g

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

For T. Y. B. Com. Students

SUBJECT :

;C;\A\WGM VY" o
HIFZ[ SM. V[S R,GL lS\DTDF\ YTF O[ZOFZGL V;Z ALHF R,GL lS\DT p5Z YFI T[DH
T[ A\G[ JrR[ SFI"vSFZ6GM ;\A\W CMI TM T[ A[ R, JrR[ ;C;\A\W K[ V[D SC[JFIP
NFPT jIlSTVMGF SM. V[S ;D]CGF p\RF. VG[ JHG lJX[GM VeIF; SZLV[ TM ;FDFgI ZLT[ JW]
p\RF. WZFJTF jIlSTG]\ JHG JW] HMJF D/[ K[P T[YL p,8]\ VMKL p\RF. WZFJTF jIlSTG]\ JHG
VMK]\ HMJF D/[ K[P V[8,[ S[4 JHG VG[ p\RF. V[ A[ R,M JrR[ ;C;\A\W ZC[,M K[ V[D SC[JFIP
;C;\A\W DF5JFGF VF\SG[ ;C;\A\WF\S SC[ K[P H[G[ r J0[ NXF"JJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
;C;\A\WF\S r GL lS\DT C\D[XF 1 VG[ + 1 GL JrR[ CMI K[P V[8,[ S[4 1 < r < +1.

;C;\A\WF\SGF U]6WDM" o
;C;\A\WF\SGF S[8,FS VUtIGF U]6WDM" GLR[ 5|DF6[ K[P
s!f ;C;\A\WF\SGL lS\DT CD[\XF 1 VG[ +1 GL JrR[ CMI K[P V[8,[ S[4 1 < r < +1.
sZf HM r = +1 CMI TM A[ R,M JrR[ ;\5]6" WG ;C;\A\W VG[ HM r = 1 CMI TM A[ R,M
JrR[ ;\56]" k6 ;C;\A\W K[ V[D SC[JFIP
s#f HM r = 0 CMI TM A[ R,M JrR[ ;C;\A\WGM VEFJ V[8,[ S[4 A\G[ R,M :JT\+ K[ V[D
SC[JFIP
s$f ;C;\A\WF\S V[ pUDlA\N] 5ZLJT"G VG[ DF5GF 5ZLJT"GYL :JT\+ K[P
s5f ;C;\A\WF\S r V[ A\G[ lGIT;\A\WF\SMGM U]6MTZ DwIS K[P ;\S[TDF\ r = bxy byx.
s&f r2 slG6F"ISTFGM VF\Sf GL lS\DT C\D[XF 0 VG[ 1 GL JrR[ CMI K[P V[8,[ S[4 0 < r2 < 1.

;C;\A\WGF p5IMUM o
;C;\A\WGF VeIF;G]\ DCtJ ZMHAZMHGF JGDF\4 BF; SZLG[ VFlY"S VG[ jIJ;FILS 1F[+
[ B]AH K[P ;C;\A\WG]\ DCtJ GLR[ D]HA NXF"JL XSFIP
s!f VFlY"S l;wWF\TM VG[ W\WFSLI VeIF;DF\ lJlJW R, JrR[GF VF\TZ ;\A\WMGM lJ:T'T
VeIF; ;C;\A\W FZF SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P NFPTP DF\U VG[ lS\DT JrR[GF ;\A\WM4 VFJS VG[ BR"
JU[Z[ JrR[GF ;\A\WMGM VeIF; ;C;\A\WGL DNNYL lJ:T'T ZLT[ SZL XSFI K[P
sZf ;C;\A\WGF VeIF;GL DNN J0[ A[ R, JrR[GF ;\A\WGL GLS8TF lJX[ HF6L XSFI K[P
s#f ;C;\A\WGL
DNN J0[ A[ R, JrR[GL GLS8TFGM VeIF; SIF" AFN V[S R,GL lS\DT
ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg
D]HA ;\A\WLT AL R, ZFXLG]\ VG]DFG lGIT;\A\WGF p5IMU FZF ;Z/TFYL Y. XS[ K[P
s$f J[5FZvJF6LHIDF\ BR"4 J[RF64 GOM JU[Z[GF V\NFHM D[/JJFDF\ ;C;\A\WG]\ 5'yYSZ6
DNN~5 AG[ K[P

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

g
g

g
g

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(2)

