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CHNG II
II
CHNG
TO HP
HP XAC
XAC SUAT
SUAT
TO

A. TO
HP
I. Qui tac em
1. Qui tac cong:
Mot cong viec nao o co the c thc hien theo mot trong
hai phng an A hoac B. Neu phng an A co m cach thc hien,
phng an B co n cach thc hien va khong trung vi bat k
cach nao trong phng an A th cong viec o co m + n cach
thc hien.
2. Qui tac nhan:
Mot cong viec nao o co the bao gom hai cong oan A va B.
Neu cong oan A co m cach thc hien va ng vi moi cach
o co n cach thc hien cong oan B th cong viec o co m.n
cach thc hien.
Bai 1:
T thanh pho A en thanh pho B co 3 con ng, t
thanh pho A en thanh pho C co 2 con ng, t thanh pho B
en thanh pho D co 2 con ng, t thanh pho C en thanh
pho D co 3 con ng. Khong co con ng nao noi thanh
pho B vi thanh pho C.
Hoi co tat ca bao nhieu ng i
t thanh pho A en thanh pho D?
S:
co 12 cach.
Bai 2:
Co bao nhieu so t nhien khac nhau nho hn 2.10 8, chia
het cho 3, co the c viet bi cac ch so 0, 1, 2?
S: Co
2.37 1 = 4374 1 = 4373 (so)
Bai 3:
Vi cac ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 co the lap c bao
nhieu so t nhien thoa:
a) gom 6 ch so.
b) gom 6 ch so khac nhau.
c) gom 6 ch so khac nhau va chia het cho 2.
S:
a) 66
b) 6!
c) 3.5! = 360
Bai 4:
Co 25 oi bong a tham gia tranh cup. C 2 oi phai
au vi nhau 2 tran (i va ve). Hoi co bao nhieu tran au?
S:
co 25.24 = 600 tran
Bai 5:
Co bao nhieu so palindrom gom 5 ch so (so palindrom
la so ma neu ta viet cac ch so theo th t ngc lai th gia
tr cua no khong thay oi).
S: So can tm co dang:
abcba co 9.10.10 = 900 (so)
Bai 6:
a/ Mot bo hoa gom co: 5 bong hong trang, 6 bong
hong o va 7 bong hong vang. Hoi co may cach chon lay 1
bong hoa?
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b/ T cac ch so 1, 2, 3 co the lap c bao nhieu so khac

nhau co nhng ch so khac nhau?
S: a/ 18.
b/ 15.
Bai 7:
a/ T cac ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao nhieu
so t nhien co 5 ch so?
b/ T cac ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 co the lap c bao nhieu
so t nhien chan co 3 ch so?
c/ Co bao nhieu so t nhien co hai ch so ma ca hai ch so
eu la so chan?
d/ Co bao nhieu so t nhien co 5 ch so, trong o cac ch
so cach eu ch so ng gia th giong nhau?
e/ Co bao nhieu so t nhien co 6 ch so va chia het cho 5?
S: a/ 3125. b/ 168.
c/ 20
d/ 900.
e/ 180000.
Bai 8:
Mot oi van nghe chuan b c 2 v kch, 3 ieu
mua va 6 bai hat. Tai hoi dien, moi oi ch c trnh dien 1
v kch, 1 ieu mua va 1 bai hat. Hoi oi van nghe tren co
bao nhieu cach chon chng trnh bieu dien, biet rang chat
lng cac v kch, ieu mua, cac bai hat la nh nhau?
S: 36.
Bai 9:
Mot ngi co 7 cai ao trong o co 3 ao trang va 5
cai ca vat trong o co hai ca vat mau vang. Hoi ngi o
co bao nhieu cach chon ao ca vat neu:
a/ Chon ao nao cung c va ca vat nao cung c?
b/ a chon ao trang th khong chon ca vat mau vang?
S: a/ 35.
b/ 29.
Bai 10: Cho tap hp A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Co bao nhieu cap sap th
t (x, y) biet rang:
a/ x A, y A b/ {x, y} A
c/ x A, y A vax + y = 6 .
S:
a/ 25.
b/ 20.
c/ 5 cap.
Bai 11: Cho tap hp A = {1, 2, 3, , n} trong o n la so nguyen
dng ln hn 1. Co bao nhieu cap sap th t (x, y), biet rang:
x A, y A, x > y.
n(n 1)
S:
.
2
Bai 12: Vi 5 ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao nhieu so:
a/ Gom 2 ch so?
b/ Gom 2 ch so khac nhau?
c/ So le gom 2 ch so?
d/ So chan gom 2 ch so khac nhau?
e/ Gom 5 ch so
viet khong lap lai?
f/ Gom 5 ch so viet khong lap lai chia het cho 5?
S: a/ 25.
b/ 20.
c/ 15
d/ 8.
e/ 120.
f/ 24.
Bai 13: T 6 so: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao nhieu so co
3 ch so:
a/ Khac nhau?
b/ Khac nhau, trong o co bao nhieu so ln hn 300?
c/ Khac nhau, trong o co bao nhieu so chia het cho 5?
d/ Khac nhau, trong o co bao nhieu so chan?
e/ Khac nhau, trong o co bao nhieu so le?
S: a/ 100.
b/ 60.
c/ 36
d/ 52.
e/ 48.
Bai 14: a/ T cac so: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 co the lap c bao nhieu
so le co 3 ch so khac nhau nho hn 400?
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b/ T cac ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao nhieu so co
3 ch so khac nhau nam trong khoang (300 , 500).
S: a/ 35.
b/ 24.
Bai 15: Mot trng pho thong co 12 hoc sinh chuyen tin va 18
hoc sinh chuyen toan. Thanh lap mot oan gom hai ngi sao
cho co mot hoc sinh chuyen toan va mot hoc sinh chuyen tin.
Hoi co bao nhieu cach lap mot oan nh tren?
Bai 16: Co bao nhieu cach sap xep 3 ngi an ong va 2
ngi an ba ngoi tren mot chiec ghe dai sao cho 2 ngi
cung phai phai ngoi gan nhau.
Bai 17: Co bao nhieu cach sap xep 8 vien bi o va 8 vien bi
en xep thanh mot day sao cho hai vien bi cung mau khong
c gan nhau.
II. Hoan v
1. Giai tha:
n! = 1.2.3n
Qui c: 0! = 1
n! = (n1)!n
n!
= (p+1).(p+2)n(vi n>p)
p!
n!
= (np+1).(np+2)n
(vi n>p)
(n p)!
2. Hoan v (khong lap):
Mot tap hp gom n phan t (n 1). Moi cach sap xep n phan
t nay theo mot th t nao o c goi la mot hoan v cua
n phan t.
So cac hoan v cua n phan t la: Pn = n!
3. Hoan v lap:
Cho k phan t khac nhau: a1, a2, , ak. Mot cach sap xep n
phan t trong o gom n 1 phan t a1, n2 phan t a2, , nk phan
t ak (n1+n2+ + nk = n) theo mot th t nao o c goi la
mot hoan v lap cap n va kieu (n1, n2, , nk) cua k phan t.
So cac hoan v lap cap n, kieu (n 1, n2, , nk) cua k phan t
la:
n!
Pn(n1, n2, , nk) =
n1!n2 !...nk !
4. Hoan v vong quanh:
Cho tap A gom n phan t. Mot cach sap xep n phan t cua
tap A thanh mot day kn c goi la mot hoan v vong quanh
cua n phan t.
So cac hoan v vong quanh cua n phan t la: Qn = (n 1)!
Bai 1:

Rut gon cac bieu thc sau:

6!
1
(m+ 1)!
m.(m 1)!
.
.

A=
(m 2)(m 3) (m+ 1)(m 4) (m 5)!5! 12.(m 4)!3!
B=
S:

7!4! 8!
9!

10! 3!5! 2!7!

A = 4(m1)m;

5!
(m+ 1)!
.
m(m+ 1) (m 1)!3!
2
B= ;
C = 20
3
C=

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Bai 2:
Chng minh rang:
a) Pn Pn1 = (n1)Pn1

b) Pn = (n 1)Pn1 + (n 2)Pn2 + ... + 2P2 + P1 + 1

n2
1
1
=
+
n! (n 1)! (n 2)!
x! (x 1)! 1
=
Bai 3:
Giai phng trnh:
(x + 1)!
6
S:
x = 2; x = 3
Bai 4:
Giai bat phng trnh:

1 5
(n + 1)!
n.(n 1)!
.

