Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
},d=n.exports={offset:i(),origin:s,features:{}};f.addEventListener?(f.addEventLi
stener("DOMContentLoaded",o,!1),u.addEventListener("load",t,!1)):(f.attachEvent(
"onreadystatechange",r),u.attachEvent("onload",t)),a("mark",["firstbyte",i()])},
{1:12,2:3,handle:"D5DuLP"}],loader:[function(e,n){n.exports=e("G9z0Bl")},{}],12:
[function(e,n){function t(e,n){var t=[],o="",i=0;for(o in e)r.call(e,o)&&(t[i]=n
(o,e[o]),i+=1);return t}var r=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;n.exports=t},{}],1
3:[function(e,n){function t(e,n,t){n||(n=0),"undefined"==typeof t&&(t=e?e.length
:0);for(var r=-1,o=t-n||0,i=Array(0>o?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=e[n+r];return i}n.exports
=t},{}]},{},["G9z0Bl"]);</script><!--[if lt IE 8]>
<link href="https://s2-f.scribdassets.com/aggregated/css/chrome.css?1431638141"
media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="https://s2-f.scribdassets.com/aggregated/css/newuploads.css?14316381
41" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<![endif]-->
<!--[if gte IE 8]>
<link href="https://s1-f.scribdassets.com/aggregated/css_img/chrome.css?14316381
41" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="https://s2-f.scribdassets.com/aggregated/css_img/newuploads.css?1431
638141" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<![endif]-->
<!--[if !IE]> -->
<link href="https://s1-f.scribdassets.com/aggregated/css_img/chrome.css?14316381
41" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="https://s2-f.scribdassets.com/aggregated/css_img/newuploads.css?1431
638141" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<!-- <![endif]--><script type="text/javascript" src="/options/exposed_to_client.
js?1431798300="></script><script type="text/javascript">
window.Scribd = window.Scribd || {};
Scribd.rails_env = "production";
Scribd.current_ca = "current_ca:5kLs8u6litxonCQ9boxUgw==-BAy4Etnoz8aNcf1rf
7Is/o8Rab4=";
Scribd.is_mobile = false;
</script><!--[if IE 6]><script type="text/javascript">Scribd.ie=6</script><!
[endif]--><!--[if IE 7]><script type="text/javascript">Scribd.ie=7</script><![en
dif]--><!--[if IE 8]><script type="text/javascript">Scribd.ie=8</script><![endif
]--><!--[if IE 9]><script type="text/javascript">Scribd.ie=9</script><![endif]-><!--[if IE 10]><script type="text/javascript">Scribd.ie=10</script><![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 11]><script type="text/javascript">Scribd.ie=11</script><![endif]--><
!-- testing geoip ssi for ads --><!--# include virtual="/ssi/geoip_static" --><!
-- end testing geoip ssi for ads --><script src="https://s1-f.scribdassets.com/a
ggregated/javascript/chrome.js?1431638141" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="https://s1-f.scribdassets.com/aggregated/javascript/newuploads.js?1
431638141" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', "UA-443684-2"]);
_gaq.push(['_setCustomVar', 1, 'logged_in', 'true', 1]);
_gaq.push(['_setCustomVar', 2, 'fb_setup_context', 'none', 1]);
_gaq.push(['_setCustomVar', 3, 'domain', document.location.host, 3]);
(function(){
var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.a
sync = true;
ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://w
ww') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefor
e(ga, s);
_gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
})();
</script>
<script>
(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o
),
m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a
,m)
})(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');
ga('create', "UA-443684-23",{
'cookieDomain': 'scribd.com',
'sampleRate': 1
});
ga('create', "UA-443684-25", 'auto', {'name': 'pmp_users'});
ga('set', 'dimension1', true);