;C;\A\G[ V,U V,U 36L ZLT[ JUL"S'T SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[DF\GF D]bI +6 5|SFZM
GLR[ D]HA K[P
s!f WG ;C;\A\W sZf k6 ;C;\A\W
s#f ;C;\A\WGM VEFJ s:JT\+ R,Mf
s!f WG ;C;\A\W o HIFZ[ A[ R,DF\ V[S H lNXFDF\ O[ZOFZ HMJF D/[4 V[8,[ S[ V[S
R,GL lS\DTDF\ JWFZM YTM CMI tIFZ[ ALHF R,GL lS\DTDF\ 56 JWFZM YFI VG[ HM V[S R,GL
lS\DTDF\ 38F0M YTM CMI TM ALHF R,GL lS\DTDF\ 38F0M YFIP
TM VFJF 5|SFZGF ;C;\A\WG[ WG ;C;\A\W SC[JFIP NFPTP JHG VG[ p\RF.4 VFJS VG[ BR"
JU[Z[P
HM V[S R,GL lS\DTDF\ JWFZMv38F0M YFI tIFZ[ ALHF R,GL lS\DTDF\ RMSS; S[ lG`RLT
5|DF6DF\ H JWFZMv38F0M YFI TM T[ A[ R, JrR[ ;\5]6" WG ;C;\A\W K[ V[D SC[JFIP VFJF A[ R,
JrR[GM ;C;\A\W +1 CMIP
sZf k6 ;C;\A\W o HIFZ[ A[ R,DF\ YTM O[ZOFZ lJ~wW HMJF D/[4 V[8,[ S[ V[S R,GL
lS\DTDF\ JWFZM YTM CMI tIFZ[ ;\A\WLT ALHF R,GL lS\DTDF\ 38F0M YFI TM VG[ V[S R,GL
lS\DTDF\ 38F0M YTM CMI tIFZ[ ALHF R,GL lS\DTDF\ JWFZM YFI TM VFJF 5|SFZGF ;C;\A\WG[
k6 ;C;\A\W SC[JFIP NFPTP DF\U VG[ lS\DT4 BR" VG[ ART JU[Z[P
HM V[S R,GL lS\DTDF\ JWFZM YFI tIFZ[ ALHF R,GL lS\DTDF\ RMSS; S[ lG`RT 5|
DF6DF\ H 38F0M YFI TM T[ A[ R,M JrR[ ;\5]6" k6 ;C;\A\W K[ V[D SC[JFIP VFJF A[ R,M
JrR[GF ;C;\A\WF\S 1 CMIP
s#f ;C;\A\WGM VEFJ s:JT\+ R,Mf o S[8,LSJFZ R, lS\DTM JrR[ SM. H 5|SFZGM
;C;\A\W CMTM GYLP VFJF R,MG[ :JT\+ R,M SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P NFPTP p\RF. VG[ CMXLIFZL4
VF\AFGF hF0GL ;\ VG[ 3\pG]\ pt5FNG JU[Z[P

r
r

x
y

x y

x y
r =
r=

Cov (xy)
Sx Sy

..(1)

gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(3)
(xx) (yy)

Cov(x,y) =

r=

(xx) (yy)

(xx) 2

Sx =
r=

..(2)

nSxSy

Sy=

(yy)
n

(xx) (yy)

(xx) 2 (yy) 2

..(3)

(2)
xy nx y

r=

..(4)

nSx Sy

(3)
r=

nxy x y
nx 2 (x) 2 ny 2 (y) 2

..(5)

r
1 r 1.

+1

d
gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

(4)

d d2

6d2

n(n 21)

d =
=r=1= Rx - Ry
n =

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(5)

x1x2

1 r 1.