(1)

5
n 2 n + 1 (n 3)!4! 12(n 3).(n 4)!2!
c) 1+

1 1 1
1
+ + + ... + < 3
1! 2! 3!
n!

d)

(n 1)n
5 n = 4, n = 5, n = 6
6
Bai 5:
Giai cac phng trnh:
P P
1
a) P2.x2 P3.x = 8
b) x x1 =
Px+1
6
S:
a) x = 1; x = 4 b) x = 2; x = 3
Bai 6:
Xet cac so t nhien gom 5 ch so khac nhau lap t
cac ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Hoi trong cac so o co bao nhieu so:
a) Bat au bang ch so 5?
b) Khong bat au bang ch
so 1?
c) Bat au bang 23?
d) Khong bat au bang 345?
S:
a) 4!
b) 5! 4! c) 3!
d) 5! 2!
Bai 7:
Xet cac so t nhien gom 5 ch so khac nhau c lap
t cac so 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. Hoi trong cac so o co bao nhieu so:
a/ Bat au bi ch so 9? b/ Khong bat au bi ch so 1?
c/ Bat au bi 19?
d/ Khong bat au bi 135?
S:
a/ 24.
b/ 96.
c/ 6
d/ 118.
Bai 8:
Vi moi hoan v cua cac so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ta c
mot so t nhien. Tm tong tat ca cac so t nhien co c
t cac hoan v cua 7 phan t tren?
S: Vi moi i, j { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7} , so cac so ma ch so j hang
th i la 6!.
Tong tat ca cac so la: (6!1++6!7) + (6!1++6!7).10 ++
(6!1++6!7).106
= 6! (1+2++7).(1+10++106)
Bai 9:
Tm tong S cua tat ca cac so t nhien, moi so c
tao thanh bi hoan v cua 6 ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
S: 279999720.
Bai 10: Tren mot ke sach co 5 quyen sach Toan, 4 quyen
sach L, 3 quyen sach Van. Cac quyen sach eu khac nhau.
Hoi co bao nhieu cach sap xep cac quyen sach tren:
a) Mot cach tuy y?
b) Theo tng mon?
c) Theo tng mon va sach Toan nam gia?
S:
a) P12
b) 3!(5!4!3!)
c) 2!(5!4!3!)
Bai 11: Co 5 hoc sinh nam la A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 va 3 hoc sinh n
B1, B2, B3 c xep ngoi xung quanh mot ban tron. Hoi co bao
nhieu cach sap xep neu:
a) Mot cach tuy y?
b) A1 khong ngoi canh B1?
c) Cac hoc sinh n khong ngoi canh nhau?
S:

(1)

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S:
a) Q8 = 7!
b) Q7 = 6!
c) Co 4!5.4.3 cach sap
xep
Bai 12: Vi cac ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao
nhieu so gom 8 ch so, trong o ch so 1 co mat 3 lan, moi
ch so khac co mat ung mot lan?
8! 7
S:

3! 3!
Bai 13: Co bao nhieu so t nhien co 3 ch so khac nhau va
khac 0 biet rang tong cua 3 ch so nay bang 9.
S: 18.
Bai 14: T cac ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 thiet lap tat ca cac so
co 6 ch so khac nhau. Hoi trong cac so a thiet lap c,
co bao nhieu so ma hai ch so 1 va 6 khong ng canh nhau?
S: 480.
Bai 15: Co bao nhieu cach sap xep 5 ban hoc sinh A, B, C, D, E
ngoi vao mot chiec ghe dai sao cho:
a/ Ban C ngoi chnh gia?
b/ Hai ban A va E ngoi hai au ghe?
S: a/ 24.
b/ 12.
Bai 16: Mot hoi ngh ban tron co phai oan cua cac nc:
My 5 ngi, Nga 5 ngi, Anh 4 ngi, Phap 6 ngi, c 4
ngi. Hoi co bao nhieu cach sap xep cho moi thanh vien sao
cho ngi cung quoc tch ngoi gan nhau?
S: 143327232000.
Bai 17: Sap xep 10 ngi vao mot day ghe. Co bao nhieu
cach sap xep cho ngoi neu:
a/ Co 5 ngi trong nhom muon ngoi ke nhau?
b/ Co 2 ngi trong nhom khong muon ngoi ke nhau?
S: a/ 86400.
b/ 2903040.
Bai 18: Sap xep 6 nam sinh va 4 n sinh vao mot day ghe. Hoi
co bao nhieu cach sap xep cho ngoi neu:
a/ Nam sinh ngoi ke nhau, n sinh ngoi ke nhau?
b/ Ch co n ngoi ke nhau?
S: a/ 34560.
b/ 120960.
Bai 19: Co bao nhieu cach sap xep 12 hoc sinh ng thanh 1
hang e chup anh lu niem, biet rang trong o phai co 5 em
nh trc ng ke nhau?
S: 4838400.
Bai 20: Co 2 e kiem tra toan e chon oi hoc sinh gioi c
phat cho 10 hoc sinh khoi 11 va 10 hoc sinh khoi 12. Co bao
nhieu cach sap xep 20 hoc sinh tren vao 1 phong thi co 5 day
ghe sao cho hai em ngoi canh nhau co e khac nhau, con cac
em ngoi noi uoi nhau co cung mot e?
S: 26336378880000.
Bai 21: Co 3 vien bi en (khac nhau), 4 vien bi o (khac nhau), 5
vien bi vang (khac nhau), 6 vien bi xanh (khac nhau). Hoi co bao
nhieu cach sap xep cac vien bi tren thanh mot day sao cho
cac vien bi cung mau canh nhau?
S: 298598400.
Bai 22: Tren gia sach co 30 tap sach. Co the sap xep theo
bao nhieu cach khac nhau e co:
a/ Tap 1 va tap 2 ng canh nhau?
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b/ Tap 5 va tap 6 khong ng canh nhau?

S: a/ 2.29!.
b/ 28.29!.
Bai 23: Vi 5 ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao nhieu so
gom 8 ch so, trong o ch so 1 co mat ung 3 lan, ch so
2 co mat ung 2 lan va moi ch so con lai co mat ung
mot lan?
S: 3360.
Bai 24: Vi cac ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao
nhieu so gom 8 ch so, trong o ch so 1 co mat 3 lan, moi
ch so khac co mat ung 1 lan.
S: 5880.
Bai 25: Xet nhng so gom 9 ch so, trong o co 5 ch so 1
va 4 ch so con lai la 2, 3, 4, 5. Hoi co bao nhieu so nh the
neu:
a/ 5 ch so 1 c xep ke nhau?
b/ Cac ch so c xep tuy y?
S: a/ 120.
b/ 3024.

III. Chnh hp
1. Chnh hp (khong lap):
Cho tap hp A gom n phan t. Moi cach sap xep k phan t
cua A (1 k n) theo mot th t nao oc goi la mot chnh
hp chap k cua n phan t cua tap A.
So chnh hp chap k cua n phan t:
n!
Ank = n(n 1)(n 2)...(n k + 1) =
(n k)!
Cong thc tren cung ung cho trng hp k = 0 hoac k = n.