ga('set', 'dimension2', false);
ga('send', 'pageview');
ga(function(tracker) {
var cookie_jar = new CookieJar({ path: '/', expires: (60 * 60 * 24 * 365 *
2)});
cookie_jar.put('ga_clientid', tracker.get('clientId'));
});
</script>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.scribd.com/upload-document?archive_doc=5
4877517&escape=false&metadata=%7B%22context%22%3A%22archive_view_restric
ted%22%2C%22page%22%3A%22read%22%2C%22action%22%3A%22missing_page_signup%22%2C%2
2logged_in%22%3Atrue%2C%22platform%22%3A%22web%22%7D"><script type="text/javascr
ipt">jkstrp(function(){
Scribd.upload = {
user_id: 79718560,
user_sig: "29e2ebd10126e0f4f75eaf25eb2753dfd96f68aa",
valid_for_payout: null,
desired_archive_document_id: 54877517,
upload_source: "incentivized_upload_pending",
flash_url: "https://s2-f.scribdassets.com/flash/swfupload.swf?1431638075
",
can_sell: true,
landing_session: "4PSV9EMZNP/lnLECbMVwuCuaidf2UvzHG8fqDFLDdlFenhspKmV1Fw
dq9gNdTExtIZoZ2lJBR5+U6oAxMNgBL6yOz1Nl290Ay1y/cbi4KTV8EqITp2An+YddhNluC9MAeTLVcQ
svcXjPUbb1VpSAXzngBwW8Q5gcZ2Zo/BlaUjU=-zdj5a1waJAQE9dXExlwniofmij0=",
session_val: "BAh7C0kiD3Nlc3Npb25faWQGOgZFVEkiJTFlNWQ0MDRlMWE0MjRhNGE0Yz
E1MGFjZmMwNTI2MjI3BjsAVEkiEF9jc3JmX3Rva2VuBjsARkkiMVl2Q3pEWkVZWk54bmJLdjByTmcxZV
E2aWsxSEg1OUZyL00xb1FHN0pnZkk9BjsARkkiDHdvcmRfaWQGOwBUaQSgaMAESSIGcAY7AFRsKweNrK
ZSSSIGcgY7AFRJIg8xNDMxNzA2NTAzBjsARkkiEGxhc3RfcmVhdXRoBjsARmwrB4cbVlU=--54dc3303
b122c17d5d597c28fde462fcd8dfc10e",
cms: false
}
Scribd.upload.layout = new Scribd.Upload.Layout("#autogen_id_707709528");
}, "Newuploads::Show");
</script> <script type="text/javascript">
var I18n = I18n || {};
I18n.defaultLocale = "en_US";
I18n.locale = "en_US";
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
window['$rat'] = ratInit(["https://rs1.scribd.com/","https://rs2.scribd.co
m/","https://rs3.scribd.com/","https://rs4.scribd.com/","https://rs5.scribd.com/
","https://rs6.scribd.com/","https://rs7.scribd.com/","https://rs8.scribd.com/"]
, {"user_id":79718560,"doc_id":null}, false);
</script></head><body class="autogen_class_views_layouts_legacy_web autogen_
class_views_layouts_web autogen_class_widgets_page autogen_class_widgets_base fi
xed_min_width" data-revision="29bb3b6d85c58aed37b73fef68bdedff1982d3ca"><script
type="text/javascript">
Scribd.logged_in = true;
Scribd._named_current_user = {"is_facebook_user":false,"id":79718560,"acti
ve_archive_purchase":false,"pmp_subscriber":false,"login":"Cristi075","has_purch
ased":null,"uploaded_at_least_three":true,"display_language_bar":false,"masked_a
dmin":false,"has_email":true,"language_id":1,"country":"RO","country_id":228,"se
cret_sauce":"2b0e2596ecd7849efed4df7b080ed261d74fe36f"};
Scribd._anonymous_current_user = null;
Scribd.browser_uuid = "300b8f30-4033-0132-4ef5-0025902e207c";
// Need this data even if the user is logged out
Scribd.user_data = {
current_user_country: "RO",
current_user_country_id: 228,
}
Scribd.user_data.is_subscriber = false;
Scribd.user_data.is_pmp = false;
</script><div class="global_header autogen_class_widgets_base" id="global_
header" data-url="/chrome/currently_reading"><div class="header_upper"><a href="
https://www.scribd.com/" title="Scribd" data-track="logo"><img src="https://s2-f
.scribdassets.com/images/landing/home2_landing/scribd_logo.svg?1431638141" class
="header_logo"></a><div class="right_tools"><a href="https://www.scribd.com/uplo
ad-document" class="icon_btn upload_btn" data-track="upload"><span class="icon i
con-globalnav_upload"></span>Upload</a></div></div><div class="sticky_header"><d
iv class="header_lower"><a href="https://www.scribd.com/" title="Scribd" data-tr
ack="small_logo"><img src="https://s1-f.scribdassets.com/images/header/s.png?143
1638141" class="scribd_s"></a><a href="https://www.scribd.com/books" class="icon
