kha nang ieu khien n gian va chu c ap khoa ln. MTO co the s dung cho cac thiet b ieu khien cong suat trong he thong ien (FACTS Controller) lam viec tren nguyen ly ieu che o rong xung PWM. Cac nguon ien d phong cong suat ln (UPS) cung la mot hng ap dung cua MTO. Kha nang ieu khien cat nhanh va de dang cua MTO lam cho no co the ng dung thuan li lam cac thiet b cat dong ien dc va dong ien ac. 1.12 ETO (EMITTER TURN-OFF THYRISTOR) Giong nh MTO, ETO c phat trien tren c s ket hp cac cong nghe cua GTO va MOSFET. ETO c phat minh bi Trung tam ien t cong suat Virginia (Virginia Power Electronics Center) hp tac vi hang SPCO. Ky hieu ETO va mach tng ng cua no c ve tren hnh H1.35 Linh kien MOSFET T1 mac noi tiep vi GTO va linh kien MOSFET T2 mac noi tat gia cong kch cua GTO va linh kien MOSFET T1. Thc te, T1 bao gom mot so n-MOSFET va T2 gom mot so p-MOSFET, chung c thiet ke bao quanh GTO e giam toi a cam khang gia cac linh kien MOSFET va cong cathode cua GTO. ETO co hai cong ieu khien: mot cong cua rieng GTO c s dung e ong no va cong th hai la cong kch vao cong MOSFET noi tiep e ngat ETO. Khi ap at mot ien the e kch ngat ETO len cong n-MOSFET, n-MOSFET b tat va no ay toan bo dong ien ang dan qua mach cathode (lp emitter n cua transistor npn trong cau tao GTO) sang mach cong kch cua ETO vi s ho tr cua MOSFET T2. Do o, qua trnh tai sinh trong linh kien ket thuc lam linh kien b ngat. iem thuan li do cau truc cha MOSFET noi tiep mang lai la no tao ieu kien e chuyen dong ien t cathode sang mach cong thc hien hoan toan va nhanh chong, cho phep ngat ong thi tat ca cac cathode trong cau hnh linh kien. iem khong thuan li la linh kien MOSFET noi tiep nay phai dan toan bo dong ien qua cathode cua GTO, v the lam tang them o sut ap va ton hao. Tuy nhien, cac MOSFET nay co ien ap thap khi dan (0,3-0,5V) nen cac he qua neu tren khong quan trong. ETO ve c ban gom GTO co trang b them linh kien phu dang MOSFET, no giup ngat GTO nhanh va v vay giam ang ke ton hao mach cong. Vi ac iem nh vay, chi ph mach kch va mach bao ve giam ang ke, ong thi nang cao kha nang cong suat cua GTO.

1-33

ien t cong suat 1 Bang B1.9. So sanh thong so cua cac linh kien IGBT, GCT,ETO
IGBT Mitshubishi CM1200HA-66H ien ap khoa ien ap hoat ong Dong ien hoat ong o sut ap khi dan o sut ap khi dan Thi gian ngat [ s ] Cong suat mach kch [W] 3300V 1750VDC 2400A GCT Mitsubishi FGC4000BX90DS 4500V 3000VDC 4000A ETO4060 (Toshiba GTO) SG4000JX26 6000V 3600VDC 4000A ETO1045 (Westcode GTO) WG10045S 4500V 3000VDC 1500A

6.5/2400 4.1/800 10 1

4.0/4000 2.6/1200 3 179

5.0/4000 3.2/1200 7 35

4.6/1500 2.6/500 7 10

1250C 1250C

500Hz

1.13 SO SANH KHA NANG HOAT ONG CUA CAC LINH KIEN Kha nang hoat ong cua cac linh kien ban dan cong suat c so sanh theo hai kha canh cong suat mang tai va toc o ong ngat c minh hoa tren hnh H1.36 va H1.37 da theo so lieu tra cu nam 98-99 cua hang EUPEC va so lieu [44],[57]. Linh kien GTO cong suat ln c san xuat vi kha nang chu c ien ap/ dong ien t 2,5-6kV/1-6kA. GTO con c che tao cha diode ngc vi ton hao thap, kha nang chu ien ap/ dong ien cua no at en 4,5kV/3kA. Linh kien GCT c che tao gan ay co kha nang chu c ien ap/ dong ien 6kV/6kA vi kha nang chuyen mach gan nh toan bo dong ien sang mach cong khi kch ngat. Cam khang mach cong giam en 1/100 so vi loai GTO thong thng, cho phep toc o tang dong ien cong khi kch ngat en diGQ/dt=6.000A/ s . Thi gian lu tr ts giam con khoang 1/10 so vi cua GTO. Cac tnh chat cho phep GCT rat thuan tien khi mac song song hoac noi tiep va kha nang ieu khien ong ngat cong suat ln ngay ca khong s dung mach bao ve. Cac diode cho nhu cau thong thng c che tao vi kha nang chu c ien ap thay oi t 500V en 4kV va dong ien t 60A en 3,5kA. oi vi nhu cau ong ngat nhanh kha nang dong at en 800-1.700A va ien ap 2.800-6.000V, Cac thyristor cho nhu cau thong thng c che tao vi kha nang chu c ien ap thay oi t 400V en 12kV va dong ien t 1000A en 5kA. oi vi nhu cau ong ngat nhanh, kha nang dong at en 800-1.500A va ien ap 1.2002.500V, Cac linh kien IGBT dang modul c che tao vi kha nang chu c ien ap/ dong ien 1,7-3,3kV/400-1.200A. Kha nang chu ien ap cao cua IGBT (HVIGB module) gan ay a at en 6kV . Cac linh kien che tao dang modul tao thuan li cho viec lap at, ket noi mach va lam giam kch thc, trong lng cua he thong cong suat.

1-34

ien t cong suat 1

H1.36

1-35

ien t cong suat 1

CHNG HAI BO CHNH LU Bo chnh lu co nhiem vu bien oi dong ien xoay chieu thanh dong ien mot chieu. Bo chnh lu c ap dung lam nguon ien ap mot chieu; lam nguon ien mot chieu co ieu khien cap cho cac thiet b ma, thiet b han mot chieu ; nguon ien cho cac truyen ong ong c ien mot chieu ; nguon cung cap cho mach kch t cua may ien mot chieu hoac may ien ong bo. Bo chnh lu con dung e chuyen oi ien xoay chieu thanh dang mot chieu e truyen tai i xa (HVDC). Bo chnh lu con tao thanh mot bo phan trong thiet b bien tan, cycloconverter dung trong truyen ong ien ong c xoay chieu. Cong suat cua cac bo chnh lu co the t vai tram W en hang chuc MW. 2.1 - BO CHNH LU MACH TIA BA PHA KHONG IEU KHIEN

S o cau tao Cac gia thiet : Nguon ba pha ly tng , oi xng (tr khang trong Lb,Rb=0) u1 = Um.sinX 2 u2 = Um.sin X
3

(2.1)

u3 = Um.sin X

4 3

2-1

ien t cong suat 1

Vi Um la bien o ap pha Um = 2 .U ; U..... tr hieu dung ap pha . X = .t : gia tr goc ng vi thi iem t, : tan so goc Tai mot chieu gom R,L va sc ien ong E mac noi tiep . Gia s dong qua tai id lien tuc Phan tch : De dang nhan thay rang vi nguon ap ba pha ly tng khong the co hai (hoac ba) diode ong dan. Do dong ien tai lien tuc nen tai moi thi iem ch co mot diode dan ien . Bang phep chng minh bang phan chng, ta de dang suy ra ket luan sau: diode dan ien la diode mac vao nguon ap xoay chieu vi tr tc thi ln nhat trong cac pha tai thi iem ang xet. 5 V du: Trong khoang < X < , gia thiet V2 ong, V1 va V3 ngat.
6 6

T o: uv2 = 0 va uv1 = u1 - u2. Theo hnh ve H2.1: uv1 = u1 - u2 > 0 Nh vay, ien ap thuan xuat hien tren diode khi dan ien. ieu nay vo ly v diode ly tng khong cho phep ap at len no dng che o b ngat. Tng t, gia thiet V3 dan trong khoang nay cung khong phu hp . 5 Ket qua: V1 dan trong khoang , .
6 6

He phng trnh mo ta trang thai mach : 5 * <X < : V1 ong, V2 va V3 b ngat. Dong ien dan qua mach (u1,
6 6

v1,RLE).

uv1 = 0 ; iv1 = id uv2 = u2 - u1 ; iv2 = 0 ; uv3 = u3 - u1 ; iv3 = 0 ud = u1

ud = R.id + L. did +E dt

(2.2)

3 5 <x< : V2 ong, V1 va V3 b ngat. Dong ien dan qua mach 2 6

u2,v2,RLE )

uv2 = 0 ; iv2 = id uv1 = u1 - u2 ; iv1 = 0 ; uv3 = u3 - u2 ; iv3 = 0 ud = u2

ud = R.id + L. did +E dt

(2.3)

2-2

ien t cong suat 1

3 13 : V3 ong,V1 va V2 ngat. Dong ien dan qua mach: <x< 2 6

u3,v3,RLE )

uv3 = 0 ; iv3 = id uv1 = u1 - u3 ; iv1 = 0 ; uv2 = u2 - u3 ; iv2 = 0 ud = u3

ud = R.id + L. did +E dt

(2.4)

Dang o th cac ai lng ap va dong ien c ve tren hnh H2.b He qua: - ien ap chnh lu co 3 xung, chu ky ap chnh lu Tp = T/ 3 vi T la chu ky ap nguon xoay chieu - Khi dong tai lien tuc, ien ap tai ch phu thuoc vao ien ap nguon va co o ln tr trung bnh Ud :
Ud = 1 2 3

2 3

U m sin XdX =

3 3 3 6 .U m = .U 2 2

(2.5)

Tr trung bnh dong ien tai xac lap Id : Ud = R.Id + E Id = - Moi diode dan ien trong khoang thi gian 1/3 chu ky. Do o tr trung bnh dong qua diode:
ITAV 1 = 2 3 Ud E R

(2.6)

2 3

iT .dX =

Id 3

(2.7)

ien ap ngc ln nhat at tren diode bang bien o ap day URWM= 3 .Um 2.2 - BO CHNH LU MACH TIA BA PHA IEU KHIEN

(2.8)

S o cau tao : Mach cha nguon ap xoay chieu 3 pha ly tng, 3 thyristor mac dang tia. Mach c phan tch vi gia thiet dong qua tai lien tuc. Do o, tai moi thi iem, dong ien tai se khep kn qua mot nhanh mach cha nguon va thyristor dan ien. Do tnh chat oi xng cua nguon, nen cac thyristor se kch ong oi xng theo trat t V1 ,V2 ,V3 ,V1 ......

2-3

ien t cong suat 1

Gia thiet V3 dan ien va ta muon kch ong V1 . Muon vay ta xet dau ien ap tren V1 theo he thc : uv1 = u1 - u3 + uv3 = u1 - u3 (do uv3 = 0) 7 Do u1 - u3 > 0 (tc co ap khoa tren V1) khi nen V1 se ong neu <X <
6 6

ta thc hien a xung kch ong no trong khoang nay. Goi X la v tr xung kch a vao V1 va la goc cho bi: = X (2.9)
6

Goc c goi la goc kch hoac goc ieu khien cua thyristor va co o ln c tnh t thi iem xuat hien ien ap khoa tren thyristor ang xet en thi iem a xung kch vao cong ieu khien cua thyristor o. Tai v tr co goc ieu khien , V1 ong nen : uv1 = 0. Tren V3 xuat hien ien ap ngc at trc tiep gia anode-cathode : uv3 = u3 - u1 < 0 nen V3 ngat. Dong ien tai khep kn qua mach ( u1 , V1 ,RLE ). Cac phng trnh mo ta mach luc V1 dan co dang: uv1 = 0 ; iv1 = id uv2 = u2 - u1 ; iv2 = 0 ; uv3 = u3 - u1 ; iv3 = 0
ud = R.id + L. did +E dt

(2.10)

Tng t , ta phan tch cac qua trnh kch ong V2 ,V3.

2-4

ien t cong suat 1

Dong ien qua V3 b ngat do tac dung ien ap nguon xoay chieu (u3-u1) nen ien ap chuyen mach la ien ap nguon. Do ien ap chuyen mach tao thanh t ban than cua nguon ien (mach cong suat ) nen qua trnh chuyen mach c goi la qua trnh chuyen mach t nhien hoac qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc. Cac he qua khi dong lien tuc - ien ap tai co dang khong phu thuoc o ln dong ien tai va cac tham so mach tai va ch phu thuoc vao ien ap nguon va goc ieu khien . ien ap tai co 3 xung trong 1 chu ky T cua ap nguon. Chu ky ap chnh lu Tp tren tai bang Tp = T/3. - Tr trung bnh ap chnh lu tren tai
U d ( ) = 1 2 3

7 6

U m sin XdX =

3 3 3 6 U m cos = .U . cos 2 2

(2.11 )

- Pham vi goc ieu khien : do ien ap khoa tren thyristor ch ton tai trong khoang goc 0 nen goc ieu khien co pham vi ieu khien la (0, ). T o, ien ap chnh lu trung bnh Ud se co o ln nam trong khoang:
3 6 3 6 .U < U d < + .U 2 2

(2.12)

Khi ien ap tren tai co tr trung bnh dng, tai nhan nang lng t nguon va bo chnh lu lam viec che o chnh lu. Khi ap trung bnh tren tai am, do dong tai ch dng nen tai phat ra nang lng va ta goi bo chnh lu lam viec che o nghch lu . nh mc linh kien: - Moi thyristor dan ien trong 1/3 chu ky ap nguon do o tr trung bnh dong qua no ITAV =
Id . 3

(2.13)

ien ap khoa va ap ngc ln nhat co the xuat hien tren linh kien co o ln bang: UDRM = URRM = 6.U (2.14) V du 2.1: Bo chnh lu mach tia 3 pha ieu khien mac vao tai cha R = 10 , E=50 V va tai rat ln lam dong tai lien tuc va phang. Ap nguon xoay chieu 3 pha co tr hieu dung U=220 V. Mach trang thai xac lap. a. Tnh tr trung bnh cua ien ap chnh lu va dong chnh lu khi goc ieu khien = [rad]
3

b. Tnh cong suat trung bnh cua tai . c. Tnh tr trung bnh dong qua moi linh kien d. Tnh tr hieu dung dong qua moi pha nguon . e. Tnh he so cong suat nguon . Giai:

2-5

ien t cong suat 1

a/- Dong qua tai lien tuc nen suy ra: Ud( ) = 326 .U . cos Thay U= 220 [v], = Ud ( ) =

[rad], ta thu c

3 6 .220.cos = 128,6 [V] 2 3

Mach trang thai xac lap nen ta co: Ud = RId + E , hay Id = Thay Ud = 128,6 [V]; E = 50 [V]; R= 100 [ ] ta co ket qua: Id =
128,6 50 = 7,87[ A] 10

Ud E R

b. Do dong tai phang nen ta s dung he thc tnh cong suat trung bnh sau: Pd = Ud. Id hay Pd =128,6x 7,86 = 101,8 [W] c. Moi linh kien dan ien trong khoang thi gian bang nhau va bang 1/3 chu ky li. T o, dong trung bnh qua moi linh kien bang: ITAV= Id / 3 =7,83 / 3 =2,62 [A] d. T dang o th dong qua pha nguon cua bo chnh lu, ta co tr hieu dung dong I: I=
Id 3

I = 4,54.[A] e. He so cong suat cua nguon =

P S

vi P =

1 2

u1i1 + u 2i2 + u3i3

dX

Neu bo qua cong suat ton hao tren linh kien, ta co: P = Pd =1010,8 W=1,01kW Cong suat bieu kien cua nguon S = U1I1+ U2I2+ U3I3= 3U1I1 vi : U1=U=220 V ; I1=I= 4,54 A ; S= 3.220.4,54 = 2904 VA=2,9kVA He so cong suat cua nguon S: =
P 1010,8 = = 0,3481 2904 S

Ghi chu: he so cong suat thay oi phu thuoc vao goc ieu khien va co o ln giam dan khi goc ieu khien tang dan va at gia tr ln nhat khi goc ieu khien bang 0 (giong nh trng hp chnh lu khong ieu khien). He so cong suat nguon thng co gia tr nho hn 1 ngay ca khi goc ieu khien nho nhat (=0).

2-6

ien t cong suat 1

V du 2.2: Tnh tr trung bnh ap va dong chnh lu, cong suat tai tieu thu cua bo chnh lu mach tia ba pha ieu khien. Tai co R= 10 [], E=50 [V] va L=0. Ap nguon U=220 [V]; goc ieu khien = [rad].
3

Giai:

3 Tai X =, uv1 =u 1 ud = 220 2 sin 50 = 219,4[V ] > 0 3 3

Phan tch: gia s luc au dong qua tai bang 0. Ta co : Ud = R.Id + E =E Khi 0 < X< =

la ap khoa, lai co xung kch (IG1 >0) nen V1 ong. Dong ien khep kn qua mach (u 1,V1,RE). Luc o: uv1 =0 va ud = -uv1 + u1 = u1 iv1 =id = Dong V1 sau o giam ve 0 tai X= X1 khi u1 =E iv1(X1) =0 iv1 b ngat. Dong tai id b gian oan (trang thai 0), phng trnh mo ta mach: id =0 ud = E = 50 V Trang thai 0, keo dai en khi V2 c kch. Hien tng ong va ngat dong qua V2 dien ra tng t nh oi vi V1. T o th minh hoa cac qua trnh tren hnh H2.3, ta co: a. Tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu Ud. Do dong tai id b gian oan nen ta khong ap dung cong thc tnh Ud cua trng hp dong lien tuc c. Ta co:
ud E u1 E = R R

2-7

ien t cong suat 1

U d ( ) =

1 2 3

5 6

u d .dx =

3 2

X1 +

U m sin xdx +
6

5 6

X1

E.dx

U d ( ) =

3 {U m cos + cos X 1 + E + 5 X 1 2 6 6

2 5 220. 2 cos + cos(2,98) + 50 + 2,98 3 6 3 3 6 = 72,4V =

Tr trung bnh dong tai xac lap:

Id = Ud E = R

72,4 50 = 2,24 A 10
+

b. Cong suat trung bnh tren tai:

Pd =

1 2 3 3 2

+ 6

5 6

d .i d dx

Pd =

X1

ud .

Thay X1 =2,98 [rad], =

ud E 3 .dx = R 2
3

X1

+ 6

2 ud dx R

X1

+ 6

E .ud dx R

[rad ], u d = 220 2 sin x

E =50 [V], R = 10[] va lay tch phan ta thu c: Pd =5.553W=5,55kW 2.3 - BO CHNH LU CAU BA PHA IEU KHIEN HOAN TOAN

S o cau tao: Mach nguon xoay chieu ba pha ly tng mac vao bo chnh lu cau gom 6 thyristor. Cac ien ap udA , udK la ien ap t iem nut chung cua cac nhom linh kien en iem trung tnh cua nguon ap ba pha. Phan tch: Mach ien c phan tch vi gia thiet dong ien qua tai id lien tuc. Theo phep cong ien ap, ta co:

2-8

ien t cong suat 1

ud = udA - udK Ta se chng minh rang neu dong tai lien tuc, ien ap udA se ch phu thuoc vao goc kch ong cua nhom linh kien ( V1 ,V3 ,V5 ) va ien ap nguon ; va ap udK phu thuoc goc kch ong cua nhom (V2 ,V4 ,V6 ) That vay, xet nhom anode (V1 ,V3 ,V5 ), gia s rang V1 ong va V3, V5 b ngat, ta co: iV1 = id ; iV3 = 0 ; iV5 = 0 uV1 = 0 ; uV3 = u2 - u1 ; uV5 = u3 - u1 ; udA = u1 Ro rang, cac he thc mo ta ien ap nhom anode khong phu thuoc vao trang thai kch ong cua cac thyristor nhom cathode. Do o, e khao sat ien ap udA, ta ch can xet en trang thai kch ong cua cac thyristor (V1 ,V3 ,V5 ). Cac he thc mo ta ien ap nhom anode co dang giong nh mach chnh lu tia ba pha vi ap chnh lu udA, (hnh H2.5). Goc ieu khien v du cua V1, c tnh t v tr xuat hien ap khoa tren V1 tc uv1 = u1 - u3 > 0 Tng t, hoat ong nhom cathode co the phan tch di dang chnh lu mach tia ba pha vi ap chnh lu udK. Goc ieu khien, v du cua V2 c tnh t v tr xuat hien ien ap khoa tren V2, tc la: uV2 = u2 - u3 > 0 Phng trnh ien ap tai va dong tai: ud = udA - udK
ud = R.id + L. did +E dt

iV5 = 0 ; iV6 = 0 ud = udA - udK = u1 - u3

ud = R.id + L. did +E dt

Tong hp cac ket qua phan tch tren, ta co the viet phng trnh mo ta trang thai mach, v du khi V1 ,V2 ong : uV1= 0 ; uV2 = 0 ; uV3 = u2 - u1 ; uV4 = u3 - u1 iV1 = id ; iV2 = id ; iV3 = 0 ; iV4 = 0 uV5 = u3 - u1 ; uV6 = u3 u2

(2.15)

o th ien ap va dong ien cac ai lng mach c ve tren hnh H2.6 Xung kch:

2-9

ien t cong suat 1

Gia s tai thi iem a xung kch cho thyristor V2 bat au trang thai (V1V2). Neu dong ien tai lien tuc, viec kch V2 se lam cho no dan ien. Neu dong ien tai trang thai gian oan, viec a xung kch cho V2 khong the lam no dan v dong ien khong the khep kn qua nhom anode ang trang thai ngat. Trong trng hp nay, e tao ieu kien cho viec kch V2 thanh cong, xung kch phai c a ong thi cho ca V1. Nh vay, V1 c kch lap lai. Tng t khi khao sat viec chuyen mach gia cac linh kien con lai. Trnh t kch V1V2,..V6 cuoi cung co dang nh tren hnh ve H2.6b. Khoang cach gia xung kch ong thi en xung kch lap lai bang 3 . Ngoai dang xung n kch lap lai tren linh kien va neu (ky thuat kch oi double trigger), xung kch co the dang chuoi xung hoac dang xung kch lien tuc (H2.6c).

He qua: Khi dong ien tai lien tuc: -Dang ien ap tai co 6 xung va ch phu thuoc vao goc ieu khien va ien ap nguon xoay chieu. Chu ky xung chnh lu bang Tp =
1 T 6 1 chu ky ap nguon 6

(2.16)
2 6

Tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu:

1 U d ( ) = 2 6 U d ( ) =

x0 +

x0

ud dX = U dA ( ) U dK ( ) =

3 3 U mcos

3 6 U . cos Um 2

(2.17)

vi U la tr hieu dung ien ap pha U = -

Pham vi goc ieu khien : bang pham vi goc ieu khien cua cac nhom chnh lu mach tia, tc ( 0, ). Do o, ien ap trung bnh tren tai co the ieu khien thay oi trong khoang
3 6 3 6 .U , .U

(2.18) Id =
Ud E R

Dong trung bnh qua tai (RLE): Moi thyristor dan ien trong ien qua no:

1 chu ky ap nguon nen tr trung bnh dong 3

2-10

ien t cong suat 1

ITAV =

Id 3

(2.19) (2.20)

ien ap khoa va ap ngc cc ai xuat hien tren linh kien

U DRM = U RRM = 3.U m = 6U

- Dong ien qua nguon ien ap, v du qua pha 1: i1 = iV1 - iV4 Tri hieu dung dong ien qua nguon c xac nh vi gia thiet dong tai khong oi:
I =[
1 1 2 2 i .dX ] 2 = 2 0 1

2 .I d 3

(2.21)

Bang cach phan tch Fourier dong ien qua nguon cho trng hp goc kch = 0 , ta xac nh bieu thc dong ien qua pha th nhat:
ia(t ) = 1 1 1 2 3 1 sin 13 t ....) (2.22) sin 11t + I d .(sin t + sin 5 t + sin 7 t + 13 11 7 5

Ket qua cho thay dong ien qua nguon bao gom ngoai thanh phan c ban con co cac song hai bac 6k 1, k=1,2,3 Cac thanh phan song hai dong ien gay ra nhieu anh hng bat li trong he thong ien li nen chung can c kh bo. Mach loc c ban c lap at gia he thong li ien va bo chnh lu bao gom cac bo loc cong hng LC va mach loc thong cao RLC. Mach loc cong hng c hieu chnh chu yeu cho cac song hai bac 5 va 7 v chung co bien o ln nhat.

V du 2.3: Cho bo chnh lu cau 3 pha ieu khien hoan toan vi cac tham so sau: ap day nguon ac 480V, f=50Hz. Tai R=10, L=50mH. Xac nh goc kch e dong tai trung bnh bang 50A Giai: Tr trung bnh ap tai: Ud=R.Id=50.10=500V Goc kch:
= ar cos = 39,50
U d . = ar cos 500. 3 2 .U 3 2 .480 L

2-11

ien t cong suat 1

2.4 - BO CHNH LU CAU MOT PHA IEU KHIEN HOAN TOAN

S o mach ve tren hnh H2.8: Bang cach chia nguon ien ap u lam 2 na bang nhau, ta tao nen he thong nguon xoay chieu 2 pha oi xng u1, u2
u1 = u Um = sin X 2 2 u U u 2 = = m sin( X ) 2 2

(2.25)

Bai toan phan tch hoat ong mach chnh lu cau mot pha c qui oi thanh phan tch hai nhom mach chnh lu tia hai pha (hnh H2.9). Nhom anode gom V1,V3. Goc ieu khien c tnh t thi iem bat au xuat hien ap khoa tren linh kien en khi a xung kch vao cong ieu khien cua no, v du, oi vi V1, ap khoa ton tai khi u1 - u2 = u > 0 hay u1 > 0. Khi V1 dan: uV1 = 0 ;uV3 = u2 - u1 = -u udA = u1 Khi V3 dan: uV3 = 0 ;uV1 = u1 - u2 =u udA = u2 Tng t nhom cathode gom V2,V4, goc cho V4 c tnh t thi iem: u2 -u1 = - u >0, tc u >0 Khi V4 dan : uV4 = 0 ; uV2 = u1 - u2 =u ; udA = u1 Khi V2 dan : uV2 = 0 ; uV4 = u2 - u1 =-u ; udA = u2 ien ap va dong tai chnh lu ud = udA - udK
ud = R.id + L. did +E dt
2-12

ien t cong suat 1

Tong hp cac ket qua phan tch, ta co the bieu dien trang thai hoat ong cua mach chnh lu, v du khi V1V2 ong bang he phng trnh sau : uv1 = 0 ; iv1 = id (2.26) uv2 = 0 ; iv2 =id ; uv3 = - u ; iv3 = 0 uV4 = -u ; iV4 = 0 ud = u
ud = R.id + L. did +E dt

Ket qua phan tch di dang o th c ve tren hnh H2.10 Cac he qua: - Neu dong qua tai lien tuc, ien ap tai co dang ch phu thuoc vao goc ieu khien va ap nguon. Dang ap chnh lu co hai xung trong mot chu ky ap nguon vi chu ky xung chnh lu bang 1/2 chu ky ap li Tp = T/2 - V du khi V1 dan, ap khoa xuat hien tren V3 khi uV3 = -u > 0, tc trong na chu ky am cua ap nguon. T o suy ra, pham vi goc ieu khien la ( 0, ) - Tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu :

U d ( ) = U d ( ) =

u dX = U 1 1
d

m . sin XdX

2U m

cos

khoang:

U cos Vi 0 < < , ien ap chnh lu trung bnh c ieu khien thay oi trong 2 2 .U < U d ( ) < + 2 2 .U

2 2

(2.27)

(2.28)

- Moi thyristor dan ien trong 1/2 chu ky ap nguon, t o tr trung bnh dong
I qua no bang d . ien ap cc ai xuat hien tren thyristor bang bien o ap nguon Um 2

2-13

ien t cong suat 1

V du 2.4 Cho bo chnh lu cau 1 pha ieu khien hoan toan vi cac tham so sau: ap pha nguon ac 120V, f=50Hz. Tai R-L mac noi tiep R=10 , L=100mH. Goc kch = 600 . Xac nh che o dong ien tai va tr trung bnh cua no Giai: Co the kiem chng e thay rang dong ien tai lien tuc. Tr trung bnh ap tai: U d =
2 2 U . cos = 2 2 120. cos 60 0 = 54V

2.5 CAC BO CHNH LU IEU KHIEN CHA DIODE QUI TAC PHAN TCH MACH BO CHNH LU TONG QUAT Cac diode xuat hien trong bo chnh lu ieu khien di dang mach ieu khien ban phan hoac dang diode khong (diode zero), hoac trong dang bo chnh lu khong ieu khien. Cac diode dung thay thyristor trong mach lam giam gia thanh mach ong lc lan mach ieu khien, han che thanh phan xoay chieu cua dong chnh lu, ieu nay dan en chat lng dong ien phang hn. Do o, tang hieu suat cung nh he so cong suat nguon ien. mot vai dang mach, viec a them diode vao mach lam tang kha nang ieu khien goc trong thc te at en gia tr ly tng (v du max = ) Phan tch hoat ong cua cac bo chnh lu cha diode co the da tren ba bc chnh 1/ -Tach dang mach chnh lu cau thanh hai nhom mach tia mac noi tiep. Moi nhom mach tia gom hai hai nhieu nhanh mach tia mac song song. Moi nhanh cua mach tia co the gom: a. nguon ien mac noi tiep vi linh kien. Linh kien co the dang ieu khien (SCR) hoac khong ieu khien (diode) b. linh kien. Trng hp nay, nguon ien c gia thiet bang 0. 2/- Vi gia thiet dong ien qua tai lien tuc va bo qua tac dung cam khang trong cua nguon, thc hien phan tch gian o ong ngat cac linh kien trong tng nhom mach tia theo qui tac phan tch bo chnh lu mach tia nh sau: Qui tac 1: Dau qui c chon cho cac ien ap pha nguon co cc dng tiep xuc vi anode linh kien. Trong nhom mach chnh lu mach tia nhieu pha, tai thi iem ang xet gia cac thyristor c kch ong thi, diode va linh kien ang dan ien th linh kien nao mac vao nguon ap pha co tr tc thi ln nhat trong tat ca cac pha nguon se chuyen sang trang thai ong, tat ca cac linh kien con lai b ngat. (Diode c xem nh mot dang ac biet cua thyristor co che o kch ong lien tuc). Qui tac 2: Trong trng hp, dau ien ap pha nguon ngc lai vi qui tac 1Trong nhom mach chnh lu mach tia nhieu pha, tai thi iem ang xet, gia cac thyristor c kch ong thi, diode va linh kien ang dan ien th linh kien nao mac vao nguon ap pha co tr tc thi nho nhat trong tat ca cac pha nguon se chuyen sang trang thai ong, tat ca cac linh kien con lai b ngat Khi mot nhanh cua mach tia ch cha linh kien th ien ap nguon cua nhanh o bang 0. Mot linh kien ang dan ien se b ngat khi co linh kien khac mac vao nguon ap tc thi ln hn c kch ong
2-14

ien t cong suat 1

3/ -Ket hp gian o ong ngat linh kien cua cac nhom mach tia e tao thanh gian o ong ngat linh kien cua bo chnh lu cau. Theo gian o ong ngat o, ta xac nh ien ap tai chnh lu cau va giai phng trnh mach e xac nh dong ien tai. - Neu dong tai b gian oan th khoang co dong gian oan se c thay the bang trang thai khong dan ien va dang ap tren tai trong khoang nay c thay bang sc ien ong ton tai trong mach (ud=E, neu co ) hoac bang khong (ud=0, neu tai RL), con trong khoang thi gian dong tai lien tuc, ien ap tai phu thuoc vao ap nguon va goc kch xac gi nguyen t ket qua phan tch theo qui tac. V du 2.5: ap dung qui tac phan tch bo chnh lu e xac nh qua trnh ien ap va dong ien cho bo chnh lu cau 1 pha ieu khien ban phan dang khong oi xng. Gia thiet dong tai lien tuc.

Hng dan:

Mach cau c phan tch thanh hai mach tia nhom anode V1V3 va nhom cathode V2V4. Nhom mach tia anode V1,V3 vi cac pha nguon tng ng la u va 0, dau qui c thoa man qui tac 1. Nhom cathode gom V2,V4 vi cac pha nguon tng ng la u va 0, dau nguon thoa man qui tac 2. Gian o ong ngat linh kien V1V2V3V4 c suy ra tren hnh ve H2.12. Tong hp gian o ong ngat linh kien cua hai nhom mach tia, ta co gian o ong ngat cho mach cau- xem hnh ve H2.12. T o, qua trnh ien ap va dong ien c dan giai nh sau: Trang thai V1V2: ud=u Trang thai V2V3: ud=0 Trang thai V3V4: ud=-u Phng trnh dong ien tai ap dung cho cac trang thai la:
u d = R.id + L. did +E dt

Tr trung bnh ien ap tai:

2-15

ien t cong suat 1

U d ( ) =

(1 + cos ) = (1 + cos ) Neu gia thiet dong qua tai c loc phang id=Id, ta co: + - Tr trung bnh dong qua linh kien: I SCRAV = .I d ; I DAV = .I d 2. 2.

Um

U 2

(2.29)

(2.30) (2.31)

- Tr hieu dung dong ien qua nguon: I =

.I d

V du 2.6: Ap dung qui tac phan tch bo chnh lu e xac nh qua trnh ien ap va dong ien cho bo chnh lu cau 1 pha ieu khien ban phan dang oi xng. Gia thiet dong tai lien tuc. Hng dan:

Mach cau c phan tch thanh hai mach tia nhom anode V1V3 va nhom cathode V2V4 (hnh H2.13).
2-16

ien t cong suat 1

Nhom mach tia anode V1,V3 vi cac pha nguon tng ng la u va 0, dau qui c thoa man qui tac 1. Nhom cathode gom V2,V4 vi cac pha nguon tng ng la u va 0, dau nguon thoa man qui tac 2. Gian o ong ngat linh kien V1V2V3V4 c suy ra tren hnh H2.14. Tong hp gian o ong ngat linh kien cua hai nhom mach tia, ta co gian o ong ngat cho mach cau- xem hnh ve H2.14. T o, qua trnh ien ap va dong ien c dan giai nh sau: Trang thai V1V2: ud=u Trang thai V2V3: ud=0 Trang thai V3V4: ud=-u Trang thai V4V1: ud=0 Phng trnh dong ien chung cho cac khoang la:
u d = R.id + L. did +E dt

Tr trung bnh ien ap tai:

U d ( ) = (1 + cos ) (2.32) Neu gia thiet dong qua tai loc phang id=Id, ta co: (1 + cos ) = Id . 2 Um U 2

- Tr trung bnh dong qua linh kien: I SCRAV = I DAV = -Tr hieu dung dong ien qua nguon: I = V du 2.7:

(2.33) (2.34)

.I d

Ap dung qui tac phan tch mach bo chnh lu, hay phan tch mach bo chnh lu cau 3 pha ieu khien ban phan (hnh H2.15). Ve hnh cac ai lng ap, dong ien trong mach. Xac nh tr trung bnh ap tai, xac nh ap va dong qua cac linh kien. Ap dung vi cac gia tr sau: tr hieu dung ap pha nguon 220V, f=50Hz. Tai R=1 , E=50V, L . Goc ieu khien = [rad ]
3

Hng dan: Bo chnh lu c tach ra lam hai nhom chnh lu tia ba pha: nhom(V1V3V5) ieu khien hoan toan va nhom con lai gom cac diode (V2V4V6) khong ieu khien. ien ap chnh lu co dang ba xung. Tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu vi ieu kien dong tai lien tuc xac nh theo he thc:
2-17

ien t cong suat 1

U d ( ) =

3 6 .U (1 + cos ) 2

Tnh toan ien ap va dong ien qua linh kien giong nh mach cau 3 pha ieu khien hoan toan. V du 2.8: Ap dung qui tac phan tch mach bo chnh lu, hay phan tch mach bo chnh lu cau 3 pha ieu khien hoan toan vi hai diode khong V01 va V02 (hnh H2.16). Ve hnh cac ai lng ap, dong ien trong mach. Xac nh tr trung bnh ap tai, xac nh ap va dong qua cac linh kien, chu y bien luan theo gia tr goc kch . Nhan xet vai tro cua cac diode khong. Ap dung vi cac gia tr sau: tr hieu dung ap pha nguon 220V, f=50Hz. Tai R=10 ,

E=100V, L . Goc ieu khien = 4 [rad ]

Hng dan: Thc hien tach mach chnh lu cau ba pha vi hai diode khong tren hnh H2.16 thanh hai nhom mach tia ba pha: nhom mach tia vi diode khong V01 (V1V3V5, V01) va nhom mach tia vi diode V02 (V2V4V6V02). Sau o ap dung qui tac 1 va 2 e giai bai toan tren. Chu y pham vi co anh hng cua cac diode khong. V du 2.9: ong c DC co phan ng va mach kch t c cung cap ien bi bo chnh lu cau 3 pha ieu khien ban phan theo s o H2.17. Cho biet tr hieu dung ap pha nguon 220V, f=50Hz. Mach phan ng: R=0,1 , E=100V, L . Goc ieu khien = 4 [rad ] . Mach kch t: Rkt=15 , Lkt . Phan tch qua trnh ien ap va dong ien qua mach phan ng va cuon kch t. Xac nh tr trung bnh dong ien qua phan ng va cuon kch t. Hng dan: bo chnh lu cung cap nguon dc cho phan ng va cuon kch t oc lap. Bang cach bien oi n gian de thay rang nguon cap cho mach kch t la mach tia 3 pha khong oi xng (u1-u3),(u2-u3) va 0. Sau o, ap dung qui tac phan tch mach chnh lu tia. V du 2.10:
2-18

ien t cong suat 1

So sanh he so cong suat gia bo chnh lu cau mot pha ieu khien toan phan va bo chnh lu cau mot pha ieu khien ban phan. Cho biet ap nguon xoay chieu, cong suat tai va dong tai trong hai trng hp la nh nhau U = 220V, Pd= 10kW. Dong tai id lien tuc va phang id = Id = 100A Giai: Cong suat tai dang mach ieu khien toan phan
.U . cos tp I dtp va mach ieu khien ban phan 1 + cos bp 2 2 Pd = U dbp .I dbp = .U . Pd = U dtp .I dtp = 2 2

2 Cong suat bieu kien cua nguon trong hai trng hp: S tp = U .I tp = U .I dtp

.I dbp

T o he so cong suat :
tp =
bp =

S bp = U .I bp = U .
Ptp Ptp

bp

.I dbp

S tp
Pbp S bp

U .Idbp

10.000 = 0 ,4545 220.100

= U.
.Pd

Pd bp
1 =

.Idbp
.10.000 2 .220.100

Xac nh bp:
cos bp =

bp = 1,56105

2 .U .I d

1 = 0 ,00974

bp =

Pbp S bp

10000 1,561 220. .100

= 0 ,6408

T o: mach chnh lu ieu khien ban phan at gia tr he so cong suat cao hn. V du 2.11: Mach kch t cho ong c mot chieu c mac vao bo chnh lu mach tia mot pha vi diode zero (hnh H2.18a). Ap nguon u= 220 2 sin314t [V], tham so mach kch t L = 0,1H, R = 10 . Goc ieu khien = [rad] Viet phng trnh mo ta hoat ong cua mach xac lap. Tnh Ud, Id . Giai :
2

2-19

ien t cong suat 1

Ap dung qui tac tong quat phan tch bo chnh lu, vi diode c xem nh mot dang SCR c kch lien tuc va no co ap nguon tng ng bang 0. Do trong khoang thi gian diode ong, phng trnh mach tai : di 0 = R .i d + L. d dt co nghiem xac lap id = 0 khi t nen ro rang dong id lien tuc trong khoang nay. Khi V1 ong :
ud = u = R.id + L. did dt

Dong tai id tang Ket qua: Tr trung bnh ap tai: 1 2 + 1 Ud = . u d .dx = u m . sin x .dx 2 2 U 220. 2 1 = m ( + cos ) = 1 + cos = 49 ,5 [V ] 2 2 2 Tr trung bnh dong kch t.

Id =

Ud E Ud 49,5 = = = 4,95[ A] R R 10

2-20

ien t cong suat 1

2.6 CAC CHE O LAM VIEC CUA BO CHNH LU VA HE QUA 2.6.1 CHE O CHNH LU VA CHE O NGHCH LU Trong che o chnh lu (hnh H2.19a), cong suat tieu thu a t nguon xoay chieu sang mach mot chieu. Gia thiet dong ien tai c loc phang, cong suat do bo chnh lu cung cap co gia tr Pd=Ud.Id, ieu kien cua che o chnh lu la Pd 0. Do dong ien tai luon dng, nen ieu kien tren ong ngha Ud 0. Cac bo chnh lu ieu khien hoan toan, ien ap chnh lu khong am xay ra vi cac goc kch ieu chnh trong pham vi: 0 2 . Cac bo chnh lu ieu khien ban phan, ieu kien e Ud>0 xay ra vi goc kch nam trong pham vi 0 . Tai tieu thu cong suat Pd>0 co the la tai thuan tr R hoac dang noi tiep RL hoac tai gom RLE vi E la sc ien ong mot chieu E>0 .

Trong che o nghch lu, cong suat phat ra t tai se a tra ve nguon xoay chieu qua bo chnh lu. V cong suat bo chnh lu nhan ve bang Pd=Ud.Id, ieu kien cua che o nghch lu xay ra khi Pd 0. Do dong ien tai luon dng, nen ieu kien tren ong ngha Ud 0. oi vi cac bo chnh lu ieu khien hoan toan, ien ap chnh lu se am neu goc kch thay oi trong pham vi: 2 . oi vi cac bo chnh lu ieu khien ban phan, ieu kien e Ud<0 khong the xay ra vi moi gia tr cua goc kch. Do o che o nghch lu cua bo chnh lu khong thc hien c vi bo chnh lu ieu khien ban phan. Tai ch phat ra cong suat Pd<0 khi no cha phan t sc ien ong E<0- v du ong c mot chieu che o may phat. Tai cha cuon khang ln cung co the phat ra cong suat a ve nguon xoay chieu trong thi gian ngan. Tren hnh H2.20 la cac o th minh hoa qua trnh ien ap chnh lu bo chnh lu cau 3 pha khi bo chnh lu chuyen che o lam viec t che o chnh lu sang che o nghch lu vi gia thiet dong ien tai lien tuc. Cac qua trnh song ong bo (dang cosin) va tn hieu ien ap ieu khien c ve tren cung mot truc toa o vi o th ien ap chnh lu tren tai. Ta thay, qua trnh ien ap tai ud thay oi lien tuc theo ng cosin khi chuyen t che o chnh lu sang che o nghch lu. Trong trng hp ngc lai, ien ap chnh lu thay oi dang nhay cap.

2-21

ien t cong suat 1

V du 2.12: Cho bo chnh lu cau mot pha ieu khien hoan toan mac vao nguon ac mot pha vi tr hieu dung 220V, f=50Hz. Tai RLE vi R=1 , gia thiet dong ien tai lien tuc vi L ln vo cung lam dong tai phang vi o ln Id=20A. Cho biet goc ieu khien = 120 0 , ve qua trnh ien ap tai va dong ien qua nguon ac. Xac nh o ln sc ien ong E. Tnh cong suat phat ra cua sc ien ong va cong suat nguon ac nhan c. Giai o th cac qua trnh ien ap tai, dong ien nguon- xem hnh ve H2.21: Vi gia thiet dong tai lien tuc, ien ap trung bnh tren tai:
Sc ien ong E xac nh theo he thc: Ud=R.Id+E E=Ud-R.Id=-99-1.20=-119[V] Cong suat phat ra t tai: PE=E.Id=-119.20=-2380W=-2,38kW Cong suat tieu hao tren ien tr: PR=R.Id2=1.202=400W=0,4kW Cong suat nguon ac cung cap: Pac=Ud.Id=-99.20=-1.980W=-1,98kW Dau (-) co ngha la tai a cong suat ve nguon qua bo chnh lu.
Ud = 2 2 .220. cos120 0 = 99[V ]

2-22

ien t cong suat 1

V du 2.13: Giai thch cac che o lam viec cua cac bo chnh lu theo cau hnh H2.22 a/-b/-c/- khi thay oi goc kch trong pham vi (0 2 ) va ( 2 ) . Khi nao ton tai che o nghch lu trong cac cau hnh tren. Trang thai cong suat gia nguon va tai nh the nao?

