Data Tables and Graphs

Table 1: shows data for 6 different samples of NaCl concentrations and their
conducitvity
Conductivity
mS/cm
2.25
3.27
4.21
5.15
81
141.7

Concentration
M
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
1
2

Calibration curve

Conductivity mS

6
y = 96.4x + 0.346
R2 = 0.9996

5
4
3
2
1
0
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Concentration (M)

Figure 1: Calibration curve between conductivity vs concentration using data from

table 1

For 1 M NaOH
Table 2: Data collected for the conductivity of 1 M NaCl every 30 secs
Time (secs)
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350

Conductivity (mS)
0.385
0.416
0.444
0.474
0.496
0.519
0.543
0.564
0.589
0.61
0.629
0.653
0.67
0.695
0.712
0.727
0.748
0.767
0.784
0.802
0.822
0.838
0.857
0.875
0.892
0.906
0.923
0.938
0.952
0.968
0.983
0.993
1.012
1.026
1.036
1.052
1.068
1.083
1.095
1.114
1.124
1.138
1.148
1.161
1.171

Concentration NaCl (M)

0.000405
0.000726
0.001017
0.001328
0.001556
0.001795
0.002044
0.002261
0.002521
0.002739
0.002936
0.003185
0.003361
0.003620
0.003797
0.003952
0.004170
0.004367
0.004544
0.004730
0.004938
0.005104
0.005301
0.005488
0.005664
0.005809
0.005985
0.006141
0.006286
0.006452
0.006608
0.006712
0.006909
0.007054
0.007158
0.007324
0.007490
0.007645
0.007770
0.007967
0.008071
0.008216
0.008320
0.008454
0.008558

dk/dt (mS/sec)
0.0007940
0.0007880
0.0007820
0.0007760
0.0007700
0.0007640
0.0007580
0.0007520
0.0007460
0.0007400
0.0007340
0.0007280
0.0007220
0.0007160
0.0007100
0.0007040
0.0006980
0.0006920
0.0006860
0.0006800
0.0006740
0.0006680
0.0006620
0.0006560
0.0006500
0.0006440
0.0006380
0.0006320
0.0006260
0.0006200
0.0006140
0.0006080
0.0006020
0.0005960
0.0005900
0.0005840
0.0005780
0.0005720
0.0005660
0.0005600
0.0005540
0.0005480
0.0005420
0.0005360
0.0005300

DA
5.87892E-06
5.83449E-06
5.79007E-06
5.74564E-06
5.70122E-06
5.65679E-06
5.61237E-06
5.56794E-06
5.52352E-06
5.47909E-06
5.43467E-06
5.39024E-06
5.34582E-06
5.30139E-06
5.25697E-06
5.21254E-06
5.16812E-06
5.12369E-06
5.07927E-06
5.03484E-06
4.99042E-06
4.94599E-06
4.90157E-06
4.85714E-06
4.81272E-06
4.76829E-06
4.72387E-06
4.67944E-06
4.63502E-06
4.59059E-06
4.54617E-06
4.50174E-06
4.45732E-06
4.41289E-06
4.36847E-06
4.32404E-06
4.27962E-06
4.23519E-06
4.19077E-06
4.14634E-06
4.10192E-06
4.05749E-06
4.01307E-06
3.96864E-06
3.92422E-06

1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
1590
1620
1650
1680
1710
1740
1770
1800
1830
1860
1890
1920
1950

1.185
1.197
1.21
1.218
1.23
1.241
1.251
1.261
1.27
1.282
1.292
1.299
1.308
1.315
1.325
1.332
1.345
1.357
1.363
1.373

1.6

0.0005240
0.0005180
0.0005120
0.0005060
0.0005000
0.0004940
0.0004880
0.0004820
0.0004760
0.0004700
0.0004640
0.0004580
0.0004520
0.0004460
0.0004400
0.0004340
0.0004280
0.0004220
0.0004160
0.0004100

3.87979E-06
3.83537E-06
3.79094E-06
3.74652E-06
3.70209E-06
3.65767E-06
3.61324E-06
3.56881E-06
3.52439E-06
3.47996E-06
3.43554E-06
3.39111E-06
3.34669E-06
3.30226E-06
3.25784E-06
3.21341E-06
3.16899E-06
3.12456E-06
3.08014E-06
3.03571E-06

y = -1E-07x 2 + 0.0008x + 0.3837

R2 = 0.9997

1.4
Conductivity mS

0.008703
0.008828
0.008963
0.009046
0.009170
0.009284
0.009388
0.009492
0.009585
0.009710
0.009813
0.009886
0.009979
0.010052
0.010156
0.010228
0.010363
0.010488
0.010550
0.010654

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

Time (sec)

Figure 2: Conductivity variation with time for 1 M NaCl using data from table 2

2500

1.6
y = 96.4x + 0.346
R2 = 1

Conductivity mS

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.000000

0.002000

0.004000

0.006000

0.008000

0.010000

0.012000

Concentration (M)