5|`Gv! GLR[GF 5N jIFbIFILT SZMP

s!f lGIT;\A\W sZf lGIT;A\WF\S s#f lGIT;\A\W ;]Z[BFVM s$f lGIT ;A\W\
;DLSZ6MP
HJFA o
s!f lGIT;\A\W o
V[S R,DF\ S\.S O[ZOFZ YFI VG[ ;FY[ ;FY[ ALHF R,DF\ 56 O[ZOFZ YTM CMI T[DH
AgG[ R, JrR[ SFI"SFZ6GM ;\A\W CMI TM A[ R, JrR[ ;C;\A\W K[ T[D SC[JFIP VFD ;C;\A\W FZF
A[ R, JrR[ S[8,M VG[ SIF 5|SFZGM ;\A\W K[ T[ HF6L XSFI K[P 5Z\T] V[S R, ALHF R, p5Z
S[8,L V;Z SZ[ K[ T[ ;C;\A\WF\S FZF HF6L XSFT] GYLP T[ HF6JF DF8[ lGIT;\A\WGL ZLTGM
p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P lGIT;\A\WGF VeIF;YL V[S R,GL lS\DTDF\ YTF\ O[ZOFZYL ALHF R,GL
lS\DTDF\ X]\ O[ZOFZ YX[ VYJF T[GL S[8,L V;Z YX[ T[ HF6L XSFI K[P T[ DF8[ lGIT;\A\W
;DLSZ6MGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
sZf lGIT;\A\WF\S o
V[S R,DF\ YTF\ JWFZF S[ 38F0FG[ ,LW[ ALHF R,DF\ S[8,M JWFZM S[ 38F0M YFI
T[ NXF"JTF VF\S0FSLI DF5G[ lGIT;\A\WF\S SC[JFI K[P lGIT;\A\WF\SM lGIT;\A\WZ[BFGF -F/
TZLS[ U6FJL XSFIP Y GM X 5ZGM lGIT;\A\WF\S X DF\ O[ZOFZ SZJFYL Y DF\ YTM O[ZOFZ
NXF"J[ K[P HIFZ[ X GM Y 5ZGM lGIT;\A\WF\S Y DF\ O[ZOFZ SZJFYL X DF\ YTM O[ZOFZ NXF"J[
K[P 8]\SDF\ A[ R, JrR[GM lGIT;\A\WF\S V[8,[ S[ V[S R,DF\ V[SD O[ZOFZ SZJFYL T[GL V;Z
ALHF R, 5ZS[8,L YFI K[ T[ NXF"JT]\ ;\bIFtDS DF5P
s#f lGIT;\A\W ;]Z[BFVM o
HM A[ R, JrR[ ;C;\A\W CMI TM lJSL6" VFS'lT 5ZGF lA\N]VM SM. V[S Z[BFGL VFH]AFH]
GSDF\ 50[,F\ CMI K[P CJ[ VF lA\N]DF\YL 5;FZ YTL Z[BF V[JL ZLT[ NMZJFDF\ VFJ[ S[ H[YL T[
lA\N]VM VG[ T[ Z[BF JrR[GF ,\A V\TZMGF JU"GM ;ZJF/M VMKFDF\ VMKM YFI TM T[JL
Z[BFG[ z[Q9 VgJFIMHG Z[BF SC[JFIP z[Q9 VgJFIMHG Z[BF A[ ZLT[ NMZL XSFIP HM lA\N]VM
VG[ VgJFIMHG Z[BF JrR[GF Y WZLG[ ;DF\T ,\A V\TZMGF JU"GM ;ZJF/M gI]GTD YFI
T[ ZLT[ VgJFIMHGZ[BF NMZLV[ TM T[YL D/TL z[Q9 VgJFIMHG Z[BFG[ Y GL X 5ZGL
lGIT;\A\W ;]Z[BF SC[JFIP VF Z[BF X GL VF5[,L SM.56 lS\DT DF8[ Y GL lS\DTG]\ z[Q9 VG]DFG
VF5[ K[P T[ H ZLT[ HM lA\N]VM VG[ VGJFIMHG Z[BF JrR[GF X WZLG[ ;DF\TZ ,\A V\TZMGF
gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

g
g

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(6)

JU"GM ;ZJF/M gI]GTD YFI T[ ZLT[ VgJFIMHG Z[BF NMZLV[TM T[YL D/TL z[Q9 VgJFIMHG
Z[BFG[ X GL Y 5ZGL lGIT;\A\W Z[BF SC[JFI K[P VF Z[BF Y GL VF5[,L SM.56 lS\DT DF8[ X GL
lS\DTG]\ z[Q9 VG]DFG VF5[ K[P VFD z[Q9 VgJFIMHG Z[BF A[ ZLT[ NMZL XSFI K[ T[YL
A[ VG[ DF+ A[ lGIT;\A\W ;]Z[BFVM CMI K[P
s$f lGIT;\A\W ;DLSZ6 o
lGIT;\A\W Z[BFVMG]\ UFl6lTS :J~5 V[8,[ lGIT;\A\W ;DLSZ6G[ 5|lTUDG ;DLSZ6 56
SC[JFI K[P ;FDFgI ZLT[ lGIT;\A\W ;DLSZ6 A[ CMI K[P V[S X G]\ Y 5ZG]\ ;DLSZ6 S[ H[DF\ Y :JT\
+ R, K[ VG[ X ;F5[1F R, K[P T[YL HIFZ[ Y GL VF5[, lS\DT[ X GL lS\DTG]\ VG]DFG SZJ]\ CMI X
G]\ Y 5ZG]\ ;DLSZ6 p5IMUL YFI K[P VF H ZLT[ ALH]\ ;DLSZ6 Y G]\ X 5ZG]\ K[ H[DF\ X R, :JT\
+ K[ VG[ Y ;F5[1F R, K[P VF ;DLSZ6 5ZYL X GL VF5[,L lS\DT[ Y GL VG]DFGLT lS\DT D[/JL
XSFI K[P AgG[ ;DLSZ6M GLR[ D]HA K[P
X on Y : ( x x ) = bxy ( y y )
Y on X : ( y y ) = byx ( x x )