Giai: trng hp a/-, chieu cua sc ien ong E va dong ien cua tai cho thay tai luon nhan cong suat. Khi (0 2 ) , ien ap chnh lu trung bnh luon dng. Phu thuoc vao o ln cua goc ieu khien, ien ap chnh lu va dong ien se at cac gia tr khac nhau2-23

ien t cong suat 1

dong ien co the lien tuc hoac gian oan. Nguon ac cung cap cong suat tieu thu tren R, E va tch luy nang lng t trng trong L. Khi ( 2 ) , neu dong tai lien tuc, ien ap tai am, Ud va E cung dau co khuynh hng lam giam lien tuc dong ien ve 0, chieu cac SCR khong cho phep dong ien chuyen sang am di tac dung cua Ud va E. Trong giai oan qua o nay nguon ac , sc ien ong E va ien tr R eu nhan cong suat. Tong cac cong suat va neu c cung cap bi cuon khang L ma theo thi gian dong ien qua no giam xuong. che o dong ien tai gian oan, tr trung bnh ap tren tai la dng, nguon ac cung cap cong suat cho tai RLE. Nh vay, bo chnh lu co the lam viec trong che o nghch lu trong thi gian qua o ngan, che o nghch lu khong the ton tai che o xac lap. trng hp b/-, co the thay rang che o nghch lu co the thiet lap vi gia tr goc kch thoa man ieu kien: U d =
2 2

U . cos = ( R.I d + E ) < 0 2

U .(1 + cos ) = ( R.I d + E ) < 0 khong the thoa man vi moi gia tr cua goc kch. Do E va Ud cung dau, dong ien qua tai se tang en gia tr rat ln cho bi he thc (Ud+E)/R. Cong suat nguon ac va cong suat phat ra bi sc ien ong E se tieu hao mot phan tren R, phan con lai tch luy trong cuon khang L. Bo chnh lu nh vay lam viec trong che o chnh lu.

trng hp c/-, ieu kien U d =

2.6.2 CHE O DONG LIEN TUC VA CHE O DONG IEN GIAN OAN Do ien ap chnh lu ud tao thanh co dang xung nen gia tr ien ap nay co the tach lam hai thanh phan: thanh phan mot chieu vi tr tc thi bang tr trung bnh ap chnh lu Ud va thanh phan xoay chieu : ud = ud - Ud Thanh phan xoay chieu cua ap chnh lu ud lam dong ien tai id b nhap nho. Tng t nh ien ap, dong chnh lu co the tach lam 2 thanh phan tng ng: id = Id + id Thanh phan xoay chieu cua dong lam dong ien tai co the b gian oan Khac vi che o dong tai lien tuc, khi ma ien ap tai trung bnh ch phu thuoc vao yeu to nguon va yeu to ieu khien (goc kch), che o dong qua tai b gian oan , dang ien ap chnh lu cua tai phu thuoc khong nhng vao yeu to nguon va goc ieu khien ma phu thuoc ca vao cac tham so cua tai (RLE) . V du: xet ien ap tai chnh lu bo chnh lu cau mot pha oi vi tai RLE khi id = 0 (hnh H2.23) ud=0 neu E = 0 ud = E neu E 0 Cac he thc Ud dan giai cho dong tai lien tuc khong ap dung c cho trng hp dong gian oan. T le phan bo thi gian dong ien qua tai lien tuc (id >0) va thi gian dong gian oan ( id = 0) trong mot chu ky xung ien ap chnh lu phu thuoc vao cac gia tr tham so tai R,L,E va goc ieu khien . Viec tnh toan ien ap chnh lu trong trng hp nay rat phc tap. Khi dong tai gian oan, quan he gia ien
2-24

ien t cong suat 1

ap chnh lu va khong con la duy nhat. Trong ieu khien, v du ong c ien mot chieu, khi dong tai bang 0, moment tac ong triet tieu va viec ieu khien tai khong co tac dung. Tac dung dong tai gian oan lam ac tnh ieu khien tr nen phi tuyen, hien tng qua o cua he ieu khien kho hieu chnh, do o trong ky thuat ngi ta co gang han che vung lam viec cua bo chnh lu che o dong gian oan. Tren hnh H2.24 ve qua trnh ien ap va dong ien tai khi chuyen t che o dong lien tuc (t<t1) sang che o dong tai triet tieu (t1<t<t2), khi o ap tren tai bang E. Trong khoang thi gian t>t2, dong ien tai tr nen gian oan trong tng chu ky ien ap chnh lu (xem chi tiet tren hnh H2.24b). ien ap tai chnh lu thay oi gia cac gia tr ap nguon xoay chieu va sc ien ong E. Dong ien tai trung bnh co gia tr tng oi nho. Tuy nhien che o dong tai gian oan thng t xay ra nen trong trng hp khong co yeu cau chnh xac cao, viec tnh toan nh mc he thong co the van dung t ket qua tnh cho dong tai lien tuc.

Viec mo ta mach ien vi qua trnh dong ien tai lien tuc va gian oan co the minh hoa tren v du bo chnh lu tia mot xung, xem hnh ve H2.25. V du 2.14: Phan tch bo chnh lu tia mot xung ieu khien tren hnh H2.25 vi hai trng hp tai RL va RLE. Giai: Trng hp tai RL: Tai v tr goc kch , xung kch ong V lam mach khep kn qua tai. Phng trnh mach ien se la: ud=u; u d = R .i d + L.
di d dt

Nghiem cua phng trnh co dang:

2-25

ien t cong suat 1

vi Z = R 2 + ( L ) 2 ; = arctan

L L ; = R R Hang so A xac nh t ieu kien ban au i d ( ) = 0 . T o:

U i d ( x ) = m . sin( x ) + A.e Z

U A = m . sin( ) .e Z

Ket qua la qua trnh dong ien tai trong mot chu ky ien ap li co the bieu dien di dang ham tong quat sau:
x U m .sin( x ) sin( ).e ; 0 x Z id (x) = 0 ; < x 2 Goc la goc tat cua thyristor va co the xac nh theo ieu kien dong ien tai triet

tieu: i d ( ) = 0 .
U i d ( ) = 0 = m Z
sin( ) sin( ).e .

Nghiem ( ) cua phng trnh co the giai bang phng phap so. Goc ( ) goi la khoang dan cua thyristor. Tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu phu thuoc vao goc ieu khien va tham so tai:
2-26

ien t cong suat 1

Ud =

U 1 U m . sin x .dx = m .(cos cos ) 2 2

Tr trung bnh dong ien tai chnh lu:

Id = 1 i d ( x ).dx 2

Tr hieu dung dong ien qua nguon bang vi tr hieu dung dong qua linh kien va qua tai co the xac nh theo ham tch phan sau:
I rms = 1 2 i d ( x ).dx 2

Trng hp tai RLE: (xem hnh H2.26) Thyristor co the kch dan neu xung kch thc hien trong ieu kien ap tren thyristor dng. Ro rang ieu kien goc kch phai thoa man la:
E > min = arcsin U m va < min .

Dong ien tai trong mot chu ky li co the bieu dien di dang:
x U m . sin( x ) E + A.e id(x) = R Z 0

x < x 2

Hang so A xac nh t ieu kien dong qua thyristor tat:

U E A = m . sin( ) + .e Z R

ien ap tai chnh lu trong thi gian thyristor dan ien bang ien ap nguon va trong thi gian dong tai gian oan bang sc ien ong cua tai ud=E.

V du 2.15: Bo chnh lu mach tia ba pha mac vao tai thuan tr R = 10 . Nguon xoay chieu co tr hieu dung ap pha bang 220 V, =314 rad/s. Ve o th va tnh tr trung bnh cua ien ap va dong ien tai trong hai trng hp goc ieu khien:
2-27

ien t cong suat 1

[rad ] 9 2 [rad ] b/ = 3 a/ =

Giai: Trng hp =

[rad ] dong qua tai lien tuc (hnh H2.27a) 9 2 Trng hp = [rad ] , dong qua tai b gian oan. o th cac qua trnh c ve tren 3
hnh H2.27b

a/Ud =
Id =

Ud 241,78 = = 24 , 178 [ A ] 10 R

3 6 3 6 .U . cos = .220. cos = 241,78 [V ] 2 2 9

b/- U d =

1 . 2 3

U m . sin + 6

x .dx =

3U m .1 + cos + 2 6

Ud = Id =

3 2 .220 2

U d 19 ,9 = = 1,99 [ A ] 10 R

2 + = 19 ,9 [V ] 1 + cos 6 3

V du 2.16:

2-28

ien t cong suat 1

Bo chnh lu mach tia ba pha ieu khien mac vao nguon U =220 V, = 314 rad/s. Tai co RE, R = 10, E = 50 V. Ve cac qua trnh ap va dong tai va ket luan. Cho biet goc ieu khien : a / = [ rad ] 6 b / = [ rad ] 2 Hng dan e y rang:
id =

Do o, khoang thi gian xuat hien (ud - E) < 0 theo qui tac dong lien tuc se c thay bang che o dong gian oan id = 0. Ap tai luc o; ud = R.id +E = R.0 + E = E hay ud = 50 V Ket qua ap cho tren hnh ve H2.28a khi = 6 va H2.28b khi = 2

ud E , R

2-29

ien t cong suat 1

V du: Trong khoang <X<X1, V1V2 ong, V3V4 ngat: ud=u; id=(u-E)/R Trong khoang X1<X<+: V1,V2,V3,V4 b ngat id=0; ud=R.id+E=E Vi X1 la nghiem phng trnh: Um.sinX1=E Giai ra va chon nghiem X1=170,70 Dong ien tai cho bi
id =

Tr trung bnh ap tai

Ud = Ud = 1

ud E R

u .dx
d X1

Ket qua Ud=224 [V] khi = 6 va Ud=257[V] khi = 2 . V du 2.17 Cho bo chnh lu mach cau mot pha ieu khien hoan toan tai R. Goc ieu khien = (rad )
2

ud .dx + E.dx
X1

Ap nguon u = 220 2 sin314t [V], R = 10 . Tnh Ud ,Id va cong suat Pd . Giai : Trc het, ta ap dung qui tac phan tch tong quat bo chnh lu vi dong tai lien tuc va xac nh ien ap ud . T gia tr cua ap ud , ta kiem chng nghiem dong id xem co thoa man tnh chat linh kien khong (id > 0). Neu khong thoa man ieu kien dong, th khoang xuat hien dong id < 0 khong the ap dung qui tac cho dong lien tuc c. Luc o, dong tai gian oan id = 0 va ta xac nh lai ien ap ud trong khoang o. oi vi tai R, v id = xac nh theo qui tac dong lien tuc co gia tr am tc ud<0. Ket qua ien ap va dong ien tai c ve tren hnh H2.29
ud nen ro rang dong tai gian oan trong khoang thi gian ap ud R

2-30

ien t cong suat 1

V du: trong khoang <X<: ud=u; id=u/R Trong khoang <X<+: id=0; ud=R.id=0 Tr trung bnh ap tai :
Ud = Ud = = u 1 1
+
d .dx m . sin xdx

2U m 1 + cos . 2 [V ]

2 2 .220 1 + 0 = 99 . 2
U d 99 = = 9,9 R 10
[ A]

Tr trung bnh dong tai :

Id =

Cong suat trung bnh tren tai :

Pd =
Ket qua:

u d .i d dx =
2 Um = 2420 4R

2 ud 1 dx = R

(U m sin )2 .dx
R

Pd =

V du 2.18 Cho bo chnh lu mach cau mot pha ieu khien toan phan. Ap nguon u = 220 2 sin314t. 2 (rad ) . Ket Tai R=1 , L = 0,01 H va E. Mach trang thai xac lap vi goc ieu khien =
3

luan g ve trang thai ap va dong tai neu : a./- E=150[V]>0

b/-

E = - 150[ V] < 0

Giai: trang thai xac lap : Ud = R.Id + E Gia s dong tai lien tuc , tr trung bnh ien ap va dong ien chnh lu: 2 2 2 2 2 Ud = U . cos = .220 cos [V ] = 99 3
Id = Ud E R
A

a/- Neu E = 150 V

Id =

99 150 = 24,9 10

ieu nay khong the xay ra . Vay trong trng hp nay dong tai gian oan. Qua trnh ien ap va dong tai trong chu ky ap li gom 2 khoang: 2/3<X<X1 dong ien dan qua mach (u,V1,RLE,V2):
u d = u = 220 2 . sin(314.t ) u d = R.id + L. did +E dt R = 1, L = 0.01H , E = 150V
2-31

ien t cong suat 1

vi id()=0 X1 la goc tng ng thi iem dong ien id at gia tr 0. Khoang X1<X<+, dong ien tai gian oan: id=0 ud=E=150V b/- Neu E = - 150 V
Id = 99 ( 150 ) = 5,1 10

Do o, dong tai lien tuc va bo chnh lu lam viec che o nghch lu. Dang dong ien va ien ap cho hai trng hp c ve tren hnh H2.30.

2.7 - MACH LOC AP TAI VA DONG TAI. e han che thanh phan xoay chieu cua ap chnh lu va do o lam giam o nhap nho dong ien tai, ta co the: 1. Tang so xung ien ap chnh lu, v du s dung mach nhieu pha, dang cau. 2. Dung tu loc. 3. Dung cam khang loc. 4. Dung diode khong, mach ieu khien ban phan.

V du 2.19: Tnh toan mach tu loc C cua bo chnh lu cau mot pha tai R (xem hnh H2.31) Giai: Phng trnh ien ap tai khi cac diode dan:
ud = U m . sin x

va khi diode ngat:

2-32

ien t cong suat 1

u d = ( U m . sin ).e

( x )

RC

Goc , tai v tr dong qua diode b ngat, c xac nh theo he thc:

= arctan( RC ) = arctan( RC ) +

ien ap ln nhat tren tai bang bien o ap nguon va ien ap nho nhat xay ra tai thi iem ( + ), ta co:
( U m . sin ).e
( + ) RC

= U m . sin( + )

RC sin( + ) = 0 T o: (sin ).e Gia tr can xac nh bang phng phap tnh so. o chenh lech gia ien ap ln nhat va nho nhat ien ap tai bang:

( + )

U d = U m U m . sin( + ) = U m .(1 sin )

Vi cac gia tr R, U d cho trc, ta co the xac nh o ln tu C.

Thong thng: RC >> ; 2 ; 2 . ien ap thap nhat cua tai co the gia s bang gia tr ap tai thi iem x= . Ta co:

2-33

ien t cong suat 1

U d ( + ) = U m .e ( + / 2 / 2 ) / RC = U m .e RC

T o: U d U m .(1 e RC ) U m .1 (1
U d Um .U m = RC 2.f .RC

) RC

Dong ien qua tai trong v du tren co tnh gian oan. e cho dong ien tai lien tuc, cam khang loc can c s dung (hnh H2.32). Trong trng hp ket hp vi tu C, mach loc LC c ve tren hnh kem theo. Viec chon cac gia tr can thiet cua mach loc co the thc hien bang giai tch, da theo phan tch song hai bang chuoi Fourier. Tuy nhien, viec tnh toan co the n gian hn nh s dung phan mem mo phong. Tren hnh ve H2.32, cac o th minh hoa ket qua ap va dong ien tai vi hai gia tr khac nhau cua cuon khang loc.

2-34

ien t cong suat 1

2.8 - HIEN TNG CHUYEN MACH Trong cac phan trc ay, bo chnh lu c phan tch vi gia thiet bo qua cam khang trong cua nguon ap. He qua la qua trnh chuyen mach gia cac nhanh cha thyristor dien ra tc thi. Trong thc te, nguon co cam khang trong lam dong ien qua no khong the thay oi ot ngot. V the, hien tng chuyen mach gia cac nhanh cha cac thyristor khong dien ra tc thi ma keo dai mot khoang thi gian, hnh thanh trang thai cac nhanh cha thyristor cung dan ien. Hien tng nay c goi la hien tng trung dan (overlapping) hoac hien tng chuyen mach (commutation). Xet bo chnh lu mach tia ba pha ieu khien (hnh H2.33)

Nguon xoay chieu co cam khang trong Lb. Trang thai V3: Gia thiet dong qua tai lien tuc va V3 dan dong ien. Khi o, dong ien tai dan qua mach (u3,Lb,V3,RLE ). Phng trnh mo ta mach: uv3 = 0 ; iv3 = id uv1 = u1 - u3 ; iv1 = 0 ; uv2 = u2 - u3 ; iv2 = 0 (2.43) ud = u3
ud = R.id + L. did +E dt

Trang thai (V1V3): Tai thi iem a xung kch ong cho V1 (goc ), do tac dung ong thi cua ien ap khoa va xung kch ong, V1 ong . Do V1 mac noi tiep vi Lb nen dong qua no tang lien tuc t gia tr 0. Tng t , di tac dung cua ien ap chuyen mach (u3-u1) va cam khang Lb, dong ien qua V3 giam mot cach lien tuc t gia tr dong tai. He phng trnh mo ta trang thai mach:

iV 1 + iV 3 = id
u1 + Lb

diV 1 di = u3 + Lb V 3 dt dt

2-35

ien t cong suat 1

ud = +u1 Lb

diV 1 dt did ud = R.id + L. +E dt

(2.44)

uV1 = 0 ; uV3 = 0 Gia s khoang thi gian trung dan nho hn nhieu so vi hang so thi gian cua tai chnh lu, co the xem dong ien tai khong thay oi o ln. Do o: iv1 + iv3 = Id = const
diV 1 diV 3 + =0 dt dt

(2.45)

T o dan giai:
diV 1 = u1 u3 dX 2Lb

(2.46)

Bieu dien cac he thc trong he truc toa o mi O X vi O dch sang phai cua iem O va O O = T o:
i V 1 (X )

, ta co: 6

u1 u3 = U m 3 sin X dX

(2.47)

iV 1 ( )

diV1 =

3U m sin X dX 2 Lb

(2.48) (2.49)

iV1 (X ) iV1 ( ) =

3U m (cos cos X ) 2 .Lb

Do iV1()= 0 , nen
iV1 (X' ) =

3U m (cos cos X' ) 2 .Lb

(2.50) (2.51)

iV 3 = i d iV1 = I d iV1

o th bieu dien cac he thc dong ien cho thay iv1 tang dan t gia tr 0 va dong iv3 giam dan t gia tr Id . Trang thai V1: Trang thai V1 ,V3 cung dan se keo dai en v tr Xk thoa man: iV1( X ' k ) = Id iV3(Xk) = 0 (2.52) Luc o, V3 b ngat v khong cho phep dong qua no oi dau. Hien tng chuyen mach ket thuc, dong ien tai khep kn qua mach cha (u1,Lb ,V1,RLE), phng trnh mo ta mach co dang:
diV1 dt di d u d = Ri d + L + E ; iV 3 = 0 dt di uV 2 = u 2 u1 + L b V 2 ; iV 2 = 0 dt ud = +u1 Lb uV1 = 0 ; iV1 = i d

(2.53)

Tng t nh tren, ta co the xet qua trnh chuyen mach gia V1,V2 va V2,V3. Goi t va X lan lt la thi gian chuyen mach va goc chuyen mach X =.t

2-36

ien t cong suat 1

o ln goc chuyen mach c suy ra t ieu kien ket thuc hien tng chuyen mach:
iV 1 ( X ') = iV 1 ( + ) = I d , X ' = +

(2.54) (2.55)

Ket qua la:

= arccos cos
2Lb I d 3U m

Goc chuyen mach (va thi gian chuyen mach) phu thuoc vao goc ieu khien , vao o ln dong ien tai va cam khang trong cua nguon ap Cac he qua: 1. Hien tng chuyen mach lam giam ap tai. V du, trong thi gian chuyen mach gia V3, va V1, t he phng trnh (2.44) ta suy ra ap tai co dang:
ud =

Tren hnh ve H2.34, ta thay dang ap chnh lu b mat i mot phan so vi trng hp ap ly tng (Lb = 0). Do o, trong mot chu ky ap chnh lu, tr trung bnh ien ap tai b giam i Udx .
U dx = 1 2 3

u1 + u3 u = 2 2 2

(2.56)

(u1 u d ).dX =
3 L b .I d 2

3 2

u1 u 3 dX 2

(2.57)

T (2.46) ta suy ra:

U dx = 3 L b 2

iV 1 ( + )

Neu at: R cm =

3 Lb 2

iV 1 ( )

di V1 =

Ta co: Udx = RcmId

U dx = Ud 0 . cos RcmId p.X b Vi R cm = 2 p.X b hoac R cm =

ien ap tren tai thc te co o ln: (2.58) (2.59a) (2.59b)

Cong thc (2.59a) ap dung cho: - bo chnh lu tia mot xung vi diode khong (p=1); - bo chnh lu cau mot pha ieu khien ban phan khi > 0 (p=2); - cac bo chnh lu tia m pha ieu khien hoac khong ieu khien, co hoac khong co diode khong (p=m); - cac bo chnh lu cau ba pha ieu khien hoan toan va khong ieu khien (p=6); - bo chnh lu cau ba pha ieu khien hoan toan vi mot diode khong khi < 3 (p=6) bo chnh lu cau ba pha ieu khien hoan toan vi hai diode khong (p=6) Cong thc (2.59b) ap dung cho: -

2-37

ien t cong suat 1

bo chnh lu cau mot pha ieu khien hoan toan va khong ieu khien (p=2); bo chnh lu cau mot pha ieu khien ban phan khi = 0 (p=2) bo chnh lu cau ba pha ieu khien hoan toan vi mot diode khong va > 3 (p=6).

- bo chnh lu cau ba pha ieu khien ban phan (p=3). 2. Hien tng chuyen mach han che pham vi goc ieu khien va do o han che pham vi ieu khien ien ap chnh lu . Khi phan tch qua trnh ien ap va dong ien cua thyristor trong cac dang mach chnh lu c ban, vi goc ieu khien va bo qua hien tng chuyen mach (Lb= 0), ta co goc an toan cua thyristor : (2.60) = .t q = tq la thi gian khoi phuc kha nang khoa cua thyristor. Neu thyristor co gia tr cho trc, gia tr goc ieu khien cc ai cho phep co o ln bang: max = (2.61) Neu xet ca hien tng chuyen mach vi la o ln goc chuyen mach, o ln goc an toan con lai cua thyristor bang: = ( + ) = (2.62) Vi gia tr cho trc cua thyristor, goc ieu khien ln nhat cho phep co gia tr: max = - - (2.63) Ro rang, pham vi goc ieu khien che o nghch lu b han che. Goc chuyen mach cang ln (v du khi dong tai ln , Lb ln), goc max cang giam. Tren thc te max thng lay gia tr khoang 16001650. Do max giam nen tr trung bnh ap chnh lu trong che o nghch lu b giam theo: (2.64) Udmin = Udo.cosmax - Xcm.Id Trong trng hp mach tia ba pha, ta de dang suy ra: 2 .Lb U d min = U d 0 .cos( ) I d X cm .I d (2.65)

3U m

Vi cho trc, ien ap trung bnh nho nhat cua tai phu thuoc vao dong tai. 3. Hien tng chuyen mach lam bien dang ien ap nguon .

Phan tch ien ap pha nguon tai cac iem A hoac ien ap day gia hai iem AB (hnh H2.35), ta thay no b meo dang, tren o th ien ap pha hnh H2.35 xuat

2-38

ien t cong suat 1

hien cac gai va lom ien ap. Cac lom va gai ien ap co o ln t le vi gia tr cam khang Lb va dong ien tai. Do o, neu mac cac tai tieu thu khac vao mach nguon chung vi bo chnh lu, s bien dang ap nguon gay ra do tac dung chuyen mach cua bo chnh lu co the khong chap nhan c. e han che o bien dang cua ap nguon, ngi ta khong mac trc tiep bo chnh lu vao li ien ma thong qua may bien ap hoac cuon khang. May bien ap trong hoat ong mach tac dung nh cuon khang loc vi o ln xac nh bi cam khang tan cua cac cuon day. Cau truc mach nguon au vao bo chnh lu co dang thay the ve tren hnh H2.36.

Hien tng chuyen mach tac dung lam ngan mach gia cac pha nguon. Cam khang hoac may bien ap mac noi tiep vi bo chnh lu co tac dung tng ng cam khang LT. Do co LT, ien ap ngan mach tai iem A phu thuoc vao t so cam khang Lb va LT trong mach, neu

LT rat ln, ien ap li cang t bien dang. Tuy Lb

nhien, viec tang LT lai khong co li ve kha canh s dung may bien ap va ien ap chnh lu giam nhieu do chuyen mach. o ln ien ap tai cac v tr A luc chuyen mach xac nh theo he thc gan ung : UA = U
XT X b + XT

; XT = LT , Xb = Lb

(2.66)

Trong thc te, gia tr XT thng chon trong khoang XT = ( 0,04 0,1).
U2 f I2 f

(2.67)

U2f , I 2f la tr hieu dung ien ap va dong ien nh mc cua nguon cap cho tai (v du ien ap va dong ien pha th cap may bien ap). V du 2.20: Bo chnh lu cau mot pha ieu khien hoan toan mac vao tai ong c mot chieu. Tai co Lu rat ln lam dong tai phang id = 100A. Nguon xoay chieu co tr hieu dung U = 380V, Lb=0,001H, Rb = 0,01, = 314 rad/s. o sut ap tren mot linh kien la 2V. a/- Phan tch hien tng chuyen mach

2-39

ien t cong suat 1

b/- Tnh ien ap ln nhat do bo chnh lu cung cap cho tai c/- Tnh o tang
diV max dt

d/- Tnh o ln goc chuyen mach khi =0 e/- Tnh goc ieu khien max, gia thiet thi gian khoi phuc kha nang khoa cua SCR la tq = 50S Giai: a/- Gia s V3,V4 ang dan, V1,V2 b ngat. Trong na chu ky dng cua ap nguon, tai v tr tng ng goc kch , xung kch a vao V1,V2 lam cho chung ong. Do tac dung Lb, hnh thanh trang thai ong dan ien cua V1,V2,V3,V4 vi he phng trnh mo ta sau:

iV 1 + iV 3 = I d u = Lb . i = iV 1 di dt iV 4 = iV 1 iV 3

ud = uV 1 uV 4 = 0

Giai he phng trnh tren ta thu c goc chuyen mach: 2.I . .Lb = arccos cos d
2 .U

o tang dong ien qua SCR (v du khi ong V1,V2):

diV U . 2 = sin dt 2.Lb

b/o sut ap tren SCR: UV= 2 x 2V = 4[V] o sut ap tren Rb: Urb = 0,01 x 100= 1[V] o sut ap gay ra bi qua trnh chuyen mach :

2-40

ien t cong suat 1

ien ap trung bnh ln nhat bo chnh lu cap cho tai : Udmax= Ud0 - (UV +URb+Uxb ) 2 2 U d max = .380 (4 + 1 + 19,9) = 317,7[V ] c/- Tnh o tang dong qua SCR khi ong: diV U . 2 sin = dt 2.Lb o doc at cc ai khi = . Luc o: 2 380 2 diV = = 0,2687.106 [ A / s ] = 0,2687[ A / .s ] dt max 2.0,001

U xb = Rx .I d =

2.314.0,001

.100 = 19,9[V ]

d/- Goc chuyen mach khi = 0 2.I . .Lb = arccos cos d

2 .U 2.100.314.0,001 0 = arcc cos cos 0 2 .380

= 0,488[rad ] 28 0

e. = .tq = 314.106.50 = 0,0157[rad ] 0,90

cos max =

2.100 2 .380

.314.0,001 + cos( 0,0157 )

cos max = 0,8830 max = 2,653[rad ] 1520

2.9 MAY BIEN AP CAP NGUON CHO CAC BO CHNH LU 2.9.1 CHC NANG CUA MAY BIEN AP May bien ap dung lam nguon xoay chieu cho cac bo chnh lu co cac chc nang sau: 1. Cung cap ien ap nguon co o ln phu hp vi yeu cau cua tai. 2. Cach ly ap nguon cua bo chnh lu vi li ien. Do o, tai co the chay ngan mach trong thi gian ngan. 3. Tac dung loc cac song hai bac cao. 4. Tao thanh cam khang chuyen mach, do o han che s bien dang gay ra t qua trnh chuyen mach. 5. Tao he thong nguon xoay chieu nhieu pha e cung cap cho bo chnh lu nhieu xung. 2.9.2 TNH TOAN MAY BIEN AP Phan tch dang ien ap va dong ien may bien ap

2-41

ien t cong suat 1

Phan tch chnh xac qua trnh ien ap va dong ien mach may bien ap co the at c bang cach giai bai toan mach ien t. Tuy nhien, viec giai toan tng oi phc tap. Trong thc te, ngi ta thng giai bai toan di dang c n gian hoa. Trong vai trng hp n gian, dong ien t hoa c bo qua. ien ap pha s cap va th cap c xem co dang sin va t so cac ien ap nay bang t so vong day cuon s cap va th cap. Dong ien qua cuon th cap c xac nh phu thuoc vao cau hnh bo chnh lu. Dong ien cuon th cap c xac nh phu thuoc vao thanh phan xoay chieu cua dong qua cuon s cap. Thanh phan dong ien mot chieu qua cuon th cap co tac dung a trang thai mach t vao che o bao hoa nen can c han che. V du, xet may bien ap ba pha mac vao bo chnh lu tia ba xung nh tren hnh H2.39. Bo qua dong ien t hoa, sc t ong F1, F2 va F3 (hnh H2.39) tren cac tru may bien ap at gia tr nh nhau: F1=F2=F3 (2.66) Gia thiet cac cuon day c quan cung chieu, ta co: N s .i1s N p .i1 p = N s .i2 s N p .i2 p = N s .i3s N p .i3 p (2.67) Np.. tong so vong day tren mot pha pha s cap Ns.. tong so vong day tren mot pha cuon th cap e n gian, gia thiet Ns=Np=N, ta thu c:
i1s i1 p = i2 s i2 p = i3s i3 p

(2.68)

nh luat Kirchoff cho nut dong ien cho ta: i1 p + i2 p + i3 p = 0 (2.69) Dong ien qua cuon s cap:
i1 p = i2 p i3 p 2.i1s i2 s i3s ; 3 2.i i i = 2 s 3s 1s ; 3 2.i3s i1s i2 s = 3

(2.70)

Qua trnh dong ien qua cac pha cua cuon s cap va cuon th cap c ve tren hnh H2.40. Tr hieu dung dong ien qua cuon th cap va cuon s cap:

2-42

ien t cong suat 1

Is =

1 2

2 0

2 1s dX

=
2 0

Id

(2.71)
= k. 2 .I d 3

Ip =

1 2

2 1 p dX

(2.72)

vi k la t so may bien ap. nh mc ien ap pha th cap may bien ap: Goi : - Utmax la ien ap ln nhat cua tai - UdT la tong cac sut ap tao nen bi cac linh kien - Udrmax la tong cac sut ap cc ai tao tren ien tr day dan va ien tr nguon - Udxmax o sut ap cc ai gay ra bi qua trnh chuyen mach Taco: - UdT = n. U1T - n: la so linh kien trong mach mac noi vi tai trang thai dan ien (khong xet trang thai chuyen mach ) - U1T: o sut ap theo chieu thuan tren mot linh kien - Udrmax = R.Idmax - R : la tong tr cua day dan, cua nguon trong mach trang thai dan ien - Udxmax = Xcm.Idmax - Xcm : tr khang chuyen mach, phu thuoc vao cau tao mach - Idmax : dong ien tai cc ai cho phep. ien ap chnh lu phai thoa man ieu kien: (2.73) Udmax = Ud0.cosmin Utmax +UdT + Udxmax + Udrmax oi vi mach chnh lu tia ba pha:
U d max = 3 6 U . cos min 2 3 6 U 2

(2.74)

Chon:
min = 0 U d max =

(2.75)

T o, ien ap nguon pha th cap may bien ap c chon sao cho

3 6 U > U t max + U dT + U dx max + U dr max 2 U t max + U dT + U dx max + U dr max

(2.76) (2.77)

hay

U>

Neu ien ap nguon c phep giam xuong thap nhat bang b.U ( 0 < b < 1 ), ta can co: b. U >
U t max + U dT + U dx max + U dr max 3 6 2

3 6 2

(2.78)

2-43

ien t cong suat 1

hay

U>

U t max + U dT + U dx max + U dr max 3 6 b 2

(2.79)

Trong trng hp s dung bo chnh lu kep va ieu khien no theo phng phap ong thi oi hoi min > 0. Khi o, thay v cosmin = 1, ta can gi nguyen bieu thc cosmin trong he thc xac nh U. Neu tai phai lam viec che o nghch lu va co gia tr thap nhat Utmin ( Utmin < 0 ), bo chnh lu hoat ong vi goc ieu khien tng ng max . Nguon phai co kha nang nhan nang lng t tai a ve. Khi o, ieu kien thiet lap gia ap chnh lu va pha tai la: b.U d 0 .cos max U t min + U dT + U dx max + U dr max (2.80) Do cac bieu thc trong dau tr tuyet oi eu am nen ta suy ra: b.U d 0 . cos max U t min + U dT + U dx max + U dr max Ta chon nguon sao cho: b.Ud0.cosmax < Utmin Bo chnh lu mach tia ba pha:
b. 3 6 .U . cos max < U t min 2
U t min 3 6 .b. cos max 2

(2.81) (2.82) (2.83)

Do cosmax < 0, nen:

U >

(2.84)

nh mc dong ien pha th cap may bien ap Dong ien nh mc cuon th cap c tnh theo tr nh mc cua dong tai. Theo ket qua phan tch dong ien qua may bien ap, ta co cho mach chnh lu tia ba pha: Is =
Id 3

(2.85)

nh mc cong suat bieu kien cua may bien ap V du xet bo chnh lu mach tia ba pha. Cong suat bieu kien may bien ap:
St = Ss + S p 2

= k t .Pd

(2.86)

- kt la he so s dung may bien ap - Sp, Ss la cong suat bieu kien pha s cap va th cap may bien ap - Pd la cong suat tai - Sp = mp.Up.Ip - Ss = ms.Us.Is - ms : la so pha - U ,I : tr hieu dung ien ap va dong ien T ket qua phan tch dong ien qua may bien ap, ta co: Is =
Id 3

Is = k .

2 Id 3

(2.87)

2-44

ien t cong suat 1

Tr hieu dung ap nguon:

Us = U = Ud0 3 6 2 Ud0 1 1 U p = .U s = .U = . k k k 3 6
S p = 3U pI p = 3. 2 Ud 0 2 . .k Id k 3

(2.88) (2.89)

T o:
3 6

(2.90)

Sp =

2 3 3

U d0I d =

2 3 3

Pd

S s = 3.U s .I s = 3.
va St = 1 2

2 3 6

U d0 .

Id 3

3 .Pd 3

(2.91) (2.92)

2 3 P + ..Pd = 1,35 Pd 3 3 d 3

V the, he so s dung may bien ap kt = 1,35 V du 2.21: May bien ap ba pha au dang Y-Y co tham so: Cong suat bieu kien St = 200 kVA ien ap ngan mach unm = 5% Cong suat ton hao Pj = 5,14 [kW] ien ap day pha th cap Ud = 880 [V] Dong ien nh mc pha th cap Itcdm = 131 [A] Xac lap cac tham so mach nguon tng tng qui oi sang pha th cap. Giai: Thanh phan ien ap ngan mach tren ien tr trong may bien ap ur: P j 14 5 , .10 3 ur = = = 0 ,0257 St 200.10 3 ien tr va tr khang trong may bien ap quy oi sang pha th cap: Ud 880 Rb = ur . = 0 ,0257. = 0 ,0997 [ ] 3 .I tcdm 3 .131

X b = .Lb = u nm .

ud

3 .I tcdm

= 0 ,05.

880 3 .131

= 0, 194 [ ]

2-45

ien t cong suat 1

V du 2.22: Cho bo chnh lu cau ba pha ieu khien hoan toan. Nguon ien ap xoay chieu lay t pha th cap U = 220 V, tan so = 314 rad/s. Tai R = 0,1 , L rat ln dung lam dong tai lien tuc va phang, E = 200 V, goc ieu khien =

[rad].

a/- Tnh tr trung bnh ap Ud va dong Id . b/- Tr trung bnh va tr hieu dung dong qua SCR. c/- Tnh tr hieu dung dong ien qua nguon xoay chieu. d/- Gia s trong qua trnh ieu khien do tai thay oi (E), thay oi trong pham vi (0,). Dong tai c ieu chnh gia tr xac nh cau a/- . Tnh cong suat may bien ap. Hng dan; a/3 6 3 6 .U . cos = .220. cos = 257 [V ] Ud = 3
Id = U d E 257 200 = = 572 R 0,1 [ A]

b/I ATV = ITRMS = Id = 190,6[ A] 3 1 .I d = 3

2 .I d = 3

1 .572 = 330[ A] 3
2 .572 = 467[ A] 3

c/I RMS =

d/S=

S p + Ss 2
2 Id 3

Is =

2-46

ien t cong suat 1

S s = 3U s .I s = 3.U s . U d max =
Up = Ip = Np Ns

2 .I d 3 ;

3 6 .U d
.U s

( = 0 )

Ns N .I s = s .I s Np Np

T cac he thc tren, ta co the suy ra c: S = 1,05.Udmax .Id

U d max = 3 6

I d = 572[ A]

.220 = 514,5[V ]

S = 1,05. 514,5 . 572 = 309068 VA S = 309 kVA V du 2.23 Tnh toan nh mc may bien ap, mach chnh lu. Cho biet bo chnh lu mach cau ba pha cap nguon cho ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap. ong c co tham so: udm = 400 V Idm = 188 A R = 0,051 nm = 470 v/ph o sut ap cho phep cua li ien la 5% o sut ap tren moi SCR khi ong la 2 V. Dong ien cc ai cho phep cua ong c bang 1,5 Idm. Giai: Viec nh mc ien ap cua nguon ( may bien ap) phai thoa man yeu cau ap cung cap ln nhat do pha tai yeu cau: Ta co: U max = RIu max + c ktm.m Hang so kch t nh mc
c ktdm = U udm Ru I udm 2,5

dm

vi udm = 440 V R = 0,051 Im = 188 A

n dm = 2 dm = 49 ,218 [ rad / s ] 60

2,5 [V] la ien ap tiep xuc choi quet vi co gop. ay bo qua anh hng nhiet o len ien tr mach phan ng cktdm = 8,69

2-47

ien t cong suat 1

T o : umax = R.Iumax + cktm . m + 2,5 = 0,051 . 188. 1,5 + 8,69 . 49,218 + 2,5 = 444,6 V o sut ap tren SCR: Uv = 2 x 2 [V] = 4 [V] Do cac tham so cua may bien ap cha co nen o sut ap cua chung khong xac nh c. e chon may bien ap ta phai phong oan o sut ap do qua trnh chuyen mach. T o ta chon may bien ap va thc hien kiem chng ien ap, neu khong phu hp (cao qua hoac thap qua so vi yeu cau ) ta lan lt chon va kiem tra lai. Chon o sut ap tong khoang 10% so vi ap nh mc. Ta co ap chnh lu ln nhat: Ud msx =440 + 0,1.440 = 484 V Ud max =
3 6

Xet ca sut ap li ien ( 5% ), ta co

U d max = 3 6

.U .0,95

T o US=

3 6 .0,95

.484 = 217,8[V ]

ien ap day pha th cap may bien ap : ULS = 3U S = 3. 217 = 376 [V ] Cong suat bieu kien may bien ap: St = kt.Pd = 1,05. 440. 188 = 86856 VA =86,8 kVA kt = 1,05 la he so s dung may bien ap ap dung cho bo chnh lu cau ba pha. Tra bang ta chon may bien ap vi: St = 125 kVA, Yy 0 ien ap pha cuon s cap (ap day) ULP=380 V Dong s cap IP = 190 A ien ap th cap (ap day) ULS = 510 / 410 / 320 / 220 [V] Dong ien mach th cap IS =141 / 176 / 255 / 298 [A] ien ap ngan mach 4% Gia s bo qua ton hao may bien ap Rb = 0 Chon mc ap th cap 410 V:
X b = 0,04. 410 3.176 = 0,05379

o sut ap do qua trnh chuyen mach :

U x = R x I u max

Rx =
U x

6.X b 0 ,05379 = 6. = 0 ,0513 2 2 = 0 ,0513 .188 .1,5 = 14 ,487 [V ]

Kiem chng ien ap: Ud max =Uu max +Uv +Ux = 444,6 +4 +14,487 = 463,08 [V]

2-48

ien t cong suat 1

ien ap chnh lu do may bien ap a chon cung cap: 3 6 .U S 3 2 .U LS U d max = .0 ,95 = .0 ,95

3 2 .410 .0 ,95 = 526 [V ] Nh vay may bien ap a chon at yeu cau ve ien ap. nh mc dong ien cho may bien ap da tren c s dong tai nh mc. Tr hieu dung dong ien qua cuon th cap:

Udmax =

2 2 2 .188 = 153 ,5 [ A ] .I udm = .I d = 3 3 3 Dong ien nh mc qua cuon s cap: U 410 I P = LS .I S = .153 ,5 = 165 ,6 [ A ] U LP 380 IP =
nh mc ien ap va dong ien cho linh kien da tren c s o ln cc ai xuat hien cua chung. ien ap ln nhat xuat hien tren SCR: U RWM = U DWM = 2 .U tLS = 2 .410 = 579 ,8 [V ] Dong ien ln nhat qua SCR co tr trung bnh :
ITAV max = I d max I 188.1,5 = u max = = 62,66[ A] 3 3 3

T o, cac SCR c chon vi tham so: URRM = UDRM = Ku . URWM ; IATV = Ki . ITAVmax vi Ku =(2,5 -> 3,5) ; va Ki =(1.2 1,5) V du 2.24 Cho s o mach tren hnh H2.41. Tnh cho may bien ap va cac linh kien bo chnh lu. Cho biet rang tai co R=1 , L . Ap nguon xoay chieu u co tr hieu dung 220V, 50Hz. Bo qua sut ap tren may bien ap.

Hng dan: Cong suat bieu kien pha th cap (gom 2 cuon th cap):
S s = 2.U s . Id 2 S P = U P .I P

Cong suat bieu kien pha s cap:

Ip = US .I d ; UP

2-49

ien t cong suat 1

Cong suat may bien ap:

St = 1 ( SP + SS ) 2

2-50

ien t cong suat 1

BANG B2.1 CAC THONG SO CUA CAC BO CHNH LU C BAN

Tr trung bnh ap tai ien ap lam viec Dong qua linh kien

U d( ) 2 2 U ( = 0 ) URWM 2 2U

2 2 U

3 6 U 2
6 U

3 6 U 2
6 U

3 2 U
6 U

3 2 U
6 U

3 6 U
6 U

3 6 U
6 U

2U

Dang iV IVAV IVRMS

0,5.Id Id/ 2

0,5.Id Id/ 2

Id/3 Id/ 3

Id/3 Id/ 3

Id/6 Id/ 6

Id/6 Id/ 6

Id/3 Id/ 3

Id/3 Id/ 3

Dong pha cuon th cap Dong ngo vao bo chnh lu

IS i IRMS

Id/ 2

Id

Id/ 3

Id/ 3

Id/ 6

Id/ 3

2 3 .I d

Id 2 / 3

Id/ 2

Id

Id/ 3

Id/ 3

Id/ 6

Id/ 6

2 3 .I d

2 3 .I d

2-55

ien t cong suat 1

Cuon s cap

Dang IPRMS DC EMF Dong pha IPRMS DC EMF Dong li iL IL Id 0 Id 1,34 Id 0 Id 1,11
2 3 .I d Id 2 / 3 Id 2 / 3 2 3 .I d Id 2 / 3 2 3 .I d 2 3 .I d Id 2 / 3

Cuon s cap

2 3 .I d

Id 2 / 3

2 3 .I d

2 3 .I d

Id 2 / 3

2 .Id

2 3 .I d

1,38Id 1,42

1,38Id 1,05

2 3 .I d

He so s dung MBA

1,35

1,45

Y:1,43 D:1,55

1,05

2-56

ien t cong suat 1

2.10 MAC NOI TIEP HAI BO CHNH LU CAU 3 PHA -BO CHNH LU 12 XUNG Bo chnh lu cau 3 pha a cai thien nhieu chat lng dong ien so vi bo chnh lu cau mot pha. Neu muon cai thien hn na van e song hai ien ap (va dong ien) xuat hien pha tai, ong thi giam nh mc ien ap cho linh kien cho trng hp tai cong suat ln, ta co the s dung bien phap ghep hai bo chnh lu cau 6 xung e hnh thanh bo chnh lu cau 12 xung. S o mach ien c ve tren hnh H2.42 gom hai bo chnh lu cau 3 pha mac noi tiep. Bo chnh lu th nhat au vao li 3 pha thong qua may bien ap au Y-Y va bo chnh lu con lai au vao li thong qua may bien ap ba pha dang Y- (hoac -Y). Kieu au day Y- tao s lech pha 300 cua ien ap pha pha bo chnh lu so vi li nguon. Goc kch cho 2 bo chnh lu la nh nhau. ien ap chnh lu tren tai bang tong ien ap chnh lu tao nen bi tng mach cau. u d = u d Y + u d Tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu:
U . cos + U . cos = U . cos (2.93) Tr tc thi ln nhat (ien ap nh) xuat hien tren tai chnh lu co gia tr U d = U d Y + U d = u d max = 2 6 .U . cos(150 ) = 4,732.U = 2,732.U L 3 6 3 6 6 6

bang:

(2.94)

Qua trnh chuyen mach gia cac SCR xay ra sau moi khoang thi gian tng ng goc pha 300. ien ap chnh lu co dang 12 xung va thanh phan song hai bac cao xuat hien trong ap chnh lu la nhng song hai boi 12 so vi tan so li ien. Viec loc ien ap (va dong ien tai) v the de dang hn so vi trng hp chnh lu cau 3 pha.

2-53

ien t cong suat 1

Mot he qua thuan li na la thanh phan song hai cua dong ien qua li nguon se b giam xuong trong cau hnh bo chnh lu cau 12 xung. Phan tch qua trnh dong ien: e cho n gian, ta khao sat trng hp goc ieu khien bang khong ( = 0) . May bien ap c au day theo dang Yyd11. e n gian, ta chon t so may bien the bang 1. Gia s so vong day cuon s cap la N, so vong day cuon th cap au dang Y la N. Cac cuon day pha th cap au dang tam giac ( ) co so vong day nhieu hn va bang 3 N e tao ra ien ap day bang vi trng hp cuon th cap au dang Y. Ta can xac nh dong ien qua nguon ien li iL, neu bo qua dong ien t hoa, de thay rang: i L1 = iY 1 + i1. 3 (2.95) T ket qua phan tch dong ien bo chnh lu cau 3 pha, ta suy ra qua trnh dong ien iY1 qua cuon th cap Y. e phan tch dong ien qua cuon th cap dang con lai id1,id2 va id3, ta co the thc hien phep bien oi nguon 3 pha tng ng Y . T ket qua dong id1,id2 va id3, sau o viec xac nh dong ien i1,i2,i3 co the dan giai t phng trnh nut dong ien: i1-i2=id1 i2-i3=id2 (2.96) i3-i1=id3 Vi gia thiet dong qua 3 cuon th cap dang tam giac can bang, tc i1+i2+i3=0, ta thu c:
i 2 .id 1 + d 2 3 3 id 3 2 i2 = .id 2 + 3 3 id 1 2 i3 = .id 3 + 3 3 i1 =

(2.97)

T qua trnh iY1 va i1, ta suy ra c dang dong ien pha s cap iL1 theo (2.95).

2-54

ien t cong suat 1

Cac qua trnh ien ap chnh lu, dong ien dan qua pha cac cuon th cap va dong qua cuon s cap may bien ap c ve tren hnh H2.43 cho trng hp goc kch = 0 . Dung phan tch Fourier e xac nh dong ien nguon cho trng hp nguon mac vao may bien ap Y-Y:
iY (t ) = I d .(sin t sin 5t sin 7t + sn11t + sin13t ....) 5 7 11 13 va cho trng hp dong qua nguon mac vao may bien ap Y- : 2 3 1 1 1 1

(2.98)

i ( t ) = i1 ( t ). 3 =

2 3 1 1 1 1 I d .(sin t + sin 5 t + sin 7 t + sin 11t + sin 13 t + ..) 5 7 11 13

(2.99) Dong ien qua nguon cap cho bo chnh lu 12 xung v the bang tong hai dong ien va neu, tc la:
i L1 ( t ) = i Y ( t ) + i ( t ) i L1 ( t ) = 4 3 1 1 I d .(sin t + sin 11t + sin 13 t + ....) 11 13

(2.100)

Ket qua cho thay, cac song hai dong ien bac 6.(2n-1) 1 trong o co cac song hai bac 5 va 7, b kh , va ch xuat hien cac thanh phan dong ien hai bac 12k 1 . Viec loai tr cac song hai bac 5 va 7 co y ngha ln en viec cai thien chat lng dong ien nguon cap cho bo chnh lu.