Khi k = n th Ann = Pn = n!
2. Chnh hp lap:
Cho tap A gom n phan t. Mot day gom k phan t cua A,
trong o moi phan t co the c lap lai nhieu lan, c
sap xep theo mot th t nhat nh c goi la mot chnh hp
lap chap k cua n phan t cua tap A.
So chnh hp lap chap k cua n phan t:

Bai 1:

Rut gon cac bieu thc sau:

A52

5
A10
+
A=
P2 7P5

C=

Ank = nk

12
11
A49
+ A49

10
A49
S: A = 46;

B = P1A21 + P2A32 + P3A43 + P4A54 P1P2P3P4

10
9
A17
+ A17

P5 P4 P3 P2 2
4 + 3 + 2 + 1 A5
D
=
8
A

A17
5 A5 A5 A5
B = 2750; C = 1440; D = 42
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Bai 2:
Chng minh rang:
1
1
1
n 1
+
+ ... +
=
, v
i n N, n 2.
a/
2
2
2
n
A2 A3
An
b/ Ank = Ank1 + k.Ank11
Bai 3:

Giai cac phng trnh sau:

a) An3 = 20n
S:
Bai 4:

b) An3 + 5An2 = 2(n + 15) c) 3An2 A22n + 42 = 0.

a) n = 6
b) n = 3
Tm n N sao cho:
Pn+2

a)

= 210

Ann14.P3
2Pn + 6An2 PnAn2

S:
Bai 5:

c) n = 6

b) 2( An3 + 3An2 ) = Pn+1

a) n = 5
b) n = 4
Giai cac phng trnh:

2Ax2 + 50 =

c)

= 12

9
8
a/ A10
x + Ax = 9Ax.

c/

c/ Ann++k2 + Ann++k1 = k2.Ann+ k

A22x

c) n = 2; 3

b/ Px.Ax2 + 72 = 6( Ax2 + 2Px )

d/

Axy++11.Px y
Px1

= 72.

S: a/ x = 11.
b/ x = 3; 4.c/ x = 5.
Bai 6:
Giai cac bat phng trnh:

d/ x = 8, y 7, y N.

An4+2 143
15

<0
a)
b)
<
Pn+2 4Pn1
(n + 2)! (n 1)!
S:
a) n = 3; 4; 5
b) 2 n 36
Bai 7:
Tm cac so am trong day
An4+ 4

xn =

An4+ 4
Pn+2

so

x1, x2, x3,... , xn

vi:

143
(n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
4.Pn

63
23
; n2 = 2, x2 = .
4
8
Bai 8:
Mot cuoc khieu vu co 10 nam va 6 n. Ngi ta chon
co th t 3 nam va 3 n e ghep thanh 3 cap. Hoi co bao
nhieu cach chon?
S: n1 = 1, x1 =

S:

3
Co A10
.A63 cach

Bai 9:
Trong khong gian cho 4 iem A, B, C, D. T cac iem tren
ta lap cac vect khac vect khong. Hoi co the co c bao
nhieu vect?
S: A42 = 12 vect
Bai 10: Mot lp hoc ch co cac ban oi (2 cho ngoi). Hoi lp
nay co bao nhieu hoc sinh, biet rang ch co the sap xep cho
ngoi cho hoc sinh cua lp nay theo 132 s o khac nhau? (So
cho ngoi va u so hoc sinh)
S:

An2 = 132 n = 12

Bai 11: T cac ch so 0, 1, 2, , 9, co the lap c bao nhieu

so t nhien gom 5 ch so:
a) Cac ch so khac nhau?
b) Hai ch so ke nhau phai khac nhau?
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a) 9.A94

b) Co 95 so

Bai 12: T cac ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 co the lap c bao

nhieu:
a) So gom 5 ch so khac nhau?
b) So chan gom 5 ch so khac nhau?
c) So gom 5 ch so khac nhau va phai co mat ch so 5?
S:

a) 6. A64

b) 6.A53 + 3.5A53

c) So gom 5 ch so co dang: abcde

Neu a = 5 th co A64 so
Neu a 5 th a co 5 cach chon. So 5 co the at vao 1 trong
cac v tr b, c, d, e co 4 cach chon v tr cho so 5. 3 v tr con
lai co the chon t 5 ch so con lai co A53 cach chon.

Co A64 + 4.5.A53 = 1560 so

Bai 13: T cac ch so 0, 1, 2, , 9 co the lap bao nhieu bien
so xe gom 3 ch so (tr so 000)?
S:

3
A10
1= 999

Bai 14: Co bao nhieu so t nhien co 6 ch so vi:

a) Ch so au va ch so cuoi giong nhau?
b) Ch so au va cuoi khac nhau?
c) Hai ch so au giong nhau va hai ch so cuoi giong nhau?
S:

4 = 9.104 so
a) 9. A10

6
5 = 9.105 so gom 6 ch so Co 9.105
b) Co tat ca: A10
A10

9.104 so
c) Co 9.10.10.10 = 9000 so
Bai 15: Co bao nhieu so ien thoai co 6 ch so? Trong o co
bao nhieu so ien thoai co 6 ch so khac nhau?
S:

6 = 106
a) A10

6
b) A10
= 15120

Bai 16: Mot bien so xe gom 2 ch cai ng trc va 4 ch

so ng sau. Cac ch cai c lay t 26 ch cai A, B, C, , Z.
Cac ch so c lay t 10 ch so 0, 1, 2, , 9. Hoi:
a) Co bao nhieu bien so xe trong o co t nhat mot ch cai
khac ch cai O va cac ch so oi mot khac nhau?
b) Co bao nhieu bien so xe co hai ch cai khac nhau va co
ung 2 ch so le giong nhau?
S:
a) So cach chon 2 ch cai: 26 26 1 = 675 cach
So cach chon 4 ch so:

4
= 5040 cach
A10

So bien so xe:675 5040 = 3.402.000 so

b) Ch cai th nhat: co 26 cach chon
Ch cai th hai: co 25 cach chon
Cac cap so le giong nhau co the la: (1;1), (3;3), (5;5), (7;7),
(9;9)
Co 5 cach chon 1 cap so le.
Xep mot cap so le vao 4 v tr co C42 cach
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Co 5. C42 cach sap xep cap so le.

Con lai 2 v tr la cac ch so chan:
Ch so chan th nhat: co 5 cach chon
Ch so chan th hai: co 5 cach chon
Co 26 25 5 C42 5 5 = 487500 cach
Bai 17:
a) Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 6 ch so khac nhau
ma tong cac ch so o bang 18?
b) Hoi co bao nhieu so le thoa man ieu kien o?
S:
Chu y:
18 = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 8
18 = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 7
18 = 0 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 6
a) 3 5 5!
b) 192 + 384 + 192 = 768 so
Bai 18: T 20 hoc sinh can chon ra mot ban ai dien lp gom 1
lp trng, 1 lp pho va 1 th ky. Hoi co may cach chon?
S: 6840.
Bai 19: Huan luyen vien mot oi bong muon chon 5 cau thu
e a qua luan lu 11 met. Co bao nhieu cach chon neu:
a/ Ca 11 cau thu co kha nang nh nhau? (ke ca thu mon).
b/ Co 3 cau thu b chan thng va nhat thiet phai bo tr cau
thu A a qua so 1 va cau thu B a qua so 4.
S: a/ 55440.
b/ 120.
Bai 20: Mot ngi muon xep at mot so pho tng vao mot
day 6 cho trong tren mot ke trang tr. Co bao nhieu cach sap
xep neu:
a/ Ngi o co 6 pho tng khac nhau?
b/ Ngi o co 4 pho tng khac nhau?
c/ Ngi o co 8 pho tng khac nhau?
S: a/ 6!.
b/ 360.
c/ 20160.
Bai 21: Vi 6 ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao nhieu
so co 5 ch so khac nhau va thoa:
a/ So chan.
b/ Bat au bang so 24. c/ Bat au bang so
345.
d/ Bat au bang so 1? T o suy ra cac so khong bat au
bang so 1?
S: a/ 312. b/ 24.
c/ 6.
d/ 120 ; 480.
Bai 22: Cho tap hp X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Co the lap c
bao nhieu so n gom 5 ch so khac nhau oi mot lay t X
trong moi trng hp sau:
a/ n la so chan?
b/ Mot trong ba ch so au tien phai bang 1?
(HQG TP.HCM, 99, khoi D, t 2)
S: a/ 3000.
b/ 2280.
Bai 23: a/ T 5 ch so 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 co the lap c bao nhieu
so gom 4 ch so khac nhau va chia het cho 3.
b/ T 10 ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 co the lap c bao
nhieu so khac nhau sao cho trong cac ch so o co mat so 0
va so 1.
(HVCN Bu chnh Vien thong, 1999)
c/ T 8 ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 co the lap c bao nhieu so
gom 6 ch so khac nhau trong o nhat thiet phai co mat
ch so 4.
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ai so 11

Tran S Tung

S: a/ 18.
b/ 42000.
c/ 13320.
Bai 24: a/ Tnh tong cua tat ca cac so t nhien gom 5 ch
so khac nhau oi mot c tao thanh t 6 ch so 1, 3, 4, 5, 7,
8.
b/ Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 4 ch so khac nhau c tao
thanh t 5 ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Tnh tong cua cac so nay.
S: a/ 37332960.
b/ 96 ; 259980.
Bai 25: a/ Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 5 ch so khac nhau
va chia het cho 10 (ch so hang van khac 0).
(H a Nang, 2000, khoi A, t 1)
b/ Cho 10 ch so 0, 1, 2, ..., 9. Co bao nhieu so le co 6 ch so
khac nhau nho hn 600000 xay dng t 10 ch so a cho.
(H Y khoa Ha Noi, 1997)
S: a/ 3024.
b/ 36960.