5|`GvZ lGIT ;\A\WF\SGF U]6WDM" H6FJMP

HJFA o
lGIT;\A\WF\SGF D]bI U]6WDM" GLR[ H6FjIF D]HA K[ o
s!f A\G[ lGIT;\A\WF\SM bxy VG[ byx GF\ lRgCM ;ZBF\ CMI K[P
sZf HM V[S lGIT;\A\WF\SGL lS\DT 1 SZTF\ JW] CMI TM ALHF lGIT ;\A\WF\SGL lS\DT 1
SZTF\ VMKL CMJL HM.V[P
s#f HM A[ R, JrR[ ;\5]6" ;C;\A\W CMI TM A\G[ lGIT;\A\WF\SM V[S ALHFGF jI:T CMI
K[P
s$f A[ lGIT;\A\WF\SMGM U]6MTZ DwIS ;C;\A\WF\SGL lS\DT NXF"J[ K[P V[8,[ S[4 r =
+ bxy byx .

s5f lGIT;\A\WF\SMGL lS\DT UDlA\N]GF O[ZOFZYL :JT\+ K[4 5Z\T] :S[,qDF5GF

O[ZOFZYL :JT\+ GYLP
s&f A[ lGIT;\A\WF\SM VG[ ;C;\A\WF\SGL lGXFGL C\D[XF ;DFG CMI K[P
5|`Gv# ;C;\A\W VG[ lGIT;\A\W JrR[GM TOFJT ;DHFJMP
HJFA o

!
Z
#
$
5

;C;\A\W
lGIT;\A\W
;C;\A\W FZF A[ R, ZFlXVM SZL lGIT;A\W
FZF
V[S R,DF\
YTF
XSFI K[P
O[ZOFZYL ALHF R, 5Z 50TL V;ZG]\ 5|
DF6 GSSL SZL XSFI K[P
A[ R, JrR[GM ;C;\A\WF\S 1 SZTF\ lGIT;\A\WF\S A[ CMI K[4 H[DF\YL V[S
JW] CM. XS[ GCL\P
lGIT;\A\WF\SGL lS\DT 1 SZTF\ JW] CM.
XS[P
;C;\A\WF\SGL
lS\DT
:S[, lGIT;\A\WF\SGL lS\DT :S[, 5lZJT"GYL
5ZLJT"GYL :JT\+ K[P
:J\T+ GYLP
;C;\A\WF\S 5ZYL lGIT;\A\WF\S D/L lGIT;\A\WF\S 5ZYL ;C;\A\WF\S D/L
XS[ GCL\P
XS[ K[P
;C;\A\WF\S DF8[ rxy = ryx YFIP
lGIT;\A\WF\S DF8[ bxy byx YFIP

gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

g
g

g
g

g
g

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(7)

5|`Gv!

6 4
HJFA o
VFWFZJQF"GL ;ZBFD6LV[ R,F] JQF"GL lS\DTDF\ YTF\ ;F5[1F 8SFJFZL O[ZOFZ NXF"JTF
VF\SG[ ;]RSVF\S SC[ K[P
P1
HIF\4 P1 = RF,] JQF"GL lS\DT
x 100
;}RSVF
P0
P0 = VFWFZ JQF"GL lS\DT
\S =

;}RSVF\SGF ,1F6M o

;}RSVF\SGF ,1F6M GLR[ D]HA VF5L XSFI o

s!f ;}RSVF\S V[S ;Z[ZFX DF5 K[P VFYL ;Z[ZFXGF NZ[S ,1F6M T[ WZFJ[ K[P
sZf ;}RSVF\S 8SFJFZL O[ZOFZM NXF"J[ K[4 T[YL ;}RSVF\SGL DNNYL ;F5[1F 8SFJFZL
O[ZOFZ HF6L XSFI K[P
s#f ;}RSVF\S ;F5[1F DF5 K[ T[YL T[ V[SDYL lGZ5[1F K[P VFYL H]NF H]NF V[SDMJF/L R,
lS\DTMDF\ YTF O[ZOFZM ;}RSVF\S FZF ;ZBFJL XSFI K[P
s$f ;}RSVF\S U]6MTZ FZF ;ZBFD6L SZ[ K[P
s5f ;}RSVF\S FZF ;ZBFD6L SM. V[S 5FIFGF ;DIGF VFWFZ[ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