_btn browse_btn" data-track="browse"><span class="icon icon-globalnav_browse"></
span>Browse</a><div class="header_search autogen_class_widgets_base" id="header_
search"><form action="/search" method="get" autocomplete="off" data-location="ne
wuploads:show"><div class="search_outer"><span class="icon icon-search search_bu
tton search_icon"></span><input type="text" class="search_input" name="query" au
tocomplete="off" data-default_text="Search"></div><div class="autogen_class_view
s_shared_search_autocompleter autogen_class_widgets_base" id="autogen_id_7077077
04"><div id="autocompleter" class="search_autocompleter" style="display:none"><d
iv id="autocompleter_all_results" class="ac_section ac_all_results" data-search_
path="/search"></div><div id="autocompleter_books" class="ac_section ac_books"><
/div><div id="autocompleter_audiobooks" class="ac_section ac_audiobooks"></div><
div id="autocompleter_authors" class="ac_section ac_authors"></div><div id="auto
completer_publishers" class="ac_section ac_publishers"></div></div></div></form>
</div><div class="right_tools"><a href="https://www.scribd.com/library" class="i
con_btn my_library_btn" data-track="my_library"><span class="icon icon-globalnav
_library"></span>Library</a><div class="user_util autogen_class_widgets_base" id
="autogen_id_707700622"><div class="hover_menu"><div class="user_pic" style="bac
kground-image: url(https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_user/79718560/45x
45/c53ed25770/1431706505)"></div><div class="sub_menu"><div class="shadow_wrap">
<div class="top"><div class="user_name_row"><a href="https://www.scribd.com/Cris
ti075" class="user_name">Cristi075</a></div><div class="view_profile_row"><a dat
a-track="user_util_profile" href="https://www.scribd.com/Cristi075" class="view_
profile">View Public Profile</a></div></div><div class="list"><a class="row " da
ta-track="user_util_my_library" href="/library">Library</a><a class="row " datatrack="user_util_social_feed" href="https://www.scribd.com/social-feed">Social F
eed</a><a class="row " data-track="user_util_my_uploads" href="/uploads">Uploads
you all the analytics you need on who is reading your content.</p></li></ol></d
iv><div class="right_col"><h3>What's published on Scribd?</h3><p>Scribd supp
orts just about any kind of written content. Here are a few examples of the type
s of things we have seen published on Scribd.</p><div class="content_categories"
><ol class="category_list"><li><div class="upload_sprite creative_writing_icn"><
/div>Creative writing</li><li><div class="upload_sprite recipes_icn"></div>Recip
es</li><li><div class="upload_sprite how_to_guides_icn"></div>How-to-guides</li>
<li><div class="upload_sprite books_icn"></div>Books</li><li><div class="upload_
sprite presentations_icn"></div>Presentations</li><li><div class="upload_sprite
school_papers_icn"></div>School papers</li><li><div class="upload_sprite spreads
heets_icn"></div>Spreadsheets</li><li><div class="upload_sprite original_essays_
icn"></div>Original essays</li><li><div class="upload_sprite travel_guides_icn">
</div>Travel guides</li><li><div class="upload_sprite legal_documents_icn"></div
>Legal documents</li><li><div class="upload_sprite business_forms_icn"></div>Bus
iness forms</li><li><div class="upload_sprite sheet_music_icn"></div>Sheet music
</li><li><div class="upload_sprite study_guides_icn"></div>Study guides</li></ol
><ol class="category_list"><li><div class="upload_sprite academic_papers_icn"></
div>Academic papers</li><li><div class="upload_sprite poetry_icn"></div>Poetry</
li><li><div class="upload_sprite catalogs_icn"></div>Catalogs</li><li><div class
="upload_sprite speeches_icn"></div>Speeches</li><li><div class="upload_sprite l