Trng hp goc ieu khien khac khong ( 0 ): ket qua qua trnh dong ien thu c cuon s va th cap may bien ap co dang tng t nh trng hp = 0 vi s khac biet gay ra bi s dch pha cua cac dong ien so vi qua trnh ien ap nguon. Cac qua trnh ien ap tai, ket hp bi o th cua hai ien ap chnh lu cau 3 pha c ve tren hnh H2.44. Ghep noi tiep hai bo chnh lu va neu lam tang kha nang ien ap tai, ong thi lam

2-55

ien t cong suat 1

triet tieu cac thanh phan hai bac cao quan trong cua dong ien qua li . ieu khien tuan t trong mach ghep noi tiep cac bo chnh lu: ieu khien tuan t hai bo chnh lu ghep noi tiep e ieu khien cong suat bo chnh lu ghep cho tai va thc hien nh sau: trc het goc kch bo chnh lu 1 c ieu khien t pham vi t 1 = 0 en 1 = , sau o ieu khien goc 2 cua bo chnh lu 2 t 2 = 0 en
2 = . Phng phap ieu khien tuan t se lam giam cong suat phan khang cua

song hai c ban do li cung cap cho tai. 2.11 GHEP SONG SONG HAI BO CHNH LU TIA 3 XUNG S DUNG MAY BIEN AP TRUNG GIAN- BO CHNH LU 6 XUNG ay la cau hnh n gian nhat cua dang mac song song cac bo chnh lu. May bien ap trung gian tao ieu kien phan bo dong eu an tren cac bo chnh lu. Moi bo chnh lu c mac vao mot mach cuon th cap may bien ap. Cau hnh cua may bien ap la Yy0y6. Hai iem trung tnh cua cac mach cuon th cap se c au vao hai au day cua may bien ap trung gian. Mot au mach tai c mac vao iem gia cua may bien ap trung gian, au con lai mac vao

iem nut chung cua tat ca cathode cua thyristor.

2-56

ien t cong suat 1

Phan tch qua trnh ien ap va dong ien vi gia thiet dong tai c loc phang (L ): Gia thiet goc kch bang khong ( = 0 ) va xet mach ien trang thai ong V1 va V2. Goi LT la cam khang may bien ap trung gian va bo qua cam khang may bien ap nguon, ta co phng trnh ien ap at tren may bien ap trung gian: (2.101) uLT=u2-u1 ien ap chnh lu cua tai xac nh theo he thc:
ud = ud1 +

Trong che o dong ien qua moi nhanh chnh lu lien tuc, ien ap ra cua cac mach chnh lu xac nh theo he thc, chu y V1V2 ang dan: ud1=u1 va ud2=u2 (2.103) ien ap chnh lu tc thi tren tai:

u + ud 2 uLT u = ud 2 LT = d1 2 2 2

(2.102)

ud = u1 +
sau:

De dang nhan xet rang, bieu thc (2.104) co the viet di dang tong quat nh

uLT u u + u2 = u 2 LT = 1 2 2 2

(2.104a)

u d = u d1 +

vi ud1 iem ang xet. ien ap tai bang tr trung bnh cua cac ien ap pha nguon tc thi cua cac nhanh cha linh kien dan ien. Dong ien tai bang tong dong ien qua cac mach chnh lu: id=id1+id2 Neu cau tao cac mach th cap may bien ap nguon li va may bien ap trung gian oi xng, gia thiet o t cam LT vo cung ln, qua trnh chuyen mach gia nhanh mach cua bo chnh lu 1 vi nhanh con lai tren bo chnh lu th 2 se dien ra lien tuc vi dong ien qua moi bo chnh lu bang id/2, ta co:
i d1 = i d 2 =

u + ud 2 u LT u = u d 2 LT = d1 (2.104b) 2 2 2 va ud2 la ien ap chnh lu tc thi cua hai mach chnh lu tai thi

Dong ien qua may bien ap trung gian cung la dong qua thyristor:
i v1 = i v 2 = Id 2

Id 2

(2.105) (2.106)

Ket qua phan tch neu tren cho trng hp goc ieu khien bang 0 c minh hoa bang o th cac qua trnh ien ap chnh lu ud va dong ien qua cac nhanh chnh lu id1,id2, dong ien t hoa may bien ap trung gian iu va dong ien tai id tren hnh ve H2.48.

2-57

ien t cong suat 1

Trng hp goc kch khac 0 ( 0 ): (xem hnh H2.49) Ket qua phan tch cho trng hp goc kch bang 0 (va trong trng hp tong quat) dan en cac he thc xac nh ien ap tai (2.104). So sanh vi he thc mo ta ien ap trong hien tng chuyen mach, ta thay co s tng t. Chuyen mach gia cac bo chnh lu mac song song di tac dung cua may bien ap trung gian co the xem la mot trng hp ac biet ve hien tng chuyen mach xuat hien trong cac cau truc bo chnh lu ieu khien pha. Nguon chuyen mach la ien ap chnh lu ly tng xuat hien ngo ra cua bo chnh lu vi o ln goc kch . Mo hnh tng ng khao sat qua trnh dong ien va ien ap cua bo chnh lu ghep song song vi may bien ap trung gian c ve tren hnh H2.47. ien ap ud1(t) va ud2(t) la cac gia tr ap chnh lu tc thi cua cac bo chnh lu 1 va 2 vi goc kch . Trong ieu kien dong ien qua moi bo chnh lu lien tuc, de dang dan giai ien ap tai bang: u + ud 2 u d = d1 (2.107) 2 Do ien ap pha nguon ac cap cho hai bo chnh lu song song (va do o ca ien ap chnh

2-58

ien t cong suat 1

lu ud1,ud2) lech pha eu nhau, ien ap chnh lu ud co dang 6 xung. Trng hp o t cam LT gii han: Hien tng chuyen mach gia cac linh kien trong mot bo chnh lu (xem phan 2-8) ket thuc vi dong ien qua mot linh kien triet tieu va dong ien qua linh kien chuyen mach con lai bang dong tai. Con trong hien tng chuyen mach gia cac bo chnh lu au song song, dong ien qua moi bo chnh lu chuyen mach khong nhat thiet triet tieu. o ln o t cam LT c chon sao cho no duy tr qua trnh chuyen mach lien tuc gia hai bo chnh lu qua may bien ap trung gian. Goi i la dong ien t hoa may bien ap di tac dung cua ien ap uLT. ien ap uLT bang hieu cac ien ap nguon cua cac nhanh chuyen mach. Dong ien t hoa i la mot thanh phan cha trong dong ien cua cac bo chnh lu id1, id2. Gia tr tc thi cua chung cho bi he thc:
i d1 = id2 = Id + i 2 Id i 2

(2.108)

can thiet la (xem hnh H2.50):

I m Id 2

Xac nh o t cam LT: e qua trnh chuyen mach gia cac bo chnh lu dien ra lien tuc, tc khong xuat hien dong ien gian oan cua cac bo chnh lu th ieu kien (2.109)

vi I m la bien o dong t hoa. o ln cua no co the xac nh theo he thc:

2.I m = QLT LT

(2.110)

vi QLT la tch phan ien ap uLT theo thi gian, v du xet khoang V1,V6 danhnh H2.49:
X3 +

.QLT =

X3

(u1 u6 ).dX ; X 3 =

(2.111)

m la so pha cua bo chnh lu mach tia (m=3).

u1 = U m . sin x
u6 = U m . sin( x +

(2.112a)

Um la bien o ien ap pha, = 2f .

2-59

ien t cong suat 1

.QLT = U m .[ 2. sin + cos(

+ ) + cos( + + )] 2 m 2 m

(2.112b)

Bien o dong t hoa ln nhat xay ra khi goc ieu khien = . T o, suy ra:
(1 cos ) (2.113) m o ln LT xac nh theo ieu kien:
QLTM = LT QLTM I d min 2 2 2U

(2.114)

Xac nh ien ap tai chnh lu trung bnh: ien ap tai co dang 6 xung va co cau tao t cac ien ap ma bien o Um cua no nho hn bien o ien ap pha nguon xoay chieu Um va co the xac nh theo he thc: ' U m = U m . cos = U m . cos (2.115)
2m p

Tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu tren tai: ' p.U m . sin . cos U d = U d 0 . cos = p
' Thay p=2m=6: U m = U m . cos

(2.116)

= U m.

3 va 2

Ud0 =

6.

3U m 2 . sin = 3 3 U . m 6 2
' 3 3.U m 3 6 .U . cos = . cos 2 2

(2.117) (2.118)

Ket qua la: U d ( ) =

He thc (2.118) cung co the at c bang phep tnh lay trung bnh he thc (2.107): U ( ) + U d 2 ( ) 3 6 .U U d ( ) = d1 = . cos 2 2 Nh vay, tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu tren tai bang tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu cua tng nhom chnh lu va may bien ap trung gian tac dung lam giam o nhap nho cua ap tai, do o nang chat lng dong tai. Mac khac, tr hieu dung dong qua nguon (va linh kien) b giam nen cong suat bieu kien may bien ap co the chon nho hn. Phan tch trng hp qua trnh chuyen mach gian oan:

2-60

ien t cong suat 1

Viec phan tch qua trnh chuyen mach gian oan co the c suy ra t mo hnh chuyen mach tng ng va qui tac phan tch mach tia tong quat. Trong khoang thi gian chuyen mach lien tuc (tc ong thi id1>0 va id2>0), ien ap tai bang trung bnh cac gia tr ap chnh lu tc thi cua hai bo chnh lu tng ng. Trong khoang chuyen mach gian oan, bo chnh lu co ien ap chnh lu tc thi ln nhat se dan ien, ien ap chnh lu cua ca hai bo chnh lu va ien ap tai bang chnh ien ap chnh lu tc thi tren (hnh H2.51). Khi LT=0, qua trnh chuyen mach gia hai nhom bo chnh lu se tr nen tc thi. ien ap chnh lu tren tai co dang 6 xung, moi bo chnh lu lan lt thay phien nhau dan ien trong thi gian 1/6 chu ky li (xem hnh H2.52). S dung may bien ap trung gian lam cai tien chat lng dong qua may bien ap va cong suat may bien ap trng hp nay co he so s dung ln hn trng hp khong s dung may bien ap trung gian. 2.12 GHEP SONG SONG 2 BO CHNH LU MACH CAU 3 PHABO CHNH LU 12 XUNG Ghep song song hai bo chnh

lu cau 3 pha thng c s dung. S o c ve minh hoa tren hnh ve H2.53. Bang cach s dung may bien ap cong suat gom mot mach s cap va hai mach th cap dang Y-Y va Y- , cac thanh phan song hai bac 5 va 7 dong qua li nguon ac b triet tieu. Do o, ch ton tai cac thanh phan song hai bac khac boi ba cua dong ien li, bat au t bac 11. Phan tch qua trnh ien ap va dong ien cua tai : co the thc hien tng t nh trng hp ghep song song cac bo chnh lu mach tia. Phan tch da vao s o mach ien chuyen mach tng ng. Hai bo chnh lu

le

2-61

ien t cong suat 1

cau luon thc hien chuyen mach cho nhau. Khi dong ien qua tai lien tuc, ien ap chnh lu tren tai bang ien ap trung bnh tc thi cua cac thanh phan ien ap chnh lu. Tac dung cua may bien ap trung gian lam han che o nhap nho cua ien ap chnh lu (va dong ien chnh lu). e y en he thc xac nh ien ap chnh lu (2.102), ta thay dang ien ap chnh lu tren tai nh nhau cho hai trng hp- dang mach cau chnh lu noi tiep va mach chnh lu cau ghep song song mac qua may bien ap trung gian. Bo chnh lu cau ghep song song 12 xung co li the ve mat phan bo dong ien ong thi tren cac linh kien cua ca hai bo chnh lu, ap dung thuan tien cho nhu cau dong tai ln (ma, ien phan). ien ap chnh lu trung bnh at c bang trung bnh ien ap chnh lu cua mot mach chnh lu cau 3 pha, tc la:
Ud ( ) = 3 6 U . cos

Tren hnh ve H2.54, H2.55 minh hoa qua trnh dong ien idA, idB qua tng bo chnh lu n va dong ien tai id. Dong ien iu la dong ien t hoa may bi61n ap trung gian va uLT ien ap tren cuon day may bien ap nay. Tren hnh H2.55 mo ta qua trnh dong ien i 1 , iY1 cua cac cuon pha th cap may bien ap va dong ien iL1 i vao he thong li. Cac ien ap udA va udB la ien ap ngo ra trc tiep cua cac bo chnh lu n. Dong ien trung bnh qua moi bo chnh lu n: Id1=Id2=Id/2 Dong ien trung bnh qua moi linh kien: IV=Id/6 e xac nh o t cam may bien ap trung gian, ta co the dan giai he thc tnh tch phan ien ap tren cuon day LT sau ay:
.QLT = 6U .[ 2. sin + cos( 4 + ) + cos( + )] 3 3

(2.119)

U la tr hieu dung ap pha pha th cap. Tch phan ap at cc ai vi goc kch = 2

QLTM = 2 6U

(1 cos ) 6

(2.120)

2-62

ien t cong suat 1

2-63

ien t cong suat 1

. 2.13 GHEP SONG SONG 4 BO CHNH LU MACH TIA DUNG MAY BIEN AP TRUNG GIAN- BO CHNH LU 12 XUNG He thong cha 3 may bien ap trung gian. Dong ien li nguon ac co dang giong nh trng hp s dung mach ghep hai bo chnh lu cau ba pha (xem hnh H2.56).

Phng trnh ien ap: Goi ud1,ud2,ud3 va ud4 la ien ap chnh lu tng ng vi 4 bo chnh lu mach tia BCL1, BCL2, BCL3 va BCL4. Cac ien ap tren c thay the bang cac ien ap nguon trong s o thay the ve tren hnh H2.57 (gia thiet tai L noi tiep ong c DC). Ta de dang suy ra ien ap chnh lu tren tai va ien ap tai cac iem nut cua may bien ap trung gian nh sau:

2-64

ien t cong suat 1

ud 5 =

T he thc tren, ta suy ra ien ap chnh lu trung bnh tren tai bang trung bnh cua 4 ien ap chnh lu tia 3 pha nhanh, tc bang:

u d1 + u d 2 u + ud 4 u + ud 6 ; ud 6 = d 3 ; ud = d 5 2 2 2 u + u d 2 + ud 3 + u d 4 ud = d1 4

3 6 U . cos 2 vi U la tr hieu dung ien ap cuon th cap may bien ap kieu au day Yy0y6, va la goc ieu khien. Do s lech pha cua cac ien ap nguon cua moi nhanh mach chnh lu va t cac he thc xac nh ien ap tai ngo ra cua may bien ap trung gian, cac thanh phan ap xoay chieu cua cac ien ap chnh lu nhanh se bu lan nhau e tao ra ien ap ngo ra cua may bien ap t nhap nho hn. Ud =
Phng trnh dong ien: Dong ien qua moi nhanh may bien ap trung gian gom thanh phan dong dc va thanh phan dong t hoa. Bang ly luan tng t nh trng hp ghep song song hai mach tia dung may bien ap trung gian, ta co the dan giai phng trnh dong ien tai cac iem nut nh sau: i d1 = i d 5 / 2 + i u1 / 2 ; i d 2 = i d 5 / 2 i u1 / 2 ; i d 3 = i d 6 / 2 + i u 2 / 2
i d 4 = i d6 / 2 i u 2 / 2 ; i d 5 = i d / 2 + i u3 / 2 ; i d6 = i d / 2 i u3 / 2

vi iu1, iu2, iu3 la dong ien t hoa cac may bien ap trung gian. Qua trnh cac ai lng: Cac qua trnh ien ap va dong ien trong che o dong qua cac nhanh chnh lu lien tuc c ve minh hoa tren hnh H2.58, H2.59, H2.60, H2.61, H2.62. Tren hnh H2.58 ve cac qua trnh ien ap o tai cac cong vao va ra cua cac may bien ap trung gian so vi ien the mot nut tai. Qua o ta thay c kha nang lam giam o nhap nho ien ap tai cua may bien ap trung gian. Tren hnh H2.59 ve cac qua trnh dong ien tng ng vi cac ien ap hnh H2.60. o nhap nho dong ien giam nhanh theo so lng may bien ap trung gian s dung.

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Tren hnh H2.60 va H2.61 ve cac qua trnh ien ap gia hai au ngo vao cua may bien ap trung gian va dong ien t hoa i qua no. may bien ap trung gian gan tai DC, dong t hoa nho khong ang ke do thanh phan ien ap xoay chieu ap at tren no b suy giam bi tac dung cac may bien ap trung gian at pha trc o. Hnh ve H2.62 mo ta qua trnh dong ien i qua cac nhanh pha s cap bien the. Cau hnh au day cua s o H2.56 tao ra dong ien i qua nguon li ien co dang giong nh trng hp dong ien li cua hai mach chnh lu cau 3 pha au song song. Cac thanh phan song hai bac 5 va 7 cua dong ien li b kh bo. Ton tai trong li ien cac thanh phan dong ien bac le khac boi ba, bat au t bac 11. Bang cach ket hp cac dang au day may bien ap vi cau truc au song song bo chnh lu qua may bien ap trung gian, ta co the phat trien he thong chnh lu nhieu xung (24, 48 xung). Tren hnh H2.63, cac o th ien ap va dong ien tai mot vai v tr c khao sat cho trng hp dong ien qua tng bo chnh lu n b gian oan (BCL1, BCL2). Tuy nhien, nh co may bien ap trung gian, dong ien tong cua cac bo chnh lu i ra may bien ap trung gian tr nen lien tuc (id5). Tuy nhien, dang ien ap thu c tren tai (ud) va cac ien ap chnh lu trung gian (ud5,ud6) b giam v che o dong gian oan va neu. Mac khac, chat lng dong ien i vao li nguon cung v vay b giam sut ang ke .

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2.14 TRUYEN TAI IEN MOT CHIEU (HVDC) Truyen tai ien DC thng c s dung e a nang lng ien en mot ni rat xa. Mot so ng truyen tai ien DC c thc hien nh The Pacific Intertie, Square Butte Project nc My, truyen tai ien vt qua bien gia Anh va Phap (Cross Channel Link). Phan t c ban trong he thong truyen tai ien la cac bo chnh lu 12 xung vi linh kien chu yeu c s dung la SCR. Cac u iem cua he thong truyen tai ien dc bao gom: - cam khang ng day bang zero oi vi dong ien dc. Ngc lai, oi vi ng day ac, cam khang co gia tr ang ke - ien dung gia cac day dan co tr khang vo cung ln oi vi dong ien dc. Ngc lai, trong he thong ien ac, ien dung tao thanh ng dan ien gay ra ton hao ien trong day dan, ong thi gay ra mot so kho khan trong ky thuat truyen tai, ieu nay khong xay ra oi vi truyen tai ien dc. - Truyen tai ien dc ch yeu cau 2 ng day dan so vi 3 trong trng hp truyen tai ien ac. He qua, cot ien, tru cua ng day dc se nho hn cung nh yeu cau ky thuat oi hoi cung de dang hn.

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Truyen tai ien dc cho phep ieu chnh cong suat truyen tai thong qua viec ieu chnh goc kch cua cac bo chnh lu hai au truyen tai. He thong truyen tai ien ac, cong suat truyen tai ien khong the ieu chnh c ( ay khong xet en viec lap at cac thiet b ieu khien he thong truyen tai ac -FACTS controller -Flexible AC Transmission System) va phu thuoc vao tham so ng day va cua may phat. - Do co kha nang ieu chnh cong suat truyen tai nen he thong truyen tai ien dc cho phep linh hoat ieu chnh khac phuc cac s co xay ra tren ng day, do o tang tnh on nh cua he thong len. - Hai he thong ien lien ket bi he truyen tai dc khong can thc hien hoa ong bo cung nh chung co the co tan so hoat ong khac biet. V du, he thong li ien tan so 50Hz co the au vao he thong li ien 60Hz bi ng truyen tai ien dc. Nhc iem cua he thong truyen tai ien dc la oi hoi s dung cac thiet b at tien nh bo bien oi ac-dc, mach loc, cac thiet b ieu khien lap at tai moi au cua ng truyen tai, ni ma he thong thc hien lien ket vi he thong ien ac. S o he thong truyen tai ien dc s dung cac bo bien oi chnh lu 6 xung lap tai hai au ng truyen tai c ve minh hoa tren hnh H2.64. -

Hai he thong ien ac co may phat ien rieng va muc ch cua ng day truyen tai la tao ieu kien e cac he thong ien hai au thc hien trao oi cong suat vi nhau. Trong s o, moi bo chnh lu co the lam viec che o chnh lu, thc hien a cong suat t pha xoay chieu sang pha mot chieu. Bo chnh lu th hai, ngc lai lam viec che o nghch lu, thc hien a cong suat t mach mot chieu sang pha xoay chieu con lai. Bang cach thay oi gia tr goc kch cua cac bo chnh lu, cong suat truyen tai tren ng day co the c ieu chnh. Cam khang he thong ng day bang cam khang rieng cua cac day dan cong vi cam khang cua cuon day loc lap noi tiep tren ng truyen. ien tr ng truyen bang ien tr cua cuon day mach loc. Khi phan tch, co the xem dong ien i qua day dan khong oi. Goi Ud1 va Ud2 la ien ap tai pha dc cua hai bo chnh lu 1 va 2. Gia thiet bo chnh lu 1 lam viec trong che o chnh lu va bo chnh lu 2 trong che o nghch lu.

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Dong ien cua ng day dc:

Id = U d1 + U d 2 R

(2.121)

vi:
U 2 . cos 2 (2.122) Cong suat do bo chnh lu 1 cap cho mach dc: P1=Ud1.Id (2.123) Cong suat do bo chnh lu 2 a sang he thong ac: (2.124) P2=Ud2.Id He thong truyen tai ien dc thc te thng s dung cac bo chnh lu 12 xung lap at tai hai au truyen tai (hnh H2.66). Cau hnh nay cho phep loai bo mot so thanh phan song hai dong ien va do o, giam nhe ph ton che tao mach loc. Ngoai ra, vi viec lap at 2 bo chnh lu 12 xung tai moi au, he thong cho phep van hanh ieu kien ien ap mang hai cc tnh. Mot ng day mang ien the +Ud va ng day con lai mang ien the Ud. Trong trng hp s co, mot cc cua he thong ng truyen co the van hanh oc lap vi ng day con lai, luc o, dong ien khep kn qua ng day ke tren vi ng dan tr ve qua ien tr at. U d1 = 3 6 U1. cos 1 va U d 2 = 3 6

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V du 2.25 Cho ng day truyen tai ien dc, xem hnh ve H2.64. ien ap he thong ien 3 pha tai moi au truyen tai co tr hieu dung ap day 230kV. ien tr ng day bang 10 , cam khang ng day kha ln lam dong ien dc tr nen phang. He thong thc hien tai ien 100MW t he thong nguon phat en he thong ac nhan ien. Tnh toan thiet ke he truyen tai e thc hien yeu cau tren, xac nh kha nang chu

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dong tren cua ng day dc va xac nh ton hao tren ng day. Giai: Theo e bai, e y rang bo chnh lu 2 nhan cong suat t mach dc e a sang pha ac (che o nghch lu): P2=Ud2.Id=--100MW ien ap dc cc ai co the at c:
U d max = 3 6

U . cos 0 =

3 6 230kV

. cos 0 = 310,6kV

ien ap dc can chon phai co o ln nho hn 310,6kV. Gia thiet, ta chon mc ap dc cua bo chnh lu 2 bang 200kV, viec xac nh goc kch cho bo chnh lu 2 co the xac nh theo he thc: U d 2 = 310,6. cos 2 = 200kV T o: 2 = ar cos
200 0 = 130 310,6

Dong ien qua mach dc kha nang mang dong cua ng day dc bang: Id2=100MW/200kV=500A ien ap ngo ra cua bo chnh lu 1: Ud1=R.Id+Ud2=(500).(10)+200kV=205kV Goc kch thiet lap tren bo chnh lu 1 bang:
1 = ar cos
205 = 48,7 0 310,6

Cong suat ton hao tren ng day vi gia thiet dong dc c loc phang:
2 PLoss = R.I 2 R.I d = 10.(500)2 = 2,5.106W = 2,5MW

Cong suat do bo chnh lu 1 cung cap P1=Ud1.Id=(205kV).(500A)=102,5MW Viec thiet lap cac gia tr ien ap va dong ien cho he truyen tai dc co the thc hien theo cac gia tr khac nhau cua ien ap va dong ien dc, sao cho thoa man ieu kien ap dc nho hn gia tr cc ai va dong ien qua ng day dc nam trong pham vi cho phep cua cac thiet b truyen tai. Phng an thiet lap toi u co the thc hien bang cach a ien ap truyen tai len cao hn e giam thap dong ien dc, qua o giam ton hao tren ng day. ay la mot trong cac ly do phai s dung he thong bo chnh lu 12 xung.

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2.15 PHNG PHAP IEU KHIEN BO CHNH LU Thi iem a xung kch ong cac thyristor trong cac bo chnh lu tng ng vi goc ieu khien da vao ket qua so sanh hai tn hieu c ban: tn hieu ieu khien uk va tn hieu ong bo up (hnh H2.68).

Tn hieu ong bo tao moc chuan ve thi gian can cho viec xac nh goc ieu khien, ong thi xac lap ac tnh gia ap chnh lu trung bnh Ud va ap ieu khien uk . Do o, tn hieu ong bo c chon thay oi trong khoang thi gian xuat hien ien ap khoa tren linh kien va no da vao dang ien ap nguon xoay chieu. Tn hieu ieu khien xac nh iem lam viec tren ac tnh ieu khien va cho biet o ln goc ieu khien. Ca hai tn hieu ieu khien va tn hieu ong bo tren co the x ly da tren ky thuat so hoac analog. e n gian, ta neu v du ieu khien bo chnh lu mach tia ba pha dung ky thuat analog vi tn hieu ong bo dang rang ca. Quan he gia tn hieu ong bo rang ca, ien ap ieu khien va v tr kch ong cac linh kien co the theo doi tren cac hnh H2.69. Gia s song ieu khien bien thien trong gii han hai cc tr cua song ong bo rang ca (-Upm,+Upm). Gia tr goc kch vi ai lng ap ieu khien de dang xac nh theo he thc sau ay:
= ( U pm u dk 2.U pm )

(2.125)

Quan he gia ien ap chnh lu trung bnh mach tia 3 pha ieu khien hoan toan vi goc ieu khien cho bi he thc:
Ud ( ) = 3 6 U . cos 2

(2.126)

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T o,
U d ( ) =

U pm u dk 3 6 U . cos . 2 2.U pm

(2.127)

Ham quan he gia ap chnh lu trung bnh, ien ap ieu khien va goc ieu khien co the bieu dien lai di dang o th tren hnh H2.70

ac tnh ieu khien Ud(uk) co dang phi tuyen, tuy nhien dang mach de thc hien. Trong viec khao sat cac he thong ieu khien co hieu chnh, ac tnh phi tuyen c tuyen tnh hoa (hnh H2.70b). Khi o, bo chnh lu c xem nh mach khuech ai cong suat vi o khuech ai cho bi t so gia o bien thien ien ap chnh lu trung bnh va o bien thien ien ap ieu khien va c xem nh bang hang so che o dong lien tuc.

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V du 2.26 Bo chnh lu mach tia ba pha mac vao nguon xoay chieu ba pha vi tr hieu dung ap pha U = 220 V , = 314 rad/s . Goc ieu khien xac nh tren c s ap rang ca va ap ieu khien. Cho biet ap rang ca thay oi trong pham vi 12V +12V. Gia thiet dong ien qua tai lien tuc . a/- Tnh o ln ap chnh lu tren tai khi ap ieu khien udk = 8 V. b/- Tnh o ln ap ieu khien khi ien ap chnh lu bang 200 V. Giai: Ta co: 12 udk = 12
2

T o:
=

va

12 udk . 12 2
24

udk = 12

a/u dk = 8V =

12 8 . = 12 2 6

Ud =

3 6 3 6 .U . cos = .220. cos = 222 ,8 [V] 2 2 6 2 .U d 3 6 .U = 2 .220 3 6 .220 = 0 ,766

b/-

cos =

= 0,682 rad T o:
u dk = 12

24.0 ,682 = 6 ,789V

V du 2.27 Bo chnh lu mach tia co the xem nh bo khuech ai vi tn hieu au vao la ien ap ieu khien udk va au ra la ien ap chnh lu trung bnh. Cho ien ap xoay chieu U = 220V; ien ap xung rang ca thay oi t -12V en +12V . a/- Tnh he so khuech ai cua bo chnh lu che o dong tai lien tuc phu thuoc vao udk. b/- Tuyen tnh hoa ac tnh ieu khien Ud(uk), xac nh he so khuech ai gan ung c/- Thiet lap ham truyen cua bo chnh lu, gia thiet thi gian tre cua ap ng c chon bang 1/2 chu ky xung ap chnh lu. Giai: a/- He so khuech ai

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k =

U d d . du dk

U d 3 6 .U .( sin ) = 2 d = dudk 24
k = 2 2 12 udk .U . sin = .U . sin . 12 12 2 12

He so khuech ai ln nhat khi =

b/- He so khuech ai cua ac tnh c tuyen tnh hoa:

3 6 .U U d Ud max U d min Ud 0 = = = 2 = 21,44 k = udk 12 udkm ( udkm ) U dkm

[rad] tng ng vi udk = 0 [V]

c/- Thi gian tre p =

1 1 0,02 Tp = . = 0,0033[ s ] 2 2 3
s p

Ham truyen cua bo chnh lu F (s ) = k .e

= 21,44.e 0,0033 s

tan so thap s.p 0 nen ap dung phan tch chuoi Mac Laurin tai iem 0, ta co:
e
s p

1 1 + s. p

T o F (s ) =

k 21,44 = 1 + s. p 1 + s.0,0033

V du 2.28 Cho ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap vi cac tham so nh sau :
U udm = 220V ; I udm = 37 A; n dm = 1000v / ph; R u = 0 ,54 ; I u max = 74 A

Van toc ong c c ieu khien theo phng phap ieu khien ien ap phan ng thong qua bo chnh lu cau 1 pha ieu khien hoan toan. Nguon kch t khong oi bang nh mc. Bo chnh lu c mac trc tiep vao nguon ien xoay chieu 1 pha vi tr hieu dung ap pha bang 300V, tan so li bang 50Hz. Tnh goc kch cua bo chnh lu e ong c co the lam viec che o nh mc a. Tm ham truyen cua bo chnh lu tren cho biet cac tn hieu song ong bo thay oi gia 10 va 0 V co dang nh hnh ve H2.71

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GIAI: a. Ta co ap chnh lu cap cho phan ng che o nh mc:

2 2 .U . cos = Uudm 2 2 .300. cos = 220 T o: = 0,618[rad ] = 35,40

b. Tm o ln ien ap ieu khien e ong c co the chay van toc nh mc khi moment ong c bang cc ai.

b. Ham truyen cua bo chnh lu

K BCL U U d min = = d max u dk max u dk min 2 2 2 2 300 ( 300 ) = 54 0 ( 10 )

BCL =

0.02 = 0,005[ S ] 4 54 FBCL (s) = 1 + 0,005.s

c. Khi moment ong c cc ai, do kch t khong oi bang nh mc nen Iu=Iumax=74A. U u max = Ru .I u max + k dm . dm vi Ru=0,54 ; Iumax=74A; T o:
2 2 U u max = 0,54.74 + 200 = 240[V ] k dm . dm = U udm Ru .I udm = 220 0,54.37 = 200[V

.300. cos = 240 = 0,4765[rad ] = 27,30 T o th: u dk 0,4765 = u dk = .10 = 1,517[V ] u dk = 1,517[V ] 10

V du 2.29 Cho ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap vi cac tham so nh sau :
U udm = 440V ; I udm = 18,5 A ndm = 900v / ph Ru = 2,32 ; I u max = 37 A

Van toc ong c c ieu khien theo phng phap ieu khien ien ap phan ng thong qua bo chnh lu cau 3 pha ieu khien hoan toan. Nguon kch t khong oi bang nh mc. Bo chnh lu c mac trc tiep vao nguon ien xoay chieu 3 pha vi tr hieu dung ap pha bang 220V, tan so li bang 50Hz.

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a. Tnh goc kch cua bo chnh lu e ong c co the lam viec che o nh mc b. Tm ham truyen cua bo chnh lu tren cho biet cac tn hieu song ong bo co dang nh hnh ve H2.72 c. Tm o ln ien ap ieu khien e ong c co the chay van toc nh mc khi moment ong c bang cc ai. GIAI: a.
3 6

Ta co ap chnh lu cap cho phan ng che o nh mc:

.U . cos = U udm 3 6

.220. cos = 440 T o: cos = 0,855 = 0,54518[rad ] = 31,2360

b. Ham truyen cua bo chnh lu

K BCL

U d min U = d max = u dk max u dk min

3 6

220 (

3 6

10 (10)

220)

= 51,459

BCL =

0.02 = 0,00166[ S ] 12 51,4 FBCL (s) = 1 + 0,00166.s

c. Khi moment ong c cc ai, do kch t khong oi bang nh mc nen Iu=Iumax=37A. U u max = Ru .I u max + k dm . dm vi Ru=2,32 ; Iumax=37A; T o:
3 6 U u max = 2,32.37 + 397,08 = 482,92[V ] k dm . dm = U udm Ru .I udm = 440 2,32.18,5 = 397,08[V

T o th hnh H2.72, ta xac nh: 10 u dk u 0,3527 = = (1 dk ) u dk = 10.(1 ) = 10.(1 ) = 8,877[V ] 10 10

.220. cos = 482,92 = 0,3527[rad ] = 20,209 0

2.16 BO CHNH LU KEP Cac dang bo chnh lu a khao sat ch cho phep dong ien i qua tai theo mot chieu, con ien ap co chieu thay oi. Mot so tai oi hoi ao chieu dong ien trong qua trnh hoat ong, chang han qua trnh ham ong c mot chieu hoac qua trnh ma ien. 2.16.1 CAC CAU HNH MACH CHNH LU AO CHIEU DONG IEN a.Dung cong tac ao e ao chieu dong qua tai, vi bo chnh lu n, mach can trang b them cong tac ao (hnh H2.73)

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Khi can cho dong ien tai dng id > 0, cong tac thuan T c ong. Ngc lai, khi ta cho ngat hai cong tac T va ong cong tac ao N, dong ien khep kn qua bo chnh lu, cong tac N va qua tai theo chieu am id < 0.

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Qua trnh ao chieu dong ien tai- v du t dng sang am: trc het dong ien c ieu khien t gia tr dng ve dong bang khong bang cach ieu chnh goc kch bo chnh lu gia tr max . Khi dong at gia tr bang khong, mach ieu khien thc hien m cong tac thuan T va sau o ong cong tac ngc N. Bang qua trnh ieu khien goc kch cua bo chnh lu, dong ien qua tai se oi dau va at gia tr dong yeu cau. Tng t cho qua trnh ao chieu dong ien tai t am sang dng. b. Dung bo chnh lu kep Bo chnh lu kep co kha nang ieu khien dong ien i qua tai theo ca hai chieu, bao gom hai bo chnh lu n ghep lai. Bo chnh lu I ieu khien dong ien qua tai theo chieu dng va bo chnh lu II ieu khien dong qua tai theo chieu am (hnh 2.73b). Cac dang mach chnh lu kep Tuy theo dang cau tao cua cac mach chnh lu, ta phan biet bo chnh lu kep dang oi song (hnh H2.74c,d), bo chnh lu kep dang ch thap (hnh H2.74a,b) va bo chnh lu kep dang ch H (hnh H2.74e). * Dang mach ch thap: can hai nguon ien ap xoay chieu rieng. iem thuan li cua dang mach nay kha nang gii han dong can bang cc ai tot hn so vi dang mach oi song. * Dang mach oi song: ch can mot nguon ien ap xoay chieu va thch hp cho trng hp ieu khien rieng biet. * Dang mach ch H: thch hp cho phng phap ieu khien rieng biet va ca ieu khien ong thi. Cuon khang dung e gii han dong can bang mac gia cac iem trung tnh cua hai mach nguon 3 pha; ong thi cuon khang nay con tac dung nan dong ien tai. So vi dang mach ch thap, dong ien luon i qua cac cuon th cap, do o lam cong suat nh mc cho may bien ap co the chon nho hn .

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2.16.2 CAC PHNG PHAP IEU KHIEN BO CHNH LU KEP a. Phng phap ieu khien rieng: bo chnh lu kep co cau truc n gian gom hai bo chnh lu n ghep lai (xem hnh H2.75). Tai moi thi iem, ch co mot bo chnh lu c ieu khien hoat ong, bo chnh lu th hai b khoa kch. Chang han, e cho dong ien id qua tai dng, ta kch BCL I va khoa kch BCL II. Ngc lai, e dong qua tai am, bo chnh lu 2 c ieu khien hoat ong va bo chnh lu th nhat b khoa kch. Khi nao can oi chieu dong ien tai, v du t dng thanh am, mach ieu khien tac ong lam goc kch I at gia tr cc ai lam qua trnh dong tai giam nhanh ve 0. Khi dong tai triet tieu, ca hai bo chnh lu se b khoa kch. Ly do, khi dong qua BCL I va ve 0, kha nang dan ien cua cac linh kien BCL I con ton tai them mot thi gian ngan. Neu ta cho kch BCL II ngay lap tc, hien tng ngan mach vi dong ien khep kn qua BCL I, BCL II co the phat sinh. Sau khi khoa xung kch cho ca hai BCL mot thi gian va u am bao linh kien cua bo chnh lu 1 khoi phuc kha nang khoa, BCL II se c kch e cho dong ien qua tai am, con xung kch BCL I van tiep tuc b khoa. Giai thch tng t cho trng hp ao chieu dong ien tai t am sang dng. e thc hien ao chieu dong ien tai, co the s dung mach logic trong s o hnh H2.76. Qui luat ieu khien rieng biet bo chnh lu kep c tom tat trong bang B2.1 Khau hieu chnh dong tai co tn hieu ngo ra la ien ap tai yeu cau. Khoi 1,2 co chc nang chuyen yeu cau ap tai thanh tn hieu xung kch vi goc ieu khien 1 , 2 . Bo logic x ly khoa va cho phep cac khoi ieu khien bo chnh lu hoat ong theo bang B2.2. Neu bo chnh lu dung e cap nguon cho ong c dc, e tao ieu kien thuan li cho viec ham tai sinh tra cong suat t nguon ve li, bo chnh lu phai c thiet ke vi o d tr nhat nh ve ien ap che o nghch lu. ieu nay co ngha la, ien ap cc ai khi bat au che o nghch lu t nhat phai bang vi ien ap cc ai che o chnh lu va ta co:
U di 0 . cos MIN U di 0 . cos M

T o: MIN >0. Bang B2.2 Sign(idyc)

Id1 >0 0 0

Id2 0 >0 0

Khoa xung kch Kch BCL1, khoa BCL2 Khoa BCL1, kch BCL2 Khoa BCL2,

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Khoa BCL1 trong thi gian Khoa BCL1, Khoa BCL2 trong thi gian

He qua: Do ton tai khoang thi gian khoa kch nen dong ien tai b gian oan (xem hnh H2.77). Tnh chat gian oan cua dong ien lam ac tnh ieu khien cua bo chnh lu tr thanh phi tuyen va tnh ong hoc cua he thong v the khong cao. Vi linh kien co thi gian khoi phuc kha nang khoa nho, dong ien tai c xem nh lien tuc. e mach hoat ong c, oi hoi phai co cam bien dong ien 0 qua tai. Cac qua trnh ien ap va dong ien tai, dong ien qua moi bo chnh lu c ve minh hoa tren hnh H2.77 cho trng hp ieu khien rieng biet. b. Phng phap ieu khien ong thi Cau tao cua bo chnh lu kep theo phng phap ieu khien ong thi phc tap hn v phai trang b cac cuon khang can bang (xem hnh H2.79). S o mach mo ta nguyen ly ieu khien c ve tren hnh H2.78 . Khoi 1 va 2 chuyen yeu cau dong ien tai thanh yeu cau dong ien cua tng nhanh bo chnh lu. Tn hieu ioyc lam tang them dong ien yeu cau qua moi nhanh chnh lu vi o ln dong tang bang dong can bang

2-82

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Theo nguyen ly, cac bo chnh lu I va II eu c ieu khien kch ong. Goi UdI, UdII lan lt la tr trung bnh ap chnh lu cua bo chnh lu I va II va I,II la cac goc ieu khien tng ng . ieu kien e khong xay ra hien tng ngan mach khep kn qua BLC I, BLC II la ien ap chnh lu trung bnh tong khong tao ieu kien lam phat sinh dong ien mot chieu ngan mach co chieu thuan vi chieu dan qua cac bo chnh lu. T o: UdI + UdII 0

2-83

ien t cong suat 1

Gia thiet dong qua tai lien tuc: UdI = Ud0.cosI UdII = Ud0.cosII cosI + cosII 0 I + II

Trong thc te, trng hp ieu khien oi xng ( tc I + II = ) khong c ap dung v neu xet ca qua trnh qua o, dong ien phat sinh trong mach khep kn qua cac BCL co the at gia tr trung bnh kha ln. Do o, I + II > ieu khien khong oi xng c ap dung rong rai hn. Do goc ieu khien cua moi bo chnh lu b gii han can tren nen: max < nen I min > 0 va tng t IImin > 0 Mac du, thoa man ieu kien ve tr trung bnh cua ien ap chnh lu: UdI +UdII<0, dong ien ngan mach mot chieu phat sinh trong mach BCL I, BCL II b kh bo. Nhng s khac biet gia cac gia tr tc thi cua ien ap chnh lu udI, udII se tac

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ong gay ra dong ien can bang io trong mach. Dong ien can bang co the at gia tr kha ln. e han che dong can bang, au ra cua moi BCL c mac noi tiep vi cuon khang can bang vi nhiem vu han che bien o dong can bang tren. (hnh H2.78) u iem cua phng phap ieu khien vi dong ien can bang la dong ien tai lien tuc. Do o, em lai cac tnh chat ong hoc cao cho he thong ieu khien. Mach ieu khien khong can bo cam bien dong ien bang 0. ieu bat li la mach cha cac cuon khang can bang lam tang them kch thc cung nh khoi lng mach ong lc. Ngoai ra, cac cuon khang tieu thu cong suat ao lam cho viec nh mc mach nguon b tang len va he so cong suat b giam. Mot trong cac s o ieu khien bo chnh lu kep theo phng phap ieu khien ong thi c ve minh hoa tren hnh H2.78, trong o s dung kha nang ieu chnh o ln dong ien can bang. Cac qua trnh ien ap va dong ien tai, dong ien qua tng bo chnh lu trong trng hp ieu khien ong thi c ve minh hoa tren hnh H2.80. Bo chnh lu kep gom hai bo chnh lu mach tia 3 pha mac oi song. Tn hieu dong ien tai yeu cau idyc sau khi qua cac mach chuyen oi thanh tn hieu dong yeu cau cua tng bo chnh lu. Dong ien qua moi bo chnh lu se c ieu chnh bang dong ien qua tai cong vi dong ien can bang. Dong ien can bang yeu cau c thiet lap t mach ngoai.

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V du 2.30: Bo chnh lu kep gom hai mach tia mac thanh dang oi song va ieu khien ong thi sao cho goc ieu khien 1,2 cua hai bo chnh lu thoa man ieu kien 1+2= 12 >. Xung rang ca cua cac bo chnh lu thay oi trong khoang (-12V ; +12V ). ien ap ieu khien cho cac bo chnh lu lan lt la udk1va udk2 a/- Dong qua bo chnh lu th nhat lien tuc udk1= 9V va udk2 = -10V. Tnh 12 7 b/- Cho biet 1+2 = , 1= . Tnh udk1,udk2 va tr trung bnh ien ap tai.
6 3

Cho biet dong ien tai qua bo chnh lu th hai lien tuc. Giai: a.- Ta co: 12 udk1 12 9 1 = . = . = [rad ]
12 12 udk 2 2 = 12 12 2 8 12 ( 10 ) 11 . = . = . [rad ] 2 12 2 12 11 = 1 + 2 = + . = 1,0416 = 3,272[rad ] 8 12 2

12

b/ 7 5 = [ rad ], 2 = [ rad ] 3 6 3 6 24 24 .1 = 12 . = 4 [V ] 3 24 24 5 . 2 = 12 . = 8 [ V ] 6

1 =

u dk1 = 12

u dk 2 = 12

U d ( ) = U d 2 ( 2 ) =

3 6 .U . cos 2 2

3 6 5 .220. cos = 222 ,828 [V ] 2 6

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ien t cong suat 1

CHNG BA BO BIEN OI IEN AP XOAY CHIEU Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu c s dung e thay oi tr hieu dung cua ien ap ngo ra. No c mac vao nguon xoay chieu dang sin vi tan so va tr hieu dung khong oi va tao ngo ra ien ap xoay chieu co cung tan so nhng tr hieu dung ieu khien c. Do o, bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu co tnh nang giong nh may bien ap ieu khien vo cap. ien ap ap ng ngo ra thay oi nhanh va lien tuc. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu c s dung e ieu khien cong suat tieu thu cua cac tai nh lo nng ien tr, bep ien, ieu khien chieu sang cho san khau, quang cao, ieu khien van toc ong c khong ong bo cong suat va va nho (may quat gio, may bm, may xay), ieu khien ong c van nang (dung cu ien cam tay, may tron, may say). Bo bien oi xoay chieu con c dung trong cac he thong bu nhuyen cong suat phan khang. 3.1 - BO BIEN OI IEN AP XOAY CHIEU MOT PHA Trng hp tai thuan tr : (hnh H3.1).

Mach gom nguon ien ap xoay chieu mot pha dang sin u = U m . sin t mac noi tiep vi tai R thong qua cong tac xoay chieu ban dan. Cong tac xoay chieu gom hai thyristor mac oi song V1 va V2 va trong trng hp cong suat nho co the thay the chung bang mot triac. Phan tch mach (xem hnh H3.2) Trong khoang goc (0,), dong qua tai b ngat, ta co: it = 0 , ut= 0 Tren thyristor V1 xuat hien ien ap khoa v: uV1 = u ut= u > 0 Tai thi iem ng vi goc X = , xung kch IG1 a vao cong ieu khien cua V1 trong ieu kien co ap khoa lam V1 ong. Dong ien khep kn qua mach (u,V1 , R)- trang thai V1. Cac phng trnh mo ta trang thai V1 trong thi gian V1 dan ( X < ) uV1 = 0 =- uV2 iV1 = it; iV2 = 0 ut= - uV1 + u = u = Um sinX

3-1

ien t cong suat 1

ut= R.it Tai X = , dong qua V1 triet tieu. Luc o, dong ien tai bang khong va ta co trang thai 0. Cac phng trnh mo ta trang thai 0: it= iV1 = iV2 = 0 uV1 = u - R.it= u uV2 = -u ien ap at len V2 trong khoang thi gian ng vi X > co gia tr dng - ien ap khoa, nen viec kch vao cong ieu khien cua V2 trong khoang ( + < X < 2 ) se lam V2 ong. Cac phng trnh mo ta trang thai V2: uV2 = 0; iV2 = -it uV1 = - uV2 = 0; iV1 = 0 ut= u = Um.sinX < 0 i t= Tai v tr X = 2, dong qua V2 triet tieu nen V2 b ngat. Mach tr ve trang Cac he qua: Tr hieu dung cua ap tai :
1 Ut = 2 u <0 R

thai 0.