Figure 3: Conductivity versus concentration for 1 M NaCl using data from table 2 to
calculate CM

For 2 M NaCl
Table 3: Data collected for the conductivity of 2 M NaCl every 30 secs
Time (secs)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780

Conductivity
mS
0.511
0.551
0.692
0.802
0.93
1.041
1.151
1.245
1.339
1.434
1.527
1.622
1.7
1.781
1.864
1.94
2.01
2.05
2.13
2.18
2.24
2.32
2.37
2.42
2.48
2.58
2.61

Concentration NaCl
(M)
0.001711618
0.002126556
0.003589212
0.00473029
0.006058091
0.007209544
0.008350622
0.009325726
0.01030083
0.011286307
0.012251037
0.013236515
0.014045643
0.014885892
0.015746888
0.01653527
0.017261411
0.017676349
0.018506224
0.019024896
0.019647303
0.020477178
0.020995851
0.021514523
0.022136929
0.023174274
0.023485477

dK/dt (mS/sec)
0.0039
0.00378
0.00366
0.00354
0.00342
0.0033
0.00318
0.00306
0.00294
0.00282
0.0027
0.00258
0.00246
0.00234
0.00222
0.0021
0.00198
0.00186
0.00174
0.00162
0.0015
0.00138
0.00126
0.00114
0.00102
0.0009
0.00078

DA
1.44382E-05
1.39939E-05
1.35497E-05
1.31054E-05
1.26611E-05
1.22169E-05
1.17726E-05
1.13284E-05
1.08841E-05
1.04399E-05
9.99564E-06
9.55139E-06
9.10714E-06
8.66289E-06
8.21864E-06
7.77439E-06
7.33014E-06
6.88589E-06
6.44164E-06
5.99739E-06
5.55314E-06
5.10888E-06
4.66463E-06
4.22038E-06
3.77613E-06
3.33188E-06
2.88763E-06

3
y = -2E-06x 2 + 0.0039x + 0.4788
R2 = 0.999

Conductivity mS

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Time (sec)

Figure 4: Conductivity variation with time for 2 M NaCl using data from table 2
3
y = 96.4x + 0.346
R2 = 1

conductivity

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

concentration

Figure 5: Conductivity versus concentration for 1 M NaCl using data from table 2 to
calculate CM

Sample of calculations
To calculate concentration of NaCl every 30 sec using the equation from the
calibration curve. CM is found to be 96.4.
Equation 1 from figure 1 to calculate the concentration for the first 30 sec:
y= 96.4 x + 0.346
x=

0.385 0.346
96.4

x = 4.045 x 10-4 M
Equation 2 from figure 2:
y = -1x10-7x2 + 0.0008x + 0.3837
dk
= -2 x 10-7 x + 0.008
dt

900

dk
= (2 x 10-7*30)+0.0008
dt
dk
= 0.0007940 mS/s
dt
Equation 3: To calculate diffusivity coefficient
DA =

dk
=
dt

0.000794 * 4 * (13.1 * 13.1 * 20.7 / 1000)

317 * 3.14 * 0.01 * 96.4 * 1

DA = 5.87 x 10-6
Same calculations used for 2 M NaCl.

Result and discussion

The experiment done for 1 M NaCl shows the a slower diffusion compared
with the 2 M NaCl. That is because diffusion happens from high concentration
to low concentration where the 2 M NaCl is more concentrated than the 1 M
NaCl as it is clearly shown in Table 2 , the diffusivity co-efficient is 5.87 x 10 -6
where as in Table 3 , DA is 1.44 x 10-5 which is faster. DA is a proportionality
constant between the molar flux due to molecular diffusion and the gradient in
the concentration of the species. It shows that the transport of 2 M NaCl was
faster than 1 M NaCl. In table 2 and 3 it shows that with time it decreases
since the salline solution is moving towards the water justifying the driving
force that moves from high concentration to low concentration.
Inaddition it has been shown in table 1 that the conductivity at the first 30
seconds for the 2 M NaCl is 0.511 mS which is higher than the conductivity of
1 M NaCl that is 0.385 mS as shown in table 2. Which justifies that with the
increase of concentration the conductivity increases.
For both concentrations of NaCl it is shown in table 2 and table 3 that with
time the conductivity increases and the concentration increases.
The electrical conductivity change for unit molarity change is constant. NaCl CM
equals to 96.4 -1M-1 as shown in the figure 1 calibration curve , figure 3 and figure 5.

Conclusion
This experiment justifies with the increase in concentration the conductivity
increases because more ions are present that can conduct electricity
therefore the current will increase. Inaddition the diffusion rate increase with
the increase in concentration because diffusion depends on the concentration
gradient.

Recommendations
The source error that have effected the result reading in the conductivity is
human reacting time to each second for the conductivity to be recorded. An
6

automatic computer program would have been used to record the readings of
the conductivity each second accurately would have resulted in more accurate
data.