etters_icn"></div>Letters</li><li><div class="upload_sprite historical_documents
_icn"></div>Historical documents</li><li><div class="upload_sprite scientific_da
ta_icn"></div>Scientific data</li><li><div class="upload_sprite infographics_icn
"></div>Infographics</li><li><div class="upload_sprite source_documents_icn"></d
iv>Source documents</li><li><div class="upload_sprite magazines_icn"></div>Magaz
ines</li><li><div class="upload_sprite newspapers_icn"></div>Newspapers</li><li>
<div class="upload_sprite comics_icn"></div>Comics</li><li><div class="upload_sp
rite resumes_icn"></div>Resumes</li></ol></div></div></div><div class="home_cont
ainer bottom"><div class="top"><h2>Get Started.</h2><h3>Select files from your c
omputer<span class="with_dragdrop"> or simply drag and drop</span>.</h3><div cla
ss="have_flash"><div class="upload_row"><div class="flat_btn light_blue big_45 u
pload_button"><span class="icon icon-upload-button"></span>Select files to uploa
d<div class="flash_placeholder"></div></div></div><p class="sub">For multiple fi
les hold down <span class="other_os">the shift key</span><span class="osx">the c
ommand ? key</span> when selecting.</p></div><div class="flash_missing"><div cla
ss="upload_row"><a href="http://www.adobe.com/go/getflashplayer"><img src="https
://s1-f.scribdassets.com/images/160x41_Get_Flash_Player.jpg?1431638141"></a></di
v><p class="sub">Please install Adobe Flash Player to upload files</p></div></di
v><div class="drop_bar"><div class="drop_zone_outer"><div class="drop_zone_error
" style="display: none"><span class="sprite red_warning"></span> <span class="er
ror_text"></span></div><div class="drop_zone" data-progress_tpl="Uploading ({{ p
ercent }}%)" data-hover_tpl="Drop to upload.">Drag files here from your computer
.</div></div><p class="supported_types">Supported File Types: pdf, txt, ps, rtf,
epub, key, odt, odp, ods, odg, odf, sxw, sxc, sxi, sxd, doc, ppt, pps, xls, doc
x, pptx, ppsx, xlsx</p><p class="policy">By uploading, you agree to the <a href=
"http://support.scribd.com/entries/23993792-Scribd-Uploader-Agreement" target="_
blank">Scribd Uploader Agreement</a>.</p></div></div></div><div class="upload_ed
itor autogen_class_widgets_base" id="autogen_id_707704228"><div class="home_cont
ainer"><div class="top"><div class="message"><h2>Tell us more</h2><p class="mess
age_details">Make it easier for other people to find your content by providing
more information about it.</p><div class="buttons view_documents"><a
href="https://www.scribd.com/documents" data-track="view_documents_btn" data-tr
ack_prefix="list_"><div class="flat_btn">View documents on Scribd</div></a></div
></div><div class="upload_more"><div class="flat_btn light_blue big_45 upload_bu
tton"><span class="icon icon-upload-button"></span>Add more files<div class="fla
sh_placeholder"></div></div><div class="drop_zone_outer"><div class="drop_zone_e
rror" style="display: none"><span class="sprite red_warning"></span> <span class
="error_text"></span></div><div class="drop_zone" data-progress_tpl="Uploading (
{{ percent }}%)" data-hover_tpl="Drop to upload.">Drag files here from your comp
uter.</div></div></div></div><a class="sprite question" href="http://support.scr
ding and you'll continue to get one free download for each quality document
you contribute.</div><div class="flat_btn light_blue big_45 upload_button skippe
d quality_success_upload_btn"><span class="icon icon-upload-button"></span>Uploa
d More Files<div class="flash_placeholder"></div></div></div><div class="buttons
"><a href="#"><div class="flat_btn brown back_to_edit_btn"><div class="btn_inner
">Go back to edit</div></div></a></div></div><div class="quality_failure"><div
class="inner"><h2 class="fail_reason">Sorry, this document does not contain enou