2 u t2 .dx
1 2 2

(3.1)

1 sin U t = U . + 2

sin 2 2 U t = U .1 + 2

Khi goc ieu khien thay oi trong pham vi ( 0, ), ien ap tai co tr hieu dung bien thien trong khoang ( 0, U). o th bieu dien tr hieu dung Uttheo goc ieu khien c ve tren hnh H3.3 Tr hieu dung dong ien qua tai:
It =

He so cong suat:

Ut R

(3.2)
1

2 sin 2 2 P Ut / R Ut = = = 1 + PF = S U .I t U 2

(3.3)

Dong ien trung bnh qua SCR:

IVAV 1 Um U . sin x .dx = m (1 + cos ) = 2 R 2 R

(3.4)

Tr hieu dung dong ien qua SCR. De dang suy ra rang:

IVRMS = It 2

(3.5)

* Trng hp tai L: Ta phan biet hai trng hp goc ieu khien :

3-2

ien t cong suat 1

a/- Goc ieu khien >

( hnh 3.4)

Trang thai 0 : Trong khoang trc v tr goc kch dong tai b gian oan. Cac phng trnh va he thc mo ta trang thai khong co dong ien: it =0 ut = L.
di t =0 dt

iV1 = iV2 =0 uV1 = - u2 = u > 0 Trang thai V1 ( < X < 2 - ): Tai v tr X = , V1 c kch trong luc co tac dung cua ien ap khoa nen ong. Dong ien dan khep kn qua mach (u, V1, L). Trang thai mach ien c bieu dien bi he thc va phng trnh sau: uV1 = 0 i V1 =it ut = u = Um.sinX ut = L
di t dt

T ieu kien ban au it() = 0 va giai phng trnh dong ien ta thu c nghiem:
i t (X ) = Um .(cos cos X ) L

(3.6)

Dong ien co o ln tang t 0 en cc ai roi giam ve 0 tai v tr X = 2 - . Do iV1 = it nen tai v tr va neu tren, dong qua V1 cung b ngat. Trang thai 0- khoang (2 - < X < + ): Sau khi dong qua V1 b ngat, mach tr lai trang thai khong dan ien, cac phng trnh mo ta mach ien: it = 0; ut =0 iV1 = iV2 = 0 uV1 = - uV2 = u < 0 Trang thai V2 - khoang ( + < X < 3 - ): Tai v tr X= + , xung kch a vao V2 trong luc V2 chu tac dung ien ap khoa nen V2 ong. Dong ien khep kn qua mach (u, V2, L). Cac phng trnh va he thc mo ta trang thai V2: uV2 =0; iV2 = - it ut = u; ut = L
i t (X ) = di t dt

Giai phng trnh dong ien va e y rang it ( +) = 0, ta c nghiem dong ien tai:
Um [cos ( + ) cos X ] L

(3.7)

Dong qua tai va qua V2 co o ln tang t 0 en cc ai roi giam ve 0 . Tai ay, V2 b ngat. Mach tr ve trang thai 0 He qua: oi vi tai L va goc ieu khien < < , ta co:
2

3-3

ien t cong suat 1

1/- Dong qua tai b gian oan. 2/- Tr hieu dung ien ap tren tai co the dan giai t hnh H3.4
1 Ut =
1 It =

(U m sin X )
1

sin 2 2 2 dx = U m 1 + 2
2 3 2 2 1 .1 + 2 cos + sin 2

(3.8)
1

3/- Tr hieu dung dong ien qua tai:

2 i t2 .dx

U = L

(3.9)

Trong ng dung vi tai L, thanh phan hai c ban dong ien co y ngha quan trong:
IL(1)m ( ) = 1 Um 2 ( 2 + . sin 2 ) .L

(3.10)

Mach hoat ong nh mot tai L ieu chnh vi cam khang la ham phu thuoc goc kch: Vm .L = (3.11) X L ( ) = 2 1 I L(1)m ( ) (2 + . sin 2 ) b/- Goc ieu khien < ien ap tai khong the ieu khien c na. Mach bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu hoat ong nh mot cong tac trang thai luon ong. Cac linh kien V1 va V2 lan lt dan ien vi khoang dan cua moi linh kien bang . Dong ien qua tai lien tuc. Neu bat au a xung kch , dong ien lech pha so vi ien ap mot goc = . Xung kch vao linh kien t v tr = can tao thanh di dang chuoi xung bat au tai v tr goc va ket thuc tai cuoi na chu ky tng ng cua ap nguon xoay chieu . Chang han, khi dong tai qua V1 giam en 0. V1 b ngat. Tai v tr nay tren V2 xuat hien ien ap khoa. Do co xung kch tac dung nen V2 ong va dan dong ien qua tai theo chieu ngc lai. Do o, dong ien tai oi dau va qua iem 0 mot cach lien tuc . He qua: Vi tai L, khi < , bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu hoat ong nh cong tac trang thai ong va ien ap tren tai bang ap nguon xoay chieu. ac tnh Ut() cho trng hp tai L c ve tren hnh H3.3 Trng hp tai RL (hnh H3.5): Tng t nh trng hp tai L, viec phan tch hoat ong mach ien phu thuoc vao goc ieu khien . Gia tr phan biet
2 2 2 2

trong trng hp tai RL, = arctg( L/R). Trng hp > - dong ien tai b gian oan. chu ky hoat ong c chia lam 4 khoang tng ng 4 trang thai sau: Trang thai 0: mach khong dan ien va ap khoa tac dung len V1 it = 0 ; ut = 0
3-4

trng hp tai L c thay bang o ln goc

ien t cong suat 1

iV1 = 0 ; iV2 = 0 uV1 = - uV2 = u > 0 Trang thai V1 : V1 c kch dan ut = u ; ut = R.it + L
dit dt

iV1 = it ; uV1 = - uV2 = 0 Trang thai 0 : mach khong dan ien va ien ap khoa tac dung len V2 : it = 0 ; ut = 0 iV1 = 0 ; iV2 = 0 uV1 = - uV2 = u < 0 Trang thai V2 : V2 c kch dan uV1 = - uV2 = 0 iV2 = - it ; ut = u ut = R.it + L
dit dt

Nghiem dong ien, v du trong khoang V1 dan co dang

i t = i V1 U = m Z
R (X ) sin (X ) sin ( ).e L 2

(3.12)

Z = R 2 + (L )

Dong ien qua tai b gian oan Trng hp < - dong tai lien tuc. ien ap tai khong ieu khien c. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu hoat ong nh cong tac trang thai luon ong. ien ap tai bang ap nguon xoay chieu co tr hieu dung bang U. Xung kch cho linh kien c cho di dang chuoi xung, bat au t v tr goc ieu khien en khi ket thuc na chu ky tng ng cua ap nguon xoay chieu. ac tnh Ut() xem hnh H3.5: phu thuoc vao cac tham so RL mach tai, thay oi gia ac tnh tai thuan ien tr va tai thuan cam L. Tnh chat tng t khi hoat ong vi cac tai R,L,RL c trnh bay ngan gon trong bang so sanh B3.1. Bang B3.1 Quan he tong quat L = arctan R > R L RL Tnh chat

=0

>0
______

<

2 > 2 < 2 =

= arctan

L R L > arctan R L < arctan R

Goc ac trng
cua tai Dong tai gian oan Dong tai lien tuc

3-5

ien t cong suat 1

3.2 - BO BIEN OI IEN AP XOAY CHIEU BA PHA

Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu 3 pha dang ay u (xem hnh H3.6) co cau tao gom ba cong tac ban dan au vao nguon xoay chieu 3 pha, e thc hien cung cap ien cho tai 3 pha. Khi cong suat tai nho, cac cap cong tac dung thyristor co the c thay the bang triac. Phan tch hoat ong cua bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu 3 pha, ngay ca cho trng hp tai thuan tr, rat phc tap v viec theo doi qua trnh ien ap va dong ien trong mach rat kho khan. Dang song ien ap va dong ien tai thay oi khac nhau phu thuoc vao o ln goc ieu khien va cac tham so mach tai (oi vi tai khong thuan tr). Ngay nay, viec phan tch c thc hien nh lap trnh mo phong tren may tnh. Dang song ien ap va dong ien cho mot so cau hnh bo bien oi xoay chieu phu thuoc vao goc ieu khien va ng vi cac tai R, RL c ve minh hoa tren cac hnh H3.7 cho tai R va H3.8 cho tai RL noi tiep. ac tnh ieu khien cua bo bien oi ap xoay chieu 3 pha dang ay u c ve tren hnh H3.10. Vi tai R, pham vi ieu khien goc kch nam trong khoang ( 0 , 5 6 ); oi vi tai L, pham vi ieu khien cua goc kch nam trong gii han ( 2 , 5 6 ). oi vi tai RL, pham vi ieu khien goc kch la (arctan L R , 5 6 ). Xung kch: e am bao qua trnh kch dan thyristor, xung kch c thc hien di dang chuoi xung bat au t v tr ng vi goc kch cho en khi vt khoi na chu ky tng ng mot goc 6 .

3-6

ien t cong suat 1

3-7

ien t cong suat 1

3.3 - CONG TAC XOAY CHIEU Cong tac xoay chieu dung e ong vao hoac ngat nguon ien ap xoay chieu ra khoi tai xoay chieu. So vi cong tac c kh s dung tiep iem, cong tac ban dan hoat ong vi tan so cao, ap ng nhanh hn, cong suat ieu khien nho; hien tng phong tia la ien khi ngat dong ien tai khong xay ra. Tuy nhien, do cong tac xoay chieu co cau tao gom cac linh kien ban dan, o sut ap tren linh kien ton tai khi cong tac ong (khoang vai volt) tao nen ton hao ang ke khi dong tai ln. Do o, cong tac ban dan can c lam mat. che o ngat dong ien, tr khang luc ngat cua linh kien ton tai vi gia tr hu han, van con dong ien ro i qua linh kien ban dan. Cac cong tac xoay chieu ban dan c s dung e khi ong cung nh ao chieu ong c khong ong bo; ong ngat tu bu cong suat phan khang cho li ien; ong ngat thay oi mc ien ap xoay chieu cung cap cho tai ; ong ngat chuyen oi he thong nguon trong cac he thong nguon d tr UPS. Cau tao cong tac xoay chieu: Cong tac xoay chieu ton tai dang mot pha, ba pha. Dong qua moi pha tai c ong ngat bi mot cong tac pha. Moi cong tac pha gom hai thyristor mac oi song hoac mot triac.

Phan tch hoat ong cua mach khi thc hien ong va ngat cong tac ban dan co the giai thch minh hoa qua cong tac mot pha vi tai RL (hnh H3.10). S o mach cong suat giong nh mach tren hnh H3.1.

ong cong tac : Tai v tr goc X = , ta thc hien ong cong tac bang cach a xung kch lien tuc ( v du di dang chuoi xung iG=1) vao cong ieu khien cua tat ca cac thyristor V1,V2. Mot trong hai thyristor mac oi song trang thai khoa tai v tr kch ong se ong, v du V1.

3-8

ien t cong suat 1

Dong ien qua V1 se co o ln thay oi theo phng trnh dong ien sau:
u t = R .i t + L. di t = U m sin X dt

(3.13)

ieu kien ban au: it() =0 Phng trnh co nghiem:

U it = m Z
R (X ) sin (X ) sin ( ).e L
2

Z = R 2 + (.L )

(3.14)

Dong ien qua tai thay oi lien tuc i i qua gia tr 0. Do xung kch ong c a en cac thyristor lien tuc nen co the xem cong tac xoay chieu la dang ac biet cua bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu vi goc kch bang 0. Do o, dong ien qua tai lien tuc. Cac thyristor V1, V2 tuan t thay nhau dan ien. Sau mot thi gian u ln, thanh phan qua o cua dong ien qua tai triet tieu. Mach at trang thai xac lap. Dong ien lech pha so vi ien ap mot goc : .L = arctg (xem hnh H3.10) Ngat cong tac: thc hien bang cach ngat ( khoa ) ong thi xung kch cua tat ca cac thyristor V1 , V2. Tai v tr ngat xung kch, neu dong tai dan qua thyristor, v du V1 co o ln khac khong, V1 se tiep tuc dan ien en khi dong ien qua no, ong thi qua tai triet tieu. Ch
R

3-9

ien t cong suat 1

khi o, dong ien b ngat bi cong tac. T qua trnh phan tch tren, ta thay viec ngat dong ien qua tai bang cong tac ban dan dien ra thuan li, khong co qua ien ap xuat hien ngay ca trng hp tai mang tnh cam khang. ap ng cua dong ien sau khi thc hien khoa xung kch co the b tre toi a bang na chu ky ien ap nguon. Cong tac xoay chieu ba pha co cau tao mach cong suat giong nh bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu ba pha. Viec thc hien ong va ngat cong tac dan en qua trnh ien ap va dong ien tren tng pha tai c ve tren hnh H3.11. T o, ta thay dong ien qua tng pha lan lt triet tieu khi giam ve zero tai cac thi iem khac nhau. ien ap xuat hien tren linh kien b tat tang vot en gia tr cua ien ap day (xem hnh H3.11b). e giam bt so linh kien ban dan, mot so cau hnh cong tac tiet kiem s dung diode thay cho thyristor mot so v tr. e giam bt cong suat ton hao tren linh kien ban dan khi cong tac trang thai ong, ong thi e ngat han dong ien khi cong tac che o ngat, ngi ta thng s dung ket hp cong tac ban dan vi cong tac tiep iem. Trnh t ong ngat cac cong tac c kh K1,K2 va khoa ban dan S c ve minh hoa tren gian o ong ngat tren hnh H3.13.

3-10

ien t cong suat 1

3.4 - CAC PHNG PHAP IEU KHIEN BO BIEN OI IEN AP XOAY CHIEU 3.4.1. IEU KHIEN PHA (xem hnh H3.2) Vi phng phap ieu khien pha thong thng, xung kch ong c a vao cong ieu khien tai v tr tre i mot goc so vi v tr xuat hien ap khoa tren linh kien. ien ap nguon xoay chieu ong vai tro ien ap chuyen mach, tac dung giam dong ien qua linh kien va ngat no. ien ap ngo ra cha thanh phan hai c ban co tan so bang tan so ap nguon va cac thanh phan bac cao khac. o ln cua cac song hai phu thuoc vao goc ieu khien va cau hnh mach cong suat. Trng hp ieu khien pha vi qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc: ieu khien v tr kch ong dong ien va ong thi ieu khien ca v tr ngat dong ien tai. Cau hnh mach phai cha bo chuyen mach hoac linh kien t chuyen mach. Vi phng phap nay, ien ap ngo ra co the co dang oi xng. Neu trong moi na chu ky ap nguon, ta thc hien ieu rong xung, he so bien dang va pho cac hai bac cao se c han che rat nhieu. 3.4.2. IEU KHIEN T LE THI GIAN (Time duty ratio Control; Cycle Control) Xem hnh H3.14- thc hien bang cach cho xung kch ong cac linh kien lien tuc trong thi gian bang so nguyen lan chu ky (m) ien ap nguon va sau o ngat (khoa) xung kch lien tuc trong mot so nguyen lan chu ky (n). Phng phap nay khong s dung khi tai co hang so thi gian ap ng tng ng vi chu ky ap nguon xoay chieu, v du khong the dung e ieu khien o sang bong en day toc, khong dung e ieu khien van toc ong c co moment quan tnh nho. Phng phap ieu khien t le thi gian vi thi iem kch ong tai iem 0 cua ap nguon (zero voltage switching ) c ng dung e ieu khien lo ien tr, lo ho quang ien, lo nng gia nh.... v t anh hng len li ien, ong thi han che ton hao phat sinh do che o ong ngat linh kien tao nen. Bo bien oi lam viec nh mot cong tac xoay chieu ong m tuan hoan. Hnh H3.14a ve ien ap va dong ien tai khi ta ap dung phng phap ieu khien tren vi tai ch cha ien tr R. T hnh ve H3.14a, ta suy ra tr hieu dung cua ien ap tai la: U t = U .
tt . Tren T

hnh H3.14b ve qua trnh cac ai lng cho trng hp tai RL. Phng phap ieu khien neu tren phu hp cho cac nguon cung cap nang lng cho cac thiet b tieu thu nhiet ien. Ta khong nen dung chung lam nguon nang lng cho cac en chieu sang cung nh trong cac ong c ien.

5-11

ien t cong suat 1

V du 3.1: Bo bien oi ap xoay chieu mot pha cap nguon cho tai thuan tr R=10. Nguon xoay chieu co tr hieu dung bang 220V, 50Hz. Goc ieu khien = a. Tnh tr hieu dung ap tai b. Tnh cong suat tieu thu cua tai c. Tnh he so cong suat d. e at c cong suat tai bang 4 kW, tnh o ln goc kch e. nh mc linh kien s dung Giai: a. Tr hieu dung cua ap tai

[ rad ]

5-12

ien t cong suat 1

sin 2 2 U t = 1 + .U 2 sin 2. 2 2 2 + = 1 .220 = 155 ,56 [V ] 2.

1

b. Cong suat tieu thu cua tai

Pt = Pt = 1 2

u t .i t .dX =
2

1 2

u t2 1 .dX = .U t2 R R

155 ,56 10

= 2420 [W ]

c. He so cong suat nguon ( bo qua ton hao tren SCR )

Pt P P Pt = t = t = S U .I U .It U . Ut R 2420 = = 0 ,707 155 ,56 220. 10 = PF =

d. Khi Pt = 4 kW, ta co: U t = Pt .R = 4000 .10 = 200 [V ] . Tren ac tnh Ut(), Ta xac nh goc tng ng vi Ut = 200V la = 0,99979[rad] hay =57,280 e. Ap lam viec ln nhat cua SCR:
U DWM = U RWM = 220. 2 = 311[V ]

kien:

Chon he so an toan ap: Ku = 2,5 ta co tham so SCR can chon thoa man ieu UDRM = URRM > 2,5.311 = 778[V] Tr trung bnh dong qua SCR (=0):
IVAV = IVAV = 1 2

it .dX =

1 2

2 .U . sin X .dX R

2U = .R

2 .220 = 9 ,9 [ A ] .10
2 2 .dX = 2U = 2R 1

Tr hieu dung dong qua SCR

I RMS 1 = 2

2 .U . sin X R

2 .220 = 15,55[ A] 2.10

V du 3.2 Cong tac xoay chieu ba pha dang ay u mac vao tai theo cau hnh sao. Cong suat tai P= 20kW, he so cong suat 0,707. nh mc ap va dong cho linh kien. Ap nguon co tr hieu dung ap day 440V Giai: Dong ien qua moii pha co tr hieu dung

5-13

ien t cong suat 1

I =

P 3.U 0 . cos

20000 3.440.0,707

= 37,119[ A]

Dong nh qua SCR

I m = 2 .I = 2 .37,119 = 52,5[ A]

Dong trung bnh qua SCR

Tr hieu dung dong qua SCR I 52,5 I RMS = m = = 26,25[ A] 2 2 ien ap nh at len SCR U DWM = U RWM = 2 .U = 2 .440 = 622,3[V ]
I AV = Im = 52,5 = 16,71[ A]

V du 3.3 Bo bien oi ap xoay chieu mot pha mac vao tai L. Tnh tr hieu dung ap va 2 dong tai khi = [rad]. Tnh cong suat phan khang cua song hai c ban. Cho biet L=0,01H, ap nguon U = 220V, = 314 rad/s Giai:
2 2 sin 2. sin 2 3 + 3 = 137 ,566 [V ] U t = U . 2 1 + = 220. 2 1 2 2
It = U 3 2 1 1 + 2 cos 2 + sin 2 .L

2 220 1 3 1 + 2 cos 2 2 + 3 . sin 2. 2 = 29 , It = . 2. 142 [ A ] 314.0 ,01 3 3

Cong suat phan khang cua song hai c ban: Q(1) = US.It(1) vi
I t (1 ) = US << .(2 2 + sin 2 ) ..L 2 220 2 2 = + sin 2. .2 2. .314.0 ,01 3 3

I t (1 )

I t (1) = 27 ,395 [ A ]

Ta c Q(1) = 220.27,397 = 6025,8 Var V du 3.4 Mach ong lc cua bo bu nhuyen mot pha gom tu bu C mac song song vi cuon khang L qua bo bien oi ap xoay chieu (hnh H3.15). Dong bu c ieu khien

5-14

ien t cong suat 1

bang cach thay oi goc kch trong khoang , . Ap nguon xoay chieu co tr hieu 2

dung U = 220V, = 314 rad/s, cong suat bu cua tu QC = 10 kVAr a/- Tnh o ln cuon khang L e co the bu cong suat vi o ln thay oi t Qmin=0 en Qmax = 10 kVAr. b/- Vi L tnh c, xac nh dong bu tong ( hai c ban) ng vi cac trng 2 5 hp goc ieu khien 1 = ; 2 = ; 3 = ; 4 =
2 3 6

Giai: a/- Cong suat bu cua tu:

QC = U2 = .C.U 2 XC

Cong suat bu cua cuon khang:

QL = U2 U2 = X L .L

e bu en cos = 1, ta can co QC = QL T o:
L= C=
L=

.C
2

QC

.U

10.000 314.220 2 1

= 657,99.10 6 [ F ]

314 2 . 657,99.10 6

) = 0,0154[ H ]
U

b/- Dong bu tong:

ibu = i C + i t (1 ) = j .C ..U + j ..L1 vi

U U = IL (1 ) = S [2 2 + sin 2 ] .L1 ..L

Ta co ket qua: Ibu = = 45,477-25,655=19,821A

2

5-15

ien t cong suat 1

Ibu = 2 =45,477-20,246=25,230A
3

Ibu = 5 = 45,477-13,802=31,674A Ibu ( = ) = 45,477-0=45,477A Qua trnh cac ai lng trong mach bu nhuyen mot pha hnh H3.15) c ve 2 5 minh hoa tren hnh H3.16 cho hai trng hp = va = . 3 6
6

V du 3.5 Cho bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha, tai RL tan so nguon ac f=50Hz. Xung kch c a vao mach cong cua cac SCR dang chuoi xung, bat au t v tr goc kch en cuoi na chu ky cua ban ky ang xet. Ket luan g ve tnh lien tuc cua dong tai trong cac trng hp sau: a/- R = 10 ; L = 0,01H ; =
6

b/- R = 1 ; L = 0,01 H ; =

5-16

ien t cong suat 1

Cho U = 220V ; = 314 rad/s Giai: a/ .L 314.0,01 = arctg = arctg = 0,3042[rad ]

R 10

= 0,523[rad ] >

Dong tai gian oan. Qua trnh cac ai lng ap va dong ien tai c ve tren H3.17.

b/ = arctg
=
6

.L
R

= arctg

314.0,01 = 1,262[rad ] 1

= 0,523[rad ] <

Dong tai lien tuc . V du 3.6 Bo bien oi ap xoay chieu mot pha c ieu khien theo phng phap t le thi gian. Cho biet ap nguon xoay chieu co U = 220V, = 314 rad/s. Thi gian ong 1s, thi gian ngat 0,5s. Tai thuan tr R = 50 a/- Tnh tr hieu dung ien ap tai va dong tai b/- Tnh cong suat tai c/- Tnh he so cong suat nguon Giai: a/- tr hieu dung ap tai: U t = U .
T1 1 = 220. = 179 ,6 [V ] 1,5 T
U t 179 ,6 = = 3 ,592 [ A ] 50 R

Do tai R nen tr hieu dung dong tai I t = b/- Cong suat tai R:
PR = U t2 179 ,6 2 = = 645 ,333 [ W ] R 50

c/- He so cong suat nguon

5-17

ien t cong suat 1

PR P 645 ,333 = R = = 0 ,8166 S U .I t 220.3 ,592

Bai tap: 1. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha tai R vi thong so : nguon ac co tr hieu dung ap pha 480V, f=50Hz, ien tr tai R=50 . Goc kch = 800 . Hay xac nh: - tr hieu dung ap tai; - cong suat tai - he so cong suat - tr hieu dung va tr trung bnh dong qua SCR - he so meo dang dong ien nguon. 2. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha tai R vi thong so : nguon ac co tr hieu dung ap pha 240V, f=50Hz, ien tr tai R=45 . Xac nh goc kch e cong suat tai bang 800W. 3. Mot tai thuan tr tieu thu cong suat 200W di tac dung nguon ien 120V, 50Hz. Thiet ke mach cung cap cong suat 200W cho ien tr tren khi s dung nguon li la 240V, 50Hz. Xac nh gia tr ien ap nh tren tai. 4. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha tai R vi thong so : nguon ac co tr hieu dung ap pha 120V, f=50Hz, ien tr tai R=32 . Xac nh pham vi ieu chnh goc kch e cong suat tai thay oi trong khoang 200 en 400W. Xac nh pham vi thay oi he so cong suat tng ng. 5. Thiet ke mach cung cap cong suat t 750W en 1500W cho ien tr R=30 . Cho biet nguon li ac co tr hieu dung pha 240V, 50Hz. Xac nh tr trung bnh va tr hieu dung cc ai dong ien i qua SCR va gia tr ien ap nh tren linh kien. 6. Thiet ke mach cung cap cong suat khong oi bang 1000W cho mot tai ien tr co o ln R thay oi trong pham vi t 20 en 40 . Cho biet nguon li ac co tr hieu dung pha 240V, 50Hz. Xac nh tr trung bnh va tr hieu dung cc ai dong ien i qua SCR va gia tr ien ap nh tren linh kien. 7. Thiet ke mach ieu chnh chieu sang cho bong en 120V,100W. Nguon ien li ac 120V, 50Hz. Xac nh goc kch cua triac e cong suat en bang a/-30W; b/-60W. Gia thiet cho rang en hoat ong nh tai thuan tr khong oi. 8. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha vi linh kien S1 la SCR va S2 la diode. S1 ieu khien vi goc kch . a. xac nh tr hieu dung ap tai theo ham va bien o ap nguon. b. Pham vi ieu khien ap tren tai. 9. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha vi goc kch khac nhau cho cac SCR: 1 oi vi SCR1 va 2 oi vi SCR2. Xac nh tr hieu dung ap tai theo cac tham so Vm, 1 va 2 .

10. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha tai R-L vi thong so : nguon ac co tr hieu dung ap pha 120V, f=50Hz, ien tr tai R=18 , L=30mH. Goc kch = 800 . Hay xac nh: a. qua trnh dong ien tai b. tr hieu dung dong ien tai c. tr hieu dung dong ien qua SCR

5-18

ien t cong suat 1

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

d. cong suat tieu thu cua tai Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha tai R-L vi thong so : nguon ac co tr hieu dung ap pha 120V, f=50Hz, ien tr tai R=22 , L=18mH. Goc kch = 450 . Hay xac nh: a. qua trnh dong ien tai b. tr hieu dung dong ien tai c. tr hieu dung dong ien qua SCR d. cong suat tieu thu cua tai e. ve dang song ien ap tai va ap tren SCR Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha tai R-L vi thong so : nguon ac co tr hieu dung ap pha 120V, f=50Hz, ien tr tai R=12 , L=20mH. Goc kch = 1150 . Hay xac nh tr hieu dung dong ien tai Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha tai R-L vi thong so : nguon ac co tr hieu dung ap pha 120V, f=50Hz, ien tr tai R=12 , L=20mH. Goc kch = 600 . a. Hay xac nh cong suat tai tieu thu b. S dung Pspice e xac nh cong suat tai, chu y chon RON=0,1 trong mo hnh SCR. Xac nh o meo dang dong ien nguon t ket qua mo phong. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha tai R-L vi thong so : nguon ac co tr hieu dung ap pha 120V, f=50Hz, ien tr tai R=15 , L=15mH. S dung Pspice e xac nh pham vi ieu chnh goc kch e co the thay oi cong suat tai trong pham vi t 400W en 700W (co the s dung lenh thay oi tng bc tham so ) Thiet ke mach e cung cap cong suat 250W cho tai R-L noi tiep vi R=24 , L=35mH. Nguon ac 120V, 50Hz. Xac nh tr hieu dung va tr trung bnh dong qua SCR va gia tr ien ap ln nhat tren SCR. Bo bien oi ap xoay chieu 3 pha cap ien cho tai thuan tr, au dang sao. Cho biet ap day 3 pha bang 480V, f=50Hz. Tai tr R=35 . S dung Pspice e xac nh cong suat tieu thu cua tai cho tng trng hp cua goc kch nh sau:
= 20 0 ; = 80 0 ; = 115 0

17. Bo bien oi ap xoay chieu 3 pha cap ien cho tai R-L noi tiep, au dang sao. Cho biet ap day 3 pha bang 240V, f=50Hz. Tai R=16 , L=50mH. Goc kch = 900 . S dung Pspice e xac nh cong suat tieu thu cua tai cho tng trng va xac nh khoang dan cua SCR tren o th. Phan tch giai tch qua trnh dong ien xac lap. 18. Viet chng trnh mo ta bo bien oi ap xoay chieu 3 pha vi tai au dang tam giac. Xac nh tr hieu dung dong ien qua tai va dong ien qua nguon. Cho biet tr hieu dung ap day bang 480V, ien tr tai R=25 va goc kch = 450 . Xac nh o th dong iab va ia.

5-19

ien t cong suat 1

CHNG BON

BO BIEN OI IEN AP MOT CHIEU

Bo bien oi ien ap mot chieu dung e ieu khien tr trung bnh ien ap mot chieu ngo ra t mot nguon ien ap mot chieu khong oi. ien ap tren tai co dang xung tao thanh t qua trnh ong ngat lien tuc nguon ien ap mot chieu khong thay oi vao tai. Do o, bo bien oi con c goi la bo bien oi ien ap mot chieu dang xung. 4.1 BO GIAM AP

* S o cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong. Mach bo giam ap gom nguon ien ap mot chieu khong oi U mac noi tiep vi tai qua cong tac S. Tai mot chieu tong quat gom RL va sc ien ong E (v du ong c mot chieu). Diode khong V0 mac oi song vi tai (hnh H4.1a). Nguon mot chieu co the lay t acquy, pin ien, hoac t nguon ap xoay chieu qua bo chnh lu khong ieu khien va mach loc. Cong tac S co chc nang ieu khien ong va ngat c dong ien i qua no. Do tnh nang tren nen cong tac S phai la linh kien t chuyen mach, chang han transistor (BJT, MOSFET, IGBT), GTO hoac dang ket hp gom thyristor (SCR) vi bo chuyen mach. Tai mot chieu hay gap trong thc te la ong c mot chieu. Phan tch: ( hnh H4.1b) Viec phan tch thc hien vi gia thiet dong ien qua tai lien tuc. Do cau tao mach ch cha cong tac S vi hai trang thai hoat ong la ong va ngat dong ien nen ta phan tch mach theo hai trang thai c ban nay. Trang thai ong S: thi gian ong T1, dong ien dan t nguon U khep kn qua mach gom (U,S,RLE). Phng trnh bieu dien trang thai hoat ong cua tai: ut = U ut = R.it + L
di t +E dt

(4.1)

Chon thi iem ban au t0=0 va ta co: it(t0) = it0=i0 Giai he phng trnh vi phan tren, ta co nghiem dong ien i qua tai di dang :
4-1

ien t cong suat 1

it (t ) =

U E R

t t 1 e + i0 .e

(4.2)

vi =

Tai cuoi khoang dan T1 , ta co: it1=it(T1)=i1 Qua trnh dong ien tai co dang tang theo ham mu. Trang thai ngat S -khoang thi gian (T1<t<T): khoang thi gian ngat la T2 . Do b kch ngat nen dong qua S triet tieu. Mach tai co cha L nen dong qua no khong the thay oi ot ngot c. Do tnh lien tuc cua dong ien qua tai cha L, dong tai it tiep tuc i theo chieu cu va khep kn qua diode khong V0 thuan chieu ang dan cua no. Phng trnh mo ta trang thai mach (V0,RLE): ut=0 ut = R.it + L
di t +E dt

L la hang so thi gian mach tai. R

(4.3)
T 1 1e

ieu kien ban au cua (4.3): t (4.2), dong ien tai it at gia tr tai thi iem t=T1:
i1 = it (t0 + T1 ) = it (T1 ) = U E R + i0

Giai phng trnh (4.3) cha nghiem dong ien tai it ta co:
it (t ) = E R
t T1 1e t T1 + i1 .e

(4.4)

Dong ien co qua trnh giam theo ham mu: Tai cuoi khoang thi gian T2, cong tac S lai c kch ong. S dan ien lam ien ap nguon U tac dung len diode khong V0 nh ien ap ngc nen ngat dong qua no. Trang thai S ong c phan tch nh phan tren. Che o dong tai gian oan: Khi E=0, dong ien tai luon lien tuc. Khi E>0, dong ien tai co the lien tuc hoac gian oan. Khoang thi gian dong ien tai gian oan phu thuoc vao cac gia tr cua tham so ieu khien (T1,T2) va tham so tai (RLE). che o dong gian oan (hnh H4.2), khoang thi gian dong gian oan (it=0) xuat hien trong thi gian ngat cong tac S. Trong thi gian ong S, dong ien tai lien tuc c mo ta bi phng trnh (4.1) va (4.2) bat au t gia tr it(0)=i0=0. Trong giai oan au cua thi gian ngat cong tac S (T1<t<t2): dong ien tai lien tuc giam va trang thai mach c mo ta bi phng trnh (4.3) va (4.4). Nghiem dong ien tai theo he thc (4.4) giam va at gia tr 0 tai thi iem t2 thoa man ieu kien:
4-2

ien t cong suat 1

it (t 2 ) =

E R

t T 2 1 1e

t T 2 1 + i1 .e = 0 ;

T1<t2<T

(4.5)

Giai phng trnh (4.5), ta xac nh c gia tr t2:

U t 2 = . ln E T1 e 1 + 1

(4.6)

Giai oan dong tai gian oan (t2<t<T): ien ap tren tai bang E. Tr trung bnh ien ap tren tai: de dang dan giai ien ap trung bnh tren tai theo he thc (4.7):
Ut = U . t T1 T t2 + E. = U . + E .(1 2 ) T T T

; =

T1 T

(4.7)

He qua: Vi che o dong ien qua tai lien tuc, ta co: - ien ap tren tai co dang xung thay oi gia hai gia tr 0 va +U; - Bang cach thay oi t so =
T

ngat (T = T1 + T2), ta ieu khien tr trung bnh ap tai va dong tai theo cac he thc :
Ut = U .T1 + 0.T 2 T 1 = U . 1 = U . ; . u t .dt = T T T
0

T1 gia T1: thi gian ong S va T: chu ky ong T

T1 T

(4.8)

Do It =

0= Ut E R

T1 1 T

0 Ut U

(4.9)

che o dong tai gian oan, cac qua trnh ien ap va dong ien c mo ta bi cac he thc va phng trnh (4.1),(4.2),..(4.7) va (4.9) Bo giam ap dung lam nguon ien ap cho truyen ong ien ong c mot chieu, lam bo phan nguon cho bo bien tan ap, bo bien tan dong ien . 4.2 - BO TANG AP

* S o cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong.

4-3

ien t cong suat 1

Khi thc hien ham tai sinh ong c mot chieu, nang lng t nguon ien ap thap (sc ien ong E) c tra lai nguon ien ap ln hn (nguon mot chieu U), ieu nay co the thc hien nh hoat ong cua bo tang ap (hnh H4.3). ieu kien e mach hoat ong la E < U va nguon U co kha nang tiep nhan nang lng do tai tra ve. Tai mot chieu phai cha nguon d tr nang lng (sc ien ong E) va cam khang. Cong tac S thuoc dang t chuyen mach c nh trng hp bo giam ap. Diode V0 cho phep dong ien dan theo chieu t tai ve nguon va ngan dong ien i theo chieu ngc lai. Phan tch hoat ong mach bo tang ap che o dong ien tai lien tuc va mach xac lap (hnh H4.4): Trang thai ong S- khoang thi gian (0<t<T1). Dong ien khep kn qua mach (RLE,S). Phng trnh mo ta trang thai S ong : ut=0 ut = - R.it - L
it (t0 ) = it ( 0 ) = i0 -

di t +E dt

(4.10)

vi gia thiet thi iem au chu ky khao sat t0=0.

+ i0

Dong ien qua tai it tang theo ham mu. He thc bieu dien dong ien tai co dang:
t E it (t ) = i0 .1 e R

(4.11)
L R

Tai thi iem cuoi khoang ang xet, ta co t=T1 va it(T1)=it ; =

Nang lng do sc ien ong E phat ra mot phan tieu hao tren ien tr, phan con lai d tr trong cuon khang L. Trang thai V0 khoang thi gian (T1<t<T): Cong tac S b kch ngat trong khoang thi gian T2. Dong qua cong tac S triet tieu. Do tnh lien tuc cua dong qua tai cha L nen dong tai tiep tuc dan ien theo chieu cu va khep kn qua diode V0 va nguon U. Phng trnh mo ta trang thai mach (U,V0,RLE) ut=U ut = - R.it - L
di t +E dt

(4.12)
it (T1 ) = i1

Tai thi iem au khoang ang xet, dong ien tai co gia tr
t T1 E U i0 1 e it (t ) = R

Nghiem dong ien tai cua (4.9) giam theo ham mu, cho bi he thc:
+ i1

(4.13)

Cuon khang giai phong mot phan nang lng d tr. Sc ien ong E che o phat nang lng. Ca hai nang lng nay c a ve nguon U mot phan, phan con lai tieu hao tren ien tr tai. He qua: - ien ap tai thay oi theo dang xung gia hai gia tr +U va 0.

4-4

ien t cong suat 1

- Bang cach thay oi t so gia T1 :thi gian ong S va T=T1+T2 : chu ky ong ngat

S, ta ieu khien cong suat phat t nguon E cung nh cong suat tra ve nguon U. Co the xac nh o ln chung thong qua tr trung bnh ien ap va dong ien tai.
Ut = 0.T1 + U .T 2 T 1 . u t .dt = = U . 2 = U .(1 ) ; T T T
T 0

T1 T

(4.14)

Do It =

0= U t + E R

T1 1 T

0 Ut U

(4.15)

Neu thay oi vai tro gia U va tai: goi tai Ut la nguon cap nang lng va U la tai nhan nang lng, ta co:
U = Ut > Ut 1

(4.16)

ien ap tai ln hn ap nguon nen ta goi ay la bo tang ap. 4.3 CAC PHNG PHAP IEU KHIEN BO BIEN OI IEN AP MOT CHIEU 4.3.1 IEU KHIEN VI TAN SO ONG NGAT KHONG OI Chu ky ong ngat T = T1 + T2 khong thay oi. ien ap trung bnh cua tai c ieu khien thong qua s phan bo khoang thi gian ong T1 va ngat cong tac T2 trong chu ky T. ai lng ac trng kha nang phan bo chnh la t so = T1 / T Ky thuat ieu khien t so co the thc hien da vao hai tn hieu c ban: song mang dang rang ca up va song ieu khien mot chieu udk . Hai dang song nay c a vao bo so sanh va tn hieu ngo ra c dung e kch ong cong tac S. Song mang co tan so khong oi va bang tan so ong ngat cong tac S. Tan so thanh phan xoay chieu hai c ban cua ien ap tai bang tan so co nh nay. Do o, song ien ap tao thanh de loc. Song ieu khien mot chieu co o ln t le vi ien ap trung bnh tren tai . Xet bo giam ap (hnh H4.1a,b) Goi UpM la bien o song mang dang rang ca, udk la o ln song ieu khien mot chieu ; U la ien ap nguon mot chieu khong oi. T gian o kch ong S va cac qua trnh ien ap che o dong lien tuc, ta de dang xac nh he thc tnh ap tai trung bnh theo ap ieu khien:
Ut = U. u dk U PM

(4.17)

Phng phap ieu khien vi tan so song mang khong oi thng c s dung trong thc tien . 4.3.2 IEU KHIEN THEO DONG IEN TAI YEU CAU Trong trng hp tai ong c mot chieu, viec ieu khien moment ong c thong qua ieu khien dong ien (t le vi moment ). e hieu chnh dong ien trong pham vi cho phep, ta co the s dung phng phap ieu khien theo dong ien. Theo o, cong tac S se ong ngat sao cho dong ien tai o c va dong ien yeu cau co gia tr bang nhau.
4-5

ien t cong suat 1

Ky thuat ieu khien theo dong ien c giai quyet nh trong bo nghch lu ap (xem phan nghch lu ap - ieu khien theo dong ien ). V du: xet bo giam ap cha mach ieu khien vi tan so ong ngat khong oi. Trong cau truc mach ieu khien dong ien s dung khau hieu chnh dong ien RI, tn hieu ien ap ieu khien t ngo ra cua khau hieu chnh dong se c so sanh vi song mang dang rang ca. Ket qua so sanh tao thanh xung kch ong hoac ngat cong tac S (H4.5).

Trong cau truc mach ieu khien s dung phan t phi tuyen dang mach tre (hnh H4.6), dong ien tai (iht) c ieu khien vi o sai biet i so vi dong ien at (iyc). o ln i thiet lap t ac tnh mach tre. Khi i u nho, mach ieu khien tac dung len bo bien oi lam no hoat ong nh nguon dong ien. Tnh chat nay c ap dung trong cac he thong cha khau hieu chnh dong ien. Tuy nhien, mach se khong ieu khien c khi o sai biet cho phep ln hn gia tr dong ien yeu cau. Do o, he thong khong hoat ong che o dong ien gian oan. 4.4 - BO BIEN OI MOT CHIEU KEP Bo giam ap va bo tang ap la cac bo bien oi n, chung ch cho phep tai hoat ong trong mot phan t mat phang V-A cua tai (hnh H4.7). e m rong pham vi hoat ong cua tai ra cac phan t mat phang VA khac, ta s dung bo bien oi mot chieu kep.
4-6

ien t cong suat 1

4.4.1 BO BIEN OI KEP DANG TONG QUAT S o bo bien oi kep tong quat dang mach cau c ve tren hnh H4.8. Mach gom nguon ap mot chieu U mac vao 4 cong tac S1,,S2 ,S3 ,S4 au dang mach cau .

Moi cong tac co mot diode mac oi song vi no. Cac cap cong tac (S1,S4), (S2,S3) la nhng cong tac cung pha tai. Hai cong tac trong moi cap cong tac nay co the ieu khien theo qui tac oi nghch (1 kch ong , 1 kch ngat). Khi o, dong qua tai luon lien tuc neu tai co cha L. Gian o kch ong cac cong tac c bieu dien tren hnh (H4.9). Hieu suat lam viec theo dang hnh H4.9b cao hn. Vi cung o ln ap trung bnh cua tai, o nhap nho dong tai thap hn. ien ap trung bnh tren tai thu c t gian o kch ong hnh H4.9a:
U t = U .(

va theo gian o ong ngat hnh H4.9b:

Ut = U.

2.T1 1) = U .( 2 1) T

(4.18) (4.19)

Bang cach thay oi t le thi gian ong va ngat cac cong tac, tr trung bnh ien ap tai ( va dong ien tai ) oi dau . ac tnh V-A cua bo bien oi kep tong quat ve tren hnh H4.7 Dang song ap va dong ien khi kch cac cong tac theo gian o H4.9 c ve tren hnh H4.10

T1 = U . T

4-7

ien t cong suat 1

4.4.2 - BO BIEN OI KEP DANG AO DONG Neu trong mach bo bien oi kep tong quat, cong tac S2 luon trang thai kch ong, dong ien qua tai se khong i qua S3 hoac diode D3 nen nhanh mach nay trong qua trnh phan tch co the loai bo. Do S2 trang thai kch ong nen tuy theo chieu dong ien tai ma S2 hoac D2 dan ien. Nhanh mach nay (S2,D2) luon trang thai ong. Do o, mach bo bien oi kep tong quat co the n gian thanh dang bo bien oi mot chieu kep dang ao dong (hnh H4.11).

Gian o kch ong cac cong tac S1 S4 theo qui tac kch oi nghch c ve minh hoa tren hnh (H4.12). ien ap tao thanh tren tai co gia tr khong am, thay oi gia +U va 0 tuy thuoc vao trang thai kch S1 hoac S4. Neu tai co nguon d tr nang lng ( v du ong c mot chieu ), bang cach thay oi t so thi gian kch ong cua hai cong tac S1 ,S4 , ta co the ieu khien ao chieu dong ien qua tai. trang thai o, tai tr thanh nguon phat, a nang lng tr ve nguon. Dang song ien ap va dong ien ve tren hnh H4.12
4-8

ien t cong suat 1

Tr trung bnh ien ap tren tai:

Ut = U. T1 = U . T

(4.20)

ac tnh V-A cua bo bien oi kep dang ao dong ve tren hnh H4.11b 4.4.3 - BO BIEN OI KEP DANG AO AP Neu trong s o bo bien oi kep tong quat, ta loai bo cac diode D1 ,D2 va cong tac S3,S4, ta co bo bien oi kep dang ao ien ap (hnh H4.14)

Do cau truc cua cac cap cong tac cung pha khong con dang ay u, tnh lien tuc hoac gian oan cua dong ien tai phu thuoc vao trang thai mach tai (tham so R,L,E va gia tr dong ien it) va thi gian ong ngat cac cong tac. Gia thiet dong tai lien tuc, mot vai gian o kch ong cac cong tac va o th ien ap tren tai c ve tren hnh H4.15a, H4.15b.

4-9

ien t cong suat 1

Gian o kch H4.15a cho hieu suat lam viec cua mach tot hn, o nhap nho dong ien nho. Do o, chat lng dong ien tot hn. ien ap trung bnh tren tai at c t gian o kch ong H4.15a:
Ut = U.