p5IMUM o
;}RSVF\SGF p5IMUM GLR[ D]HA VF5L XSFI o
s!f HyYFA\W EFJGF ;}RSVF\S o VF 5|SFZGF ;}RSVF\S ;ZSFZG[ N[XGL VFlY"S
GLlTGF 30TZ DF8[ H~ZL DFU"NX"G 5]~ 5F0[ K[P T[DH J[5FZL VG[ pnMU5lTVMG[ T[DGF
W\WFvpnMU V\U[GL GLlT GSSL SZJF p5IMUL GLJ0[ K[P
sZf JGlGJF"C BR"GF ;}RSVF\S o VF 5|SFZGF ;}RSVF\S SFDNFZM4 SD"RFZLVM
JU[Z[ JU" DF8[ DM\3JFZL EyYF4 AMG;4 TYF VgI 5|SFZMGF EyYFGL U6TZL DF8[ B]AH
p5IMUL K[P
s#f VF{nMlUS pt5FNGGM ;}RSVF\S o VF 5|SFZGF ;}RSVF\S N[XGL VF{nMlUS 5|
UlTGM bIF, VF5[ K[P H[GL DNNYL N[XGM lJSF;NZ JWFZJF DF8[GF ZRGFtDS ;}RGM SZL XSFI
K[P
s$f VFIFTvlGSF;GM VF\S o VF 5|SFZGF ;}RSVF\SGL DNNYL N[XGL VFIFTvlGSF;
GLlT Y. XS[ K[P
s5f S'lQF 5[NFXGF ;}RSVF\S o VF 5|SFZGF ;}RSVF\S N[XGF S'lQF lJSF;G]\ lR+
ZH] SZ[ K[P H[GL DNNYL ;ZSFZ N[XGL S'lQF lJQFIS GLlT V\U[G]\ VFIMHG SZL XS[ K[P
s&f ZMSF6GF ;}RSVF\S o VF 5|SFZGF ;}RSVF\SGL DNNYL X[Zv:8MS4
l0A[gRZM4 ;ZSFZL HFDLGULZLVM JU[Z[GF EFJDF\ YTF O[ZOFZMGM VeIF; SZL XSFI
K[ VG[ T[ 5ZYL EFJL VG]DFGM SZL XSFI K[P

DIF"NFVM o

;}RSVF\S VFlY"S O[ZOFZMGM VeIF; SZJF DF8[ VlT p5IMUL CMJF KTF\4 T[GL S[8,LS
DIF"NFVM VJU6L XSFI GlC\P
s!f ;}RSVF\S ;Z[ZFXGM p5IMU YTM CMJFYL4 ;Z[ZFXGL DIF"NFVM ,FU] 50[ K[P
sZf ;}RSVF\S U6TZLDF\ ,[JFDF\ VFJT]\ VFWFZ JQF" ;FDFgI CMJ]\ HM.V[P V[8,[ S[4
VFWFZ JQF" I]wW4 N]SF/4 5]Z JU[Z[YL D]ST CMJ]\ HM.V[P
s#f V[S C[T] DF8[ D[/J[, ;}RSVF\S ALHF C[T] DF8[ JF5ZL XSFI GCL\P
s$f ;}RSVF\SGL U6TZLDF\ EFZ GSSL SZJFDF\ HM E], ZCL HFI TM T[ ;}RSVF\S
gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

g
g

g
g

(8)

U[ZDFU[" NMZL XS[ K[P

s5f ;DIDF\ O[ZOFZ ;FY[ 5FIFGF JQF"DF\ 5;N SZ[,L J:T]VMDF\ VG[ T[GF 5|DF6DF\ IMuI
O[ZOFZ SZJFDF\ G VFJ[ TM ;}RSVF\S ;FR]\ DFU"NX"G VF5L XS[ GlC\P
5|`GvZ