IV. To hp
1. To hp (khong lap):
Cho tap A gom n phan t. Moi tap con gom k (1 k n) phan
t cua A c goi la mot to hp chap k cua n phan t.
n!
Cnk =
So cac to hp chap k cua n phan t:
k!(n k)!

Qui c: Cn0 = 1
Tnh chat:
Cn0 = Cnn = 1
Cnk = Cnnk

Cnk = Cnk11 + Cnk1

n k + 1 k1
Cnk =
Cn
k
2. To hp lap:
Cho tap A = { a1; a2;...; an} va so t nhien k bat k. Mot to hp lap
chap k cua n phan t la mot hp gom k phan t, trong o
moi phan t la mot trong n phan t cua A.
So to hp lap chap k cua n phan t:
Trang 30

Cnk = Cnk+ k1 = Cnm+k11

Tran S Tung
ai so 11
3. Phan biet chnh hp va to hp:

Chnh hp va to hp lien he nhau bi cong thc: Ank = k!Cnk

Chnh hp: co th t.
To hp: khong co th t.
Nhng bai toan ma ket qua phu thuoc vao v tr cac phan
t > chnh hp
Ngc lai, la to hp.
Cach lay k phan t t tap n phan t (k n):
+ Khong th t, khong hoan lai:

Cnk

+ Co th t, khong hoan lai:

Ank
Ank

+ Co th t, co hoan lai:

Dang 1: Tnh gia tr bieu thc to hp

1+ C74 + C73 C84

A32
+
B=
5
6
6
P2
1+ C10
+ C10
C11

23
13
7
C25
C15
3C10

Bai 1:

Tnh: A =

S:
Bai 2:

A = 165,
B=4
Rut gon cac bieu thc sau:

S = Cnn.C2nn.C3nn
Q=

Cn2
1
Cn + 2
Cn1

P=

+ ... + k
(3n)!

Cnk

Cnk1

+ ... + n

Pn+2
Ank.Pnk

8
9
10
C15
+ 2C15
+ C15
10
C17

Cnn

Cnn1

n(n+ 1)
2
(n!)
Dang 2: Chng minh ang thc to hp
Bai 1:
Chng minh cac he thc sau:
n
a) Cnk.Cnpkk = Cnp.C pk (k p n)
b) Cnr = Cnr 11
r
Bai 2:
Chng minh cac he thc sau:
S:

S=

P = (n+1)(n+2) + 1

a) Cnm+1 + Cnm1 + 2Cnm = Cnm++21

Q=

b) Cnk + 3Cnk1 + 3Cnk2 + Cnk3 = Cnk+3 (3 k n)

S: S dung tnh chat: Cnk1 + Cnk = Cnk+1

Bai 3:

Chng minh cac he thc sau:

a) Cnk + 4Cnk1 + 6Cnk2 + 4Cnk3 + Cnk4 = Cn+ 4k

p
b) Cn+1 =

n)
Bai 4:
a)

n + 1 p1
C
p n

(4 k n)

c) k(k 1)Cnk = n(n 1)Cnk22

( 2 < k <

Chng minh cac he thc sau:

Cr0.Cqp + Cr1.Cqp1 + ... + Crp.Cq0

= Crp+ q

b) (Cn0)2 + (Cn1)2 + ... + (Cnn)2 = C2nn

c) C20p + C22p + C24p + ... + C22pp = C21p + C23p + ... + C22pp1 = c2p1
d) 1 Cn1 + Cn2 Cn3 + ... + (1)pCnp = (1) pCnp1
S: a) S dung khai trien: (1+x) r.(1+x)q = (1+x)r+q. So sanh he so
cua xp 2 ve.
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ai so 11

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b) S dung cau a) vi p = q = r = n
c) S dung (x+y)2p va (xy)2p
d) S dung Cnr = Cnr 11 + Cnr 1 , vi r le th nhan 2 ve vi 1.
Dang 3 : Chng minh bat ang thc to hp
1 n
1
.C <
Bai 1:
Chng minh rang:
( n N, n 1)
2n 2n
2n + 1
2
1 n
(2n)!
1.3.5...(2n 1)
=
HD: Bien oi ve trai: 2n .C2n = 2n
2.4.6...(2n)
2
2 .n!n!
1.3.5...(2n 1)
1
<
Vay ta phai chng minh:
2.4.6...(2n)
2n + 1
2k 1 ( 2k 1)2 ( 2k 1)2
2k 1
=
<
=
2k
2k + 1
4k2
4k2 1
Cho k lan lt t 1, 2, , n. Roi nhan cac BT ve theo ve, ta
c pcm.
Ta co:

Bai 2:

Chng minh rang: C2nn+ k.C2nnk (C2nn)2

(vi k, n N, 0 k

n)
HD: at uk = C2nn+k .C2nnk (k = 0;1;;n)
Ta chng minh: uk > uk+1 (*)
That vay, (*) C2nn+ k.C2nnk > C2nn+ k+1.C2nnk1 n + 2nk > 0
ieu nay luon luon ung pcm.

Dang 4: Tm gia tr ln nhat, nho nhat cua bieu thc to

hp
Bai 1:

a) Chng minh: Cnk1 < Cnk

vi n = 2m, k m. T o suy ra

Cnm la ln nhat.
Cnk1 < Cnk

b) Chng minh:

vi n = 2m + 1, k m.

T o suy ra Cnm; Cnm+1 la ln nhat.

Cnk =

HD: a) Theo tnh chat:

Vi k m 2k n

Cnk
n+ 1
n k + 1 k1
1
.Cn k1 =
k
k
Cn

n+ 1
1> 1 Cnk > Cnk1
k

V Cnk = Cnnk nen Cnk ln nhat.

b) Tng t
Bai 2:
Cho n > 2, p [1; n]. Tm gia tr ln nhat va gia tr nho
nhat cua Cnp .
HD: V Cnp = Cnn p nen ta chi can xet 1 p
Ta co:

Cnp

> Cnp1

Cnp

Cnp1

n
2

n p+ 1
n+ 1
>1 p<
p
2
Trang 32

Tran S Tung
ai so 11
Vay

Cnp nho nhat khi p = 1 hoac p = n 1, ng vi Cn1 = Cnn1 = n

Cnp ln nhat khi p =

Bai 3:

n 1
n
(neu n le) hoac p =
(neu n chan)
2
2

Vi gia tr nao cua p th Cnp ln nhat.

HD: Ta co:

p
Cm

p1
Cm

p
p1
Cm

> Cm

m p + 1 m+ 1
=
1. T so nay giam khi p tang.
p
p

m p+ 1
1, do o:
p

m+ 1
2

1
2
1
p
p1
e Cm
ta phai co: p k + , v p, k N nen chon p = k
> Cm
2
Neu m le: m = 2k + 1 p k + 1, ta se co:

Neu m chan: m = 2k p k +

p
Cm

p
= 1 khi p = k + 1 Cm
= C2kk++11 =
p1

(2k + 1)!
(k + 1)!k!

Cm
* Ap dung bai toan nay ta co the giai nhieu bai toan khac.
V du:
Co 25 hoc sinh. Muon lap thanh nhng nhom gom p hoc sinh.
Tm gia tr cua p e c so cach chia nhom la ln nhat? Tm
so cach chia nhom o.
p
* V co 25 hoc sinh, chon p em nen so nhom co the lap la C25
.
p
Theo tren, ta co m = 25 (le) vi k = 12 do o C25
ln nhat khi p

= k + 1 = 13.
13
Vay p = 13, khi o: so nhom toi a co the lap: C25
= 5200300.