Va t gian o kch ong hnh H4.15b:

U t = U .(

T1 = U . T

(4.21) (4.22)

Neu tai cha nguon d tr nang lng, v du sc ien ong E cua ong c dc, cong suat tai co the tra ve nguon mot chieu theo hai phng an. Vi phng an th nhat, sc ien ong E c oi dau (chang han thay oi chieu dong kch t) va theo s o hnh H4.14 tai tr thanh nguon phat. e co the nhan nang lng t tai a ve, ien ap ngo ra cua bo bien oi cong suat ut c ieu chnh en gia tr am. Toc o a cong suat ve nguon phu thuoc vao o ln dong ien tai thiet lap trong mach. Vi phng an th hai, chieu cua sc ien ong E c duy tr va dong ien qua E se c ao dau. e lam c ieu o, cac v tr au day cua tai c ao lai khi au vao ngo ra cua bo bien oi cong suat (hnh H4.16). trang thai xac lap, e co the nhan cong suat t tai a ve, ien ap ngo ra cua bo bien oi c ieu khien en gia tr am tng t nh phng an th nhat. Chieu ien ap ngo ra co the thc hien oi dau bang cach thay oi thi gian ong ngat cac cong tac (hnh H4.15b). ac tnh lam viec cua tai bo bien oi kep dang ao ien ap c ve tren hnh H4.14b

2T1 1) = U .( 2 1) T

4-10

ien t cong suat 1

4.5 MACH LOC CHO BO BIEN OI IEN AP MOT CHIEU 4.5.1 MACH LOC IEN AP NGO VAO Trong hoat ong cua cac bo bien oi ien ap mot chieu, dong ien qua nguon ien ap U thay oi dang xung vi tan so song hai c ban cua dong bang tan so ong ngat cong tac. Khi nguon cha cam khang trong Ls hoac chieu dai day dan au t nguon en bo bien oi tao nen cam khang ng day khong the bo qua, viec thay oi dong ien qua nguon dang xung se tao nen phan ien ap tren cam khang Ls. Do o, ien ap nguon cung cap thc te cho bo bien oi b bien dang va b sut ap. e han che s bien dang cua ap nguon mot chieu, ngo vao cua bo bien oi c trang b mach loc C hoac LC (hnh H4.17).

e n gian viec tnh toan mach loc, ta gia thiet dong tai it khong oi. Do tan so ong ngat cong tac S ln nen ta co the gia thiet dong ien i qua nguon khong oi trong chu ky ong ngat. o ln ien ap tren tu Cf gia thiet co gia tr Ucmin at c cuoi khoang thi gian T1 . Ta xet mot chu ky lam viec xac lap. (4.23) Nang lng do nguon U cung cap: Wng = U.I.T Nang lng tai tieu thu Wt = Ut . It .T (4.24) Do Ut = U va Wng = Wt nen suy ra : I = . It (4.25) Tu loc Cf tch ien trong khoang thi gian T2 bi dong ien iC = i lam ien ap tren no tang t Ucmin en Ucmax . Ta co:
uc max uc min 1 I = . ic .dt = Cf Cf
T1 T

T1

dt =

I (T T1 ) Cf

(4.26)

Thay he thc tnh I ta c :

u c max u c min = U c =

It I . .( T T1 ) = t (1 ). Cf C f .f

(4.27)

Neu ieu khien bo bien oi theo phng phap tan so khong oi f=const va do .(1- )1/4 khi 0 1, nen ta suy ra:

4-11

ien t cong suat 1

U c <

It < U c max 4.C f .f

(4.28)

Chon It=Itmax. Ta co:

Cf >

I t max 4.f .U c max

(4.29)

Neu ta ieu khien bo bien oi theo dong ien yeu cau, ta co the dan giai gan ung :
U c < It max .L.it max < Uc max U .Cf

(4.30)

T o:
Cf >

I t max .L.i t max U .U c max

(4.31)

L la cam khang mach tai (L=Lph+Lt) va imax la o nhap nho ln nhat cho phep cua dong ien tai. Cam khang Ls cua nguon va tu Cf hnh thanh dang mach cong hng vi tan so rieng fr. Tan so ong ngat cong tac S phai tranh chon lan can tan so nay. Thc te, co the lay gia tr f thoa man ieu kien f > ( 2-3).fr . Trng hp s dung mach nguon khong oi nh acquy, pin, ta khong can thiet s dung mach loc . 4.5.2 MACH LOC IEN AP NGO RA ien ap ngo ra cua bo bien oi ap mot chieu co dang xung. Thanh phan xoay chieu cua ien ap ra tac dung lam dong ien tai b nhap nho. Tng t nh trng hp bo chnh lu, dong tai co the phan tch lam hai thanh phan: thanh phan dong trung bnh va thanh phan dong xoay chieu. Thanh phan xoay chieu cua dong ien tai gay bat li cho hoat ong mach tai co the han che bang cach tang tan so song hai c ban cua no, tang cam khang mach tai hoac dung tu loc (hnh H4.18)

Mach loc cha tu co the ap dung cho tai cong suat nho va cam khang Lph cho mach tai cong suat ln hn .

4-12

ien t cong suat 1

Trng hp s dung cam khang phu Lph Do tac dung loc cua cuon khang loc Lph , ien ap trc tiep tac ong tren tai ut b nan gan phang . e xac nh o ln cua Lph t ieu kien o nhap nho cho phep cua dong ien tai, ta phan tch qua trnh dong ien qua tai it phu thuoc vao tham so mach, ap nguon va tan so ong ngat f. Ket qua phan tch xac nh o nhap nho dong ien :
i = i t max i t min U 1e = . T R 1e
T1 T2 1 e

(4.32)

vi T =

1 f

T1,T2 lan lt la thi gian ong va ngat cong tat S.

=
Ket qua cho ta:
L R
,

L = Lph + Lt

(4.33)

Khi

nho, tc

L. f u ln, ta dung phan tch chuoi Mac Laurin. R

U U ( ) < 1 f .L 4.f .L

(4.34)
1 1 khi = , ta co: 4 2

e y rang ham ( 1 - ) at cc ai bang

i < U 4. f .L

(4.35)
U < i max 4. f .L

ieu kien i < imax luon thoa man, neu nh ta co: T o, ta xac nh L theo ieu kien: L = Lph + Lt >
U 4. f .imax

(4.36) (4.37)

Viec xac nh o ln L co the n gian hn neu ta e y tr hieu dung thanh phan xoay chieu dong tai co the tnh gan ung theo he thc:
I I (1 ) = U (1 ) R 2 + (2..f .L )
2

U R 2 + (2..f .L )
2

(4.38)

U(1), I(1) la tr hieu dung thanh phan xoay chieu hai c ban cua ien ap va dong tai. Xet bo giam ap, dang ap tai cha thanh phan xoay chieu:

tai.

U, I la tr hieu dung thanh phan xoay chieu cua ien ap va dong

4-13

ien t cong suat 1

1 = T

(u
0

Ut )

T T1 1 2 (U .U ) dt + ( .U )2 dt = .dt = T T1 0

( ).U 1

(4.39) Gia tr cc ai cua U xay ra khi =

1 . 2

4.6 BO GIAM AP DUNG SCR VA MACH TAT CNG BC Cong tac S trong bo bien oi mot chieu phai thuoc loai linh kien ieu khien ngat dong c nh transisor BJT, MOSFET, IGBT hoac GTO. Trong trng hp cong suat tai ln, ta co the s dung thyristor (SCR) lam cong tac. Luc o, khi a xung kch vao mach cong, ta ch co the ieu khien ong SCR, chc nang ngat dong ien qua SCR co the thc hien bang mach phu. Nhom mach phu nay c goi la bo chuyen mach. Nh vay, ve chc nang, SCR ket hp vi bo chuyen mach thc hien vai tro cua mot cong tac S nh transistor. Bo chuyen mach co nhieu loai. Trong phan di ay, ta khao sat bo chuyen mach loai dao ong.

Tren hnh H4.19 ve bo giam ap s dung bo chuyen mach (BCM) thong dung. BCM nay goi la BCM co mot mach dao ong loai 1. Cong tac S gom thyristor chnh V1 va bo chuyen mach gom thyristor phu V2, tu va cam khang chuyen mach L1,C va diode V3. Cong tac S c ong bang cach kch ong SCR chnh V1, va S c ngat bang cach kch ong SCR phu V2.

4-14

ien t cong suat 1

Bi v thi gian chuyen mach trong phan ln cac trng hp rat nho nen co the xem trong thi gian chuyen mach dong ien qua tai khong thay oi. Ngoai ra, viec phan tch co the n gian bang cach gia thiet rang dong ien tai c nan ly tng (L). Nguon ien ap c xem la ly tng. Khi phan tch, ta gia thiet rang, bo giam ap ang lam viec trang thai xac lap. Phan tch va tong hp BCM trong bo giam ien ap: (xem hnh H4.20) Trang thai V0 -khoang (0,t1): dong ien tai it = I i qua V0. Tren tai va V0 xuat hien ien ap bang 0. Tu chuyen mach chu tac dung cua ien ap :

4-15

ien t cong suat 1

uC = U. Theo nh luat Kirchoff, ien ap tren thyristor V1: uV1 = U va tren thyristor phu ien ap bang 0 : uV2 = 0 . Trang thai (V1,V3) - khoang (t1,t3): vao thi iem t1, V1 c kch ong. Tren tai xuat hien ien ap ut = U va tren V0 xuat hien ien ap nghch uV0 =-U nen V0 b ngat. V the, dong ien tai it khep kn qua nguon U va thyristor V1. Qua trnh chuyen mach dien ra gia V0 va V1 mot cach trc tiep. BCM (gom V2 ,LC,V3) khong tham d vao qua trnh tren. ien ap chuyen mach chnh la ien ap nguon U. ong thi, viec ong V1 lam tu C phong ien qua mach dao ong (V1,V3,L1,C). Qua trnh dong ien va ien ap cua tu cho bi he thc:
iC = U L1 C` . sin[ r .(t t1 )]

r =

uC = U . cos[ r .(t t1 )]

1 L1.C

(4.40)

Them vao o: uV2 = -uC iV1 = It- iC (4.41) iV3 = -iC Tai thi iem t3, diode V3 ngan khong cho dong iC oi chieu. Diode b ngat. Tu C tiep tu duy tr ien ap uC (t3). Vi gia thiet mach L1,C ly tng, ien ap nay bang (-U) . oi vi mach dao ong thc, khi dien ra qua trnh tch ien theo chieu ngc lai cua tu C phat sinh ton hao lam ien ap tu khong the nap ien theo chieu ngc lai en o ln ap nguon (-U) ma ch at en gia tr gan bang no. V the, ta co the chon: uC(t3) = -K1.U 1> K1 = 0,70.9 (4.42) Trang thai V1- khoang (t3,t4): t thi iem t3, V1 ong va dong It qua no. Trang thai BCM t thi iem t3 khong thay oi. Tu chuyen mach a c chuan b e ngat V1. Trang thai V2 - khoang (t4,t6): e ngat cong tac S tai thi iem t4 , ta thc hien kch ong V2. Thyristor V2 ong lam ien ap tu chuyen mach at len V1 la ien ap nghch, lam no b ngat lap tc. Do tnh lien tuc, dong tai it tiep tuc dan khep kn qua mach (U,C,V2,RLE) va tch ien cho tu C theo he thc:
uC = uC ( t 4 ) + 1 I t .dt C
t4

Bi v uC(t4) = uC(t3), sau khi lay tch phan, ta co:

uC = It ( t t 4 ) K 1 .U C

(4.43)

4-16

ien t cong suat 1

Trong thi gian V2 ong, ta co uV1 = uC. Trong khoang thi gian (t4,t5) ien ap nay co gia tr am va nh o V1 khoi phuc kha nang khoa cua mnh. Tren tai xuat hien ien ap: (4.44) ut = U - uC = -uV0 Tai thi iem t6, tu nap en gia tr uC = U lam ien ap tai va ap tren diode V0 bang 0. He qua, sau thi iem t6 diode V0 ong va dong nap tu dan qua V2 b ngat. Dong ien khong the tiep tuc i qua nhanh V2,C bi v neu nh vay, ien ap uC se vt qua gia tr U va theo s o mach cho trang thai V2, ta se co (uC U) > 0 xuat hien tren V0 theo chieu dng, ieu nay khong the xay ra. Do o, t thi iem t6, dong ien tai khep kn qua V0. Van e khi ong bo giam ap: trc khi cho mach hoat ong, can phai am bao ien ap can thiet cho tu chuyen mach hoat ong bang cach tch ien cho no. Viec thc hien co the tien hanh n gian neu trc khi cho mach hoat ong, ta cho ong V2 hoac noi anode V2 en ien cc am cua ien ap U qua mot ien tr kha ln. nh mc cac thong so cho bo giam ap: xuat phat t ieu kien ngat an toan cua cac thyristor. Thi gian bao ve ma thyristor b ngat can co e khoi phuc kha nang khoa cua mnh c ky hieu la t0. Linh kien se c chon sao cho khoang thi gian ngat an toan nho nhat xuat hien t ket qua phan tch mach luon luon ln hn gia tr tq cho bi tng thyristor. e tnh toan ien dung cua tu chuyen mach C, ta da vao ieu kien ngat V1. T hnh H4.20, ta co: (4.45) t0(V1)MIN = (t5 - t4 )MIN> tq(V1) Trong khoang thi gian (t1,t6), ta co uV1 = uC. Khoang thi gian (t4,t5) co the c dan giai theo ieu kien t = t5, uC = 0: t5 - t4 = t0(V1) = K1.U.
ItM .t o(V C It

(4.46)

t0(V1) at gia tr nho nhat khi It ln nhat tc bang ItM. T o:

C = K1 .U
1 ) min

(4.47)

e tnh toan L1, ta dan giai t ieu kien ngat V2. Tren hnh ve H4.20 phan tch dang song ap va dong ien cua V2, ta thay thi gian khoi phuc kha nang khoa cua V2 se nho nhat neu khoang dan cua V0 bang 0. Luc o, t6=t7, va thi gian t0(V2) se bang 1/4 chu ky dao ong cua mach L1,C. Vi ky hieu chu ky dao ong cua mach bang Tr, ta co:
T t0 (V )MIN = r = . L1 .C 2 4 2
2 4.t0(V 2 )MIN

(4.48)

T o, ta co:
L1 =

2 C

(4.49)

o ln cua L1,C anh hng en bien o cua dong Icm cua mach dao ong

4-17

ien t cong suat 1

I cm =

U L1 C

(4.50)

Ta can kiem tra gia tr cua Icm va t o ieu chnh lai gia tr cua L1 e dong ien qua linh kien V1 khong ln qua. Thong thng, ta co the chon Icm = 2.ItM.

4-18

ien t cong suat 1

4.7 BO BIEN OI MOT CHIEU NHIEU PHA Bo bien oi mot chieu nhieu pha co cau tao gom nhieu bo bien oi mot chieu n ghep lai. Cac bo bien oi mot chieu n nay co song rang ca lech pha nhau goc tng ng thi gian T/m , vi T la chu ky song rang ca dung ieu khien moi bo bien oi n va m la tong so bo bien oi n co trong mach. Phng phap ieu khien cac bo bien oi mot chieu nhieu pha c s dung chu yeu la ieu khien vi tan so ong ngat khong oi. Theo cau tao, ta phan biet bo bien oi nhieu pha khong s dung may bien ap trung gian va bo bien oi s dung may bien ap trung gian. Theo cach ghep cac bo bien oi mot chieu ta phan biet bo bien oi mot chieu nhieu pha song song va bo bien oi mot chieu nhieu pha noi tiep. 4.7.1 BO BIEN OI MOT CHIEU NHIEU PHA SONG SONG Trng hp khong s dung may bien ap trung gian:

Bo bien oi nhieu pha tren hnh ve H4.21 co cau tao gom 2 khoa ban dan S1,S2. Moi khoa co trang b diode khong kem theo D1,D2. Ngo ra cua moi bo bien oi n (Sj,Dj) mac vao cuon khang nan dong Lj. Cac cuon khang au chung vao iem nut vi tai DC. Mac dau cac khoa Sj cua cac bo bien oi n c ieu khien kch dan nhng thi iem khong hoan toan giong nhau, nhng che o xac lap, t so thi gian ong cua moi khoa Sj eu bang nhau. Mac khac, ta biet tr trung bnh ien ap tren cac cuon khang nan dong Lj bang zero nen ta suy ra tr trung bnh ien ap tren tai khi t so thi gian ong bang la: Ut= .U (4.51) Dong ien tai it c phan bo ong eu tren cac bo bien oi nhanh mac song song. Trong thc te, thong so cac phan t tren cac bo bien oi nhanh khong ong nhat va xuat hien s sai biet dong ien gia cac nhanh. Do o, mach hieu chnh dong ien

4-19

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se phai thc hien nhiem vu ieu chnh o rong xung thch hp e can bang dong ien qua cac pha nhanh. He qua cua bo bien oi nhieu pha: Vi gia thiet dong ien qua tai va qua nguon DC c nan ly tng, co the chng minh rang, bien o thanh phan xoay chieu cua ien ap xuat hien tren tu loc Cf giam t le vi bnh phng so pha cua bo bien oi va bien o thanh phan dong xoay chieu xuat hien pha tai giam tuyen tnh vi so pha cua bo bien oi. Cac o th tren hnh H4.22 mo ta gian o ong ngat cac cong tac S1,S2 vi t so <0.5, o th ien ap va dong ien qua tai ut,it, dong ien qua cac nhanh pha i1,i2, dong ien qua nguon DC I va dong ien qua cac linh kien S1,D1. Hnh H4.23 ve minh hoa cac qua trnh tng t cho trng hp >0.5.

Trng hp s dung may bien ap trung gian: S o mach bo bien oi nhieu pha s dung may bien ap trung gian c ve minh hoa tren hnh H4.24 vi so pha m

4-20

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bang 2. T ng dung cua may bien ap trung gian trong bo chnh lu, ta thay rang no co tac dung tao ieu kien phan bo dong ien eu an tren cac nhanh pha. ong thi, t viec phan tch ien ap tren tai di tac dung may bien ap trung gian, ket qua dan en viec giam bt thanh phan xoay chieu ien ap tren tai DC. :

Phan tch qua trnh ien ap: Phan tch qua trnh ien ap tren tai co the thc hien tng t nh phan tch qua trnh chuyen mach cua hai nhom chnh lu xem chng 2- phan 2.11, 2.12). Luc o, mach tng ng cua bo bien oi nhieu pha co dang tng ng tren hnh H4.24. Vi ud1 va ud2 co the suy ra t gian o kch ong cac linh kien S1,S2.
U u d1 = 0 khi khi S1 = 0 S1 = 1

; ud 2 =

U 0

khi

khi

S2 = 0

S2 = 1

(4.52)

Gia thiet cuon day may bien ap trung gian chia lam 2 phan bang nhau vi o t cam tren moi na bang LT/2 va gia thiet cac vong day quan kn loi t, ta co phng trnh ap tren tai trong qua trnh chuyen mach:
ut = ud1

ien ap tren tai bang tr trung bnh ien ap tc thi cua hai nguon au vao no. Cac kha nang ket hp cua nguon ud1 va ud2 c cho trong bang B4.1: Bang B4.1 no ud1 1 U 2 0 3 U 4 0

uLT u u + ud 2 = ud 2 + LT = d1 2 2 2

(4.53)

ud2 U U 0 0

ut U U/2 U/2 0

Nh vay, neu ieu khien ien ap tai theo kieu phoi hp hai trang thai 1 va 2 hoac 1 va 3, ta co the lam thay oi ien ap tai trong pham vi (U/2;U). Tng t, ket

4-21

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hp hai trang thai 2 va 4 hoac 3 va 4, ta co the ieu chnh ien ap tren tai nam trong pham vi (0;U/2). Gian o ong ngat va qua trnh ien ap tai ut, dong tai it, qua trnh ien ap uLT va dong ien t hoa iu cua may bien ap, dong ien qua cac nhanh pha i1, i2 va dong ien qua nguon DC i co the theo doi tren hnh H4.25 cho t so <1/2 va hnh H4.26 cho t so >1/2.

Phan tch qua trnh dong ien: Dong ien qua may bien ap trung gian gom dong ien qua hai nhanh pha. Dong qua moi nhanh pha cha thanh phan dc va thanh phan ac. Gia thiet cau tao hai nhanh pha la ong nhat, thanh phan dong ien dc trong moi nhanh se nh nhau. Do ien ap tao tren moi na may bien ap trung gian bang nhau nen suy ra dong t hoa cua chung cung bang nhau. T o, ta co: i1=id/2+iu/2 (4.54) i2=id/2-iu/2 Dong ien t hoa may bien ap trung gian iu=i1-i2 (4.55) Trong trng hp cam khang may bien ap trung gian vo cung ln LT , ta bo qua dong t hoa va dong qua moi nhanh pha bang na gia tr dong tai: iu=0 (4.56) i1=i2=id/2 Qua trnh dong ien qua tai va moi nhanh pha c ve minh hoa tren hnh H4.26.

4-22

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Co the dan giai rang, vi cung mot gia tr o t cam L mach tai nh nhau, bo bien oi m pha se cho o nhap nho dong ien tai giam i m bnh phng (m2) lan Bo bien oi ien ap mot chieu 4 pha s dung may bien ap trung gian- xem s o tren hnh ve H4.27. Bang cach ket hp ieu khien 4 khoa S1,S2,S3 va S4- xem bang trang thai kem theo, ta co the thay oi ien ap tren tai trong cac pham vi (0;U/4), (U/4;U/2), (U/2;3U/4) va (3U/4;U) (xem bang B4.2) Cac ien ap trung gian co the xac nh theo cac he thc sau:
u d12 =

(4.57) Xung kch ong cac cong tac c thc hien lech pha nhau 1/m chu ky song rang ca vi cung t so . Tren hnh H4.27 minh hoa cac trng hp khac nhau cua dang ien ap tai ut khi t so thi gian ong thay oi. Tren hnh ve H4.28a,b minh hoa cho trng hp 0.75< <1 o th cac qua trnh xung kch ong cac linh kien, qua trnh ien ap va dong ien qua tai ut,it , dong ien qua nguon I, dong ien qua cac nhanh cua may bien ap trung gian i1,i2,i3. i4,i5,i6. dong ien t hoa may bien ap iu1,iu2,iu3; va ien ap tren pha s cap bien the uLT1, uLT2 va uLT3.

u d1 + u d 2 u + ud 4 ; u d 34 = d 3 2 2

va u t =

u d12 + u d 34 u + ud 2 + ud3 + ud4 = d1 2 4

4-23

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N0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

Bang B4.2
S1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 S2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 S3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 S4 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ud12 0 0 0 0 U/2 U/2 U/2 U/2 U/2 U/2 U/2 ud34 0 U/2 U/2 U 0 U/2 U/2 U 0 U/2 U/2 ud 0 U/4 U/4 U/2 U/4 U/2 U/2 3U/4 U/4 U/2 U/2

4-24

ien t cong suat 1

12 13 14 15 16

1 1 1 1 1

0 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 1

U/2 U U U U

U 0 U/2 U/2 U

3U/4 U/2 3U/4 3U/4 U

4-25

ien t cong suat 1

V du 4.1 Bo giam ap cap nguon ap cho phan ng cua ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap. Nguon mot chieu U = 220V, tan so ong ngat f = 500Hz. Tai ong c co R = 2. L kha ln va sc ien ong E = 1,253. [V;rad/s]. Moment ong c luon bang nh mc, tc Idm=11,6[A] a. Tnh t so T1/T khi van toc ong c la 1000 vong/phut b. Tnh ien ap tai nho nhat che o dong tai lien tuc, t o xac nh thi gian ong toi thieu T1 cua che o dong lien tuc. Giai: a.

2 . n 2 .1000 = = 104,72[rad / s] 60 60 . E = 1,253. = 1,253104,72 = 131,21[V ]

che o xac lap Ut = R.It + E U t = 2.11,6 + 131,21 = 154,4[V] Vi dong tai lien tuc U t = T o:
T1 U t 154 ,4 = = = 0 ,7018 220 T U

T1 .U T

b.- ien ap tai nho nhat khi E 0. Luc o: U tmin = R.It = 2.11,6 = 23,2[V] T o: T1 min = T .

U t min 1 U t min 1 23 ,2 = . = . = 2 , .10 4 [ s ] 1 U f U 500 220

V du 4.2 Cho bo giam ap cap nguon cho ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap. Nguon mot chieu U = 220V. Tai co R nho khong ang ke L = 32,5 mH. Sc ien ong E =1,253. vi [rad/s] la van toc ong c. Tan so ong ngat bo giam ap f = 500Hz. Cho biet dong tai lien tuc va mach xac lap 1. Tnh t so =

itmax - itmin 3. e giam bt o nhap nho dong ien it sao cho it < 1A can phai them cam khang phu bang bao nhieu 4. Trong trng hp khong s dung them cam khang phu, can phai ieu chnh tan so ong ngat nh the nao e it < 1A 5. Mot cach tong quat, khi E thay oi trong khoang ( 0, +U), tm ieu kien ve f va L e o nhap nho dong xac lap thoa ieu kien it < itmax Giai:

2. Goi ittmin va itmax la tr nho nhat va ln nhat cua dong ien qua tai. Tnh hieu it =

T1 khi van toc ong c n = 1500 v/ph. T

= 2 .

n 1500 = 2 . = 157[rad / s] 60 60
4-26

ien t cong suat 1

che o xac lap Ut = E = 1,253. Ut = 1,253. 157 = 196,8[V] che o dong lien tuc U t = U .

T1 = U . T E 196 ,8 T o: U t = U . = E = = = 0 ,8946 220 U

Dong ien tang trong khoang thi gian ong cong tac t gia tr ban au itmin en gia tr cc ai it max . Lay tch phan hai ve cua phng trnh trong khoang ong S.
it = it max it min =

di t +E dt U E hay: di t = .dt L u t = U = L.

2.- Khi cong tac S ong:

Do

T1 = = T1 .f T

U E .T1 L

nen:

i t =

U E 220 196 ,8 0 ,8946 . = . = 1,277 [ A ] L f 0 ,0325 500

3.- e giam o nhap nho dong ien it < itmax = 1A. Ta phai co:
U E . < i t max L f U E L> . i t max f L>

220 196 ,8 0 ,8946 . = 0 ,0415 [ H ] 1 500

T o cam khang phu them vao toi thieu bang: Lph min = L - Lu = 0,0415 - 0,0325 = 0,009 [H] = 9 [mH] 4.- Trong trng hp giam o nhap nho dong ien bang cach thay oi tan so ong ngat f, ta co:
f > U E 220 196 ,8 . = .0 ,8946 = 648 ,5 [ Hz ] i t max .L 1.0 ,0325

Nh vay tan so f phai ln hn 649 Hz 5.- Ta co:

i t =

U E U .U U (1 ). . = . = L.f L f L f

Do ham (1 - ) co tr cc ai bang
i t

U 1 . < i t max L.f 4 U 220 T o: f .L > = = 55 [ H .H Z ] 4.1 4.i t max

ieu kien e it < itmax cho trng hp xac lap, ta can co:

1 1 U U 1 . khi = nen i t = ..( ) 1 L.f 4 L.f 4 2

Viec chon tan so va cam khang phu tuy y, thoa ieu kien f.L > 55 {H.HZ] Ghi chu: Do ien tr phan ng cua ong c mot chieu thng rat nho nen ket qua tnh tren co the s dung trong thc te vi sai so chap nhan c.

4-27

ien t cong suat 1

V du 4.3 Cho bo bien oi mot chieu kep dang ao dong. Nguon mot chieu U = 230 V. Tai la ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap R L E, R = 0,1 . ong c ang chay van toc nh mc thoa man E = 4,2. ; nm =500v/ph, ta thc hien ham ong c . e at c moment ham ong c bang nh mc dong qua phan ng phai co o ln - 100 A, can thiet lap t so = bang bao nhieu ?. Giai: Ut = .U = R.It +E Trong o, sc ien ong cam ng E;
T1 T

E = 4 ,2 = 4 ,2. =

4 ,2.2 .500 = 219 ,91 60

2 . ndm 60

T o:

It = - 100 A , U =230 V
.230 = (0,1).(-100) + 219,91
= 10 + 219 ,91 = 0 ,91 230

4-28

ien t cong suat 1

CHNG NAM BO NGHCH LU VA BO BIEN TAN Bo nghch lu co nhiem vu chuyen oi nang lng t nguon ien mot chieu khong oi sang dang nang lng ien xoay chieu e cung cap cho tai xoay chieu. ai lng c ieu khien ngo ra la ien ap hoac dong ien. Trong trng hp au, bo nghch lu c goi la bo nghch lu ap va trng hp sau la bo nghch lu dong. Nguon mot chieu cung cap cho bo nghch lu ap co tnh chat nguon ien ap va nguon cho bo nghch lu dong co tnh nguon dong ien. Cac bo nghch lu tng ng c goi la bo nghch lu ap nguon ap va bo nghch lu dong nguon dong hoac goi tat la bo nghch lu ap va bo nghch lu dong. Trong trng hp nguon ien au vao va ai lng ngo ra khong giong nhau, v du bo nghch lu cung cap dong ien xoay chieu t nguon ien ap mot chieu, ta goi chung la bo nghch lu ieu khien dong ien t nguon ien ap hoac bo nghch lu dong nguon ap. Cac bo nghch lu tao thanh bo phan chu yeu trong cau tao cua bo bien tan. ng dung quan trong va tng oi rong rai cua chung nham vao lnh vc truyen ong ien ong c xoay chieu vi o chnh xac cao. Trong lnh vc tan so cao, bo nghch lu c dung trong cac thiet b lo cam ng trung tan, thiet b han trung tan. Bo nghch lu con c dung lam nguon ien xoay chieu cho nhu cau gia nh, lam nguon ien lien tuc UPS, ieu khien chieu sang, bo nghch lu con c ng dung vao lnh vc bu nhuyen cong suat phan khang. Cac tai xoay chieu thng mang tnh cam khang (v du ong c khong ong bo, lo cam ng), dong ien qua cac linh kien khong the ngat bang qua trnh chuyen mach t nhien. Do o, mach bo nghch lu thng cha linh kien t kch ngat e co the ieu khien qua trnh ngat dong ien. Trong cac trng hp ac biet nh mach tai cong hng, tai mang tnh chat dung khang (ong c ong bo kch t d ), dong ien qua cac linh kien co the b ngat do qua trnh chuyen mach t nhien phu thuoc vao ien ap nguon hoac phu thuoc vao ien ap mach tai. Khi o, linh kien ban dan co the chon la thyristor (SCR). 5.1 - BO NGHCH LU AP Bo nghch lu ap cung cap va ieu khien ien ap xoay chieu ngo ra. Trong cac trng hp khao sat di ay ta xet bo nghch lu ap vi qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc s dung linh kien co kha nang ieu khien ngat dong ien. Nguon ien ap mot chieu co the dang n gian nh acquy, pin ien hoac dang phc tap gom ien ap xoay chieu c chnh lu va loc phang. Linh kien trong bo nghch lu ap co kha nang kch ong va kch ngat dong ien qua no, tc ong vai tro mot cong tac. Trong cac ng dung cong suat nho va va, co the s dung transistor BJT, MOSFET, IGBT lam cong tac va pham vi cong suat ln co the s dung GTO, IGCT hoac SCR ket hp vi bo chuyen mach. Vi tai tong quat, moi cong tac con trang b mot diode mac oi song vi no. Cac diode mac oi song nay tao thanh mach chnh lu cau khong ieu khien co chieu dan ien ngc lai vi chieu dan ien cua cac cong tac. Nhiem vu cua bo chnh lu cau diode la tao ieu kien

5-1

ien t cong suat 1

thuan li cho qua trnh trao oi cong suat ao gia nguon mot chieu va tai xoay chieu, qua o han che qua ien ap phat sinh khi kch ngat cac cong tac. 5.1.1 BO NGHCH LU AP MOT PHA Bo nghch lu ap mot pha dang mach cau (con goi la bo nghch lu dang ch H) (hnh H5.1a) cha 4 cong tac va 4 diode mac oi song.

Gian o kch ong cac cong tac va o th ap tai c ve tren hnh 5.1b. Bo nghch lu cung co the mac di dang mach tia (hnh H5.2).

Mach gom hai cong tac va hai diode mac oi song vi chung. Mach tai va ngo ra cua bo nghch lu cach ly qua may bien ap vi cuon s cap phan chia. Pha Trong trng hp khong s dung may bien ap cach ly pha tai, nguon ien ap mot chieu can thiet ke vi nut phan the gia (hnh H5.3), ay la dang mach nghch lu ap na cau.

5-2

ien t cong suat 1

5.1.2 BO NGHCH LU AP BA PHA

Trong thc te mach bo nghch lu ap ba pha ch gap dang mach cau (hnh H5.4a). Mach cha 6 cong tac S1,S2....S6 va 6 diode oi song D1,D2....D6.

5-3

ien t cong suat 1

Tai ba pha co the mac dang hnh sao (H5.4b) hoac tam giac (H5.4c). 5.1.3 BO NGHCH LU AP A BAC (Multi-level Voltage source Inverter) Cac bo nghch lu va c mo ta phan 5.1.1 va 5.1.2 cha 2 khoa ban dan (IGBT) tren moi nhanh pha tai. Chung c goi chung la loai nghch lu ap 2 bac (two- level VSI), c ap dung rong rai trong pham vi cong suat va va nho. Khai niem hai bac xuat phat t qua trnh ien ap gia au mot pha tai (v tr 1,2,3) en mot iem ien the chuan tren mach dc (iem 0) (pole to phase voltage) thay oi gia hai bac gia tr khac nhau, v du khi chon iem co ien the chuan la tam nguon dc th ien ap t pha tai en tam nguon thay oi gia (+U/2) va (-U/2) trong qua trnh ong ngat cac linh kien. Bo nghch lu ap 2 bac co nhc iem la tao ien ap cung cap cho cuon day ong c vi o doc (dV/dt) kha ln va gay ra mot so van e kho khan bi ton tai trang thai khac zero cua tong ien the t cac pha en tam nguon dc (common-mode voltage) (xem dang ien ap uNO). Bo nghch lu ap a bac c phat trien e giai quyet cac van e gay ra neu tren cua bo nghch lu ap 2 bac va thng c s dung cho cac ng dung ien ap cao va cong suat ln. u iem cua bo nghch lu ap a bac: cong suat cua bo nghch lu ap tang len; ien ap at len cac linh kien b giam xuong nen cong suat ton hao do qua trnh ong ngat cua linh kien cung giam theo; vi cung tan so ong ngat, cac thanh phan song hai bac cao cua ien ap ra

giam nho hn so vi trng hp bo nghch lu ap hai bac. oi vi tai cong suat ln, ien ap cung cap cho cac tai co the at gia tr tng oi ln, Cac cau hnh c ban cua bo nghch lu ap a bac: Cau hnh dang cascade (Cascade inverter):[28],[48] -hnh H5.5b, s dung cac nguon dc rieng, thch hp s dung trong trng hp nguon dc co san v du di dang acquy, battery. Cascade inverter gom nhieu bo nghch lu ap cau mot pha ghep noi tiep, cac bo nghch lu ap dang cau mot pha nay co cac nguon DC rieng.

5-4

ien t cong suat 1

Bang cach kch ong cac linh kien trong moi bo nghch lu ap mot pha, 3 mc ien ap (-U,0,U) c tao thanh. S ket hp hoat ong cua n bo nghch lu ap tren mot nhanh pha tai se tao nen n kha nang mc ien ap theo chieu am (-U,-2U,-3U,..,-nU), n kha nang mc ien ap theo chieu dng (U,2U,3U,..,nU) va mc ien ap 0. Nh vay, bo nghch lu ap dang cascade gom n bo nghch lu ap mot pha tren moi nhanh se tao thanh bo nghch lu (2n+1) bac. Tan so ong ngat trong moi modul cua dang mach nay co the giam i n lan va dv/dt cung giam i nh vay. ien ap tren ap at len cac linh kien giam i 0,57n lan. Cho phep s dung linh kien IGBT ien ap thap. Ngoai dang mach gom cac bo nghch lu ap mot pha, mach nghch lu ap a bac con co dang ghep t ngo ra cua cac bo nghch lu ap 3 pha (H5.5c). Cau truc nay cho phep giam dv/dt va va tan so ong ngat con 1/3. Mach cho phep s dung cac cau hnh nghch lu ap ba pha chuan. Mach nghch lu at c s can bang ien ap cac nguon dc, khong ton tai dong can bang gia cac module. Tuy nhien, cau tao mach oi hoi s dung cac may bien ap ngo ra.

Cau hnh nghch lu cha cap diode kep: (Neutral point Clamped Multilevel Inverter (NPC) hoac- diode clamped multilevel inverter):-hnh H5.5a, s dung thch hp khi cac nguon dc tao nen t he thong ien ac. Bo nghch lu a bac cha cac cap diode kem co mot mach nguon DC c phan chia thanh mot so cap ien ap nho hn nh chuoi cac tu ien mac noi tiep. Gia s nhanh mach dc gom n nguon co o ln bang nhau mac noi tiep. ien ap pha nguon dc co the at c (n+1) gia tr khac nhau va t o bo nghch lu c goi la bo nghch lu ap (n+1) bac. V du chon mc ien the 0 cuoi day nguon, cac mc ien ap co the at c gom (0,U,2U,.,nU). ien ap t mot pha tai (v du pha a) thong en mot v tr bat ky tren mach dc (v du M) nh cap diode kep tai iem o (v du D1, D1). e ien ap phanguon dc at c mc ien ap neu tren (ua0=U), tat ca cac linh kien b kep gia hai diode (D1, D1) gom n linh kien noi tiep lien tuc ke nhau, phai c kch ong (v du S1, S5,S4,S3,S2), cac linh kien con lai se b khoa theo qui tac kch oi nghch. Tng ng vi 6 trng hp kch ong linh kien b kep gia 6 cap diode (hai cap diode kep hai v tr bien la trng hp ac biet), ta thu c 6 mc ien ap pha- nguon dc : 0,U,2U,..,5U. V co

5-5

ien t cong suat 1

kha nang tao ra 6 mc ien ap pha- nguon dc nen mach nghch lu tren hnh H5.5a con goi la bo nghch lu 6 bac. Dang mach nghch lu ap a bac dung cap diode kep cai tien dang song ien ap tai va giam shock ien ap tren linh kien n lan. Vi bo nghch lu ba bac, dv/dt tren linh kien va tan so ong ngat giam i mot na. Tuy nhien vi n>3, mc o chu gai ap tren cac diode se khac nhau. Ngoai ra, can bang ien ap gia cac nguon dc (ap tren tu) tr nen kho khan, ac biet khi so bac ln. 5.2 PHAN TCH BO NGHCH LU AP 5.2.1. PHAN TCH IEN AP BO NGHCH LU AP 3 PHA Gia thiet tai ba pha oi xng thoa man he thc: ut1 + ut2 + ut3 = 0 (5.1) Ta tng tng nguon ap U c phan chia lam hai na bang nhau vi iem nut phan the O (mot cach tong quat, iem phan the 0 co the chon v tr bat ky tren mach nguon DC). Goi N la iem nut cua tai ba pha dang sao. ien ap pha tai ut1,ut2,ut3. Ta co: ut1= u10- uNO (5.2) ut2 = u20- uNO ut3 = u30-uNO ien ap u10, u20 , u30 c goi la cac ien ap pha -tam nguon cua cac pha 1,2,3. Cac ien ap ut1, ut2, ut3; u10, u20, u30 va uNO co chieu dng qui c ve tren hnh H5.4a Cong cac he thc tren va e y rang ut1+ut2+ut3=0, ta co: (5.3) 0 = u10 +u20 +u30 3.uNO T o: uNO=

Thay uNO vao bieu thc tnh ien ap moi pha tai, ta co:
u t1 = ut 2 ut 3 2 u10 u 20 u 30 3 2 u 20 u 30 u10 = 3 2 u 30 u10 u 20 = 3

u10 + u20 + u30 3

(5.4)

(5.5)

ien ap day tren tai: ut12 =u10 - u20 ut23 = u20 - u30 (5.6) ut31 = u30 -u10 * He qua: Qua trnh ien ap ( va do o qua trnh dong ien) ngo ra cua bo nghch lu ap ba pha se c xac nh khi ta xac nh c cac ien ap trung gian u10, u20, u30. * Xac nh ien ap pha - tam nguon cho bo nghch lu ap. Cap cong tac cung pha: gom hai cong tac cung mac chung vao mot pha tai, v du (S1S4), (S3,S6) va (S5,S2) la cac cap cong tac cung pha. Qui tac kch ong oi nghch: cap cong tac cung pha c kch ong theo qui tac oi nghch neu nh hai cong tac trong cap luon trang thai mot c kch ong va mot c kch ngat. Trang thai ca hai cung kch ong (trang thai ngan mach ien ap nguon ) hoac cung kch ngat khong c phep.

5-6

ien t cong suat 1

Neu bieu dien trang thai c kch cua linh kien bang gia tr 1 va trang thai khoa kch bang 0, ta co the viet phng trnh trang thai kch cua cac linh kien trong mach nghch lu ap 3 pha nh sau: S1 + S 4 = 1 ; S 3 + S 6 = 1 ; S 5 + S 2 = 1 (5.7) * Qui tac: Gia thiet bo nghch lu ap ba pha co cau tao mach va chieu ien the cua cac phan t trong mach cho nh hnh ve H5.4. Gia thiet cac cong tac cung pha c kch ong theo qui tac oi nghch va gia thiet dong ien cua cac pha tai co kha nang oi dau. ien ap pha tai en tam nguon cua mot pha nguon nao o co gia tr + pha c kch ong va -

U neu cong tac le cua 2

ien. * He qua: 1/- ien ap tren tai c xac nh hoan toan neu ta biet c gian o kch ong cac cong tac va ien ap nguon. Do o, ta co the ieu khien ien ap ngo ra cua bo nghch lu ap bang cach ieu khien gian o xung kch ong cac cong tac. 2/- Neu cac cap cong tac cung pha khong c kch ong theo qui tac oi nghch, dang ien ap tai se thay oi phu thuoc vao trang thai dong ien tai (va tham so tai ). ay la trng hp kch ong do y muon oi vi tai dang cong hng. Dong ien co the trang thai lien tuc hoac gian oan. Ta can chu y rang, mot cong tac c kch ong khong co ngha la no se dan ien. Phu thuoc vao chieu dong ien dan qua tai co the xay ra trng hp cong tac kch ong khong dan ien ma dong ien lai dan qua diode mac oi song vi cong tac c kch ong. 3/- Dang dong ien c xac nh da tren phng trnh mach tai. V du oi vi tai oi xng ba pha gom RL mac noi tiep, ta co phng trnh dong ien ba pha tai it1, it2, it3.
u t1 = R .i t1 + L u t 2 = R .i t 2 u t 3 = R .i t 3 di t1 dt di + L t2 dt di t 3 +L dt

U neu cong tac chan c kch khong phu thuoc trang thai dong 2

(5.8)

Thi gian chet (dead- time): la khoang thi gian can thiet ap at trong gian o ong ngat cap linh kien cung pha tai, trong khoang thi gian nay hai cong tac cung pha tai se b khoa kch (v du S1,S4). Thi gian chet bat au qua trnh chuyen mach cua hai cong tac cung pha tai e tranh xay ra hien tng ngan mach nguon. Do thi gian chet nho khong ang ke, trong qua trnh phan tch hoat ong mach, ta thng gia thiet bo qua giai oan nay. 5.2.1 PHAN TCH BO NGHCH LU AP MOT PHA Ta co the phan tch ien ap tai cua bo nghch lu ap mot pha dang mach cau tng t nh bo nghch lu ap ba pha. Hai cap cong tac (S1,S4) va (S2,S3) tng ng vi he thong hai pha tai oi xng tng tng (hnh H5.6).
u t1 = ut 2 ut u u 20 = 10 2 2 ut u 20 u10 = = 2 2

(5.9)

5-7

ien t cong suat 1

Ro rang : (5.10) ut =ut1/2=-ut2/2=u10 - u20 Neu cac cong tac c kch theo qui tac oi nghch, ta co the xac nh dang ap tren tai da tren gian o kch cong tac va ien ap nguon. u10 = +
U 2

neu kch S1 ngat S4

U 2

u10= u20 = +
U 2 U =2

neu kch S4, ngat S1

neu kch S3, ngat S2

(5.11)

neu kch S2, ngat S3

Phan tch ien ap tai cua bo nghch lu ap mot pha dang na cau: ien ap bang vi ien ap pha tai - tam nguon, bai toan tr nen n gian. Phan tch ien ap tai cua bo nghch lu ap mot pha dang cau: Qua trnh ien ap va dong ien c ve tren hnh (H5.8) Xet qua trnh cac ai lng trong mot chu ky hoat ong che o xac lap. Gia thiet rang tai thi iem t=0, thc hien ong S1 va S2, ngat S3 va S4. ien ap tai bang U, dong ien tai chay qua mach (U-S1-S2) tang len theo phng trnh:
0 t < T /2 ut = U

(5.12)
dit dt
t

U t = R.it + L

Nghiem dong ien co dang:

it =
U + A.e R

(5.13)

A la hang so, =L/R la hang so thi gian. Tai thi iem t=T/2, thc hien ngat S1,S2 va ong S3,S4. ien ap xuat hien tren tai bang U, dong ien qua mach (U,RL,S3,S4) giam theo phng trnh:
T /2 t < T ut = U

(5.14)
dit dt
t T 2

U t = R.it + L

U vi nghiem co dang: it = + B.e R

(5.15)

trang thai xac lap, dong ien bien oi theo dang xoay chieu, tuan hoan. Cac hang so A,B co the xac nh t ieu kien dong ien tai tai cac thi iem t=0, t=T/2 va t=T.

5-8

ien t cong suat 1

Luc o, tai thi iem t=0: Tai thi iem t=T/2:

T

U U + A.e 0 = I min A = I min R R

T

(5.16)

Tai thi iem t=T:

T U + B.e R 2

U U U + A.e 2 = I max + I min .e 2 = I max R R R U U + B.e 0 = I max B = + I max R R

(5.17) (5.18)

= I min

(5.19)

Nh vay, qua trnh dong tai trong mot chu ky hoat ong se co the bieu dien nh sau:
t U U + I min .e 2 R R it = t T 2 U U 2 + I max + .e R R

0t <T T

(5.20)

t <T

Gia tr Imin va Imax co the xac nh t qua trnh oi xng cua hai na chu ky ien ap va dong ien tai, t o suy ra rang Imax=-Imin. Ap dung quan he tren vao cac he thc tnh I, ta thu c:
I max = I min
T U 1 e 2 = T R 2 1 + e

(5.21)

Cong suat tai: Cong suat tieu thu tren tai R-L co the xac nh theo he thc R.I t2 vi It la tr hieu dung dong ien qua tai c tnh theo bieu thc:
It = 1 2 it (t ).dt = T
T T

2 T

U U + I min .e R R 0

.dt

(5.22)

5-9

ien t cong suat 1

Cong suat tai co the xac nh theo tr trung bnh dong qua nguon dc Is neu ta bo qua ton hao cua linh kien bo nghch lu: P=U.Is
T

1 Is = T

U U + I min .e R R 0

.dt

(5.23)

Phan tch song hai: Qua trnh ien ap tai qua phep phan tch Fourier co dang:
vt (t ) = 4.U . sin(n. .t ) n n =1,3,5...