;}RSVF\SGF 5ZL1F6M sS;M8LVMf lJX[ GM\W ,BMP

VYJF

(i) P01F P10F = 1

(ii) P01F Q01F = V01
V01=P1Q1
P0Q0

5|`Gv#

JGlGJF"C ;}RSVF\S 5Z GM\W ,BMP

HJFA o
H]NL H]NL J:T]VMGF EFJDF\ JWv38GL V;Z ;DFHGF H]NFvH]NF JUM"GF ,MSM 5Z S[JL
YFI K[ T[GM VeIF; SZJF DF8[ H[ ;}RSVF\S XMWJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ T[G[ JGlGJF"CGM ;}RSVF\S
SC[ K[P
VF ;}RSVF\SGL DNNYL SM. V[S ;DI[ SM. V[S JU"GF JGlGJF"C BR"DF\ VFWFZ
JQF"GL ;ZBFD6LV[ YTM 8SFJFZL O[ZOFZ HF6L XSFI K[P VFD4 ccSM. V[S ;DI[ SM. V[S
JU"GF
,MSMGF
JGlJJF"C
BR"DF\
VFWFZ
;DIGF
;F5[1FDF\
YTF
8SFJFZL
O[ZOFZG[ T[ JU"GF ,MSM DF8[GM JGlGJF"C BR"GM ;}RSVF\S SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[Pcc
ZRGF o JGlGJF"C ;}RSVF\SGL ZRGF SZJF DF8[ GLR[GF D]NFVM wIFGDF\ ,[JFDF\
VFJ[ K[P
s!f C[T] o ;}RSVF\SGL ZRGFGM C[T] :5Q8 CMJM HM.V[P V[8,[ S[ ;DFHGF SIF
JU"GF ,MSM DF8[ JGlGJF"C BR"GF ;]RSVF\SGL ZRGF SZJFGL K[ T[ ;F{5|YD GSSL SZJ]\
HM.V[P
sZf lGNX" SF{8]\lAS T5F; o H[ JU"GF ,MSM DF8[ JGlGJF"C BR"GM ;}RSVF\S
T{IFZ SZJFGM CMI T[ JU"GF 5|tI[S S]8\]AGL DFlCTL D[/JJFG]\ D]xS[, K[P T[YL H[ T[ JU"GF
S]8]\AMDF\YL IFNlrKS ZLT[ VD]S S]8]\AMGM lGN"X D[/JJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[DF\ S]8]\AMGF
;eIMGL ;\bIF4 SDFGFZ jIlSTVMGL ;\bIF DFl;S BR" JU[Z[ AFATM lJX[GL DFlCTL D[/JJFDF\
VFJ[ K[P
VF p5ZF\T GLR[ D]HAGL AL S[8,LS JWFZFGL DFlCTL 56 V[Sl+T SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
sV[f H[ T[ JU"GF ,MSM J0[ J5ZFI[, H]NL H]NL JrT]VM4 T[DGM HyYM4 T[DGL HFT
JU[Z[ lJX[ DFlCTL D[/JL T[DG[ GLR[GF H]NF H]NF 5F\R lJEFUMDF\ JC[\RJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P (i)
BMZFS (ii) S50F (iii) EF0] (iv) A/T6 VG[ (v) 5ZR}Z6P
sALf H]NL H]NL JrT]VMGF EFJMGL IFNL D[/JJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
s#f VFWFZ JQF"GL 5;\NUL o ;}RSVF\SGL ZRGFDF\ H[ JQF"GL ;FY[EFJ ;ZBFJJFGF

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(9)

CMI T[G[ VFWFZ JQF" S[ 5|DFl6T JQF" SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VF 5|DFl6T JQF" ;FDFgI CMJ]\
HM.V[P V[8,[ S[4 D\lN S[ O]UFJFG]\ G CMJ]\ HM.V[P T[DH T[ JQF"DF\ S]NZTL VFOT 56 G
CMJL HM.V[P
VFWFZ JQF"GL 5;\NUL GLR[GL A[ ZLT[ SZL XSFI o
s!f VR, VFWFZ JQF"GL ZLT sZf 5Z\5ZLT VFWFZGL ZLT
VF p5ZF\T JGlGJF"C ;}RSVF\SGL ZRGFDF\ 56 ;Z[ZFXGL 5;\NUL4 EFZ JU[Z[ AFATM G[
,1FDF\ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

p5IMU o
JGlGJF"C ;}RSVF\SGL p5IMUM GLR[ D]HA K[ o
s!f JGlGJF"C ;}RSVF\SGL DNNYL 5UFZ4 DM\3JFZL EyYF4 AMG; JU[Z[DF\ O[ZOFZ
GSSL SZL XSFI K[P
sZf VF ;}RSVF\SGL DNNYL ;ZSFZ VD]S J:T] 5Z VD]S 5|DF6DF\ SZ GFB[TM T[GL
V;Z ;DFHGF\ H]NF H]NF JUM" 5Z S[JL YX[ T[ V\U[G]\ VG]DFG SZL XSFI K[P
s#f ;DFHGF H]NF H]NF JU"G[ S. S. lJlXQ8 ;UJ0MGL H~Z K[ T[ GSSL SZL XSFI K[P
s$f VF ;}RSVF\SGL DNNYL GF6F\GL ;FRL BZLNXlST lJX[GM bIF, VFJ[ K[P

DIF"NFVM o
JGlGJF"CGF ;}RSVF\SGL DIF"NFVM GLR[ D]HA K[ o
s!f ;DFHGF AWFH JUM" DF8[GM V[S ;FDFgI JGlGJF"C BR"GM ;}RSVF\S ZRL XSFTM
GYLP
sZf VF ;}RSVF\S SM. RMSS; JU"GF JGlGJF"C BR"DF\ YTM ;Z[ZFX 8SFJFZL O[ZOFZ
NXF"J[ K[P T[YL jIlSTUT JGlGJF"C BR"DF\ YTF\ O[ZOFZ DF5L XSFTF GYLP
s#f SM. 5|N[XGF SM. V[S JU"GF ,MSM DF8[ D[/JFI[,M JGlGJF"C BR"GM ;}RSVF\S
ALHF SM. 5|N[XGF\ T[H JU"GF ,MSM DF8[ lAGp5IMUL lGJ0[ K[P
s$f D[/J[, EFJM C\D[XF lJ`JF;5F+ ZLT[ GYL D/TFP
s5f V[S H JU"GF ,MSM J:T]VM H]NF H]NF 5|DF6DF\ JF5ZFTF CMI K[P VFYL H]NL H]NL
J:T]VMG[ EFZ VF5JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

g
g

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(10)

5|`Gv!