Dang 5 : Giai phng trnh, bat phng trnh co cha to hp

Bai 1:
Giai cac phng trnh sau:
4
1
1
1
A
24
a) 3 n n4 =
b) x x = x
c) Cxx1 + Cxx2 + Cxx3 + ... + Cxx10 = 1023
23
C4 C5 C6
An+1 Cn
S: a) n = 5
b) x = 2
c) x = 10
Bai 2:
Giai cac phng trnh sau:
x+ 4
2x10
a) C10
+ x = C10+ x

b) x2 C4x.x + C32.C31 = 0

d) C8x++x3 = 5Ax3+6

e) C1x + 6Cx2 + 6Cx3 = 9x2 14

S: a) x = 14
b) x = 3
c) x = 10
Bai 3:
Giai cac bat phng trnh:
a)

Cnn13
An4+1

<

1
14P3

b)

Pn+5

(n k)!

60Ank++32

S: a) k: n 3, n2 + n 42 > 0 n 6
k n
b)
(n + 5)(n + 4)(n k + 1) 0

Xet vi n 4: bpt vo nghiem

Trang 33

c) Ax22 + Cxx2 = 101

d) x = 17

e) x = 7

c) Cn41 Cn31

5 2
A <0
4 n2

ai so 11

Tran S Tung

Xet n {0,1,2,3} ta c cac nghiem la: (0;0), (1;0), (1;1), (2;2),

(3,3)
c) k: n 5, n2 9n 22 < 0 n = 6; 7; 8; 9; 10
Bai 4:
Giai cac phng trnh va bat phng trnh:
x2
a/ Cx+1 + 2Cx31 = 7(x 1)
b/ Ax3 + Cxx2 = 14x.
c/
e/

Ax5

Cxx25

= 336.

Cn41 Cn31

d/
5 2
A < 0.
4 n2

f/

2x
C28

2x 4
C24

Cnn13
An4+1

<

225
.
52

1
.
14P3

1 2
6
A2x Ax2 Cx3 + 10.
2
x
S:
a/ x = 5. b/ x = 5. c/ x = 8. d/ x = 7.
e/ 5 n 10, n N.
f/ x 6, n N.
g/ x = 2. h/ x = 3, x = 4.
Bai 5:
Giai cac he phng trnh:
x
A
C y C y+1 = 0
y + C y x = 126
y
y+1
y1
y
a) P
b) Cx+1 : Cx : Cx = 6:5: 2
c) x y x y1
x+1
4Cx 5Cx = 0
P = 720
x+1
g/ 2Cx2+1 + 3Ax2 < 30.

h/

x = 5
x = 8
x = 17
S: a)
b)
c)
y = 7
y = 3
y = 8
Bai 6:
Giai cac phng trnh va he bat phng trnh:
x x
1
Cy :Cy+2 =
2Ay + 5C y = 90

lg(3C 3) lgC1 1
x
3
x
x
a/ xy
b/
c/

y
x 3y 6
5Ax + 2Cx = 80
C x : Ax = 1
y y 24
S:
a/ x = 5, y = 2. b/ x = 4, y = 8. c/ 3 x 6; x, y Z+ .
Bai 7:

k
k+1
k+ 2
Tm so t nhien k sao cho C14
lap thanh mot
, C14
, C14

cap so cong.
S: k = 4; 8.
Dang 6: Tm so to hp trong cac bai toan so hoc
Bai 1:
Cho 10 cau hoi, trong o co 4 cau ly thuyet va 6 bai
tap. Ngi ta cau tao thanh cac e thi. Biet rang trong moi e
thi phai gom 3 cau hoi, trong o nhat thiet phai co t nhat 1
cau ly thuyet va 1 bai tap. Hoi co the tao ra bao nhieu e
thi?
S:

e gom 2 cau ly thuyet va 1 bai tap:

C42.C61 = 36

e gom 1 cau ly thuyet va 2 bai tap:

C41.C62 = 60
Vay co: 36 + 60 = 96 e thi.
Bai 2:
Mot lp hoc co 40 hoc sinh, trong o gom 25 nam va 15
n. Giao vien chu nhiem muon chon mot ban can s lp gom
4 em. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon, neu:
a) Gom 4 hoc sinh tuy y.
b) Co 1 nam va 3 n.
c) Co 2 nam va 2 n.
d) Co t nhat 1 nam.
e) Co t nhat 1 nam va 1 n.
Trang 34

Tran S Tung
ai so 11
4
S: a) C40

1
3
b) C25
.C15

2
2
c) C25
.C15

1
3
2
2
3
1
4
d) C25
.C15
+ C25
.C15
+ C25
.C15
+ C25

4
4
4
e) C40
C25
C15

Bai 3:
Cho 5 iem trong mat phang va khong co 3 iem nao
thang hang. Hoi co bao nhieu vect tao thanh t 5 iem ay?
Co bao nhieu oan thang tao thanh t 5 iem ay?
S: 20 ; 10.
Bai 4:
Co 5 tem th khac nhau va 6 b th cung khac nhau.
Ngi ta muon chon t o ra 3 tem th, 3 b th va dan 3 tem th
ay len 3 b th a chon. Mot b th ch dan 1 tem th. Hoi co
bao nhieu cach lam nh vay?
S: 1200.
Bai 5:
Mot tui cha 6 vien bi trang va 5 vien bi xanh. Lay ra 4
vien bi t tui o, co bao nhieu cach lay c:
a/ 4 vien bi cung mau?
b/ 2 vien bi trang, 2 vien bi xanh?
S: a/ 20.
b/ 150.
Bai 6:
T 20 ngi, chon ra mot oan ai bieu gom 1 trng
oan, 1 pho oan, 1 th ky va 3 uy vien. Hoi co may cach
chon?
S: 4651200.
Bai 7:
T 5 bong hong vang, 3 bong hong trang va 4 bong
hong o (cac bong hoa xem nh oi mot khac nhau), ngi ta
muon chon ra mot bo hoa gom 7 bong, hoi co bao nhieu cach
chon bo hoa trong o:
a/ Co ung 1 bong hong o?
b/ Co t nhat 3 bong hong vang va t nhat 3 bong hong o?
S: a/ 112
b/ 150.
Bai 8:
T 8 so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 co the lap c bao nhieu so
gom 10 ch so c chon t 8 ch so tren, trong o ch so 6
co mat ung 3 lan, ch so khac co mat ung 1 lan.
S: 544320.
(HVCNBCVT, Tp.HCM, 1999)
Bai 9:
T tap X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} co the lap c bao
nhieu so:
a/ Chan gom 5 ch so khac nhau tng oi mot va ch so
ng au la ch so 2?
b/ Gom 5 ch so khac nhau tng oi mot sao cho 5 ch so o
co ung 3 ch so chan va 2 ch so le?
S: a/ 360. b/ 2448.
(H Can Th, 2001)
Bai 10: a/ Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 6 ch so oi mot
khac nhau (ch so au tien phai khac 0), trong o co mat
ch so 0 nhng khong co ch so 1).
b/ Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 7 ch so, biet rang ch so
2 co mat ung 2 lan, ch so 3 co mat ung 3 lan va cac
ch so con lai co mat khong qua mot lan.
S: a/ 33600 b/ 11340.
(H QG, Tp.HCM, 2001)
Bai 11: Ngi ta viet cac so co 6 ch so bang cac ch so 1,
2, 3, 4, 5 nh sau: Trong moi so c viet co mot ch so xuat
hien hai lan con cac ch so con lai xuat hien mot lan. Hoi
co bao nhieu so nh vay?
S: 1800.
(H S pham Vinh, 1998)
Bai 12: T mot tap the 14 ngi gom 6 nam va 8 n trong o
co An va Bnh, ngi ta muon chon mot to cong tac gom co 6
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ngi. Tm so cach chon trong moi trng hp sau:

a/ Trong to phai co ca nam lan n?
b/ Trong to co 1 to trng, 5 to vien hn na An va Bnh khong
ong thi co mat trong to?
S: a/ 2974. b/ 15048.
(H Kinh te, Tp.HCM, 2001)
Bai 13: Mot oan tau co 3 toa ch khac. Toa I, II, III. Tren san
ga co 4 khach chuan b i tau. Biet moi toa co t nhat 4 cho
trong. Hoi:
a/ Co bao nhieu cach sap xep cho 4 v khach len 3 toa.
b/ Co bao nhieu cach sap xep cho 4 v khach len tau co 1 toa
co 3 trong 4 v khach noi tren.
S: a/ 99.
b/ 24.
(H Luat Ha Noi, 1999)
Bai 14: Trong so 16 hoc sinh co 3 hoc sinh gioi, 5 kha, 8 trung
bnh. Co bao nhieu cach chia so hoc sinh o thanh hai to, moi
to 8 hoc sinh sao cho moi to eu co hoc sinh gioi va moi to
co t nhat hai hoc sinh kha.
S: 3780.
(HVKT Quan s, 2001)