(5.24)

Ap tai ch cha cac thanh phan hai bac le. o meo dang ien ap c tnh theo he thc sau:
THDU =
n =2

2 t( n )

U t (1 )

U t2 U t21 ) ( U t (1 )
4 U2 2 U 4 U 2
2

(5.25)

De dang suy ra rang:

THDU == Ut2 Ut21) ( Ut (1) = 0 ,483 = 48 ,3%

; Ut=U

(5.26)

o meo dang ien ap cua bo nghch lu cau 1 pha kha ln trong trng hp ap ra dang vuong nen co tac dung khong tot. ieu nay giai thch v sao loai ien ap nay khong c s dung pho bien trong thc tien. o meo dang dong ien phu thuoc vao tai va xac nh theo he thc:
THD I =
n =2

2 t( n )

I t (1 )

I t2 I t21 ) ( I t (1 )

(5.27)

5.2.2 PHAN TCH IEN AP BO NGHCH LU AP A BAC Xet bo nghch lu ap 6 bac dang cha cap diode kep (NPC) tren hnh ve H5.5a. Goi U la o ln ien ap tren moi tu rieng le. Phu thuoc o ln ien ap pha nguon dc can thiet lap, cac linh kien b kep gia cap diode noi en mot ien the tren mach dc can thiet lap se trang thai kch. ien ap pha-tam nguon dc (phase -to- pole voltage), tnh t iem au day cua pha tai en mot ien the tren mach dc, trong trng hp tren hnh ve la iem 0, co the at cac gia tr cho trong bang B5.1 sau ay: Bang B5.1
Vout=Vx0 Vx0=5U Vx0=4U Vx0=3U Vx0=2U Vx0=U Vx0=0 Sx5 1 0 0 0 0 0 Sx4 1 1 0 0 0 0 Sx3 1 1 1 0 0 0 Sx2 1 1 1 1 0 0 Sx1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Sx5 0 1 1 1 1 1 Sx4 0 0 1 1 1 1 Sx3 0 0 0 1 1 1 Sx2 0 0 0 0 1 1 Sx1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Vi x=1,2,3.

5-10

ien t cong suat 1

Trang thai ong ngat cua cac khoa ban dan tren mot nhanh tai cua cac pha a,b,c thoa man ieu kien kch oi nghch: (5.28) S1j+S1j=1 ; S2j+S2j=1 ; S3j+S3j=1 ; j=1,2,3,4,5 ien ap pha tai trong trng hp 3 pha tai oi xng au dang Y co the thiet lap tng t nh trng hp bo nghch lu ap hai bac:
u t1 = 2 u10 u 20 u 30 2 u 20 u 30 u10 2 u 30 u10 u 20 ; ut 2 = ; ut 3 = 3 3 3

(5.29)

Trong trng hp 3 pha tai dang tam giac, ien ap pha tai bang ien ap day do bo nghch lu cung cap: (5.30) ut12 =u10 - u20; ut23 = u20 - u30; ut31 = u30 - u10

5-11

ien t cong suat 1

5.3 CAC PHNG PHAP IEU KHIEN BO NGHCH LU AP Cac bo nghch lu ap thng ieu khien da theo ky thuat ieu che o rong xung PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) va qui tac kch ong oi nghch. Qui tac kch ong oi nghch am bao dang ap tai c ieu khien tuan theo gian o kch ong cong tac va ky thuat ieu che o rong xung co tac dung han che toi a cac anh hng bat li cua song hai bac cao xuat hien pha tai. Phu thuoc vao phng phap thiet lap gian o kch ong cac cong tac trong bo nghch lu ap, ta co the phan biet cac dang ieu che o rong xung khac nhau. Mot so ch tieu anh gia ky thuat PWM cua bo nghch lu. Ch so ieu che (Modulation index) m: c nh ngha nh t so gia bien o thanh phan hai c ban tao nen bi phng phap ieu khien va bien o thanh phan hai c ban at c trong phng phap ieu khien 6 bc.
m= u (1)m u(1)m six _ step = u (1)m 2 Vd

(5.31)

Tr hieu dung cac thanh phan phan song hai bac cao dong ien:

I hRMS =

1 T

[i ( t ) i ( t ) ] .dt
1 2

(5.32)

ai lng IhRMS phu thuoc khong nhng vao phng phap PWM ma con vao thong so tai. e co the anh gia chat lng PWM khong phu thuoc vao tai, ta co the s dung ai lng o meo dang dong ien nh sau:

I hRMS 1 = I1 I1

n =2

2 n

(5.33)

Gia s tai xoay chieu gom sc ien ong cam ng va cam khang tan mac noi tiep, o meo dang dong ien co the viet lai di dang:

I hRMS 1 = I1 I1

n =2

2 n

.L = 1 U1

U 1 n. n.L = U n =2 1 1

U nn n =2

(5.34)

Ket qua at c khong phu thuoc vao tham so cua tai. Khi s dung phng phap ieu khien 6 bc, o meo dang dong ien co the xac nh bang gia tr sau:
I hRMS _ sixstep I1

= 0 ,0464

(5.35)

e so sanh cac phng phap PWM, co the s dung o meo dang chuan hoa theo phng phap 6 bc, luc o he so meo dang dong ien qui chuan cho bi he thc:

d =

I hRMS _ Sixstep

I hRMS

(5.36)

Vi phng phap ieu che 6 bc, he so meo dang dong ien bang 1. Neu s dung phng phap ieu che vector khong gian, he so meo dang co the tnh theo tch phan cua tch vo hng vector sau ay:

5-11

ien t cong suat 1

I hRMS

1 = T

[ir( t ) ir ( t ) ][ir( t ) ir ( t ) ]* .dt .

1 1 0

(5.37)

T o, ap dung cong thc tnh he so meo dang d. e anh gia anh hng tng song hai trong phng phap PWM, ta co the s dung tham so pho tng song hai dong ien. Neu s dung phng phap ieu che ong bo vi tan so kch ong linh kien fs bang so nguyen lan (N) tan so song hai c ban f1 (tc fs=N.f1), he so song hai bac k qui chuan, tnh qui oi theo phng phap 6 bc va cho bi he thc:

h( k .f1 ) =

I hRMS ( k .f1 ) I hRMS _ Sixstep

(5.38)

He so song hai khong phu thuoc vao tham so tai. He so meo dang bieu dien qua cac he so song hai nh sau:

d =

h
k 1

( k .f1 )

(5.39)

Neu s dung ky thuat PWM khong ong bo, ta khong the phan tch Fourier pho dong ien theo cac bien tan so ri rac khi ma song hai dong ien xuat hien theo bien tan so lien tuc. Trng hp nay, ta co the s dung khai niem pho mat o dong ien theo he thc:

d =

0 ,f f1

2 d

( f ).df

(5.40)

Tan so ong ngat va cong suat ton hao do ong ngat: Cong suat ton hao xuat hien tren linh kien bao gom hai thanh phan: ton hao cong suat khi linh kien trang thai dan ien Pon va ton hao cong suat ong Pdyn. Ton hao cong suat Pdyn tang len khi tan so ong ngat cua linh kien tang len. Tan so ong ngat cua linh kien khong the tang len tuy y v nhng ly do sau: - cong suat ton hao linh kien tang len t le vi tan so ong ngat - linh kien cong suat ln thng gay ra cong suat ton hao ong ngat ln hn. Do o, tan so kch ong cua no phai giam cho phu hp, v du cac linh kien GTO cong suat MW ch co the ong ngat tan so khoang 100Hz. - Cac qui nh ve tng thch ien t (Electromagnet Compatibility-EMC) qui nh kha nghiem ngat oi vi cac bo bien oi cong suat ong ngat vi tan so cao hn 9kHz. 5.3.1 PHNG PHAP IEU KHIEN THEO BIEN O Phng phap c goi tat la phng phap ieu bien. Khac vi cac phng phap s dung ky thuat ieu che o rong xung (PWM) ch can nguon ap dc khong oi, phng phap ieu bien oi hoi ien ap nguon dc ieu khien c. o ln ien ap ra c ieu khien bang cach ieu khien nguon ien ap DC. Chang han s dung bo chnh lu co ieu khien hoac ket hp bo chnh lu khong ieu khien va bo bien oi ien ap DC. Bo nghch lu ap thc hien chc nang ieu khien tan so ien ap ra. Cac cong tac trong cap cong tac cung pha tai c kch ong vi thi gian bang nhau va bang mot na chu ky ap ra. Mach ieu khien kch ong cac cong tac trong bo nghch lu ap v the n gian. Bo nghch lu ap ba pha ieu khien theo bien o con c goi la bo nghch lu ap 6 bc ( six-step voltage inverter). Tan so ap c ban bang tan so ong ngat linh kien. Cac

5-12

ien t cong suat 1

thanh phan song hai boi ba va bac chan khong xuat hien tren ap day cung cap cho tai. Con lai

cac song hai bac (6k 1), k=1,2,3. can kh bo bang cac bien phap loc song hai. Tai au dang sao: Dang ien ap pha tai- v du ut1 (xem o th ut1 hnh H5.7b) co the bieu dien dui (5.41) U .(sint + sin 5t + sin 7t + .....) 5 7 Bien o thanh phan song hai bac n cua ien ap pha tai co the xac nh theo he thc: 2U 2 n n ; n=1,5,7,11,13, (5.42) U (n ) = 2 + cos( 3 ) cos( 3 ) 3n
ut1 (t ) = 2 1 1

dang:

Vi n=1, bien o thanh phan hai c ban: U t1(1)m = Tr hieu dung ien ap pha co o ln:
1 Ut =

(5.43)

2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2U U U U .dx + .dx = 3 .dx + 3 3 3 2 0 3 3

(5.44)

Tai au dang tam giac: ien ap tai ut12 co the bieu dien di dang: 2 3 1 1 ut12 (t ) = U .sin(t + ) + sin(5t ) + sin(7t + ) + ..... 6 5 6 7 6 Bien o thanh phan song hai bac n ien ap pha tai:

(5.45)

5-13

ien t cong suat 1

U (n ) L =

n 4U cos( ) n 6

(5.46)
2 3

Vi n=1, bien o thanh phan hai c ban ien ap tai: U t12(1)m = Tr hieu dung ien ap pha co o ln:
U12t 1 =
2 1

(5.47)

2 3 2 U .dx = 0

2 .U 3

(5.48)

Song hai bac cao xuat hien trong dang ien ap tai kha cao, do o han che pham vi s dung cua phng phap ieu bien, nhat la tan so thap. Neu s dung thyristor ket hp vi bo chuyen mach lam chc nang cong tac trong bo nghch lu ap, va neu bo chuyen mach lam viec phu thuoc vao o ln nguon ap mot chieu, phng phap ieu bien ro rang khong phu hp e ieu khien ien ap tai trong pham vi ap nho. Ngoai tr trng hp ieu khien theo bien o oi hoi nguon DC ieu khien c, cac phng phap khac da vao ky thuat PWM s dung nguon ien ap DC khong oi. Trong trng hp nay, nguon DC co the tao nen t li ien ac qua bo chnh lu khong ieu khien va mach loc cha tu hoac trc tiep t cac nguon d tr di dang pin, aquy. 5.3.2 PHNG PHAP IEU CHE O RONG XUNG SIN (SIN PWM)

Ve nguyen ly, phng phap thc hien da vao ky thuat analog. Gian o kch ong cong tac bo nghch lu da tren c s so sanh hai tn hieu c ban: - song mang up (carrier signal) tan so cao - song ieu khien ur- reference signal (hoac song ieu chemodulating signal) dang sin. V

5-14

ien t cong suat 1

du: cong tac le c kch ong khi song ieu khien ln hn song mang (ur>up). Trong trng hp ngc lai, cong tac chan c kch ong. Song mang up co the dang tam giac. Tan so song mang cang cao, lng song hai bac cao b kh bt cang nhieu. Tuy nhien, tan so ong ngat cao lam cho ton hao phat sinh do qua trnh ong ngat cac cong tac tang theo. Ngoai ra, cac linh kien oi hoi co thi gian ong ton, va ngat toff nhat nh. Cac yeu to nay lam han che viec chon tan so song mang. Song ieu khien ur mang thong tin ve o ln tr hieu dung va tan so song hai c ban cua ien ap ngo ra. Trong trng hp bo nghch lu ap ba pha, ba song ieu khien cua ba pha phai c tao lech nhau ve pha 1/3 chu ky cua no. Trong trng hp bo nghch lu ap mot pha, tng ng vi hai pha tai tng tng hnh (H5.6), ta can tao hai song ieu khien lech pha nhau 1/2 chu ky (tc chung ngc pha nhau ). e n gian mach kch hn na, ta co the s dung mot song ieu khien duy nhat e kch ong, v du : cap cong tac (S1S4) c kch ong theo quan he gia song ieu khien va song mang, con cap (S3S2) c kch ong ngc lai vi chung. Luc o, hnh thanh trang thai kch ong (S1S2) hoac (S3S4). Goi mf la t so ieu che tan so (Frequency modulation ratio) :
mf = f carrier f = tria f reference f sin e

(5.49)

Viec tang gia tr mf se dan en viec tang gia tr tan so cac song hai xuat hien. iem bat li cua viec tang tan so song mang la van e ton hao do ong ngat ln. Tng t, goi ma la t so ieu che bien o (Amplitude modulation ratio) :
ma = U m reference U m carrier
=

U m sin e U m tri

(5.50)

Neu ma 1 (bien o song sin nho hn bien o song mang) th quan he gia bien o thanh phan c ban cua ap ra va ap ieu khien la tuyen tnh. oi vi bo nghch lu ap mot pha: U t (1)m = ma .U oi vi bo nghch lu ap ba pha, bien o ap pha hai c ban: U t (1)m = ma .
U 2

(5.51) (5.52)

Khi gia tr ma>1, bien o tn hieu ieu che ln hn bien o song mang th bien o hai c ban ien ap ra tang khong tuyen tnh theo bien ma. Luc nay, bat au xuat hien lng song hai bac cao tang dan cho en khi at mc gii han cho bi phng phap 6 bc. Trng hp nay con c goi la qua ieu che (overmodulation) hoac ieu che m rong.

5-15

ien t cong suat 1

Trong trng hp bo nghch lu ap ba pha, cac thanh phan song hai bac cao se c giam en cc tieu neu gia tr mf c chon bang so le boi ba.. Neu e y en he thc tnh ch so ieu che, ta thay phng phap SPWM at c ch so ln nhat trong vung tuyen tnh khi bien o song ieu che bang vi bien o song mang. Luc o, ta co:
mSPWM mSPWM
_ max

u(1)m six U

u(1) m

_ step

_ max

2 = = 0 ,785 = 2 4 U

(5.53)

Phan tch song hai: Viec anh gia chat lng song hai xuat hien trong ien ap tai co the c thc hien bang phan tch chuoi Fourier. ay, chu ky lay tch phan Fourier c chia thanh nhieu khoang nho, vi can lay tng tch phan cua tng khoang c xac nh t cac giao iem cua song ieu khien va song mang dang tam giac. 5.3.3 PHNG PHAP IEU CHE O RONG XUNG CAI BIEN (MODIFIED SPWM) (hnh H5.11) Nhc iem cua phng phap ieu che o rong xung sin (SPWM) la kha nang ieu khien tuyen tnh ch thc hien c vi ch so ieu che m nam trong pham vi 0 m 0.785 (tng ng ch so ma 1 ). Luc o, bien o song hai c ban ien ap pha tai nam trong gii han (0,U/2). e m rong pham vi ieu khien tuyen tnh, phng phap ieu che o rong xung sin cai bien co the c s dung. Phng phap nay cho phep thc hien ieu khien tuyen tnh ien ap tai vi ch so ieu che nam trong pham vi 0 m 0.907 , bien o song hai bac mot ien ap at gia tr cc ai bang U va ch so ieu
3

che luc o bang:

U mMSPWM_ max = 3 = = 0,907 2U 2 3

(5.54)

Nguyen ly thc hien: gian o kch ong linh kien cung da vao ket qua so sanh cac tn hieu ieu khien va song mang (dang tam giac) tan so cao. Song ieu che (ur1,ur2,ur3) c tao thanh bang cach cong thanh phan tn hieu dang sin vi mot thanh phan song hai boi ba

5-16

ien t cong suat 1

(thanh phan th t khong). Khi tang o ln song ieu khien e at ch so ieu che m ln hn 0,907, quan he ieu khien tr nen phi tuyen. Song ieu che co the chon dang lien tuc hoac gian oan. a.Trng hp song ieu che lien tuc di dang ham ieu hoa gom cac thanh phan ham ieu hoa bac 1 va ham ieu hoa bac boi ba nh sau, v du oi vi pha th nhat (xem o th ur1a, hnh H5.11a):
ur = 2 1 .M .cos( x ) . cos( 3 x ) ; 6 3

( 0 M 1)

(5.55)

b.Trng hp song ieu che lien tuc dan giai t tng quan gia phng phap ieu che o rong xung lay mau (sampling PWM) va phng phap ieu che vector khong gian. Ham mo ta song ieu khien ba pha oi vi pha th nhat co the viet di dang nh sau (xem o th ur1b, hnh H5.11b):
M . cos( x 30 0 ) neu hoac M . 3 . cos( x ) neu ur = hoac M . cos( x + 30 0 ) neu hoac 180 0 x < 240 0 240 0 x < 300 0 120 0 x < 180 0 300 0 x < 360 0 60 0 x < 120 0 0 0 x < 60 0

; ( 0 M 1)

(5.56)

c.Trng hp ham ieu che gian oan: ton tai nhieu dang song ieu che dang
khong lien tuc c a ra e thc hien phng phap ieu che o rong xung cai bien. Mot trong cac dang song ieu khien dang gian oan c mo ta bi ham sau ay oi vi pha th nhat: (xem hnh H5.11c):
1 0 2 M . cos( x 30 ) 1 2 M . cos( x + 30 0 ) + 1 ur = 1 2 M . cos( x 30 0 ) + 1 2 M . cos( x + 30 0 ) 1 ; ; ; 30 0 x < 30 0 90 0 x < 150 0 30 0 x < 90 0

; 150 0 x < 210 0 ; 210 0 x < 270 0 ; 270 0 x < 330 0

; ( 0 M 1)

(5.57)

u iem cua song ieu che dang gian oan la so lan chuyen mach trong mot chu ky b giam xuong, do o cong suat ton hao do qua trnh ong ngat cung giam theo. Do tn hieu song ieu che c thiet lap gia tr cc tr trong mot phan ba chu ky nen so lan chuyen mach se giam i mot phan ba so vi phng phap ieu che vi tn hieu lien tuc. 5.3.4 IEU CHE THEO MAU (REGULAR SAMPLING TECHNIQUES) Nguyen ly cua phng phap ieu che o rong xung sin da vao ky thuat analog. Viec ieu che o rong xung cung co the thc hien tren c s ky thuat so. Luc o, tn hieu ieu khien c so hoa trong tng chu ky lay mau. Mau tn hieu sau o c so sanh vi song rang ca v du thc hien bang mach em. Ky thuat lay mau co the thc hien oi xng hoac khong oi xng. Ky thuat oi xng c thc hien vi chu ky lay mau bang chu ky song tam giac (H5.12a), trng hp lay mau khong oi xng xay ra khi viec lay mau dien ra moi na chu ky song tam giac (H5.12b).

5-17

ien t cong suat 1

Khi ap dung phng phap lay mau oi xng, khong can thiet tao ra song tam giac nh tren hnh ve H5.12a. Goi T1, T2 la cac khoang thi gian (xem hnh H5.12a) dung e xac nh thi iem kch ong linh kien, T1,T2 co the xac nh trong thi gian thc (real time) bang phep tnh n gian (5.58), (5.59) nh sau:
1 TS .[1 + u* ( t s )] a 2 1 T2 = TS + TS .[1 u* ( t s )] a 2 T1 =

(5.58) (5.59)

Trong o, 2Ts la khoang thi gian cua chu ky lay mau, tsn, ts(n+1) la cac thi iem thc hien viec lay mau, u * ( ts ) la ham song ieu khien dang analog. a 5.3.5. PHNG PHAP IEU CHE O RONG XUNG TOI U (OPTIMUM PWM) Anh hng cua mot so song hai bac thap cha trong ap ra co the kh bo hoac han che bang phng phap ieu che o rong xung toi u. Gian o kch ong cac cong tac c thiet lap tren c s phan tch ham toi u theo cac bien la goc kch ong cac linh kien. Trong trng hp ham toi u c thc hien bang cach triet tieu mot so song hai bac cao, phng phap tren c goi la phng phap triet tieu cac song hai chon loc (Selective Harmonic Elimination- SHE). Bien o cac song hai co the xac nh qua khai trien chuoi Fourier dang song ap ra: U1= U1(1,2,....,n) (5.60) U3=U3(1,2,...,n) U2k+1=U2k+1(1,2,...,n)

5-18

ien t cong suat 1

Vi SHE, gian o kch ong c chon se kh bo (n -1) song hai bac cao va ieu khien song hai c ban, ham toi u quan he gia cac goc 1,2,...,n c bieu dien qua he n phng trnh sau: u1 = U 1 ( 1 , 2 ,..., n ) 0 = U k1 ( 1 , 2 ,..., n ) (5.61) 0 = U k 2 ( 1 , 2 ,..., n ) 0 = U k (n 1) ( 1 , 2 ,..., n ) Giai he cac phng trnh xac nh goc kch 1,2,...,n ta se thiet lap c gian o kch ong cac cong tac. Neu dang ien ap tai la ham le, he so bk trong phan tch chuoi Fourier se triet tieu va ta co: (5.62) bk=0
4 ak = ak =

u . sin kt .d( t )
t 0

(5.63)

2 1 2.U ( +1). sin kt .d ( t ) + ( 1). sin kt .d ( t ) 1 0

...... + ( 1) n 1 . sin kt .d ( t ) + ( +1)1 . sin kt .d ( t ) n 1 n 2.U [1 + 2( cos k1 + cos k2 .... + cos kn ] ak = k n 2.U 1 + 2 ( 1) p . cos k p ak = k p =1
n

(5.64) (5.65)

Pham vi ieu khien ien ap cua phng phap SHE: Trong pham vi ieu khien PWM tuyen tnh (m<0.907), phu thuoc vao so lan chuyen mach cua linh kien, nghiem he phng trnh (5.61) luon ton tai va phng phap SHE cho phep thc hien triet tieu song hai vi so lan ong ngat toi thieu.

5-19

ien t cong suat 1

Khi tang ch so ieu che bien o ln hn gia tr 0,907 (m>0.907), phng phap SHE chuyen sang pham vi ieu khien ieu che m rong (qua ieu che). Nghiem cua he phng trnh (5.61) khong the luon luon ton tai vi yeu cau triet tieu cac song hai cho trc. Do o, vi yeu cau triet tieu mot so song hai chon loc, ton tai mot gii han toi a cua ch so ieu che mmax tng ng. o th tren hnh H5.14 minh hoa quan he gia ch so ieu che cc ai at c theo SHE va so song hai (n) c triet tieu kem theo. Tai gia tr m=1, cac thanh phan song hai ton tai ay u nh cua trng hp ieu khien theo phng phap ieu khien sau bc. V du 5.1: Thiet lap he phng trnh lng giac e tm nghiem la cac goc chuyen mach e ieu khien bien o song hai c ban va kh bo 4 song hai bac 5,7,11 va 13. Xac nh gia tr cu the cac goc chuyen mach khi ch so ieu che m=0.8. Giai: Ta can thc hien 5 lan chuyen mach (n=5) trong chu ky ap ra. He phng trnh xac nh goc chuyen mach se la:
a1 =
a5 =

2.U [1 + 2( cos 1 + cos 2 cos 3 + cos 4 cos 5 ] = m. 2.U

2.U [1 + 2( cos 5 1 + cos 5 2 cos 5 3 + cos 5 4 cos 5 5 ] = 0 5 2.U a7 = [1 + 2( cos 7 1 + cos 7 2 cos 7 3 + cos 7 4 cos 7 5 ] = 0

a11 =
a13 =

2.U

2.U [1 + 2( cos13 1 + cos13 2 cos13 3 + cos13 4 cos13 5 ] = 0

[1 + 2( cos111 + cos11 2 cos11 3 + cos11 4 cos11 5 ] = 0

Vi m=0.8, s dung phng phap Newton-Raphson va giai he phng trnh tren bang may tnh, ta thu c he nghiem sau:
4 = 0 ,8885 [ rad ]; 5 = 1,5326 [ rad ]
1458 [ rad ]; 2 = 0 ,2704 [ rad ]; 3 = 0 ,8410 [ rad ]; 1 = 0 ,

5-20

ien t cong suat 1

5.3.6 PHNG PHAP IEU RONG (SINGLE PUSLE WIDTH MODULATION) Phng phap ieu rong hay phng phap ieu che o rong xung n la trng hp ac biet cua phng phap ieu che o rong xung. Trong moi na chu ky ap ra ch co mot xung ien ap. o ln ien ap cho tai c ieu khien bang cach thay oi o rong xung ien ap (hnh H5.15). Phng phap nay ch ap dung ieu khien bo nghch lu ap mot pha. Tac dung song hai bac cao kha ln. Tr hieu dung ien ap tai:
+

Ut =

U
2

.dx = U .

(5.66)

Phan tch ien ap bang chuoi Fourier, ta co ap tai gom thanh phan hai c ban va cac hai bac le:
ut =
+
n =1,3,5... 2

( n ) . sin(nt )

vi

U (n ) =

U . sin(n. .t ).d (t ) =
2

4.U . cos(n. ) n 2

(5.67)

Bien o song hai c ban c ieu khien bi o rong theo he thc: 4U U (1) = . cos( ) 2

(5.68)

5.3.7 PHNG PHAP IEU CHE VECTOR KHONG GIAN (SPACE VECTOR MODULATION- hoac SPACE VECTOR PWM) Phng phap ieu che vector khong gian xuat phat t cac ng dung cua vector khong gian trong may ien xoay chieu, sau o c m rong trien khai trong cac he thong ien ba pha. Phng phap ieu che vector khong gian va cac dang cai bien cua no co tnh hien ai, giai thuat da chu yeu vao ky thuat so va la cac phng phap c s dung pho bien nhat hien nay trong lanh vc ien t cong suat lien quan en ieu khien cac ai lng xoay chieu ba pha nh ieu khien truyen ong ien xoay chieu, ieu khien cac mach loc tch cc, ieu khien cac thiet b cong suat tren he thong truyen tai ien. Khai niem vector khong gian va phep bien hnh vector khong gian: cho ai lng ba pha va,vb,vc can bang, tc thoa man he thc: v a + vb + v c = 0 (5.69)
r v = k .(va + a .vb + a 2 .vc )

Phep bien hnh t cac ai lng ba pha va,vb,vc sang ai lng vector
j 2

r v

theo he thc: (5.70) (5.71)

trong o: a = e

1 3 + j 2 2

c goi la phep bien hnh vector khong gian va ai lng vector v goi la vector khong gian cua ai lng ba pha.

5-21

ien t cong suat 1

Hang so k co the chon vi cac gia tr khac nhau. Vi k=2/3, phep bien hnh khong bao toan cong suat va vi k= 2 3 phep bien hnh bao toan cong suat. V du 5.1: Xac nh vector khong gian cho cac ai lng ba pha dang cosin sau:
v a = V m . cos( x 0 ) v b = V m . cos( x 0 vc 2 ) 3 4 ) = V m . cos( x 0 3

Giai: Vector khong gian theo nh ngha:

r 2 2 4 v = [Vm . cos( x 0 ) + a .Vm . cos( x 0 ) + a 2 .Vm . cos( x 0 )] 3 3 3 r v = Vm .[(cos( x 0 ) + j. sin( x 0 )] = Vm .e j ( x 0 )

Nh vay, trong he toa o vuong goc r , vector khong gian v co bien o Vm bat au t v tr V m .e j 0 se quay chung quanh truc toa o vi tan so goc . Phep bien hnh vector khong gian ngc: Vi he so k=2/3, phep bien hnh cua vector khong gian ngc cho ta thu c ai r lng ba pha t vector khong gian v nh sau:
r v a = Re{v }

T hnh ve H5.16 va cac he thc dan giai, de suy ra rang ket qua cua phep bien hnh r vector khong gian ngc chnh la hnh chieu cua ai lng vector v len he 3 truc toa o (abc) lech pha 1200 trong mat phang vector phc. V du 5.2: Xac nh quy ao vector khong gian cua ien ap ba pha tai cua bo nghch lu ap ba pha ieu khien theo phng phap 6 bc: Giai:

r r r 1 v b = Re a 2 .v = .Re{v } + 2 r r 1 v c = Re{a .v } = .Re{ } v 2

{ }

r 3 Im{v } (5.72) 2 r 3 Im{ } v 2

5-22

ien t cong suat 1

Bang cach chon thi iem ban au nh hnh ve H5.17, ap dung he thc (5.70) nh ngha r vector khong gian, ta xac nh v tr vector v theo thi gian va ien vao bang B5.1.

Bang B5.1:
(0, 6 ) va vb vc S1 S3 S5 2Vd/3 -Vd/3 -Vd/3 1 0 0
( , ) 6 2 ( , 5 ) 2 6 (5 , 7 ) 6 6 (7 , 3 ) 6 2 (3 ,11 , ) 2 3 (11 ,2 ) 3

Vd/3 Vd/3 -2Vd/3 1 1 0

-Vd/3 2Vd/3 -Vd/3 0 1 0

-2Vd/3 Vd/3 Vd/3 0 1 1

-Vd/3 -Vd/3 2Vd/3 0 0 1

Vd/3 -2Vd/3 Vd/3 1 0 1

2Vd/3 -Vd/3 -Vd/3 1 0 0

r v

r v1 (100)

2Vd 3

r v2 (110) r

2V d j 3 .e 3

r v3 (010)

2Vd j 2 3 .e 3

r v4 (011)

2Vd j .e 3

r v5 (001)

2Vd j 4 3 .e 3

r v6 (101)

2Vd j 5 3 .e 3

r v1 (100)

2Vd 3

Bieu dien vector v di dang tong quat, ta co:

j. r 2V v = d .e 3 k1 . 3

(5.73)

vi

x + 6 k 1 = int 3

, x = .t ; k1={0,1,2,3,4,5}

(5.74)

Vd la o ln ien ap nguon dc bo nghch lu ap. r Vector v dch chuyen lan lt di chuyen nhay en 6 v tr nh cua hnh luc giac eu vi o ln vector bang 2Vd/3 va lu lai tng v tr trong thi gian 1/6 chu ky li. V du5.3: Xac nh quy ao cua vector khong gian ien ap ba pha tai cua bo nghch lu ap ba pha ieu khien theo phng phap ieu che o rong xung (sin). Giai

5-23

ien t cong suat 1

De dang thay rang, co tat ca 8 v tr ma vector v co the at c, bao gom 6 v tr nh cua hnh luc giac va 2 v tr tai goc toa o (vector khong) ma no at c khi bo nghch lu ap co ca ba linh kien cua cung nhom tren (S1=S3=S5=1) hoac cua cung nhom di (S2=S4=S6=1) c kch ong. Bang B5.2
S1 S3 S5 va vb vc 1 0 0 2Vd/3 -Vd/3 -Vd/3 2Vd 3 1 1 0 Vd/3 Vd/3 -2Vd/3 0 1 0 -Vd/3 2Vd/3 -Vd/3
j 3

r v

2Vd e 3

2Vd e 3

j2

0 1 1 -2Vd/3 Vd/3 Vd/3 2Vd j .e 3

0 0 1 -Vd/3 -Vd/3 2Vd/3

2Vd e 3

j 4

1 0 1 Vd/3 -2Vd/3 Vd/3

3

2Vd e 3

j 5

1 0 0 2Vd/3 -Vd/3 -Vd/3 2Vd 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 0 0 0 0

r v1 (100)

r v 2 (110)

r v 3 (010)

r v 4 (011)

r v 5 (001)

r v 6 (101)

r v1
(100)

r v0
(000)

r v7
(111)

5-24

ien t cong suat 1

Phng phap ieu che vector khong gian: Phng phap ieu khien 6 bc tao nen s dch chuyen nhay cap tuan hoan cua vector khong gian gia 6 v tr nh cua hnh luc giac. ieu nay lam qua trnh ien ap pha tai nghch lu hnh thanh cha nhieu thanh phan song hai bac cao. He qua la quy ao vector khong gian b bien oi ve pha va modul so vi trng hp ap ba pha tai dang sin. Mat khac, phng phap ieu che o rong xung dang sin du tao ra ien ap pha tai gan dang sin nhng ch co the am bao pham vi ieu khien thanh phan ien ap c ban cua pha tai en bien o Vd/2. Phng phap ieu che vector khong gian khac phuc cac nhc iem cua hai phng phap neu tren. Y tng cua phng phap ieu che vector khong gian la tao nen s dch chuyen lien tuc cua vector khong gian tng ng tren quy ao ng tron cua vector ien ap bo nghch lu, tng t nh trng hp vector khong gian cua ai lng sin ba pha tao c. Vi s dch chuyen eu an cua vector khong gian tren quy ao tron, cac song hai bac cao c loai bo va quan he gia tn hieu ieu khien va bien o ap ra tr nen tuyen tnh. Vector tng ng ay chnh la vector trung bnh trong thi gian mot chu ky lay mau Ts cua qua trnh ieu khien bo nghch lu ap. Xet goc mot phan sau th nhat cua hnh luc giac tao thanh bi nh cua ba vector r r r r r r v1 , v2 va v 0 . Cac vector nh v1 , v2 va v 0 tao thanh cac vector c ban cua goc phan sau tren. Gia s rang trong thi gian lay mau Ts, ta cho tac dung vector v1 trong thi gian T1, vector v2 trong thi gian T2 va vector v 0 tac dung trong thi gian con lai (Ts-T1-T2). Vector tng ng c tnh bang vector trung bnh bi chuoi tac ong lien tiep neu tren, tc la:
Ts T1 +T2 T1 r r r 1 r V = v1 .dt + v 2 .dt + v 0 .dt Ts T1 T1 +T2 0

Ts T1 +T 2 T1 r r 2V d j .3 1 2V d V = .dt + .e dt + o.dt Ts 3 3 T1 T1 +T 2 0

(5.75a) (5.75b)

r 2V d T r r 2V d j .3 T 2 1 V = + .e = v 1 .1 + v 2 . 2 3 Ts 3 Ts

He thc vector (5.75b) co the bieu dien di dang o th vector tren hnh ve H5.18a, vi 1 =
j. r T1 T 2V 2V r ; 2 = 2 ; v1 = d ; v 2 = d .e 3 Ts 3 Ts 3

e bien luan pham vi hoat ong cua vector V , ta co the bieu dien no theo hai truc toa o vuong goc xy (xem hnh H5.18b) di dang:
r r r r r v + v2 v v2 V = 1 .( 1 + 2 ) + 1 .( 1 2 ) (5.76) 2 2 r Vector V gom thanh phan theo truc X vi o ln t le vi tong thi gian tac ong ( 1 + 2 ) va thanh phan theo truc Y t le vi hieu ( 1 2 ) .

T cac he thc tren va hnh ve H5.18, ta nhan xet thay rang: r r - khi thi gian tac ong 1 cua vector v1 bang 0, vector trung bnh V co nh nam tren oan thang noi gia 2 nh cua vector khong v 0 va vector v2 .
r

5-25

ien t cong suat 1

khi thi gian tac ong 2 cua vector v2 bang 0, vector trung bnh V co nh nam tren oan thang noi gia 2 nh cua vector khong v 0 va vector v1
r r

khi thi gian tac ong 0 cua vector v 0 bang 0, vector trung bnh V co nh nam khi thi gian tac dung cua moi vector eu ln hn khong ( 0 > 0 ), ( 1 > 0 ; 2 > 0 ) vector V nam trong mat phang gii han bi 3 nh cua 3 vector v 0 , v1 va v2 .
r r

tren oan thang noi gia 2 nh cua vector v1 va vector v2

Ban knh ng tron quy ao vector ln nhat noi tiep ben trong hnh luc giac xay ra khi ( 1 + 2 = 1) co o ln tng ng bang V d 3 . Tuy theo dau cua bieu thc ( 1 2 ) dng hoac am ma v tr vector V se trc hoac cham pha so vi
r

truc X. Trong thc te, ta thng gap bai toan ieu khien vector khong gian trung bnh (tng r ng) nh sau: xac nh thi gian ong ngat linh kien e at c vector V co o r ln V va goc lech pha cho trc- xem hnh ve H5.18. T hnh ve, ta co the dan giai he thc tnh 1 , 2 , 0 nh sau: V 1 = 3 . . sin( ) 3 Vd V 2 = 3 . . sin Vd 0= 1 1 2 (5.77)

vi Vd la ien ap mach nguon DC cua bo nghch lu ap. r Neu vector v i (V ,i;V ,i) nam goc phan sau th i so vi goc phan sau th nhat vi cac vector c ban v i ,1 , v i ,2 va v 0 , viec tnh toan thi gian tac ong 1 , 2 , 0 cua cac vector tren co the thc hien bang cach qui oi vector v i ve goc phan sau th nhat tc v (bang he thc (5.78)) roi ap dung cong thc (5.77). Phep qui oi thc hien theo cong thc sau: V V cos( i 1) 3 sin( i 1) 3 V ,i 2 2 (5.78) . V = ;V = V + V ; = arctan V sin( i 1) cos( i 1) V,i 3 3
r
r

5-26

ien t cong suat 1

Pham vi ieu khien tuyen tnh cua SVPWM Neu vector trung bnh c ieu khien theo quy ao ng tron, vector trung bnh se co cung pha vi vector yeu cau va modul t le vi modul vector ay. ieu che vector nh vay co tnh tuyen tnh. ng tron noi tiep hnh luc giac la quy ao cua vector khong gian ln nhat ma phng phap ieu che vector khong gian cua bo nghch lu ap hai bac co the at c trong pham vi ieu khien tuyen tnh. Ban knh ng tron nay chnh bang bien o thanh phan c ban ien ap pha tai Ut(1)m. Nh a nhan xet phan tren, ta co:

V t (1 ) m = Vd

Vd 3

(5.79)

Ch so ieu che tng ng se la:

m= 2V d 3
=

2 3

= 0.907 (5.80)

Ky thuat thc hien ieu che vector khong gian: V du trong goc phan sau th nhat vi cac r r vector c ban v 1 ,v 2 va cac vector khong
r V dch chuyen eu an tren quy ao ng tron ben trong hnh luc giac qua cac v tr
r v v 0 ,v 7 , e

ieu khien vector trung bnh

5-27

ien t cong suat 1

1,2,3,4, trat t trang thai cac vector c ban v 1 , v 2 , v 0 , v 7 co the thc hien nh tren hnh ve H5.19. Trong thi gian mot chu ky lay mau TS, thi gian ton tai cac trang thai T1,T2 va T0 c xac nh t modul va pha cua vector da theo cac cong thc (5.77), thi gian T0 r r bao gom tong thi gian xuat hien vector V0 (T01) va thi gian xuat hien vector V7 (T02). Thong thng, mot trong cac tieu chuan e chon gian o kch ong linh kien la sao cho giam thieu toi a so lan chuyen mach cua linh kien e giam ton hao do qua trnh ong ngat chung. So lan chuyen mach se t nhat neu ta thc hien trnh t ieu khien cac vector nh sau xem gian o kch dan cac linh kien cua ba pha bo nghch lu ap va vector ien ap tao thanh c ve tren hnh H5.20. Trong na chu ky lay mau au tien:
r r r r v 0 ( t 0 / 2 )..v 1 ( t1 )..v 2 ( t 2 )..v 7 ( t 0 / 2 )

(5.81a)

va trong na chu ky lay mau con lai:

r r r r v 7 ( t 0 / 2 )..v 2 ( t 2 )..v 1 ( t 1 )..v 0 ( t 0 / 2 )

(5.81b). Mach thc hien chc nang tao xung kch cho cac linh kien bo nghch lu vi tn hieu ngo vao la vector ien ap (modul m va goc lech pha theo nguyen ly ieu che vector khong gian c goi la mach ieu che vector khong gian (Space vector modulator) (hnh H5.21).

Ngoai phng phap ieu khien vector ien ap trung bnh di chuyen theo quy ao tron (xem hnh H5.19a), vector ien ap co the ieu khien theo nguyen ly t thong ap dung cho tai la ong c khong ong bo. Nguyen ly hoat ong cua no c minh hoa theo s o ve tren hnh H5.22. Tuy theo yeu cau van toc ong c, khoi chc nang 1 co nhiem vu chon mot trong tam vector ien ap c ban e ieu khien bo nghch lu. Thuat toan ieu khien theo nguyen ly t thong la ieu khien lng vector ien ap theo thi gian di chuyen bam sat quy ao ng tron. S dung phng trnh may ien khong ong bo e giai thch nguyen ly tren, gia s bo qua anh hng cua ien tr stator, ta co
r
r r d s Ta co: V k = dt

Vi S la vector t thong stator, VK la vector ien ap bo nghch lu at len mach stator. r Gia s tai thi iem t=0, vector t thong bang S ( 0 ) th tai thi iem t xac nh, ta co:
t r r r S ( t ) = S ( 0 ) + V K ( t ).dt

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ien t cong suat 1

Gia s tai thi iem t=0, vector V1 (S1S2S6) ang tac dung va lng vector V1 (vector t thong) se di chuyen tao nen quy ao- ng 1. e trong goc phan sau c khao sat tren hnh ve H5.22, vector t thong khong vt ra khoi phan quy ao gii han bi hai ng tron r r r ong tam, vector ien ap se thay oi gia cac trang thai V1 (ng 1), V 2 (ng 2) va V0 (iem 0). Tiep tuc nh vay, trong goc phan sau tiep theo, s di chuyen cua vector t thong se r r r do ba vector ien ap V 2 ,V 3 va V0 gay nen. So lan chuyen oi trang thai cua cac vector ien ap se phu thuoc vao o sai biet cho phep c thiet lap cho hai quy ao t thong gii han. Trang thai vector ien ap can tac dung cung nh thi gian tac dung cc ai cua chung se r c tnh toan trc bi khoi 1. Neu ieu khien thi gian tac dung cua vector khong V0 keo dai, toc o di chuyen cua vector t thong se cham lai va gia tr tan so ong bo t thong S se Neu lng vector ien ap di bam sat quy ao ng tron vi sai so u nho, vector t thong stator at c di chuyen theo quy ao ng tron. Thi gian tac ong cac vector ien ap bo nghch lu phai c tnh toan trc e vector t thong khong vt ra ngoai hai quy ao tron gii han. ieu che vector khong gian cai bien (Modified space vector modulation) Mot so tac gia a ra phng phap ieu che vector khong gian cai bien [55],[56] trong o, trnh t chuyen mach gia cac vector c thc hien theo sau: r r r (5.82a) v 0 ( t 0 / 3 )..v1( 2 t1 / 3 )..v 2 ( t 2 / 3 )..
r r r v 2 ( t 2 / 3 )..v 1 ( 2 t1 / 3 )..v 0 ( t 0 / 3 )....

nho i.

(5.82b)

Phng phap ieu che vector khong gian cai bien khong cai thien c ch so ieu che. Tuy nhien, no co the han che song hai dong ien cung nh giam ton hao phat sinh do qua trnh ong ngat. Lng song hai se giam oi vi ch so ieu che cao khi s dung phng phap ieu che vector cai bien. Ngc lai, lng song hai se thap hn oi vi ch so ieu che thap khi ap dung ky thuat ieu che vector theo (5.81). Do o, e at hieu qua ieu che trong pham vi ieu khien tuyen tnh en m=0,907, co the ket hp (5.81a), (5.81b) va (5.82a), (5.82b).

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ien t cong suat 1

5.3.8. PHNG PHAP IEU CHE M RONG (OVERMODULATION) Cac phng phap ieu che vector khong gian va dang cai bien cua no c s dung e ieu khien ien ap ngo ra co ch so ieu che en gii han 0,907. Trong ieu khien cong suat ln, chang han ieu khien truyen ong ong c ien xoay chieu, viec tan dung kha nang cong suat cua bo nghch lu co y ngha kinh te v se s dung hieu qua cac thiet b va linh kien, ac biet trong cac qua trnh qua o. Do o, phat sinh nhu cau ieu khien m rong ien ap en gia tr cc ai ma phng phap 6 bc tao ra tng ng vi ch so ieu che m=1. Phng phap ieu che o rong xung sin va dang cai bien cua no cung co the at en gii han m=1. Tuy nhien, ac tnh ieu khien tr nen rat phi tuyen va tnh chat song hai at c khong co li cho s dung. Do o, ieu che o rong xung m rong khong thc hien thuan li khi s dung cac phng phap ieu khien a neu. Phng phap ieu che vector m rong da vao ac tnh quy ao cua vector khong gian (xem hnh H5.22). Quy ao vector gii han di la ng tron noi tiep ben trong hnh luc giac, tng ng m=0,907. Ben trong ng tron gii han nay, ta co the ieu khien r vector ien ap ngo ra V (va ien ap ba pha tai) cung pha va t le tuyen tnh r vi modul cua vector yeu cau v ref . e tao ra bien o hai c ban co r ch so ieu che m>0,907 tng ng vi vung ieu che m rong, vector v ref se co mot phan quy ao vt ra ngoai hnh luc giac va ky thuat ieu che vector khong gian bo r nghch lu ap khong cho phep thc hien c ieu nay v vector V tao thanh ch co the nam ben trong dien tch gii han cua hnh luc giac. Do o, e at c gia tr m cho trc r thoa ieu kien m>0,907, tng quan gia quy ao vector yeu cau v ref va vector trung bnh
r V thc te co the xay ra nhng trng hp sau: r r - Hai vector v ref , V di chuyen cung pha va t so modul thay oi r r V = m( ).v ref r r - Hai vector v ref , V di chuyen khac pha va t so modul thay oi r r V = m( ).v ref .e j( )

He qua cua s dch chuyen khong cung pha va t so modul thay oi tren dan en r tng quan khong tuyen tnh gia vector yeu cau vi thanh phan hai c ban V(1) cua ap ra cung nh s xuat hien cac thanh phan song hai bac cao trong ien ap pha tai. Cac phng phap ieu che vector m rong eu co gang tao ieu kien ieu khien lien tuc khi m thay oi trong pham vi tren, van e ac tnh ieu khien tuyen tnh va lng song hai bac cao la nhng yeu to quyet nh phng an ieu che vector m rong.