gh content to gain access to the download</h2><div class="quality_title">To keep
Scribd a valuable resource for everyone, we require that certain uploads meet a
set of quality standards.</div><div class="quality_msg">Among other requirement
s, you should upload something that is not already on Scribd and that you have p
ermission to use. The best way to make sure what you are uploading will meet ou
r quality standards is to upload something you wrote yourself, which will always
be accepted.</div><div class="failed_options"><div class="upload_another"><div
class="option_title">Try uploading again</div><div class="option_desc">Make sure
your document contains valuable content.</div><div class="flat_btn light_blue b
ig_45 upload_button skipped quality_failure_upload_btn"><span class="icon icon-u
pload-button"></span>Select files to upload<div class="flash_placeholder"></div>
</div></div><div class="or">or</div><div class="buy_archive"><div class="option_
title">Don't want to upload?</div><div class="option_desc">Get unlimited doc
uments as a member</div><div class="archive_button"><a href="/archive/plans?doc=
54877517&escape=false&signup_metadata=%7B%22context%22%3A%22archive_view
_restricted%22%2C%22page%22%3A%22read%22%2C%22action%22%3A%22missing_page_signup
%22%2C%22logged_in%22%3Atrue%2C%22platform%22%3A%22web%22%7D" class="flat_btn si
gnup_link">Join and download now</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></
div></script><script id="tpl_upload_editor_cms" type="template"><div class="cms_
editor file_editor autogen_class_widgets_base" id="autogen_id_707706127"><div cl
ass="title"><div class="edit_btn title_btn"><span>Edit</span></div><div class="t
itle_text"><span>File <span class="file_no"></span> of <span class="file_count">
</span> </span><span class="title_divider">|</span><strong class="filename">{{ f
ilename }}</strong><span class="title_divider">|</span><em class="status" data-s
tatus_text="{"waiting":"Waiting to be uploaded","upload
ing":"Uploading...","converting":"Converting...&qu
ot;,"ready":"Please fill out the fields below","failed&
quot;:"File failed to convert, please try uploading again","quali
ty_failed":"There is an issue with the quality of the document.",
"finished":"Done!"}"></em></div></div><div class="content"><
div class="left"><div class="document_loading_preview"><div class="document_thum
b has_med_overlay"><div class="upload_progress"></div><div class="upload_spinner
"></div><div class="overlay"></div></div><div class="upload_message">Uploading..
.</div><div class="conversion_message">Converting...</div></div><div class="docu
ment_preview"><div class="doc_tag" data-preview="tag"></div><div class="doc_thum
b_row"><div class="document_thumb has_med_overlay"><div class="overlay"></div><d
iv class="preview"></div></div></div><div class="doc_title" data-preview="title"
></div><div class="doc_description" data-preview="description"></div><div class=
"doc_price"></div></div></div><div class="right"><form class="file_form data_edi
tor"><input type="hidden" name="word_document[private]" value="1"><div class="fi
lename_row"><strong>Filename: </strong><span class="filename">{{ filename }}</sp
an></div><div class="input_row"><label><div class="label required_label"><span c
lass="required">*</span><strong>Title: </strong><span>(Required field)</span></d
iv><input type="text" name="word_document[title]" class="text title_input" dataauto="title"></label></div><div class="button_row"><button class="flat_btn conti
nue_btn">Save</button></div></form><div class="success_stage"><h4>Your content w
as successfully added to BookID.</h4><p>BookID is currently analyzing your conte
nt and generating a BookID fingerprint. It may take up to 24 hours to become act
ivated.