Dang 7: Tm so to hp trong cac bai toan hnh hoc

Bai 1:
Trong mat phang cho n ng thang cat nhau tng oi
mot, nhng khong co 3 ng nao ong quy. Hoi co bao nhieu
giao iem? Co bao nhieu tam giac c tao thanh?
n(n 1)
S:
So giao iem: Cn2 =
2
n(n 1)(n 2)
So tam giac: Cn3 =
6
Bai 2:
Cho 10 iem trong khong gian, trong o khong co 3 iem
nao thang hang.
a) Co bao nhieu ng thang i qua tng cap iem?
b) Co bao nhieu vect noi tng cap iem?
c) Co bao nhieu tam giac co nh la 3 trong 10 iem tren?
d) Neu trong 10 iem tren khong co 4 iem nao ong phang,
th co bao nhieu t dien c tao thanh?
2
S: a) C10

2
b) A10

3
c) C10

4
d) C10

Bai 3:
Cho a giac loi co n canh (n 4)
a) Tm n e a giac co so ng cheo bang so canh?
b) Gia s 3 ng cheo cung i qua 1 nh th khong ong qui.
Hay tnh so giao iem (khong phai la nh) cua cac ng
cheo ay?
S: a) Cn2 n = n n = 5
b) Giao iem cua 2 ng cheo cua 1 a giac loi (khong phai
la nh) chnh la giao iem cua 2 ng cheo mot t giac
ma 4 nh cua no la 4 nh cua a giac. Vay so giao iem
phai tm bang so t giac vi 4 nh thuoc n nh cua a
giac: Cn4

Bai 4:
Cho mot a giac loi co n-canh (n , b 3) .
a/ Tm so ng cheo cua a giac. Hay ch ra 1 a giac co so
canh bang so ng cheo?
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Tran S Tung
ai so 11
b/ Co bao nhieu tam giac co nh trung vi nh cua a giac?
c/ Co bao nhieu giao iem gia cac ng cheo?
n(n 3)
(n 2)(n 1)n
n(n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
S: a/
c/
.
; n = 5. b/
.
2
6
24
Bai 5:
Tm so giao iem toi a cua:
a/ 10 ng thang phan biet?
b/ 10 ng tron phan
biet?
c/ 10 ng thang va 10 ng tron tren?
S: a/ 45.
b/ 90.
c/ 335.
Bai 6:
Cho hai ng thang song song (d1), (d2). Tren (d1) lay 17
iem phan biet, tren (d2) lay 20 iem phan biet. Tnh so tam
giac co cac nh la 3 iem trong so 37 iem a chon tren (d1)
va (d2).
S: 5950.
(H SP Quy Nhn, 1997)
Bai 7:
Cho mat phang cho a giac eu H co 20 canh. Xet cac
tam giac co ba nh c lay t cac nh cua H.
a/ Co tat ca bao nhieu tam giac nh vay? Co bao nhieu tam
giac co ung hai canh la canh cua H?
b/ Co bao nhieu tam giac co ung mot canh la canh cua H?
Co bao nhieu tam giac khong co canh nao la canh cua H?
S: a/ 1140; 20.
b/ 320 ; 80.
(HVNH, 2000, khoi D)
Bai 8:
Co 10 iem A, B, C, ... tren mat phang trong o khong
co 3 iem nao thang hang.
a/ Noi chung lai ta c bao nhieu ng thang? Trong o co
bao nhieu ng khong i qua A hay B?
b/ Co bao nhieu tam giac nh bi cac iem tren? Bao nhieu
tam giac cha iem A? Bao nhieu tam giac cha canh AB?
S: a/ 45; 28.
b/ 120 ; 36 ; 8.
Bai 9:
Co p iem trong mat phang trong o co q iem thang
hang, so con lai khong co 3 iem nao thang hang. Noi p
iem o lai vi nhau. Hoi:
a/ Co bao nhieu ng thang?
b/ Chung tao ra bao nhieu
tam giac?
1
1
S: a/
b/
p( p 1) q(q 1) + 2; .
p( p 1)( p 2) q(q 1)(q 2) .
2
6
Bai 10: Cho p iem trong khong gian trong o co q iem ong
phang, so con lai khong co 4 iem nao ong phang. Dng tat
ca cac mat phang cha 3 trong p iem o. Hoi:
a/ Co bao nhieu mat phang khac nhau?
b/ Chung tao ra
bao nhieu t dien?
S: a/ C3p Cq3 + 1.

b/ C p4 Cq4.

Bai 11: Cho p iem trong o co q iem cung nam tren 1 ng

tron, ngoai ra khong co 4 iem nao ong phang. Hoi co bao
nhieu:
a/ ng tron, moi ng i qua ba iem?
b/ T dien vi cac nh thuoc p iem o?
S: a/ C3p Cq3 + 1.

b/ C p4 Cq4.

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V. Nh thc Newton
1. Cong thc khai trien nh thc Newton: Vi moi nN va vi
moi cap so a, b ta co:
n

(a + b)n =

Cnkankbk

k= 0

2. Tnh chat:
1) So cac so hang cua khai trien bang n + 1
2) Tong cac so mu cua a va b trong moi so hang bang n
T k+1 = Cnkankbk ( k =0,

3) So hang tong quat (th k+1) co dang:

1, 2, , n)
4) Cac he so cua cac cap so hang cach eu so hang au
va cuoi th bang nhau:
Cnk = Cnnk
5) Cn0 = Cnn = 1, Cnk1 + Cnk = Cnk+1
* Nhan xet: Neu trong khai trien nh thc Newton, ta gan cho a
va b nhng gia tr ac biet th ta se thu c nhng cong
thc ac biet. Chang han:
(1+x)n = Cn0xn + Cn1xn1 + ... + Cnn

(x1)n = Cn0xn Cn1xn1 + ... + (1)nCnn

Cn0 + Cn1 + ... + Cnn = 2n

Cn0 Cn1 + ... + (1)nCnn = 0

Dang 1: Xac nh cac he so trong khai trien nh thc

Newton
Bai 1:

Tm so hang khong cha x trong khai trien cua nh thc:

10

1
a) x +

x4

S: a) 45
Bai 2:
b/

12

1
b) x2 +

x4

b) 495

1
c) x3
x2

c) 10

d) x2 1
x

d) 15

a/ Tm he so cua x12y13 trong khai trien (2x + 3y)25.

Tm cac so hang gia cua khai trien (x3 xy)15.

13
S: a) 313.212.C25
.

b) T8 = 6435x31.y7, T9 = 6435x29.y8.

Bai 3:
Trong khai trien (x + y + z)n, tm so hang cha xk.ym
<n)
S: Trc het tm tat ca so hang cha xk.
Ta co: (x + y + z)n = x + ( y + z) = ... + Cnk xk ( y + z)

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nk

+ ...

(k,m

Tran S Tung
ai so 11
ma (y + z)nk = ... + Cnmkymznkm + ...
so hang cha xkym la: Cnk.Cnmk xk ymznkm
Bai 4:

Khai trien va rut gon cac n thc ong dang a thc:

P (x) = (1+ x)9 + (1+ x)10 + ... + (1+ x)14

ta se c a thc: P (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... + a14x14. Hay xac nh he

so a9?
S: a9 = 3003.
Bai 5:

Cho a thc P (x) = (1+ x) + 2(1+ x)2 + 3(1+ x)3 + ... + 20(1+ x)20

c viet di dang: P (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... + a20x20.

Tm he so a15?
S: a15 = 400995.
Bai 6:

Khai trien P (x) = (x 2)80 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... + a80x80.