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ien t cong suat 1

Yeu cau ieu che vector m rong nham tao quan he tuyen tnh gia thanh phan hai c ban cua vector ien ap va vector ieu khien, bieu dien di dang quan he toan hoc, ta co:
r r V(1 ) = m.v ref

Mot trong cac phng phap ieu che vector m rong la chia pham vi ieu che lam 2 mode. Mode 1, ap dung cho pham vi thay oi cua m t 0,907 en
3 ln 3 = 0.9514 , cac 2

quy ao tng ng la ng tron noi tiep ben trong hnh luc giac (m=0,907) va ng chu vi cua hnh luc giac (m=0,9514). Mode 2, ap dung cho pham vi thay oi cua m t 0,9514 en 1. Can di co quy ao vector tng ng la ng chu vi cua hnh luc giac (m=0,9514) va va can tren co quy ao gom sau vector nh cua hnh luc giac (m=1). Mot trong cac phng phap ieu che vector m rong c biet do Holtz e xuat [47]. Theo o, trong che o mode 1 r r (0,907<m<0.9514), vector trung bnh V se di chuyen bam lay vector ieu khien v ref neu v tr vector ieu khien van con nam trong phan dien tch gii han cua hexagon (tc nam tren phan cung cua phan ng tron con nam trong hnh luc giac)- tc phan cung
AB , CD (xem hnh H5.23a). Trai lai, khi vector v ref di chuyen tren phan cung ng tron

vt ra ngoai gii han hnh luc giac (xem BC ) th vector trung bnh se c ieu khien di chuyen tren phan oan thang tng ng cua phan cung tren- tc oan BC. Tng t cho cac goc phan sau khac cua hexagon va quy ao cua vector ien ap r r V trong mot chu ky cua vector ieu khien v ref c ve tren hnh H5.23b.

De nhan thay rang, theo cach ieu khien neu tren, vector ieu khien v ref va vector trung bnh luon cung pha va ch b bien ieu ve o ln. che o mode 2 (1>m>0,9514), (xem hnh H5.24a,b,c,d,e) oi vi moi ch so ieu che, ton tai mot gia tr goc co nh, goi la goc chot h (holding angle). Trong qua trnh dch chuyen cua vector ieu khien v ref , neu goc pha cua no nho hn goc chot h , th vector trung bnh b chot gi tai vector nh V1 ( p = 0 ) -hnh H5.24a. Khi vector ieu khien v ref di chuyen vi goc pha ln hn goc chot h va nho hn goc ( 3 h ) th
r r

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ien t cong suat 1

vector trung bnh se di chuyen tren canh noi gia hai vector nh cua hnh luc giac (canh hnh luc giac) hnh H5.24b,c vi goc pha P cua no cho bi he thc sau:
p = h 6 h 6

Neu vector ieu khien v ref tiep tuc di chuyen va goc pha cua no vt qua gia tr ( 3 h ) th vector trung bnh se b chot tai nh th hai V 2 cua hnh luc giac- hnh H5.24e ( P = 3 ). Nh vay, quan he gia goc pha P cua vector trung bnh V va goc pha
cua

vector ieu khien v ref trong goc phan sau th nhat lien he theo he thc:
neu neu neu h < ( 3 h ) 0 < h

0 h = 6 h 6 3

(5.83)

( 3 h ) h

Qua trnh c tiep tuc cho en khi vector ieu khien v ref vt qua phan dien tch cua goc phan sau khac cua hexagon va o, ta at c quy ao cua vector trung bnh bang trnh t ieu khien tng t .

Gia tr goc chot h co the xac nh bang phng phap tnh toan thanh phan song hai c ban ien ap da theo quy ao vector trung bnh. T quan he o, o th thiet lap quan he gia ch so ieu che m va goc chot h c ve tren hnh H5.24f. Ton tai mot so giai phap khac cho viec thc hien ieu che vector m rong [29],[38],[40],[43].

5-32

ien t cong suat 1

Mot so tac gia dung giai thuat ieu khien vector V mot cach lien tuc t quy ao ng tron (m=0,907) en quy ao ti han gom sau vector nh hnh luc giac (m=1) ma khong qua hai mode va neu tren [39]. Nhc iem chung cua cac phng phap la s dung phng phap tra bang e xac nh goc lam viec cua vector trung bnh, tnh chat ieu khien phi tuyen va cha a ra kha nang toi u ve song hai. 5.3.9 PHNG PHAP IEU KHIEN PWM DONG IEN Nguyen ly c ban: Gian o kch ong cac cong tac c xac nh tren c s so sanh dong ien yeu cau cua tai va dong ien thc te o c (xem hnh H5.25).

Trong thc te, ieu khien dong ien co the thc hien theo ky thuat dung mach kch tre (hysteresis current control) hoac dung khau hieu chnh dong ien (ramp comparision current control). Cac cau truc ieu khien oi hoi thong tin ve cac dong ien thc te. ieu nay co the xac nh bang 3 cam bien dong hoac xac nh hai dong ien pha qua hai cam bien dong va dong ien th ba xac nh theo ieu kien dong can bang.

Phng phap dung mach tao tre (hysteresis current control): Tren hnh H5.26a trnh bay cau truc mach ieu khien bo nghch lu ap theo dong ien, s dung mach kch tre, qua trnh dong ien va gian o kch ong linh kien tng ng c ve tren hnh H.26c. Dong ien pha tai se c ieu khien theo dong ien yeu cau vi o sai biet cho phep thiet lap trong mach tre. u iem cua mach ieu chnh dong ien dung mach tre la

5-33

ien t cong suat 1

ap ng qua o nhanh va co the thc hien de dang. Tuy nhien, nhc iem cua no la sai so trong qua o co the at gia tr ln va tan so ong ngat thay oi nhieu (xem gian o xung kch S1- hnh H5.26c). Sai so dong ien cc ai co the at 2 lan gia tr sai so cho bi mach tre. Cac nhc iem va neu lam cho kha nang ng dung cua phng phap b han che oi vi cac tai cong suat ln. Phng phap ieu khien dong ien s dung hieu chnh PI (ramp comparison current control): thc hien ong ngat cac cong tac vi tan so co nh. Tren hnh ve H5.26b, mo ta nguyen ly ieu khien dong trong he toa o ng yen (stationary frame) o sai biet gia tn hieu dong at iyc va tn hieu dong ien o c tac ong len khau hieu chnh dong ien. Tn hieu ap ieu khien ngo ra cua no c so sanh vi tn hieu song mang tan so cao, va t o tac ong len xung kch cho cac cong tac. Do s dung mach ieu che vi song mang co tan so khong oi nen phng phap a loai bo mot so khuyet iem cua phng phap ieu khien dung mach tre. Tuy nhien xac lap, luon ton tai sai biet dong ien va s cham pha cua ap ng so vi tn hieu at v khau hieu chnh PI khong the theo kp mot cach chnh xac cac ai lng xoay chieu bien thien theo hnh sin, ac biet tan so cao (xem hnh H5.26d).

-Nhc iem cac qua trnh vector khong

cua hai dang mach ieu khien dong ien tren la khong co phoi hp gia ieu khien dong ien cua cac pha. Do o, khong co kha nang ieu khien r v 0 va ton hao do ong ngat ln khi ch so ieu che thap. ieu nay dan en

viec phat trien cac phng phap ieu khien vector dong ien c trnh bay phan tiep theo. Bo nghch lu ap ieu khien theo dong ien, con c goi la bo nghch lu dong ien nguon ien ap, c ng dung trong ieu khien truyen ong ien xoay chieu, ieu khien he bu cong suat phan khang hoac lam nguon cung cap cho tai vi he so cong suat cao. 5.3.10 PHNG PHAP IEU KHIEN VECTOR DONG IEN (Space vector Current Control)

5-34

ien t cong suat 1

Trong he toa o quay: Phng phap ieu khien dong ien co the thc hien vi khau hieu chnh PI thiet ke trong trong he toa o quay (rotating synchronnous coordinates d-q) vi van toc quay bang van toc song hai c ban. Vector cua ai lng ba pha hai c ban trong he toa o quay tan so ong bo se tr thanh ng yen va cac thanh phan vector id,iq cua no trong he toa o mi se tr thanh ai lng mot chieu. Cac ai lng trong he ba pha abc qui oi sang he toa o quay ong bo d-q lan lt theo cac he thc:
r i 2 1 i = = i 3 0
i d cos S = i q sin S
S =

1 / 2 3/2

i a 1 / 2 . i b 3 / 2 i c sin S i . cos S i

S .dt

S la van toc ong bo cua ien ap ra bo nghch lu, no quan he en tan so ap ra fs (tan so

ong bo) theo he thc S = 2 .fS . Cac khau hieu chnh PI se thc hien ieu chnh sai so cua cac thanh phan mot chieu (hai c ban) en triet tieu. Cac tn hieu ngo ra cua hieu chnh PI la cac thanh phan ien ap yeu cau trong he toa o d-q . Tren c s cac thanh phan vector ien ap nay, viec tao gian o kch cho bo nghch lu co the thc hien bang ky thuat ieu che o rong sin (SPWM) (trong he toa o abc) hoac bang ky thuat ieu che vector khong gian (SVM-trong he toa o ). Phep qui oi cac ai lng t he toa o dq sang cac he toa o con lai c mo ta bi cac he thc sau:
u * cos S *= u sin S sin S u * d . va cos S u * q 0 u ra 1 * u 3 / 2 . * u rb = 1 / 2 u u rc 1 / 2 3 / 2

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ien t cong suat 1

Trong he toa o ng yen: Ve nguyen ly, ieu khien vector dong ien co the thc hien trong he toa o bat ky. Trong he toa o ong bo ng yen (synchronous stationary coordinate), cac gia tr dong ien at va dong ien o trong he toa o abc se c qui oi sang dang cac thanh phan vector he toa o . Hai khoi hieu chnh PI c thiet lap e ieu chnh sai so cua cac thanh phan vector dong ien va tao nen cac thanh phan vector ien ap u * ; u * . Tuy nhien, che o xac lap, ngo ra cua cac khoi hieu chnh phai ieu khien thay oi vector ien ap ngay ca trong ieu kien sai so cac thanh phan dong ien ngo vao bang khong. e lam c ieu nay, he thong c trang b them khoi tnh toan (1) e thc hien bu ai lng vector ien ap t cac tn hieu trang thai cua tai nh dong ien, tan so ong bo.
5.3.11 IEU KHIEN DONG IEN BANG D BAO (Predictive Current Control) Nguyen ly: r r Goi i syc la vector dong ien yeu cau va i s la vector dong ien thc te co c t phep o dong ien. Gia s vector dong ien i syc c ieu khien vi vector sai lech cho phep bieu dien bang ng bao hnh tron chung quanh nh vector dong yeu cau. Khi vector dong at en ng bao gii han, lap tc mach ieu khien thc hien truy xuat gian o kch r tao mot vector ien ap tac ong tiep theo e a vector dong ien i s tr ve trong dien tch gii han cho phep. Vector ien ap c chon se la mot trong tam vector c ban cua hnh luc giac. Ta co:
r Gia s vector ien ap E 0 nam v tr xac nh tren hnh ve, t hnh ve H5.28 cac r r r vector c ban cua hnh luc giac, ta dan giai cac vector (VK E 0 ). Vector VK c chon sao r r r di + E0 V = L. dt

(5.84)

cho no tac ong hng vector dong ien ve vector dong yeu cau. Trong trng hp tren hnh

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ien t cong suat 1

H5.28, vector V 3 co the c chon. Vi tai la ong c khong ong bo, khoi (1) co chc nang tnh toan xac nh sc ien ong E 0 t cac gia tr o c cua van toc va dong stator. ong thi, khoi (1) cung thc hien viec xac nh vector ien ap VK ma bo nghch lu phai cap cho tai theo ieu kien gii han ng bao sai so dong ien.
r r

Phng phap ieu khien dong ien da theo ket qua tnh toan mang tnh tc thi (online). Van e phc tap phat sinh khau thi gian tnh toan e xac nh (d bao) quy ao toi u cua vector dong ien t 8 kha nang cua vector ien ap va thi gian tnh toan sc ien ong cua nguon (hoac tai) Phng phap d bao co the thc hien hieu qua hn nh phng phap s dung bang.

ieu khien dong ien theo phng phap d bao va tra bang (Look-up Table Method) Trong cau truc ieu khien vector khong gian vong kn, v du vector dong ien stator hoac vector t thong stator, ai lng sai so cung la vector. Khi gii han modul cua cac vector sai so nay hoac o ln cua mot trong cac thanh phan vector b vt qua, trang thai ong ngat tai thi iem hien co ts se ket thuc va he thong se thc hien truy xuat vector tiep theo t cac gia tr cho trong bang. C s tra bang da vao thong tin nh vector sai so cua dong ien, sc ien ong cam ng, trang thai ong ngat vector hien thi . Ky thuat ieu khien dong ien se phan chia he toa o cua mat phang dong ien thanh 6 vung hoat ong. Cac truc phan chia cua mat phang vector ien ap va dong ien lech pha nhau mot goc 300 (xem hnh H5.29a, H5.29b). Khi vector dong ien sai biet vt r qua gii han cho trc, da vao sc ien ong E 0 hien co va trang thai vector dong ien sai lech i , mach ieu khien se chon vector V t mot trong tam vector c ban bo nghch lu e thc hien, sao cho no tac dung lam giam vector dong ien sai biet en gia tr nam trong gii han cho phep (xem ng bao tren hnh H5.28c). r Ap dung nh luat Kirchoff cho vector ien ap tai ngo ra cua bo nghch lu ap V , ta co:
r r r di + E0 V = L. dt
v

(5.85)

r v Vector E la sc ien ong tai nguon (tai) ba pha. Vector dong ien sai lech i :
r r r i = i ref i

(5.86)

Bieu thc tren c viet lai di dang:

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ien t cong suat 1

r r r d r V = L. ( i ref i ) + E 0 dt

(5.87)

r r r r di ref d i hay: L. = L. + E0 V dt dt r r r di at E = L. ref + E 0 dt

(5.88) (5.89)

r r r di L. = E V dt

ta viet lai bieu thc di dang n gian sau : (5.90)

Bieu thc cuoi cung cho biet o bien thien cua vector dong ien sai lech di dt bang hieu cua vector sc ien ong E va vector ien ap ngo ra cua bo nghch lu. e di dt at c gia tr gan bang khong, vector V phai c chon gan bang E . Neu vector V c chon co thanh phan ngc chieu ln nhat vi vector dong ien sai lech th ap ng cua mach vong ieu chnh dong ien se xay ra nhanh nhat. Phu thuoc vao o ln cua vector dong ien sai lech, viec chon la vector ien ap co the thc hien nh sau (hnh H5.30a): A/- Neu i , vector dong ien sai lech nam trong pham vi cho phep, vector ien ap duy tr nh trang thai hien co. B/- Neu i h , vector dong ien sai lech co gia tr ngoai pham vi cho phep nhng ln r r khong ang ke, vector ien ap V c chon sao cho di dt at gia tr nho nhat e han che cac thanh phan song hai bac cao dong ien xuat hien trong che o xac lap.
r r r r r

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ien t cong suat 1

C/- Neu h i , vector dong ien sai lech at gia tr kha ln, chu yeu trong qua trnh qua r o, vector V can chon sao cho no co thanh phan tac ong ngc chieu vi vector dong ien r sai lech i ln nhat e tao ieu kien ap ng giam vector dong ien sai lech thc hien nhanh nhat. Cac v du sau ay minh hoa viec chon vector ien ap cho cac trng hp b/- va c/-. r Xet trng hp b/-: Gia s vector ien ap E nam v tr xac nh trong phan dien tch I r tren hnh H5.30b va vector dong ien sai lech i nam tren v tr phan dien tch 6 cua hnh r r r H5.30c. Cac vector ien ap c ban nam gan vi vector E chnh la V1 , V 2 va vector khong
r r r r r r r r V0 . Cac vector hieu ( E V1 ) , ( E V 2 ) , E = ( E V0 ) cung c dan giai, chung chiem v r tr trong phan dien tch I,III va V. e y en v tr vector i va e thc hien giam vector r r dong ien sai lech i , vector L di dt phai nam trong phan dien tch III. Do o, vector r ien ap co the chon trong trng hp nay chnh la vector V1 . Khi o, vector dong ien sai

lech se b tac ong thay oi theo hng ngc lai, lam giam o ln nhanh hn so vi trng r hp s dung vector V 2 . Bang ly luan tng t cho cac trng hp khac, ta co the dan giai bang B5.3 cho phep chon vector ien ap tac ong theo v tr cua cac vector dong ien sai r biet va vector sc ien ong E . Bang B5.3 Vung cha
r E r

I II III IV V VI

r V1 r V2 r r V0 ,V7 r r V0 ,V7 r V6 r V1

r V2 r V2 r V3 r r V0 ,V7 r r V0 ,V7 r V1 r

r V2 r V3 r V3 r V4 r r V0 ,V7 r r V0 ,V7

Vung cha i 4

r r V0 ,V7 r V3 r V4 r V4 r V5 r r V0 ,V7

r r V0 ,V7 r r V0 ,V7 r V4 r V5 r V5 r V6

r V1 r r V0 ,V7 r r V0 ,V7 r V5 r V6 r V6

Xet trng hp c/-: neu vector i >h trong qua trnh qua o, vector ien ap can chon sao r r cho vector L di dt co thanh phan hng ngc chieu vi i la ln nhat. De dang suy ra rang, trong trng hp nay vector ien ap Vinv se nam trong cung phan dien tch cua vector
r i . Bang B5.4 xac nh vector ien ap can chon theo vector dong ien sai biet:

Bang B5.4 r Vector Vung cha vector i ien ap se 1 2 chon

v VK
r V1 r V2

3
r V3

4
r V4

5
r V5

6
r V6

Xac nh v tr vector dong ien sai lech:

5-39

ien t cong suat 1

Trong trng hp s dung phep o dong ien tc thi ba pha, v tr vector dong ien sai lech trong mat phang co the xac nh t dau dong ien sai lech cua tng pha theo cac he thc va bang B5.5 theo sau.
i a = i aref i a , i c = i cref i c i b = i bref i b ,

(5.91)

Bang B5.5 Dau cua i a + + +

Dau cua i b + + + -

Dau cua i c + + +
r

Vung r vector i 1 2 3 4 5 6

cha

Xac nh v tr vector sc ien ong E : v tr vector sc ien ong E co the xac nh t vector dong ien yeu cau va sc ien ong o (hoac tnh toan) tren tai (hoac nguon) E 0 theo he thc (5.89). r r Trong trng hp khong s dung phep o (hoac tnh toan) E 0 , v tr vector E co the xac nh t trang thai cac thanh phan dong ien sai lech trong he toa o xyz (xem hnh H5.30c) va trang thai vector ien ap tac dung tai thi iem ang xet theo bang B5.6 . Cac thanh phan vector dong ien sai lech trong he toa o xyz (co the suy ra t cac thanh phan dong ien sai lech trong he toa o abc nh sau: 0 0 i a i x 1 i = 1 1 1 0 .i (5.92) y b 3 i z 0 1 1 i c Bang B5.6
Vector ien ap ang tac dung
r r V0 ,V7

Dau cua i x

Dau cua i y

Dau cua i z

Vung cha r vector E I II III IV V VI VI I I II II

r V1 r V2
r V3

+ + +

+ + + -

+ + + + -

+ +

5-40

ien t cong suat 1

r V4
r V5 r V6

+ + +

III III IV IV V V VI

ieu khien dong ien theo phng phap d bao triet tieu sai so Gia s ta thc hien ieu khien dong ien trong may ien AC. Gia thiet rang ien tr stator c bo qua, quy ao vector dong ien co the xac nh gan ung nh sau:
r di s (t ) r 1 r = ' [v s (t ) e s (t )] dt Ls

(5.93)

Vi chu ky lay mau u be, co the bieu dien he thc tren nh sau:
r r i s (k + 1) i s (k ) r 1 r = ' [v s (k ) e s (k )] Ts Ls

(5.94)
r

e y rang, au chu ky lay mau (t=tk), ta a xac nh gia tr dong yeu cau i s* (k + 1) va muc ch ieu khien la at c sai so dong ien bang zero trong khoang thi gian (tk,tk+1) nen cuoi chu ky lay mau, ta co: r r i s* (k + 1) = i s (k + 1) (5.95) T cac he thc tren, ta suy ra, vector d bao v s* (k ) cho viec at sai so dong bang khong
r r r L' r * v * ( k ) = s [ i s ( k + 1) i s ( k )] + e s ( k ) (5.96) s Ts r Vector v s* (k ) co the thc hien tren ky thuat ieu che vector khong gian (SVM). V du, r trong trng hp vector v s* (k ) nam goc phan sau th nhat cua hexagon: r T r T r T r (5.97) v * ( k ) = 1 .v1 + 2 .v 2 + 0 .v7 s Ts Ts Ts r vector v 7 la mot trong hai vector khong.

can thc hien la:

Phng phap ieu khien d bao vi yeu cau triet tieu sai so dong ien cuoi chu ky lay mau c goi la phng phap ieu khien trieu tieu (dead beat control). Ro rang t nguyen ly ieu khien, ap ng co thi gian tre nhat nh. 5.3.12 IEU KHIEN MOMENT Hien nay, mot trong cac phng phap hien ai ieu khien bo nghch lu ap goi la phng phap ieu khien moment, ap dung cho tai la may ien khong ong bo [21],[25]. Nguyen ly cua phng phap ieu khien da vao s o ve tren hnh H5.31 Moment ong c t le vi t thong stator va thanh phan dong ien stator id vuong goc vi vector t thong. T thong stator co the c ieu khien sao cho quy ao vector cua no di chuyen gia hai quy ao tron bien. Trang thai kch dan cua cac linh kien se thay oi khi vector t thong vt qua ng tron quy ao gii han.

5-41

ien t cong suat 1

Gia s tai thi iem t=0, vector V1 (S1S2S6) ang tac dung va vector t thong di chuyen tao nen quy ao- ng 1. e trong goc phan sau c khao sat tren hnh ve H5.31, vector t thong khong vt ra khoi phan quy ao gii han bi hai ng tron ong tam, vector r r r ien ap thay oi gia cac trang thai V1 (ng 1), V 2 (ng 2) va V0 (iem 0). Tiep tuc nh vay, trong goc phan sau tiep theo, s di chuyen cua vector t thong se do ba vector ien ap r r r V 2 ,V 3 va V0 gay nen. So lan chuyen oi trang thai cac vector ien ap se phu thuoc vao o sai biet cho phep cua hai quy ao t thong gii han. Moment ong c c ieu chnh trong khoi (1). Neu sai biet moment vt qua gia tr cho trc, M/2, khoi (1) thc hien ieu khien vector khong, bang cach o, dong ien qua cac pha b giam xuong va keo theo s giam cua moment. Sau khi sai biet moment tr lai gia tr cho phep, khoi (1) ieu khien theo vector ien ap ban au.

Tng t nh phng phap ieu khien vector dong ien, phng phap ieu khien moment ong c la mot dang cai bien cua phng phap ieu khien d bao va co the thc hien bang ky thuat tra bang (Look-up table). Khoi (1) co chc nang x ly cac thong tin nhan c (cac trang thai sai so t thong, sai so moment va vector t thong) e truy xuat vector ien ap toi u trong so tam vector ien ap c ban cua bo nghch lu.

5-42

ien t cong suat 1

5.3.13 IEU KHIEN O RONG XUNG THEO NH HNG TRNG (Pulse width Control with Field Orientation) [47] e co the giam tan so ong ngat, ac biet trong truyen ong cong suat ln, ngi ta co the s dung ng bao sai so dang hnh ch nhat thay cho ng tron, chang han dung ng bao vuong gan vi vector t thong rotor cua may ien (xem hnh H5.32). Cach chon la nay d nhien se lam xuat hien them mot lng song hai bac cao theo hng truc t thong rotor. Tuy nhien, ieu nay lai khong anh hng trc tiep en viec tao thanh moment ong c (hang so thi gian kha ln cua rotor a loai bo tac dung gian tiep cua t thong rotor len moment ong c). Viec chon la vector ong ngat se thc hien theo phng phap d bao sao cho tan so ong ngat la nho nhat va viec ong ngat theo truc d cua dong ien co the c han che do kha nang m rong ng bao cua no. Cac song hai moment giam xuong nhng cac song hai dong ien se tang len (theo truc d). V du 5.4: Cho bo nghch lu ap dang cau mot pha vi dang song ien ap cho tren hnh ve H5.1. Gia thiet dong ien qua tai co dang It=540.sin( t- / 4 ). Nguon dc co o ln 300V. a. Ve dang song dong tai va dong qua nguon va xac nh khoang dan cua tng linh kien. b. Xac nh tr trung bnh dong qua nguon va cong suat do nguon cung cap. c. Xac nh cong suat tieu thu cua tai. Giai: a. ve hnh H5.33

b.

I sAV =

540. sin(t ).d (t ) = 243,1A 4 1

0

Ps=300.243,1=72.930W=72,93kW

5-43

ien t cong suat 1

c. Tr hieu dung thanh phan hai c ban ap ra:

U t (1) = 4U

400.300

= 270,14V 540 2 . cos

Pt=Ut(1).It(1).cos 1 =270,14.

=72,930W=72,93kW

V du 5.5: Bo nghch lu ap mot pha mac vao nguon mot chieu U ,tai R = 10, L =0,01H. Bo nghch lu ap c ieu khien theo phng phap ieu bien. a/- Tnh o ln nguon U e tr hieu dung ap tai Ut = 100V. Tnh goc ieu khien cua bo chnh lu cau mot pha, gia thiet dong tai cua bo chnh lu lien tuc. Nguon xoay chieu co tr hieu dung ap pha Uf = 220V. b/- Vi ap nguon xac nh cau a. Tnh tr hieu dung ap hai c ban . c/- Tnh tr hieu dung dong tai . Giai: a/- Tr hieu dung ap tai: Ut = U = 100V Vay ap nguon Uf= 100V xac lap va dong lien tuc: Ut = T o: cos =
.U 2 2 .U f =

2 2 .Uf . cos
= 0 ,5048

.100 2 2 .220

Vay = 1,0415[rad] b/- Dung phan tch chuoi Fourier ap dung cho ap tai ut. Ta c bien o cua song hai bac k cua ap ra:
AK = 1

ut . sin (K .x ).dx = 2.
4.U

K.

(1 cos K .)

Ro rang cac song hai bac chan khong ton tai. Tr hieu dung song hai c ban cua ap tai
U t (1 ) = A1 2 = . 2 = 90 ,03 [V ]

c/- Tr hieu dung dong ien tai co the tnh theo he thc:
It = 1 2

i .dx
0 t

e khong phai giai phng trnh xac nh dong it, ta co the ap dung cong thc sau :
2 It = it2( j ) j =1
1

Vi I t (K )` =

U t (K ) Z (K )

2.U = K .. 2

(1 cos K .)
2

R 2 + (K ..L )

Ta thay bac k cua song hai bac cao, tr hieu dung cua dong ien tng ng cang thap. Do o, ta co the tnh it gan ung thong qua vai hai bac thap. V du chon k = 1,3,5,...

5-44

ien t cong suat 1

Ut(k) [V] It(k) [A]

Ut(1) [A] 87,828 It(1) [A] 8,37

Ut(3) 29,27 It(3) 2,13

Ut(5) 17,56 It(5) 0,94

Ut(7) 12,54 It(7) 0,51

Ut(9) 9,75 It(9) 0,325

Ut(11) 7,98 It(11) 0,22

-T o: It It2(1) + It2(3 ) + It2(5 )

1 2

= 8,72 [A]

V du 5.6: Bo bien tan ap mot pha co cau truc gom bo chnh lu cau mot pha khong ieu khien, mach chon LC va bo nghch lu ap mot pha ieu khien theo phng phap ieu rong. Ap nguon xoay chieu Uf = 220V 1. Tnh o rong e at c tr hieu dung ien ap tai Ut = 100V; 2. Dan giai cong thc tnh tr hieu dung song hai bac k cua ap ra va t o thiet lap t so mk1 = rong . Giai: Tr hieu dung song hai bac k : U t ( K ) =
1 AK = 1 ut . sin( K .X )dX = 0 K . 4U = . sin 2 K .
Ak vi Ak va A1 lan lt la bien o song hai bac k va bac 1; A

3. So sanh anh hng song hai trong phng phap ieu bien va phng phap ieu
AK 2

, vi :
+

+ 2 2 U . sin( K .X )dX 2 2

3 + 2 2 3 2 2

( U ). sin( K .X )dX

Tr hieu dung ap ra: U t = U .

Gia thiet ap tren tu c chon loc phang , ta co:

U = 2 2 2 2 .U f = .220 = 198 [ v ]

o rong xung :
= U t2 U2 . =

100 2 198 2

. = 0 ,8013 [ rad ]

2. T so: m k1

4U k . k . . sin . sin 2 = 2 = k . 4U k . sin . sin 2 k . 2

3. T so mk1 phu thuoc vao o rong va bac k. Theo phng phap tnh ieu bien:

5-45

ien t cong suat 1

m k1db

4U 1 = k . = 4U k

th:

Ket qua so sanh song hai theo hai phng phap ieu khien c bieu dien qua cac o
sin k . 2

f SS

m = k1 = mk1db

sin

vi 0 < < ; k = 3, 5, 7, 9, 11

V du 5.7: Cho bo chnh lu ap mot pha dang mach cau. Tai thuan tr R = 2,4 ; ien ap nguon mot chieu U= 48V. a. Tnh tr hieu dung hai c ban cua ap ra ; b. Tnh cong suat trung bnh cua tai ; c. Tnh tr trung bnh va tr tc thi ln nhat cua dong ien qua transistor; d. Xac nh ien ap khoa ln nhat at len transistor ; e. Tnh he so bien dang cua ap ra . Giai: a. U t (1) =
4U . 2
1 2

4.48

. 2

= 43 ,2 [V ]

b. Cong suat trung bnh cua tai :

U2 Pt = t = R

2 u t2 .dx =

U2 R

48 2 = 960 [w] 2 ,4

c. Tr trung bnh dong qua transistor:

I TAV = 1 2 U

R =

.dx =

2R

= 10 [ A ]

Tr tc thi ln nhat cua dong qua transistor:

iT max = R 48 = 20 [ A ] 2 ,4

d. ien ap khoa ln nhat at len transistor v du tren S1, xay ra khi S4 dan (UT4=0): uT1= U - uT4 = U = 48[V] e. He so bien dang cua ap ra:
2 2 U t( K ) U t2 U t21) ( k =2 = = U t (1) U t (1)
1

THDU

1 2

vi Ut = 48 [V], Ut(1)= 43,2 [V] Ta c: THDU V du 5.8:

(48 =

43 ,2 2 43 ,2

1 2

= 0 ,484

5-46

ien t cong suat 1

Bo nghch lu ap ba pha vi tai thuan tr ba pha oi xng au thanh dang sao. o ln ien tr moi pha R = 10. Tan so lam viec cua bo nghch lu ap f= 50Hz. Tr hieu dung ap nguon mot chieu U = 220V. a. Xac nh tr hieu dung ien ap ra ; b. Viet phng trnh song hai bac 1 cua ien ap tai va dong tai ; c. Tnh cong suat tai ; d. Tnh he so bien dang cua ap ra . e. Tnh tr trung bnh dong ien qua transistor . Giai:
Ut = 2 2 .U = .220 = 103 ,7 [V ] 3 3

b. Bien o song hai bac mot cua ap:

U t (1 ) m = 4.U 3 . . cos 4 U 3 = . . = 0 ,6366.U = 0 ,6366.220 = 140 [V ] 6 3 2

Phng trnh song hai bac mot cua ap tai - pha A uAt(1) = 140.sin(314t) Phng trnh song hai bac mot cua dong tai- pha A
i At (1 ) =

c. V tai thuan tr nen cong suat tai cho bi he thc :

Pt = 3. U t2 103 ,7 2 = 3. = 3226 , [W ] 1 R 10
2 103 ,7 2 140 2 = 140 2

140 sin 314t = 14. sin 314t R

d. He so bien dang cua ap ra:

THDU

(U =

2 t

U t21) ( U t (1 )

1 2

= 0 ,312

e. Tr trung bnh dong ien ngo vao bo nghch lu :

IC = Pt 3226 , 1 = = 14 ,664 [ A ] 220 U

Cac diode oi song vi transistor khong dan ien. Moi transistor dan ien trong 1/3 chu ky vi tr trung bnh dong ien qua no bang :
ITAV = I C 14,664 = = 4,888[ A] 3 3

V du 5.9 Bo bien tan gom bo chnh lu cau ba pha ieu khien hoan toan, mach loc LC va bo nghch lu ap ba pha. Ap nguon xoay chieu cua bo chnh lu co tr hieu dung ap pha Uf = 220V . Bo nghch lu ap ba pha c ieu khien theo phng phap ieu bien (phng phap 6 bc). Gia s dong ien qua tai bo chnh lu lien tuc va ap tren tu C c loc phang. Tnh goc ieu khien cua bo chnh lu sao cho: a. Tr hieu dung ien ap pha tai bang 50V, 100V, 200V; b. Tr hieu dung song hai c ban cua ien ap pha tai bang 50V, 100V, 200V.

5-47

ien t cong suat 1

Giai: a. Ta co:
2 3. 6 .U ; U = .U f . cos 3 .U t T o: cos = 2 3 .U f Ut =

Ut = 50V cos = 0,2061 = 1,3631 rad Ut = 100V cos = 0,4122 = 1,1458 rad Ut = 200V cos = 0,8244 = 0,6015 rad b.
U t (1 ) = 1 2 . 4.U 3 . U t (1 ) . cos 4 1 3 3 6 = . .U . cos = 231,65. cos . . 6 2 2 3 .

cos =

231,65

Ut1 = 50V cos = 0,21584 = 1,3532 rad Ut(1) = 100V cos = 0,43168 = 1,1244 rad Ut(1) = 200V cos = 0,8633 = 0,5288 rad V du 5.10 Bo nghch lu ap mot pha c ieu khien theo phng phap ieu rong xung. Song mang dang tam giac up co tan so fp = 500Hz, va bien o thay oi gia (12V,+12V), ien ap ieu khien xoay chieu dang sin, tan so fdk = 50 Hz. Nguon ap mot chieu U = 100V. a. Tnh bien o song hai c ban cua ap ra khi udk co bien o UdkM bang 1V,5V,10V,12V. b. Tnh bien o song hai bac 3,5,7 cua ap ra cho cac trng hp cua cau a. Giai: a. Bien o thanh phan ien ap hai c ban cua ap tai co the tnh theo he thc :
u t (1 ) m = 1

u . sin xdx
0 t

vi ut = U khi udk up ut = -U khi udk < up Ham udk : udk = UdkM.sin(2.f.t) b. Bien o cac song hai bac cao cua ien ap ra: ut(K)m =
1

u . sin (K .x )dx
0 t

Ket qua tnh toan tren may vi tnh cho ta: UdkM[V] 1 5 10 12 Ut(1)M[V] 8,347 41,66 83,34 100,46 Ut(3)M[V] 0,012 0,013 0,002 0,44 Ut(5)M[V] 0,01 0,006 0,0025 0,349

5-48

ien t cong suat 1

Bien o song hai c ban co the tnh n gian theo he thc: Ut(1)m=udkM.Ud/upM Ket qua: udkM[V] Ut(1)m[V] 1 8,33 5 41,66 10 83,33 12 100 V du 5.11 Giai lai bai toan vi song ieu khien dang ch nhat:

Giai: Cach tnh toan thc hien tng t nh oi vi trng hp ap ieu khien dang sin. Can lu y en ham ieu khien co dang: udk= UdkM na chu ky dng = -UdkM na chu ky am Ket qua tnh tren may tnh cho ta di dang bang sau:

UdkM[V] 1 5 10 12

Ut(1)m[V] 10,53 52,77 106,1 127,3

Ut(3)m[V] 3,3 17,09 35,11 42,43

Ut(5)m [V] 17,16 9,54 20,78 25,43

5-49

ien t cong suat 1

5.4 CAC PHNG PHAP IEU KHIEN BO NGHCH LU AP A BAC Cac phng phap ieu khien ap dung cho bo nghch lu ap hai bac nh phng phap ieu che o rong xung va cac dang cai bien cua no, phng phap ieu khien vector, phng phap kh song hai toi u, cac phng phap ieu khien dong ien (hay vector dong ien). co the c ieu chnh e co the ap dung cho bo nghch lu ap a bac. Bo nghch lu ap a bac co pham vi hoat ong chu yeu oi vi tai cong suat ln. Do o, van e giam bt tan so ong ngat va giam shock ien ap dv/dt tren linh kien cong suat co y ngha quan trong. Cac thuat toan ieu khien co gang thc hien duy tr trang thai can bang cac nguon ien ap dc va kh bo hien tng common-mode voltage, nguyen nhan gay ra mot so hien tng lam sm lao hoa ong c. Phng phap ieu bien tuy khong phat huy c ng dung trong ieu khien bo nghch lu ap hai bac nhng lai to ra hieu qua trong ng dung bo nghch lu ap a bac cho tai cong suat ln, nhat la trong cac he thong ieu khien nang lng ien ac. 5.4.1 PHNG PHAP IEU RONG Ap dung cho cac bo nghch lu a bac co cap diode kep en nguon va bo nghch lu ap a bac cascade.

Xet bo nghch lu ap ba bac tren hnh H5.41, viec ieu khien ien ap tai co the thc hien theo gian o tren hnh H5.35 oi vi pha a bang cach thay oi o rong goc . ien ap pha- tam nguon:
U / 2 neu S a1 = S a 2 = 1 U / 2 neu Sb1 = S b 2 = 1 u a0 = 0 neu S a 2 = S a3 = 1 ; u b0 = 0 neu S b 2 = S b 3 = 1 U / 2 neu S U / 2 neu S a3 = Sa 4 = 1 b 3 = Sb 4 = 1

5-50

ien t cong suat 1

u c0

U / 2 neu S c1 = S c 2 neu S c 2 = S c 3 = 0 U / 2 neu S = S c3 c4

T ien ap pha tam nguon, s dung he thc (5.5), ta co the dan giai qua trnh ien ap cac pha tai. ien ap tai co dang 12 bc. Khi goc ieu khien giam en gia tr zero, ta thu c dang ap 6 bc nh trong bo nghch lu ap hai bac. Phng phap ieu khien 12 bc co he so meo dang ln khi ch so ieu che thap, khi o cac phng phap ieu che o rong xung co dang chat lng hn. 5.4.2 PHNG PHAP IEU BIEN Tng t nh phng phap ieu bien bo nghch lu ap hai bac, ien ap nguon dc c ieu khien thay oi o ln. ien ap ngo ra c ieu khien theo dang bac thang nhieu bc (H5.35b). Goc chuyen mach cua cac linh kien c tnh toan e song hai c han che toi a. Cac gia tr goc chuyen mach co the thiet lap san va xung kch ong thc hien theo dang tra bang (look-up table). Phng phap ieu khien nay n gian, tan so ong ngat rat thap. Phng phap nay c s dung chu yeu trong he thong bu nhuyen cong suat phan khang cho li (static var compensator). S mat can bang cac ien ap nguon dc khong con la van e tr ngai trong ng dung va neu.

5.4.3 PHNG PHAP IEU CHE O RONG XUNG Phng phap con co ten Subharmonic PWM (SH-PWM), Multilevel carrier based PWM. e thc hien tao gian o kch ong cac linh kien trong cung mot pha tai, ta s dung mot so song mang (dang tam giac) va mot tn hieu ieu khien (dang sin). oi vi bo nghch lu ap m bac, so song mang c s dung la (m-1). Chung co cung tan so fc va cung bien o nh-nh Ac. Song ieu khien (hay song ieu che) co bien o nh- nh bang Am va tan so fm va dang song cua no thay oi chung quanh truc tam cua he thong (m-1) song mang. Neu song ieu khien ln hn song mang nao o th linh kien tng ng song mang o se c kch ong, trong trng hp song ieu khien nho hn song mang tng ng cua no, linh kien tren se b khoa kch.

5-51

ien t cong suat 1

Bo nghch lu a bac dang mach b diode kem

Chang han, xet pha a cua bo nghch lu ap ba bac tren hnh H5.41. Xung kch cho cac linh kien Sa1,Sa2,Sa3,Sa4 c thiet lap tren c s so sanh song ieu khien ura cua pha a vi song mang up1 (oi vi xung kch cho cap Sa1 va Sa3) va up2 (oi vi xung kch cho cap Sa2 va Sa4). Cu the la:
u ra > u p1 ( S a1 = 1; S a 3 = 0 ) u ra < u p1 ( S a1 = 0 ; S a 3 = 1) u ra > u p 2 ( S a 2 = 1; S a 4 = 0 ) u ra < u p 4 ( S a 2 = 0 ; S a 4 = 1)

(5.101)

T gian o thiet lap tren, ien ap pha- tam nguon c xac nh, v du cho pha a:
U 2 ; ( S a1 = S a 2 = 1) ; ( S a 2 = S a 3 = 1) u a0 = 0 U 2 ; ( S = S = 1) a3 a4

(5.102)

sau:

T o, s dung cac he thc (5.5), (5.6) e xac nh cac ien ap tai. Ch so bien o ma va t so tan so mf trong bo nghch lu a bac c nh ngha nh
ma = mf = Am ( m 1).AC

(5.103) (5.104)

fc fm

Ba dang phoi hp gia cac song mang thng c s dung gom (xem hnh H5.36a):

5-52

ien t cong suat 1

a. Hai song mang ke can lien tiep nhau se b dch 180 o APOD (Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition) b. Bo tr oi xng qua truc zero (POD- Phase opposition Disposition). Cac song mang nam tren truc 0 se cung pha nhau, ngc lai, cac song mang nam di truc 0 se b dch i 180 o. c. Bo tr cung pha (DPIn phase disposition): tat ca cac song mang eu cung pha.

Trong cac phng phap bo tr song mang, phng phap bo tr cac song mang a bac cung pha cho o meo dang ap day nho nhat. oi vi bo nghch lu ap ba bac, phng phap POD va APOD cho cung ket qua dang song mang. Bo nghch lu a bac dang cascade: phng phap ieu che o rong xung s dung song mang dch pha (Phase Shifted Carrier PWM-PSCPWM) la phng phap ieu che c ban c s dung. Theo o, moi bo nghch lu ap cau mot pha trong mach cascade co nguyen ly ieu che PWM giong nhau cua mot bo nghch lu cau mot pha. Cac song mang cua cac bo nghch lu co cung bien o va tan so va o dch pha gia cac song mang nay bang /m, m la so bo nghch lu cau mot pha.

5-53

ien t cong suat 1

Tren hnh ve H5.37 la bo nghch lu dang cascade 5 bac. moi nhanh pha, co 4 song mang lech pha nhau mot goc /2 c s dung. Gian o kch cac linh kien c thiet lap tren c s so sanh song mang va tn hieu ap ieu khien (dang sin) va qui tac kch oi nghch. ien ap tao thanh ngo ra cua moi bo nghch lu ap mot pha (ua,ua) co dang ba bac. Chung ket hp tao thanh ien ap pha- tam nguon (uao) dang 5 bac. 5.4.4 PHNG PHAP IEU CHE O RONG XUNG CAI BIEN (Modified PWM hoac Switching Frequency Optimal PWM method- SFO-PWM)) Co ky thuat thc hien phng phap ieu che o rong xung va trnh bay. iem khac biet la song ieu che c cai bien. Theo o, moi song ieu che c cong them tn hieu th t khong (song hai boi ba). Ton tai nhieu kha nang tao nen thanh phan th t khong, Mot trong cac tn hieu th t khong co the chon bang tr trung bnh cua gia tr tn hieu ln nhat trong 3 tn hieu ieu che vi tn hieu nho nhat trong 3 tn hieu ieu che- phng phap SFO-PWM. Goi Va*,Vb*,Vc* la cac tn hieu ieu khien cua phng phap ieu che PWM. Tn hieu ieu khien theo phng phap SFO-PWM va c mo ta co the bieu dien di dang toan hoc nh sau:
Voffset =
* * * * * * max V a ,V b ,Vc + min V a ,V b ,Vc 2

(5.105)

* * V aSFO = V a Voffset * * V bSFO = V b Voffset * VcSFO * = Vc

(5.106)

Voffset

S o thc hien tao tn hieu ieu che cai bien t tn hieu ieu che dang sin c ve tren hnh H5.39. Tn hieu ien ap ieu che va ien ap ngo ra bo nghch lu c ve tren hnh H5.40.

5-54

ien t cong suat 1

Phng phap ieu che o rong xung cai bien ch c s dung cho tai ba pha 3 day. He qua cua phng phap la ien ap pha tai c tang len khoang 15% so vi phng phap ieu che o rong xung sin phan tren, trc khi at en pham vi ieu che m rong (overmodulation). 5.4.5 PHNG PHAP IEU CHE VECTOR KHONG GIAN Vector khong gian cua bo nghich lu ap a bac: Qua trnh ong ngat cac linh kien tao ra ien ap ba pha tai vi vector khong gian cua no thay oi nhay cap tren hnh luc giac a bac. V du, oi vi bo nghch lu ap ba bac, kha nang ieu khien kch dan linh kien tao nen 27 trang thai khac nhau, moi trang thai c minh hoa bi to hp (kakbkc),vi ka=0,1,2 ;kb=0,1,2; kc=0,1,2 .la he so trang thai tng ng cua cac pha a,b,c. V du: xet he so ka cua pha a ta co:
ka 0 = 1 2 khi khi khi S a 2 = S a3 = 1 S a1 = S a 2 = 1 S a3 = S a4 = 1

(5.107)

Trong qua trnh kch dan, qui luat sau c tuan thu:
Sx2 + Sx4 = 1 S x1 + S x 3 = 1

; vi x=a,b,c

(5.108)

T o, chang han, trang thai (200) co ngha la: Sa1=Sa2=1; Sb3=Sb4=1;Sc3=Sc4=1. Theo nh ngha vector khong gian, tng ng 27 trang thai kch dan linh kien ta thu c 19 v tr vector khong gian cua vector ien ap tao thanh, bao gom 12 vector nam tren nh va trung iem cua hnh luc giac ln bao ngoai, 6 vector ien ap nam tren 6 nh cua hnh luc giac ben trong va vector khong tai tam cua hnh luc giac (hnh H5.41). oi vi cac vector nam tai nh cua hnh luc giac ben trong, ton tai hai trang thai kch dan khac nhau cua linh kien nhng lai co cung chung v tr vector khong gian. Ngoai ra, ton tai 3 trang thai kch dan khac nhau cho cung v tr vector khong. ieu che vector khong gian cua bo nghch lu ap a bac: Ve nguyen ly, phng phap ieu che vector khong gian oi vi bo nghch lu ap a bac c thc hien tng t nh oi vi bo nghch lu ap hai bac. e tao vector trung bnh tng r r ng vi mot vector v cho trc, trc het can xet xem vector v nam trong v tr nao cua hnh luc giac (hexagon). e thuan tien, thong thng dien tch hnh luc giac c chia nho thanh cac hnh tam giac con. V du, goc phan sau th nhat cua hnh luc giac gii han bi ba r r r vector v 0 , v 2 va v 6 c chia nho thanh cac dien tch (1), (2),(3) va (4) nh hnh ve H5.42. Vector v ang khao sat can ieu khien e at c co v tr nam tren phan dien tch (2). Bc tiep theo, ta xac nh cac vector khong gian can thiet- goi la cac vector c ban, can s dung e tao nen vector trung bnh nam trong dien tch (2). Ro rang, trng hp nay, cac r r r r vector c ban tng ng la v1 , v 2 va v 3 . Nh vay, vector tng ng vi vector v co the thc hien bang cach ieu khien duy tr tac dung theo trnh t vector v1 trong thi gian T1, vector v 2 trong thi gian T2 va vector v 3 trong thi gian T3 theo he thc:
r r r r V .T s = V1 .T1 + V 2 .T 2 + V 3 .T 3

(5.109)

Ts=T1+T2+T3 la chu ky lay mau.