Tn

5|`GvZ A[ ;\bIFVM DF8[ ;FlAT SZM S[4 A.M. > G.M. > H.M.
VYJF
;DF\TZ DwIS4 ;DU]6MTZ DwIS4 VG[ CZFtDS DwIS JrR[ ;\A\W :YF5LT SZMP

AH = G2 A G H.
HJFA o pZ DF8[ S,F;JS" HMJ]\P
5|`Gv# ;DF\TZ z[6L DF8[ Sn G]\ ;]+ D[/JMP VYJF
;DF\TZ z[6LG]\ z[-L ;]+ D[/JMP
HJFA o pZ DF8[ S,F;JS" HMJ]\P
5|`Gv ;DU]6MTZ z[6L DF8[ Sn G]\ ;]+ D[/JM
;DU]6MTZ z[6LG]\ z[-L ;]+ D[/JMP
HJFA o pZ DF8[ S,F;JS" HMJ]\P

VYJF

5|`Gv! ;\EFJGFGL jIFbIF VF5L ;\EFJGF DF8[G]\ ;ZJF/FG]\ 5|D[I ,BM VG[ ;FlAT SZMP
VYJF
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB)
5|`GvZ XZTL ;\EFJGF V[8,[ X]\ m T[G]\ 5|D[I ,BM VG[ ;FlAT SZMP

VYJF
P(A/B) = P(AB)
P(B)

A
B
B
A B
P(A1B1)
= P (AB)1
(... -

= 1 - P(AB)
= 1 - [P(A) + P(B) - P(AB)]
= 1 - [P(A) + P(B) - P(A) .P(B)] ( ... A

= 1 - P(A) - P(B) + P(A) .P(B)

= [1 - P(A)] - P(B) [1- P (A)]
gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

g
g

g
g

(11)
= [1 - P(A)] [1- P(B)]
... P(A1B1) = P(A 1) . P(B1)

A
B1

B A

A B (i) A B1 (ii) (ii) A

B

(1) P (ABI) = P(A) P(AB)

B )

= P(A) P(A) P(B) (... A

= P(A) [1 P(B)]
P(ABI) = P(A) P(B1)

A B1
(2) P (A IB) = P(B) P(AB)
= P(B) P(A) P(B)
= P(B) [1 P(A)]
= P(B) P(A 1)
P(A IB) = P(A 1) P(B)
AI

1
g

5|`Gv5
A,
B
C

P(ABC) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) P(AB) P(AC) P(BC) + P(ABC)

A, B C AB = AC = BC =

ABC= P(AB)
=
P(AC)
=
P(BC)
=
P(ABC)
=
0

P(ABC) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C).

GM\W o NZ[S jIFbIFVM HM. ,[JLP

Que. 6

AB, P(A) P(B).

P(AB) P(A) P(AB) P(A) + P(B).

AB P(A) P(B) P(B A) = P(B) P(A).

Ans. :

AB, A (B-A) B
,

A(B-A) = B

P[A(B-A)] = P(A) + P(B-A) = P(B)

P(B-A) = P(B) - P(A)

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

[ A(B-A)= ]
A
B-A

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(12)

(B-A)
P(B-A) 0
P(B)-P(A) 0
P(B) P(A)

P(A) P(B)

-------- (A)

ABA
P(AB) P(A)

[... (A) ]

..(i)

A(AB) P(A) P(AB)

P(AB) =P(A) + P(B) - P(AB)
P(AB) P(A) + P(B)

(ii)

[ ... P(AB) 0 ]..(iii)

(I),(ii) (iii),
P(AB) P(A) P(AB) P(A) + P(B)