Tm he so

a78?
S: a78 = 12640.
Bai 7:

Khai trien P (x) = (3+ x)50 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... + a50x50.

b/ Tnh tong S = a0 + a1 + a2 + ... + a50.

a/ Tnh he so a46?

S: a/ a46 = 18654300
b/ S = 450.
Bai 8:
a) Tm so hang khong cha can thc trong khai trien
cua nh thc:

3+ 2

5
n

1
b) Tm so mu n cua bieu thc b +
. Biet t so gia cac
3
12

he so cua so hang th 5 va th 3 trong khai trien cua nh

thc o la 7:2. Tm so hang th 6?
S: a) C52.3.2 = 60
b) n = 9 T6 =

C95

1
126
=
b .
3 2
3
b b2
b

( )

a
Bai 9:
Trong khai trien cua nh thc: 3
+

hang cha a, b vi luy tha giong nhau?

21 k

21

b
, tm cac so
3
a

21 k k k 21k
a
b
k
S: Ta co: Tk+1 = C21
= C k .a 3 6 .b2 6
. 3
.

3a
21
b

21 k k k 21 k

k = 9. Vay so hang can tm la:

=
3
6 2
6
5 5
9 2 2
C21.a .b
15

Bai 10:

a/ Tm so hang th 6 cua khai trien x 1 .

x

Trang 39

T 10 =

ai so 11

Tran S Tung
12

b/ Tm so hang cha a trong khai trien 3 3 a2 + 2 a .

64
3
7

10

1 3
c/ Tm so hang gia cua khai trien
+ x .
5
x

d/ Tm so hang khong cha x trong khai trien cua nh thc:

12

+ x .
x

16

e/ Tm hang t oc lap vi x trong khai trien 3 x + 1 .

x

5
S: a/ T6 = C15
.

b/ 924a7.230.

15 30 15
c/ T16 = C30
.x .y .

d/ 495.
e/ 1820.
Bai 11: So hang nao cha x vi so mu t nhien trong khai
trien sau:
13

1
b/ x +
.
3
x

10

a/ ( x + x) .

2
6 7
10 10
0 13
3 9
6 5 9
S: a/ C10
x, C10
x , C10
x . b/ C13
x , C13
x , C13
x ,C13x.

Bai 12: a/ Tm so hang cua khai trien ( 3 + 3 2)9 la mot so

nguyen.
b/ Tm so hang hu t cua khai trien ( 3 15)6.
c/ Xac nh cac so hang hu t cua khai trien (5 3 + 3 7)36.
d/ Co bao nhieu hang t nguyen cua khai trien ( 3 + 4 5)124.
S: a/ T4 = 4536, T10 = 8.
b/ T1 = 27, T3 = 2005, T5 = 10125, T7 = 3375.
c/ T7, T22, T37.

d/ 32 so hang
n

Bai 13:

a
a/ Tm so hang th ba cua khai trien 13 a +
neu

1
a

Cn3 : Cn2 = 4:1.

b/ Trong khai trien (1+ x)n theo luy tha tang cua x, cho biet :
T3 = 4T5

40 . Tm n va x?

T4 = 3 T6
1
b/ n = 6, x = .
2
a/ Xac nh he so th nhat, th hai, th ba trong khai

S: a/ n = 14, T3 = 9113 a51.

Bai 14:

1
trien x3 + .
x2

b/ Cho biet tong cua 3 he so tren la 11. Tm he so cua x2.

n(n 1)
S: a/ Cn0 = 1, Cn1 = n, Cn2 =
. b/ n = 4, C42 = 6.
2
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Tran S Tung
ai so 11
n

1
Bai 15: a/ Trong khai trien a a + cho biet hieu so gia he
a4

so cua hang t th ba va th hai la 44. Tm n.

n

b/ Cho biet trong khai trien x2 + 1 , tong cac he so cua cac

x

hang t th nhat, th hai, th ba la 46. Tm hang t khon g

cha x.
c/ Cho biet tong cua 3 he so cua 3 so hang au tien trong khai
n

trien x2 2 la 97. Tm hang t cua khai trien cha x4.

3
S: a/ n = 11 b/ n = 9 ; 84.
c/ n = 8; 1120x4.

Dang 2 : Ap dung khai trien nh thc Newton e chng minh

ang thc to hp
Bai 1:
a/
c/
e/

Tnh cac tong sau:

S1 = Cn0 + Cn1 + Cn2 + ... + Cnn.

S3 = Cn1 + Cn3 + Cn5 + ...
S5 = Cn0 + 22C n2 + 24Cn4 + ...

S: a/ 2n.

b/ S2 = Cn0 + Cn2 + Cn4 + ...

d/ S4 = Cn0 + 2Cn1 + 22Cn2 + ... + 2kCnk + ... + 2nCnn.

b/ 2n-1.

c/ 2n-1.

d/ 3n.

e/

3n + (1)n
.
2
Bai 2:
Biet tong tat ca cac he so cua khai trien th thc (x 2
n
+ 1) bang 1024, hay tm he so a (a la so t nhien) cua so
hang ax12 trong khai trien o.
S: a = 210.
(HV hanh chnh QG, 2000)
Bai 3:
Tnh tong sau:
6
7
8
9
10
11
a/ S1 = C11
+ C11
+ C11
+ C11
+ C11
+ C11
.

(HQG Ha Noi, 97, Khoi D)

0
1
2
16
b/ S2 = 316C16
315C16
+ 314C16
... + C16
.

(HBK Ha Noi, 98)

S: a/ 1024. b/ 216.
Bai 4:
Chng minh cac he thc sau:
a/ C20n + C22n + +C24n + ... + C22nn = C21n + +C23n + +C25n + ... + C22nn1
Tong he so chan bang tong he so le co ung khong?
b/ 1 10.C21n + 102.C22n 103.C23n + ... 102n1C22nn1 + 102n = 81n.
c/ C20n + C22n32 + C24n34 + ... + C22nn32n = 22n1.(22n + 1) (H Hang Hai, 2001)
Bai 5:

Dung ang thc (1+ x)m.(1+ x)n = (1+ x)m+ n , chng minh rang:

0 k
1 k1
2 k2
m km
k
a/ Cm
.Cn + Cm
.Cn + Cm
.Cn + ... + Cm
.Cn = Cm
+ n, m k n.

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ai so 11

Tran S Tung

(He thc Van der mon de (Van ec mon)).

b/ (Cn0)2 + (Cn1)2 + (Cn2)2 + ... + (Cnn)2 = C2nn.
(2n)!
(n k)!(n + k)!
Tnh gia tr cac bieu thc:

0 k
1 k+1
2 k+2
n k n
c/ Cn .Cn + Cn.Cn + Cn .Cn + ... + Cn .Cn =

Bai 6:

A = 22nC20n + 22n2C22n + ... + 20C22nn

S : Ta co : (2x+1)2n =
9n
Mat khac, (2x1)

2n

( 2x)

2nk

C2kn.
k= 0
2n

C2kn.( 2x)

k= 0

2nk

. Thay x = 1 ta c A + B = 32n =

.( 1) . Thay x = 1 ta c A B = 1
k

1 n
1 n
9 +1 , B =
9 1
2
2
Chng minh cac ang thc sau:

T o suy ra: A =
Bai 7:

2n

B = 22n1C21n + 22n3C23n + ... + 21C22nn1

a) Cn0 + 6Cn1 + 62Cn2 + ... + 6nCnn = 7n

0
1
17
b) 317C17
+ 41.316.C17
+ ... + 417C17
= 717

S: a) Khai trien (1+x)n = Cn0 + Cn1x + Cn2x2 + ... + Cnnxn ; thay x = 6

b) Khai trien (3x+4)17; thay x = 1
Dang 3: Toan chia het
Neu a chia cho b co so d la r th a = bq + r
nen an = (bq + r)n = bnqn + nbn1qn1r + + nbqrn1 + rn
Do o an va rn co cung so d khi chia cho b. Tc la: a n rn(mod
b)
Vay neu a r (mod b) th an rn (mod b)
V du 1: Chng minh rang vi n Z+, ta co:
a) 4n + 15n 1 M9
b) 16n 15n 1 M225
HD: a) Ta co 4n = (3+1)n = 3n + n.3n1 + + 3n + 1 3n + 1 (mod 9)
(v 3k M9 , k 2)
4n + 15n 1 3n + 1 + 15n 1 (mod 9) = 18n (mod 9)
Vay 4n + 15n 1 M 9
n(n 1) 2
b) 16n = (1 + 15)n = 1 + n.15 +
.15 + + n.15n1 + 15n
2
1 + 15n (mod 152)
Do o: 16n 15n 1 1 + 15n 15n 1 0 (mod 225)
Vay 16n 15n 1 M 225
V du 2: Chng minh rang vi n Z+, ta co: 26n+1 + 36n+1 + 56n + 1 M
7
HD: 26n+1 + 36n+1 + 56n+1 + 1 = 2(26)n + 3(36)n + (56)n + 1
= 2.64n + 3.729n + 15625n + 1
= 2[(7.9 + 1)n 1] + 3[(7.104 + 1)n 1] + [(7.2232 + 1)n 1] + 7
Do o vi moi so t nhien p va q th:
(7p+1)q 1 = [(7p+1)1].[(7p+1)q1+ + (7p+1) + 1]
nen bieu thc a cho luon chia het cho 7.