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ien t cong suat 1

Van e con lai la xac nh thi gian tac dung T1,T2 va T3 cua cac vector c ban. r Neu ta biet c vector v di dang cac thanh phan vuong goc V ,V trong he toa o ng yen (stationary frame), quan he gia cac thanh phan vector V ,V vi thi gian duy tr trang thai vector v1 , v 2 va v 3 co the bieu dien di dang ma tran sau:
V 1 V = T S 1 V1 V 2 V 3 T1 .V1 V 2 V 3 .T 2 1 1 1 T 3

(5.110)

Vi V1 ,V2 ,V3 ,V1 ,V2 ,V3 la cac thanh phan theo truc toa o va cua cac r r r vector tren hnh luc giac v1 , v 2 va v 3 T o, thi gian c xac nh (ap dung ma tran ngc):
T1 V1 V 2 V 3 1 . T 2 = V1 V 2 V 3 TS T 3 1 1 1 d1 V1 V 2 V 3 d 2 = V1 V 2 V 3 d 3 1 1 1
1 1

V .V 1

(5.111)

hay dang thi gian tng oi: dj=Tj/Ts; j=1,2,3

V .V 1

(5.112)

Ap dung cu the vao 4 dien tch hnh tam giac trong goc phan sau th nhat cua hnh luc giac, chu y en vector c ban trong moi dien tch tren, ta thu c ket qua sau (xem hnh H5.42): r r r Trong dien tch (1), vector c ban v 0 , v1 va v 4 .
d1 = dV 0 = 1 d 2 d 3 = 1 m a .(sin + 3 . cos ) d 3 = dV 4 = 2.m a . sin d 2 = dV1 = m a .( sin + 3 . cos )

(5.113)
r r r

Trong dien tch (2), vector c ban v1 , v 2 va v 3 .

d1 = dV1 = 2 m a .(sin + 3 . cos )

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ien t cong suat 1

d 3 = dV 3 = 2.m a . sin

d 2 = dV 2 = 1 + m a .( sin + 3 . cos )

(5.114)
r r r

Trong dien tch tam giac (3), vector c ban v1 , v 3 va v 4 .:

d1 = dV1 = 1 2 m a . sin d 2 = dV 3 = 1 + m a .(sin + 3 . cos ) d 3 = dV 4 = 1 + m a .(sin 3 . cos ) d1 = dV 4 = 2 m a .(sin + 3 . cos ) d 2 = dV 5 = 1 + 2 m a . sin d 3 = dV 3 = m a .( sin + 3 . cos )

(5.115)
r r r

Trong dien tch tam giac (4), vector c ban v 5 , v 3 va v 4 : (5.116)

Neu vector nam goc phan sau th i so vi goc phan sau th nhat cua hnh luc giac tnh t v tr truc thc , ta co the qui oi no ve goc phan sau th nhat e xac nh thi gian tac ong cua cac vector c ban theo he thc:
V cos( i 1) 3 = V sin( i 1) 3 sin( i 1) 3 .V ,i V cos( i 1) ,i 3

(5.117) i=1,2..,6 Thc hien ky thuat ieu che vector khong gian cho bo nghch lu ap ba bac:

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Gian o kch dan cac linh kien bo nghch lu ap ba bac c minh hoa tren hnh H5.43, ap dung cho goc phan sau th nhat cua hnh luc giac. Chu y do trang thai kch dan cac linh kien tren cung nhanh pha tai cho bi qui luat oi nghch nen tren gian o ch can trnh bay trang thai cua Sx1 va Sx2, x=a,b,c. T gian o ta thay cac trang thai kch dan tng ng 3 r r r vector c ban V1 ,V 3 va V 4 . Thi gian kch dan cua cac vector nay co the suy ra t bieu thc tnh toan T1,T2,T3 hoac tren ky thuat ieu che o rong xung da vao song mang nh tren hnh ve H5.43.

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ien t cong suat 1

5.5 - BO NGHCH LU DONG Bo nghch lu co nguon mot chieu la nguon dong ien. Bo nghch lu dong c s dung trong lanh vc truyen ong ong c ien xoay chieu, va cho la cam ng. Tng t nh bo nghch lu ap, ta phan biet bo nghch lu dong vi qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc va bo nghch lu dong vi qua trnh chuyen mach t nhien ( phu thuoc ). Bo nghch lu dong co qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc c ap dung cho tai tong quat. Trong trng hp tai mang tnh dung khang, bo nghch lu co the s dung vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc va s dung linh kien ban dan nh thyristor . 5.5.1 BO NGHCH LU DONG MOT PHA S o va nguyen ly hoat ong cua bo nghch lu dong mot pha (hnh 5.44a) Trong trng hp tai tong quat (R,RL,RL ), linh kien phai co kha nang ieu khien ngat dong ien. Co the s dung IGBT mac noi tiep vi diode cao ap hoac s dung linh kien cong suat GTO. Gia s dong ang dan qua S1D1S2D2 va tai, dong ien tai it = I. e ao chieu dong ien tai, xung kch ong a vao S1S2 va va kch ngat S3S4.

Dong qua tai giam nhanh ve 0 va ao chieu it = - I Do tai mang tnh cam khang, s ao chieu nhanh cua dong ien gay ra qua ien ap at len cac cong tac. Neu tai co o t cam L nho, mach mac noi tiep cong tac vi diode chu c ien ap cao; neu tai co L ln, can phai thay oi cau hnh bo nghch lu dong. Chang han mac tu song song vi tai (hnh H5.44b) hoac dung mach tch nang lng (H5.44c). Tac dung cua cac mach phu nay lam dong tai trong qua trnh oi dau khong thay oi ot ngot va do o khong gay ra ap qua ap phan khang. Cau truc dung tu xoay chieu mac re nhanh vi tai co the lam xuat hien dao ong dong ien va ien ap do tng tac cua tu ien vi cam khang cua tai. Tu ien c tnh toan sao cho bien o thanh phan c ban dong ien dan qua tu co gia tr khong ln va o dao ong ien ap do cac song hai bac cao tren tai nam trong pham vi cho phep.

5-59

ien t cong suat 1

Cau truc dung mach tch nang lng co kha nang khac phuc nhc iem tren. Tuy nhien, he thong mach cong suat tr nen phc tap hn do s s dung mach chnh lu cau diode va pha mach dc cua no phai co phan t co kha nang d tr nang lng. Moi lan dong ien tai oi chieu, mach dc c nap nang lng bi dong tai. Phan t tch ien co the la tu ien, e ien ap tu khong tang, ta can thc hien ieu khien xa nang lng tu hoac ieu khien nang lng tu tra ve li ien xoay chieu qua mach ban dan cong suat (v du ieu khien bo chnh lu che o nghch lu). Mac khac, tac dung mach tch nang lng lam dong ien thc te qua tai b lech pha so vi dong ien ly tng yeu cau (so sanh qua trnh dong ia va it1). 5.5.2 BO NGHCH LU DONG BA PHA Bo nghch lu dong ba pha co cau truc cho tren hnh ve (H5.47,H5.48,H5.49, H5.50)

Tng t nh trng hp bo nghch lu dong mot pha, cau tao cua cac bo nghch lu dong ba pha co the gom cac dang: mach cha diode cao ap bao ve, mach cha tu chuyen mach va mach cha tu tch nang lng. Khi tai co cong suat ln, co the s dung bo nghch lu dong vi linh kien thyristor va mach tat cng bc (xem hnh H5.48). Cac u nhc iem cua cac cau truc mach nay a c neu trong phan bo nghch lu dong mot pha. o th qua trnh ien ap va dong ien cac phan t mach cung c minh hoa tren hnh ve canh s o tng ng. oi vi bo nghch lu dong ien ba pha. Tai moi thi iem co mot cong tac nhanh tren dan va mot cong tac nhanh di dan. Moi cong tat dan ien trong thi gian 1/3 chu ky. Bo qua thi gian chuyen mach gia cac nhanh, o th dong ien qua tai c ve tren hnh H5.51 cho trng hp ieu khien 6 bc. Dong ien qua tai co dang khong sin.

5-60

ien t cong suat 1

5.6 CAC PHNG PHAP IEU KHIEN BO NGHCH LU DONG Gia thiet rang gia tr trang thai van ban dan khi ong bang 1 va khi ngat bang 0 . Qui luat ieu khien cua bo nghch lu dong la phai am bao ieu kien kch ong duy nhat (Qui luat kch duy nhat trong nhom) S1 + S3 + S5 = 1 va S 2 + S 4 + S 6 = 1 (5.119) ieu nay co ngha, tai moi thi iem ch co mot van nhom tren va mot van nhom di c kch ong. 5.6.1 PHNG PHAP IEU KHIEN THEO BIEN O

5-61

ien t cong suat 1

ay la phng phap ieu khien chu yeu ap dung cho bo nghch lu dong. o ln dong ien tai c ieu khien bang cach ieu khien nguon dong ien. Chang han ieu khien goc kch cua bo chnh lu co ieu khien hoac ieu khien t so thi gian khi co nguon dc ieu khien bang bo bien oi ien ap mot chieu.

Gian o xung kch c ve tren hnh H5.51a Tan so dong ien tai c ieu khien bi gian o kch cho bo nghch lu dong. Goc kch 2 ong cho moi cong tac trong bo nghch lu dong ien nh nhau va bang vi m la so pha cua bo
m

nghch lu. V du, oi vi bo nghch lu dong ba pha, xung kch ong cho cac cong tac nhom tren lan lt thc hien gi en cac linh kien S1,S3 va S5 vi o rong bang 2 / 3 . Tng t cho cac linh kien nhom di. Bo nghch lu dong ba pha vi phng phap ieu bien c goi la bo nghch lu dong ieu khien 6 bc. (Six step current Inverter). Bang cach dung phan tch Fourier dang dong ien qua pha tai- v du it1 (au dang Y ), ta thu c he thc sau xem o th dong pha it1- hnh H5.51: 2 3 1 1 I t1(t ) = I .sin(t + ) + sin(5t ) + sin(7t + ) + ..... (5.120) 6 5 6 7 6 Vi n=1, tr bien o thanh phan hai c ban dong ien pha tai:
Tr hieu dung dong ien tai:
It = 1
2 3

I t1(1)m =

2 3

(5.121)

I
0

.dx =

2 .I 3

(5.122)

Cac thanh phan song hai cua dong ien tai co bien o tng oi cao. Do o anh hng nhieu en hoat ong cua tai. Dang song dong ien co the cai tien thuan li hn bang cach keo dai thi gian chuyen mach gia cac cong tac dan ien, chang han nh mach tch nang lng hoac bo chuyen mach.

5-62

ien t cong suat 1

Qua trnh chuyen mach gia cac nhanh cong tac trong bo nghch lu dong tao nen cac xung gai qua ien ap tac dung khong tot en hoat ong cac phan t trong mach ien. o ln cac gai ien ap co the giam bt bang cach keo dai thi gian chuyen mach. Thong thng chc nang nay thc hien nh tu ien cha trong mach. e cac xung gai qua ien ap giam cang nhieu, tu cang ln va thi gian chuyen mach cang keo dai. Do o, tan so ong ngat cua cac cong tac khong the cao c. Phng phap oi hoi o ln dong ien dc phai ieu khien c nh phng phap ieu bien va thc hien ieu rong xung tren mach nghch lu dong e cai tien dang song dong ien ngo ra nhat la day tan so lam viec thap.

5.6.2 PHNG PHAP IEU CHE O RONG XUNG

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ien t cong suat 1

Phng phap ieu che o rong xung cua bo nghch lu dong ba pha cho dang dong ien ra mot phan trung vi dang cho bi phng phap 6 bc. Tai mot so v tr, dong ien qua pha tai se co o ln bang 0 thay v I va I thay v 0 tai mot so v tr khac. Xet dong ien it1 qua pha 1 chang han khi S2 dan, bang cach lan lt ong ngat lien tuc S1 va S3 , ta co o ln dong tai it1 xem hnh H5.53: it1 = I khi S1 ong, S3 ngat; it1 = 0 khi S3 ong , S1 ngat . e at c song dong ien ba pha oi xng, dang dong ien c ieu che cua moi pha phai cha xung trung tam rong toi thieu bang . Khi hai pha ang c ieu che xung, pha th ba
3

khong c thay oi trang thai dan ien. Goi n la so lan thay oi trang thai dong ien pha tai trong 1/4 chu ky dong tai, neu chon v tr kch thch hp cac cong tac, ta co the kh bo (n-1) song hai cua dong tai, ong thi ieu khien bien o song hai c ban theo gia tr cho trc. Vi cau hnh mach cha tu e han che qua ien ap chuyen mach (xem hnh H5.48), qua trnh dong ien qua mot pha tai (it1) va dong qua tu ien (ic1) c ve minh hoa tren hnh H5.54. Dong ien qua tai gan nh cung pha vi dong ien ngo ra cua bo nghch lu (ia) va thanh phan song hai dong ien qua no c han che. 5.6.3 PHNG PHAP IEU CHE VECTOR KHONG GIAN Vector khong gian cua dong ien bo nghch lu dong ba pha: Phng phap ieu che vector khong gian oi vi bo nghch lu dong cung co tnh tng t nh trng hp phng phap ieu che vector khong gian cua bo nghch lu ap, tao ieu kien thiet lap quan he toi u gia cac dong ien pha khi thc hien ieu khien mot vector dong ien duy nhat.

5-64

ien t cong suat 1

Trc het, ap dung nh ngha vector khong gian theo he thc (5.70) cho cac dong ien ba pha tren hnh H5.51, ta co the xac nh quy ao vector khong gian trong trng hp ieu khien 6 bc va thiet lap cac gia tr ien vao bang B5.7 sau: Bang B5.7: it1 it2 it3 S1 S3 S5 S2 S4 S6
r i

I -I 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

2I 3

I 0 -I 1 0 0 1 0 0
.e
j 6

2I 3

0 I -I 0 1 0 1 0 0
.e
j 6

2I 3

-I I 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
.e
j 2

2I 3

-I 0 I 0 0 1 0 1 0
.e
j5 6

2I 3

0 -I I 0 0 1 0 0 1
.e
j7 6

2I 3

.e

j3

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

r i6

r i1

r i2

r i3

r i4

r i5

0 0 0

Quy ao vector khong gian cua vector dong ien tai ba pha lan lt dch chuyen nhay cap gia 6 v tr vector nh cua hnh luc giac. Khi dch chuyen en v tr moi vector nh, vector dong ien se lu tai v tr o trong thi gian 1/6 chu ky dong ien tai trc khi dch chuyen ot ngot en v tr vector nh tiep theo. Bien o vector dong ien tai cac nh hnh luc giac co gia tr
2I 3

Ky thuat ieu che vector khong gian dong ien: oi vi phng phap ieu khien o rong xung bo nghch lu dong, vector dong ien hnh thanh gom 6 vector nh hnh luc giac va neu va 3 vector dong ien bang khong (vector khong). Cac vector khong tao thanh khi linh kien nhom tren va nhom di cua cung mot pha tai trang thai dan ien. r r V du trong pham vi goc phan 6 th nhat cua luc giac gii han bi hai vector dong (i6 , i1 ) , e ieu khien vector dong trung bnh (tng ng) I di chuyen theo quy ao ng tron, can thc hien r r qua trnh ieu khien lan lt cac vector i6 trong thi gian T1 va i1 trong thi gian T2 va thi gian con lai (Ts-T1-T2) la e thc hien vector khong i 0 . r T r T r T r I = 1 .i 6 + 2 .i1 + 0 .i 0 TS TS TS
T1 = 3 I . sin( ).T s = . sin( ).T s 2I 3 2 3 3

(5.123) (5.124)

T2 =

3 I . sin .Ts = . sin .Ts 2I 2 3

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ien t cong suat 1

T0=TS-T1-T2

Vi la goc hp bi vector dong ien I tai thi iem ang xet vi vector c ban th nhat. V du neu vector i nam trong goc phan sau hp bi vector i1 va i 6 , goc se tao thanh bi hai vector i 6 va i .
r

r va I1 . Gia s ta thc hien ieu khien vector dong ien e vector trung bnh di chuyen tren quy ao

r Xet trong khoang goc phan sau hnh luc giac b gii han bi hai vector dong ien c ban I 6

ng tron at v tr cac iem 1,2,3,4 va 5 nh tren hnh ve H5.55b. Trong chu ky lay mau TS, ieu r nay co the thc hien nh thc hien qua trnh kch ong S6,S1 e at vector I 6 (kch ong) trong thi r r gian T1 va kch ong S1,S2 e at vector I1 trong thi gian T2 va kch ong S1,S4 e at vector I 0 trong thi gian T0 xem hnh H5.55c. Cac thi gian T1,T2 va T0 c xac nh t v tr vector dong ien trung bnh yeu cau. Ton tai iem khac biet cua ieu che vector trung bnh trong bo nghch lu dong ien so vi trng hp ieu khien vector trung bnh cua bo nghch lu ap. Trong bo nghch lu ap, o ln cac vector nh hnh luc giac khong thay oi khi bien o ap tai thay oi va phai s dung ieu khien thi r gian tac ong vector khong v 0 e thiet lap modul va pha cua vector ien ap trung bnh. Trong nghch lu dong cac vector nh hnh luc giac co o ln thay oi tuy theo dong ien qua mach dc va o ln vector dong ien c ieu khien bang cach ieu khien thay oi dong nguon I mach dc (v du bang bo chnh lu). Do o, trat t va thi gian tac ong cac vector nh c ban dong ien ch nham ieu khien pha cua vector trung bnh. Vi mot gia tr dong ien I cho trc, phng phap ieu che vector

5-66

ien t cong suat 1

dong ien se thiet lap vector dong ien di chuyen tren ng tron noi tiep vi ban knh I va o cung chnh la bien o thanh phan hai c ban dong ien tai. Nh vay, khi thay oi ieu chnh dong ien qua bo nghch lu trong pham vi (0, Imax), ieu che vector dong ien se tao nen dong ien qua pha tai vi bien o song hai c ban thay oi trong pham vi (0, Imax). Neu s dung nh ngha ch so ieu che vector dong ien tng t nh oi vi bo nghch lu ap, ta thay trong trng hp bo nghch lu dong, phng phap ieu che vector at c ch so ieu che dong cc ai bang:
mI
_ max

I max

2 3 I max

2 3

= 0 ,907

(5.125)

Vi

2 3 I max la bien o thanh phan c ban dong ien tai at c t phng phap ieu

khien sau bc. Kha nang ieu che m rong (overmodulation) co the thc hien tren ky thuat tng t a s dung oi vi bo nghch lu ap. V du 5.12: Cho bo nghch lu dong ba pha. Dong nguon dc bang 100A. Xac nh tr hieu dung dong ien qua linh kien va dong qua tai. Giai: Tr hieu dung dong qua linh kien: IVRMS = Tr hieu dung dong qua tai: I tRMS =
100 3 = 54,74 A

2 .100 = 81,65 A 3

V du 5.13: Bo bien tan dong ba pha gom bo chnh lu cau ba pha ieu khien hoan toan mac noi tiep, cuon khang nan dong vi o t cam rat ln lam dong qua no phang va bo nghch lu dong ba pha. Tai ba pha oi xng, moi pha tai gom R = 1, L = 0,01H. Cho biet nguon xoay chieu ba pha co ap pha hieu dung Uf = 220V, = 314[rad/s]. Bo bien tan dong c ieu khien theo phng phap 6 bc ( six-step methode) Cho dong ien qua cuon khang loc i = I = 100A a. Tnh tr hieu dung dong tai ; b. Tnh tr hieu dung hai c ban va hai bac 3,5 cua dong tai; c. Tnh goc ieu khien cua bo chnh lu . Giai: a. Tr hieu dung dong qua tai :
1 It = 2
I t( K ) =

i t2 .dx 1

1 2

1 =

1 2 2 3 I 2 dx 0

=I

2 2 = 100 = 81,6 [ A ] 3 3

b. Tr hieu dung song hai bac k cua dong tai :

AK

vi

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AK

1 =

2 i t . sin (K .x )dx = 0
2

5 6 I . sin 6

(K .x )dx

AK =

2.I 5 4.I . sin K . . sin K . . cos K . cos K . = .K 6 K . 6 2 3

Ro rang khi k chan hoac k la boi so cua 3 th AK = 0. T o:

I t (1 ) = 4.100 . sin 1. . sin 1. = 77 ,96 [ A ] 2 3 2 ..1

I t( 3 ) = 0 I t (1 ) =

4.100

. sin 5. . sin 5. = 15 ,59 [ A ] 2 3 2 ..5

c. ien ap trung bnh au vao cua bo nghch lu dong : U = 2.R.I = 2.1.100 = 200[V] oi vi bo chnh lu cau ba pha:
U = 3 6 .U f . cos

T o:
cos =

.U 3 6 .U f

.200 3 6 .220

= 0 ,3886

= 1, 1716 [ rad ]

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5.7 TAC DUNG CUA SONG HAI BAC CAO Anh hng cua song hai bac cao co the minh hoa qua v du tai ong c xoay chieu Khi ong c c cap bi nguon khong sin, ton hao phat sinh ln hn so vi trng hp nguon dang sin, gay ra do tac dung cua cac song hai bac cao cua ap nguon. Ton hao trong cuon stator va rotor do thanh phan hai c ban se tang len do tac dung cua song hai bac cao lam tang dong ien t hoa. Hieu ng be mat lam tang ien tr mach rotor. Ton hao trong cuon rotor la mot trong nhng nguyen nhan chu yeu lam giam hieu suat ong c khong ong bo khi mac vao nguon ien ap khong sin. Ngoai ra, cac bo phan bang sat co ton hao tang len do tac ong nguon khong sin, ton hao nay bao gom ton hao do dong ien xoay va ton hao do mach t tre Cac hai bac cao con tao nen cac thanh phan moment phu bao gom moment dang khong xung va moment dang xung. Moment dang khong xung co o ln khong ang ke so vi moment hai c ban. Moment dang khong xung tao thanh do tng tac cua cac hai cung bac cua t thong qua khe h khong kh va dong rotor. Moment dang xung do tac dung cua cac hai khac bac cua t thong va cua dong ien rotor tao nen. Tr trung bnh cua moment nay bang khong. Thanh phan moment xung do hai c ban cua t thong va cac hai bac cao cua dong rotor co tac dung chu yeu. Cac moment xung tac ong lam thay oi van toc tc thi cua ong c. van toc thap, ong c co the chay khong em va do o moment xung lam gii han pham vi ieu chnh van toc ong c. Moment xung co the gay hong hoc cac bo phan c kh cua truyen ong neu ong c chay van toc thap va moment xung co tan so gan vi tan so cong hng cua bo phan c kh. Do o, cac thanh phan song hai cua ap ra can c han che en mc toi a. ieu nay co the thc hien bang cach chon cau hnh bo nghch lu thch hp, bang ky thuat ieu che o rong xung, tang so pha ngo ra. Bien o cac song hai co the xac nh da theo khai trien chuoi Fourier cua ien ap ngo ra.
u t = U tAV +
ak = 1
2 t

k =1
2

a k sin (k .x ) +
k

b
k =1

. cos (k .x )
t

u . sin (k .x )dx ; b
0

U tAV =

1 2

u .cos (k .x )dx
0

u .dx
0 t

Bien o song hai bac k: Ak

Ak = ak + bk
2

1 2 2

Thong thng dang ap tai co tnh chat cua ham le, do o: bk = 0 , Ak = ak Bien o song hai c ban Ut(1)m:
U t (1 )m = A1 = 1

u . sin xdx
0 t

va bien o song hai bac k:

U t (K )m = A k = 1

u . sin (k .x )dx
0 t

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5.8 BO BIEN TAN GIAN TIEP Bo bien tan dung e chuyen oi ien ap hoac dong ien xoay chieu au vao t mot tan so nay thanh ien ap hoac dong ien co mot tan so khac au ra. ng dung: Bo bien tan thng c s dung e ieu khien van toc ong c xoay chieu theo phng phap ieu khien tan so, theo o tan so cua li nguon se thay oi thanh tan so bien thien. Ngoai viec thay oi tan so con co s thay oi tong so pha. T nguon li mot pha, vi s giup cua bo bien tan ta co the mac vao tai ong c ba pha. Bo bien tan con c s dung rong rai trong ky thuat nhiet ien. Bo bien tan trong trng hp nay cung cap nang lng cho lo cam ng. PHAN LOAI 1/- Theo tong so pha, cac bo bien tan a/- Mot pha b/- Ba pha c/- m pha 2/- Theo cau truc mach ien, cac bo bien tan a/- Gian tiep (mach cha khau trung gian mot chieu), trong o ta phan biet bien tan dung bo nghch lu ap va bien tan dung bo nghch lu dong vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc mach nguon hoac vi qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc. b/- Trc tiep (khong co mach trung gian mot chieu)- con goi la cycloconvertor. Bo bien tan trc tiep co the hoat ong - Vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc ben ngoai: tn hieu ieu khien co dang hnh thang hoac dang ieu hoa: - Voi qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc (t gap). Trng hp qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc mach nguon co the chia lam hai trng hp: trng hp vi dong ien can bang va trng hp khong co dong ien can bang 5.8.1 - BO BIEN TAN GIAN TIEP Cau tao cua bo bien tan gian tiep gom co bo chnh lu vi chc nang chnh lu ien ap xoay chieu vi tan so co nh ngo vao va bo nghch lu thc hien viec chuyen oi ien ap (hoac dong ien) chnh lu sang dang ap hoac dong xoay chieu ngo ra. Bang cau truc nh tren, ta co the ieu khien tan so ra mot cach oc lap khong phu thuoc tan so vao Cac bo bien tan gian tiep thng hoat ong vi cong suat khoang t kW en vai tram kW. Pham vi hoat ong cua tan so khoang vai phan chuc Hz en vai tram Hz. Cong suat toi a cua chung co the len en vai MW va tan so toi a khoang vai chuc kHz (trong ky thuat nhiet ien - lo cao tan). * Bo bien tan ap gian tiep Cau truc mach c ve tren hnh H5.56

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Mach trung gian mot chieu: co cha tu loc vi ien dung kha ln Cf (khoang vai ngan F) mac vao ngo vao cua bo nghch lu. ieu nay giup cho mach trung gian hoat ong nh nguon ien ap. Tu ien cung vi cuon cam Lf cua mach trung gian tao thanh mach loc nan ien ap chnh lu. Cuon khang Lf co tac dung nan dong ien chnh lu. Trong nhieu trng hp, cuon khang Lf khong xuat hien trong cau truc mach va tac dung nan dong cua no co the c thay the bang cam khang tan may bien ap cap nguon cho bo chnh lu. Do tac dung cua diode nghch ao bo nghch lu, ien ap at tren tu ch co the at cac gia tr dng. Tu ien con thc hien chc nang trao oi nang lng ao gia tai cua bo nghch lu va mach trung gian bang cach cho phep dong id2 thay oi chieu nhanh khong phu thuoc vao chieu cua dong id1. Bo nghch lu ap: dang mot pha hoac ba pha. Qua trnh chuyen mach cua bo nghch lu ap thng la qua trnh chuyen oi cng bc. Trong trng hp ac biet bo nghch lu lam viec khong co qua trnh chuyen mach hoac vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc ben ngoai. T o, ta co hai trng hp bo bien tan vi qua trnh chuyen mach oc lap va qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc ben ngoai . Bo chnh lu: co nhieu dang khac nhau, mach tia, mach cau mot pha hoac ba pha. Thong thng ta gap mach cau ba pha. Neu nh bo chnh lu mot pha va bo nghch lu ba pha, bo bien tan thc hien ca chc nang bo bien oi tong so pha. Khi ap dung phng phap ieu khien theo bien o cho ien ap tai xoay chieu ra bo chnh lu phai la bo chnh lu ieu khien. Thong thng, bo chnh lu co dang khong ieu khien, bao gom cac diode mac dang mach cau. o ln ien ap va tan so ap ra cua bo nghch lu con co the ieu khien thong qua phng phap ieu khien xung thc hien trc tiep ngay tren bo nghch lu. che o may phat cua tai (chang han khi ham ong c khong ong bo), nang lng ham c tra ngc ve mach mot chieu va nap cho tu loc Cf. Nang lng nap ve tren tu lam ien ap no tang len va co the at gia tr ln co the gay qua ap. e loai bo hien tng qua ien ap tren tu Cf, mot so bien phap sau ay co the thc hien. Phng phap n gian nhat la tac dung ong mach xa ien ap tren tu qua mot ien tr mac song song vi tu. Viec ong mach xa tu thc hien nh cong tac ban dan S- hnh H5.56 (chang han ieu khien ap tu gia hai gia tr bien) da theo ket qua so sanh tn hieu ien ap o c tren tu vi mot gia tr ien ap at trc cho phep Mot bien phap khac la thc hien a nang lng qua ap tren tu Cf ve nguon li ien xoay chieu. Trong trng hp nay, bo bien tan c trang b bo chnh lu kep (hnh H5.57). Kha nang bo chnh lu kep cho phep thc hien ao chieu dong ien qua bo chnh

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lu va bang cach nay, trong ieu kien chieu ien ap tu loc khong oi dau, nang lng c tra ve li ien xoay chieu qua bo chnh lu.

Xu hng nang cao chat lng ien nang bang cach s dung loai chnh lu ieu rong xung (boost PWM Rectifier) a cho phep thc hien tra cong suat ve nguon vi he so cong suat cao (gan nh bang mot) (hnh H5.58). Dong ien i qua nguon li xoay chieu co dang gan nh sin va cung pha vi ien ap xoay chieu.

* Bo bien tan dong gian tiep S o mach c ve tren hnh H5.59. Mach trung gian ch co cuon cam Lf (khoang vai mH). Nh no, mach trung gian thc hien chc nang nguon dong ien cua bo nghch lu. Dong ien cua mach trung gian co chieu khong thay oi. Dong c cuon cam nan. Cuon cam con thc hien chc nang trao oi nang lng ao gia tai tieu thu va mach trung gian. Cuon cam tao ieu kien cho qua trnh thay oi chieu cua ien ap ud2 xay ra nhanh chong khong phu thuoc vao ien ap chnh lu ud1.

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Bo nghch lu dong: mot pha hoac thng gap hn dang ba pha. Tuy theo trng hp, co the la bo nghch lu vi qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc hoac qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc. Bo nghch lu dong vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc ve ban chat la bo chnh lu co qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc vao ien ap xoay chieu cua tai va hoat ong trong che o nghch lu. T o, ta phan biet cac bo bien tan vi qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc va bo bien tan vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc. ieu khien bo nghch lu dong co the thc hien theo phng phap ieu bien hoac dung ky thuat ieu che o rong xung. Bo chnh lu: co nhieu dang, mach tia, mach cau, mot pha hoac ba pha. Khi can oi hoi phai truyen nang lng theo hai chieu, ta ch can bo chnh lu n vi ien ap oi dau c. Ta thng s dung mach cau ba pha ieu khien. Trong moi trng hp, dong ien qua mach dc phai c ieu khien ve bien o. Do o, bo chnh lu khong ieu khien (gom cac diode) khong the s dung c ay. e giam bt hien tng qua ien ap tren cac chi tiet ban dan cua bo nghch lu, ta co the s dung bo nghch lu vi tu han che qua ien ap mac song song vi tai hoac s dung mach tch nang lng. Cac cau truc bo bien tan dong hien ai s dung bo chnh lu ieu khien o rong xung, (buck PWM rectifier) (hnh H5.60), cau truc loai nay cho phep bo chnh lu lam viec vi he so cong suat cao.

5.9 BO BIEN TAN TRC TIEP (CYCLOCONVERTER)

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ien t cong suat 1

Bo bien tan trc tiep-Cycloconverter, tao nen ien ap xoay chieu ngo ra vi tr hieu dung va tan so ieu khien c. Nguon ien ap xoay chieu vi tan so va bien o khong oi cung cap nang lng cho bo bien tan nay. Bo bien tan trc tiep dung e ieu khien truyen ong ong c ien xoay chieu. Theo qua trnh chuyen mach, bo bien tan trc tiep c phan biet lam hai loai: bo bien tan co qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc va bo bien tan co qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc. Bo bien tan trc tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc cha cac linh kien t chuyen mach nh GTO, transistor. Chung c trnh bay ve nguyen ly hoat ong trong chng bo bien oi ma tran (Matrix conveter). Bo bien tan vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc c s dung nhieu trong cong nghiep. Tnh phu thuoc ay bieu hien kha nang ngat dong ien qua linh kien thc hien nh tac dung cua ien ap nguon xoay chieu hoac sc ien ong xoay chieu cua tai. Do o, mach ch can trang b thyristor thong thng. Vi tai cong suat ln, viec s dung linh kien chuyen mach t nhien nh SCR co y ngha rat quan trong v hieu qua kinh te cua thiet b. Do phu thuoc vao ien ap xoay chieu cua nguon nen tan so ien ap ngo ra b gii han mc thap hn tan so ien ap nguon. Bo bien tan nay c ng dung trong cac truyen ong ong c cong suat ln toc o cham. 5.9.1 BO BIEN TAN TRC TIEP MOT PHA * Phan tch hoat ong bo bien tan trc tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc ien ap nguon xoay chieu S o cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong. Xet bo bien tan trc tiep mot pha tren hnh ve H5.61.

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Hnh 5.63. Cycloconverter 1 pha gom 2 BCL tia 3 pha ieu khien ong thi

Bo bien tan co cau tao cua bo chnh lu kep. Do o, phan tch hoat ong va phng phap ieu khien bo bien tan giong nh bo chnh lu kep. ieu khac biet so vi chc nang cua bo chnh lu kep la bo bien tan co qua trnh ien ap tren tai - tc ien ap chnh lu oi dau mot cach lien tuc va tuan hoan. S o ieu khien bo bien tan trc tiep theo phng phap ieu khien rieng c ve minh hoa tren hnh H5.63. Mach logic lien quan en cac tn hieu c mo ta kem theo bang B5. Qua trnh ien ap va dong ien cac phan t mach c ve tren hnh H5.62a. Theo o, ton tai mot khoang thi gian dong tai bang zero khi no thc hien oi dau t dng sang am va ngc lai. Bang B5. Sgn(ur Sgn(ur1) Sgn(ur2) 1 2 I1* I2*
)
+ + + + + + + + + -

0
>0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0

0 1 < 2
Khoa Khoa Khoa

Khoa Khoa Khoa trong thi gian tb

2 1 <

0
>0 0

0 2 < 2 2 2 <
Khoa

Khoa trong thi gian tb

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ien t cong suat 1

o th ien ap va dong ien tai cung nh o th cac dong ien thanh phan i qua cac bo chnh lu tia 3 xung trong trng hp ieu khien ong thi cac bo chnh lu c ve tren hnh H5.62b. ien ap tai xoay chieu tao thanh co the phan tch thanh song hai c ban co tan so bang tan so yeu cau cua ap tai va cac song bac cao vi tan so phu thuoc vao so xung ien ap chnh lu.

Chat lng ien ap va dong ien tai c cai thien ro ret vi bo chnh lu nhieu xung, v du trng hp cycloconverter gom cac bo chnh lu cau ba pha tao nen co dang song ien ap va dong ien tai cho tren hnh H5.64. Quan he gia ien ap ieu khien va ien ap tai. ien ap ieu khien cho moi tai nghch lu co the chon dang sin (hoac dang ch nhat, dang hnh thang....). ien ap ieu khien va song hai c ban cua ap tai co tan so bang nhau va bien o t le vi nhau. Ta gia thiet rang, chu ky ap ieu khien ln hn nhieu so vi chu ky ap chnh lu (s dung bo chnh lu 24,36....xung ). Do do, co the xem qua trnh ap ieu kh ien khong thay oi trong chu ky ang xet, tng t nh vay song hai c ban ien ap cua tai tao thanh co o ln khong oi trong chu ky ang xet va bang chnh tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu. ieu nay co ngha la tr tc thi cua song hai c ban cua ap ra la tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu tai thi iem ang xet. Goi: - ut(1) la song hai c ban cua ien ap tai - uk la ham song ieu khien - Ud0...tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu khi goc ieu khien bang 0 - UpM bien o ien ap ong bo dang rang ca hoac dang cosin

5-77

ien t cong suat 1

Ta co:
ut (1) =

Ud 0 .uk U pM

Neu ap ieu khien dang sin co bien o la UkM va tan so : uk = UkM.sin(t) ien ap tai co song hai c ban thay oi theo he thc:
ut (1 ) = Ud 0 .U kM sin (t ) U pM

vi 0 UkM UpM Khi song ieu khien co bien o bang bien o song rang ca, song hai c ban cua ap tai co bien o bang Ud0. 5.9.2 BO BIEN TAN TRC TIEP BA PHA Bo bien tan trc tiep co cac cau hnh dang ay u, oi xng (H5.65a,b), trong o phu thuoc kieu au cua nguon, ta phan biet cau truc s dung chung nguon t mot cuon th cap may bien ap va cau truc co nguon rieng cho tng pha tai. Cau truc co chung cuon th cap may bien ap oi hoi mach tai ba pha co iem trung tnh e h . Neu cac pha tai khong the phan cach oc lap, co the s dung cau truc mach bien tan trc tiep co nguon rieng (H5.65b). Vi cau truc mach bien tan hnh H5.65b s dung nguon chung, khi thc hien chuyen mach cac linh kien nhom na tren cua mach cau, hien tng ngan mach nguon co the xay ra. Bo bien tan trc tiep ba pha co qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc ap nguon xoay

chieu.

Cac cau truc tiet kiem linh kien se tao nen s khong oi xng cua cac nhanh linh kien. Hai dang bien tan trc tiep khong oi xng c ve minh hoa tren hnh H5.65c va H5.65d.

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Tren hnh H5.66 ve s o mach cong suat bo bien tan trc tiep gom cac bo chnh lu tia ba pha vi nguon chung. Cac bo chnh lu kep co the c ieu khien theo phng phap rieng le hoac ong thi (co dong can bang). Tuy nhien, viec s dung chung nguon tren trong thc te se co nhng kho khan do qua trnh chuyen mach trong tng nhom bo chnh lu tao nen. Do o, vi yeu cau chat lng cao, cac bo chnh lu cho tng pha tai se c au vao tng pha nguon cach ly rieng (hnh H5.65b).

Tan so hai c ban cua c ban cua ien ap ra f2 cho bi he thc:

f2 =

vi: l la tong so xung ap chnh lu cha trong na chu ky ap tai m la so pha f1 la tan so ap nguon xoay chieu

f1.m 2l + m 2

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Neu bo bien tan do cac bo chnh lu kep mach tia ba pha tao thanh, ta co: f2 max 0,43 f1 (thc te s dung en gii han f1 / 3 ) va trong trng hp do cac bo chnh lu kep mach cau ba pha tao thanh, ta co: f2 max=0,6 f1 (thc te khoang f1/2 ) u iem cua bo bien tan trc tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc ien ap nguon la mach ch can thyristor thong thng. Neu so xung ap chnh lu ln, dang ap tren tai co dang gan nh sin. Ton hao phat sinh do ong ngat linh kien thap, bo bien tan khong can mach loc trung gian nen co hieu suat cao. Neu s co xay ra trong qua trnh chuyen mach mot pha nao o, bo bien tan van tiep tuc hoat ong bnh thng du li ien b bien dang. Bo bien tan co kha nang lam viec tan so thap. Khuyet iem cua mach la so linh kien s dung nhieu va do o mach ieu khien phc tap. Do bo bien tan lam viec tren nguyen ly ieu khien pha cua bo chnh lu nen he so cong suat thap. 5.9.3 BO BIEN TAN TRC TIEP VI QUA TRNH CHUYEN MACH PHU THUOC VAO AP TAI S o mach cong suat giong nh tren hnh H5.65, tuy nhien phng cach ieu khien linh kien SCR khac biet. Bo bien tan trc tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc co the cho ien ap tai vi tan so cao hn tan so nguon ap xoay chieu neu ien ap chuyen mach lay t ien ap cua tai. Trong trng hp nay, tai co tnh dung khang, chang han ong c ong bo kch t d. Cac bo chnh lu kep A,B,C c ieu khien e tao dong ien qua tai dang 6 bc. Do o, tai moi thi iem, ch ton tai dong ien qua hai nhanh thyristor trong cac bo chnh lu, chang han dong qua mot thyristor nhom A + va mot thyristor nhom B - trang thai ( A + B ) . S thay oi vai tro dan ien gia cac nhom tao nen cac trang thai mach

( A + C ) , ( B + A ) , ( B + C ) , ( C + A ) , ( C + B ) . Thi iem chuyen mach gia cac nhanh chang han t ( A + C ) sang ( B + C ) c chon sao cho ap khoa ton tai tren thyristor can

ong. V du khi A1 ong, ta co ap tren B1 bang: uVB1 = ut1 - ut2 (gia s bo qua ap tren cac cuon khang can bang). Khi uVB1 > 0 : xung kch ong se lam B1 ong. Do ien ap chuyen mach cua A1 cung chnh la ap khoa tren thyristor B1 phu thuoc vao ien ap cac pha tai nen qua trnh chuyen mach ay c goi la qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc vao ap tai. Khi ien ap tren tai nho (chang han ong c chay vi van toc cham), ien ap chuyen mach khong u tin cay, viec kch ong va ngat thyristor co the da vao ien ap nguon xoay chieu. Luc o, qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc ap nguon xoay chieu. V du e ngat dong ien ang dan qua thyristor A1 cua nhom A + va ong thyristor B3 cua nhom B + , xung kch a vao B3 tai thi iem ma ien ap tren uB3 dng tc la: uB3 = u3 - u1 + ut1 - ut2 u3 - u1 > 0 (do ut1, ut2 nho ) 5.10 SO SANH BO BIEN TAN TRC TIEP VA BO BIEN TAN GIAN TIEP

5-80

ien t cong suat 1

Pham vi hoat ong cua ien ap ra: tng oi nho trong trng hp bo bien tan trc tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc ben ngoai (0 en 25Hz) va kha cao trong trng hp bo bien tan gian tiep ( vai phan chuc cua Hz en vai ngan Hz) Dang cua song ien ap ra: thuan li hn trong trng hp bo bien tan trc tiep, oi vi chung, ta co the dung cac mach ieu khien n gian e at c dang dong ien tai gan nh hnh sin. Phng phap chuyen mach: rat thuan tien trong trng hp bo bien tan trc tiep. Do tac dung cua qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc ben ngoai trong cac bo bien tan trc tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc, ta co the at cong suat rat ln hang chuc MW so vi trng hp bo bien tan gian tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach oc lap (khoang n v MW). Qua trnh chuyen mach oc lap cua cac bo bien tan gian tiep oi hoi t chi tiet ban dan so vi trng hp bo bien tan trc tiep. Chang han, bo bien tan gian tiep ba pha gom 12 thyristor chnh va cac bo chuyen mach. Bo bien tan trc tiep ba pha gom cac bo chnh lu 6 xung oi hoi en 36 thyristor He so cong suat: tot nhat trong bo bien tan gian tiep s dung phng phap ieu khien o xung rong cua ien ap ra (PWM).

5-81

Phu luc ien t cong suat 1

CAC BO BIEN OI IEN AP MOT CHIEU

Stt BO BIEN OI IEN AP MOT CHIEU DANG IEN AP TAI TR TRUNG BNH IEN AP TAI PHAM VI THAY OI IEN AP VA DONG IEN TAI GHI CHU

01

BO GIAM AP

T Ut = Ud 1 T
T U t = U d (1 1 ) T

0 Ut U d

0 It
0 Ut Ud

Gia thiet dong tai lien tuc Gia thiet dong tai lien tuc

02

BO TANG AP

0 It
U d U t U d

03

BO BIEN OI IEN AP MOT CHIEU TONG QUAT

Ut = Ud (

2T1 1) T

It 0 , It 0

04

BO BIEN OI MOT CHIEU KEP AO DONG

BO BIEN OI MOT CHIEU KEP AO AP

T Ut = U d 1 T
Ut = Ud ( 2T1 1) T

0 Ut Ud It 0 , It 0
Ud Ut Ud

05

It 0

Gia thiet dong tai lien tuc

Ud... ien ap nguon mot chieu Ut, It ... tr trung bnh ien ap va dong ien tai; T ... chu ky ong ngat. T1... thi gian ong cong tac (trng hp 1/-,2/-) hoac thi gian ong cong tac theo chieu dng cua dong ien tai (3/-,4/-,5/). T2... thi gian ngat cong tac (trng hp 1/-,2/-) hoac thi gian ong cong tac theo chieu am cua dong ien tai

Bo mon Cung Cap ien

1/1

Nguyen Van Nh

CAC HE THC C BAN BO BIEN OI AP XOAY CHIEU 1 PHA

STT TAI PHAM VI IEU KHIEN 0 < TR HIEU DUNG AP TAI
U. 1

TR HIEU DUNG DONG TAI

U sin 2 . 1 + R 2
U

HE SO CONG SUAT
. 1

GHI CHU

01

sin 2 + 2
sin 2 + ) 2

sin 2 + 2

02

<

U . 2 (1

. 2 (1

3 )( 1 + 2 cos 2 ) + sin 2

2
03 RL

U
U t ( , R, L)
U

U L

0 PF( , R, L)
cos

<
0

vung khong ieu khien c ap tai

I t ( , R, L)
U R 2 + ( L ) 2

L = arctg
R
vung khong ieu khien c ap tai

BO BIEN Oi AP XOAY CHIEU 3 PHA

STT CAU HNH TAI PHAM VI GOC IEU KHIEN TR HIEU DUNG AP TAI TR HIEU DUNG DONG TAI I t ( ) GHI CHU

01

ieu khien hoan toan 6 SCR

R L

0 <

5 6

0 U t ( ) U
U

0 <

02

ieu khien ban phan (3SCR, 3 diode)

R L

5 6 7 0 < 6 2

0 U t ( ) U 0 U t ( ) U
U

L I t ( )
I t ( )
U

vung khong ieu khien c ap tai

0 < 7 6

0 U t ( ) U

L I t ( )

vung khong ieu khien c ap tai

Um,U: bien o, tr hieu dung ien ap cua moi pha nguon AC;

U m = 2 .U

bo_bien_doi_AC_table_1b

10/14/06