Once your content is fully analyzed and activated, Scribd will scan for c
opies and remove any detected copies from the site.
BookID will also block future uploads that match your content's BookI
D fingerprint.</p></div></div></div></div></script></div></div></div></div><div
new Scribd.Input("#autogen_id_707697479");
//]]>
</script><div class="actions"><div class="flat_btn
cancel_btn outline_btn">cancel</div><div class="flat_btn
ok_btn destructive_action_btn">remove</div></div></div>
;" data-error="<div class="error_template"><p class="con
firm_text">{{confirm_text}}</p><div class="actions"&g
t;<div class="flat_btn ok_btn">ok</div></div></di
v>" data-audio_reading_progress="<div class="audio_reading_progress_t
emplate"><div class="confirm_text"><p>You&#39;
re currently on {{currently_on}}. However, it looks like you listened to {{liste
ned_to}} on {{device_name}} {{time}}.</p><p>Jump {{jump_to}}?</p&
gt;</div><div class="actions"><div class="flat_btn
cancel_btn">No</div><div class="flat_btn ok_btn" dat
a-pos="{{JSON.stringify(pos_data)}}">Yes</div></div><
;/div>" class="confirmation_lightbox_templates"></div></div></div></div><div
id="merge_account_lb" data-email_signup_success="<div class="lightbox au
togen_class_views_newuploads_merge_account_lightbox" style="display: n
one;"><div class="wrapper"><div class="close_but
ton"><span class="icon-close"></span></div>&
lt;div class="content"><div class="inline_flash">&l
t;/div><h1>Thanks!</h1><h2>We&#39;ve emailed you a temp
orary password so you can access your saved documents later.</h2><div&g
t;<a class="continue_link" target="_blank"><div cla
ss="flat_btn">Continue to your documents</div></a></
div></div></div></div>" data-login_merge_success="<div c
lass="lightbox autogen_class_views_newuploads_merge_account_lightbox"
style="display: none;"><div class="wrapper"><div
class="close_button"><span class="icon-close"><
/span></div><div class="content"><div class="in
line_flash"></div><h1>Thanks!</h1><h2>Your newly
uploaded documents are now associated with your account.</h2><div>&
lt;a class="continue_link" target="_blank"><div class=
"flat_btn">Continue to your documents</div></a></div
></div></div></div>" class="lightbox autogen_class_views_ne
wuploads_merge_account_lightbox autogen_class_widgets_lightbox autogen_class_wid
gets_base" style="display: none;"><div class="wrapper"><div class="close_button"
><span class="icon-close"></span></div><div class="content"><div class="inline_f
lash"></div><h1>Hold on!<br>Your documents aren't saved yet</h1><p>We need y
our email address so you can find & manage your documents in the future. Onc
e you've done that, we'll send you a temporary password.</p><div class="
email_form"><form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/name_anonymous" data-remote="t
rue" data-type="json" method="post"><div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inlin
e"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" /><input name="authenticity
_token" type="hidden" value="YvCzDZEYZNxnbKv0rNg1eQ6ik1HH59Fr/M1oQG7JgfI=" /></d
iv><label><input class="email_input input" type="email" name="email" placeholder
="Email address"></label><input value="Submit" type="submit" data-act_as="submit
" data-disable-with="Working..." class="flat_btn"></form><div class="login_toggl
e"><div><a href="#" class="signin_instead_btn">I already have a Scribd account</
a></div></div></div><div class="login_form"><form accept-charset="UTF-8" action=
"/merge_anonymous" data-remote="true" data-type="json" method="post"><div style=
"margin:0;padding:0;display:inline"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="
713;" /><input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="YvCzDZEYZNxnbKv0rN
g1eQ6ik1HH59Fr/M1oQG7JgfI=" /></div><label><input class="input" name="email" pla
ceholder="Email address or username" type="text"></label><label><input class="in
put" name="password" placeholder="Password" type="password"></label><input value
="Sign in" type="submit" class="flat_btn outline_btn" data-act_as="submit" data-