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Tran S Tung
ai so 11

B. XAC
SUAT
I. Bien co va xac suat
1. Bien co
Khong gian mau : la tap cac ket qua co the xay ra cua
mot phep th.
Bien co A: la tap cac ket qua cua phep th lam xay ra A.
A .
Bien co khong:
Bien co chac chan:
Bien co oi cua A: A = \ A
Hp hai bien co: A B
Giao hai bien co: A B (hoac
A.B)
Hai bien co xung khac: A B =
Hai bien co oc lap: neu viec xay ra bien co nay khong
anh hng en viec xay ra bien co kia.
2. Xac suat
n(A)
Xac suat cua bien co: P(A) =
n( )
0 P(A) 1;P() = 1; P() = 0
Qui tac cong: Neu A B = th P(A B) = P(A) + P(B)
M rong: A, B bat k: P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A.B)
P( A ) = 1 P(A)
Qui tac nhan: Neu A, B oc lap th P(A.B) = P(A). P(B)
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ai so 11

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Bai 1:
Gieo mot con suc sac can oi ong chat hai lan. Tnh
xac suat cua bien co:
a) Tong hai mat xuat hien bang 8.
b) Tch hai mat xuat hien la so le.
c) Tch hai mat xuat hien la so chan.
5
1
3
S: a) n() = 36. n(A) = 5 P(A) =
b)
c)
36
4
4
Bai 2:
Mot lp hoc co 25 hoc sinh, trong o co 15 em hoc kha
mon Toan, 16 em hoc kha mon Van.
a) Tnh xac suat e chon c 2 em hoc kha ca 2 mon.
b) Tnh xac suat e chon c 3 em hoc kha mon Toan nhng
khong kha mon Van.
S: a) n(AB) = n(A) + n(B) n(AB) = 15 +15 25 = 17 P(AB)

C72
25

C83
25
Bai 3:
Gieo hai con suc sac can oi ong chat. Tnh xac suat
cua bien co:
a) Tong hai mat xuat hien bang 7.
b) Cac mat xuat hien co so cham bang nhau.
1
1
S: a)
b)
6
6
Bai 4:
Mot bnh ng 5 vien bi xanh va 3 vien bi o ch khac
nhau ve mau. Lay ngau nhien mot vien bi, roi lay tiep mot
vien na. Tnh xac suat cua bien co lan th hai c mot
vien bi xanh.
5
S:
8
Bai 5:
Mot bnh ng 5 vien bi xanh va 3 vien bi o ch khac
nhau ve mau. Lay ngau nhien 4 vien bi. Tnh xac suat e c
t nhat 3 vien bi xanh.
1
S:
2
Bai 6:
Hai ngi i san oc lap vi nhau va cung ban mot
3
con thu. Xac suat ban trung cua ngi th nhat la , cua
5
1
ngi th hai la . Tnh xac suat e con thu b ban trung.
2
4
S:
5
Bai 7:
Gieo ngau nhien mot con suc sac can oi ong chat
hai lan. Tnh xac suat cua cac bien co sau:
a) Lan th nhat xuat hien mat 6 cham.
b) Lan th hai xuat hien mat 6 cham.
c) t nhat mot lan xuat hien mat 6 cham.
d) Khong lan nao xuat hien mat 6 cham.
1
1
11
25
S: a)
b)
c)
d)
6
6
36
36
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b)

Tran S Tung
ai so 11
Bai 8:
Gieo ong thi bon ong xu can oi ong chat. Tnh
xac suat cua bien co:
a) Ca 4 ong xu eu nga.
b) Co ung 3 ong xu lat nga.
c) Co t nhat hai ong xu lat nga.
1
1
11
S: a)
b)
c)
16
4
16
Bai 9:
Mot hop bong en co 12 bong, trong o co 7 bong
tot. Lay ngau nhien 3 bong.Tnh xac suat e lay c:
a) t nhat 2 bong tot
b) t nhat 1 bong tot.
Bai 10: Mot lp hoc gom 20 hoc sinh trong o co 6 hoc sinh gioi
Toan, 5 hoc sinh gioi Van va 4 hoc sinh gioi ca 2 mon. GVCN
chon ra 2 em. Tnh xac suat e 2 em o la hoc sinh gioi.
Bai 11: Mot hop co 20 qua cau giong nhau, trong o co 12
qua cau trang va 8 qua cau en. Lay ngau nhien 3 qua. Tnh
xac suat e trong 3 qua chon ra co t nhat mot qua mau en.
Bai 12: Mot to co 6 hoc sinh nam va 4 hoc sinh n. GVCN chon ra
2 em i thi van nghe. Tnh xac suat e 2 em o khac phai.
Bai 13: Mot lp co 30 hoc sinh, trong o co 8 em gioi, 15 em
kha va 7 em trung bnh. Chon ngau nhien 3 em i d ai hoi. Tnh
xac suat e :
a) Ca 3 em eu la hoc sinh gioi
b) Co t nhat 1 hoc
sinh gioi
c) Khong co hoc sinh trung bnh.
Bai 14: Cho 7 so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Goi X la tap hp cac so gom
hai ch so khac nhau lay t 7 so tren. Lay ngau nhien 1 so
thuoc X. Tnh xac suat e:
a) So o la so le.
b) So o chia het cho 5
c) So o chia het cho 9.
II. Bien ngau nhien ri rac
1. Bien ngau nhien ri rac
X = {x1, x2, ,xn}
P(X=xk) = pk
p1 + p2 + + pn = 1
2. K vong (gia tr trung bnh)

= E(X) =

xi pi
i =1

3. Phng sai va o lech chuan

n

V(X) = (xi )2 pi =
i =1

xi2 pi 2
i =1

(X) =

V (X)

Bai 1:
Hai cau thu bong a sut phat en. Moi ngi a mot
lan vi xac suat lam ban cua ngi th nhat la 0,8. Tnh xac
suat lam ban cua ngi th hai, biet rang xac suat e ca
hai ngi cung lam ban la 0,56 va xac suat e b thung li
t nhat mot lan la 0,94.
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ai so 11

Tran S Tung

Bai 2:
Mot cap v chong co 3 ngi con. Goi X la so lan sinh
con trai. Lap bang phan phoi xac suat cua bien ngau nhien X.
Bai 3:
Mot hop ng 6 vien bi xanh va 4 vien bi o. Chon ngau
nhien 3 vien bi. Goi X la so lan lay c bi o. Lap bang phan
phoi cua bien ngau nhien X.
Bai 4:
Cho bang phan phoi xac suat cua bien ngau nhien X:
X
1
2
3
P
0,3
0,5
0,2
Tm ky vong, phng sai va o lech chuan cua X.
Bai 5:
Mot hop ng 5 vien bi o va 3 vien bi xanh. Lay ngau
nhien 3 vien. Goi X la so bi o lay ra. Tnh ky vong, phng sai
va o lech chuan cua X.
Bai 6:
Hai xa thu oc lap cung ban vao 1 bia. Moi ngi ban
1 vien an. Xac suat e xa thu th nhat ban trung bia la 0,7.
Xac suat e xa thu th hai ban trung bia la 0,8. Goi X la so
an ban trung bia. Tnh ky vong, phng sai cua X.

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