l5NL lJTZ6GF\ U]6WDM" VG[ p5IMUM H6FJMP

U]6WDM" o
l5NL lJTZ6GF\ U]6WDM" GLR[ D]HA VF5L XSFI o
(1) l5NL lJTZ6 V;TT IFNlrS R, DF8[G]\ ;\EFJGF lJTZ6 K[P
(2) n VG[ p V[ l5NL lJTZ6GF\ 5|FR,M K[P
(3) l5NL lJTZ6GM DwIS = np K[P
(4) l5NL lJTZ6G]\ lJRZ6 = npq K[P
(5) l5NL lJTZ6DF\ lJRZ6GL lS\DT T[GF DwIS SZTF\ C\D[XF VMKL CMI K[P V[8,[ S[ npq
< np K[P
(6) HM 5|FR, p VG[ q lS\DT ;DFG CMI V[8,[ S[ p = q = 1/2 CMI TM l5NL lJTZ6 ;\lDT YFI
K[P
(7) A[ :JT\+ l5NL R,GF\ ;ZJF/FG]\ lJTZ6 56 l5NL lJTZ6 YFI K[P
(8) HIFZ[ n > CMI tIFZ[ l5NL lJTZ6 V[ 5|FDF^I lJTZ6G[ VG];Z[ K[P
p5IMUM o
l5NL lJTZ6GF\ p5IMUM GLR[ D]HA VF5L XSFI o
(1) VF\S0FSLI ;\XMWGDF\ HIFZ[ SM.56 5|IMUGF\ NZ[S 5|ItGDF\ ;O/TFvlGQO/TF
S[ BFDLI]ST v BFDL ZlCT V[D 5lZ6FDM D/TF CMI tIFZ[ l5NL lJTZ6GM p5IMU
YFI K[P
(2) U]6WDM" DF8[GF U]~lGNX" 5lZ1F6M DF8[ l5NL lJTZ6GM p5IMU YFI K[P
(3) p VG[ np VF,[B DF8[GL lGI\+6 ;LDFVM GSSL SZJF DF8[P
gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(13)

5MI;G lJTZ6GF\ U]6WDM" VG[ p5IMU H6FJMP

HJFA o
5MI;G lJTZ6GF D]bI U]6WDM" GLR[ 5|DF6[ VF5L XSFI o
(1) 5MI;G lJTZ6 V;TT R, DF8[G]\ lJTZ6 K[P
(2) 5MI;G lJTZ6GM 5|FR, m K[P
(3) 5MI;G lJTZ6GM DwIS TYF lJRZ6 m K[P
(4) A[ lGZ5[1F 5MI;G R,MGF\ ;ZJF/G]\ lJTZ6 56 5MI;G lJTZ6 YFI K[P
(5) H[D mGL lS\DT JW] T[D lJQFDTF VMKL CMI K[P
(6) S]NZTL VFOTM JU[Z[ H[JF\ EFuI[ H AGTF AGFJMGL ;\EFJGFG]\ VF lJTZ6 K[P

p5IMU o

GLR[GF H[JF pNFCZ6MDF\ 5MI;G lJTZ6 p5IMUL AG[ K[P

(1) RMSS; ;DI NZlDIFG Z:TF 5Z AGTF\ VS:DFTMGL ;\bIF VF5[, CMIP
(2) ;DFHDF\ AGTF\ VF53FTGF\ AGFJMGL ;\bIF VF5[, CMIP
(3) NIZMUYL YTF\ D'tI]GL ;\bIF VF5[,L CMIP
(4) VD]S RMSS; ;DIUF/F NZdIFG SM. RMSS; :Y/[ S[g;Z4 V[.hYL YTF\ DZ6GL ;\bIF
VF5[,L CMIP
(5) BFDLJF/F V[SDMG]\ 5|DF6 VF5[, CMIP
(6) ,MCLGF\ V[S 8L5FDF\ VD]S ZMUGF JF6]\GL ;\bIF VF5[,L CMIP
VFD4 ZMHAZMHGF JGDF\ H[ AGFJM EFuI[ H AGTF\ CMI K[ T[ DF8[ EFU[ 5MI;G
lJTZ6G[ VG];ZTF\ CMI K[P
5|FDF^I lJTZ6GF\ U]6WDM" VG[ p5IMUM H6FJMP
HJFA o
U]6WDM" o
(1) RMSS; ;DI NZlDIFG Z:TF 5Z AGTF\ VS:DFTMGL ;\bIF VF5[, CMIP
(2) 5|FDF^I lJTZ6 V[ ;TT R, DF8[G]\ lJTZ6 K[P
(3) 5|FDF^I lJTZ6DF\ DwIS4 DwI:Y VG[ AC],SGL lS\DTM ;DFG CMI K[P
(4) VF lJTZ6GF JS=GM VFSFZ 3\8FSFZ CMI K[P
(5) T[DF\ A\gG[ RT]Y"SM Q1 VG[ Q3 DwI:YYL ;DFG V\TZ[ VFJ[, CMI K[P
(6) 5|FDF^I lJTZ6 ;\lDT CM. T[DF\ lJQFDTF X]gI K[P
(7) VG[ VF lJTZ6 DF8[GF 5|FR,M K[P
(8) A[ :JT\+ 5|FDF^I R,GM ;ZJF/M 56 5|FDF^I R, H CMI K[P
(9) 5|FDF^I JS=GF\ AgG[ K[0F VG\T,1FL CMI K[P VYF"T T[ X-V1FG[ D/TF GYLP

p5IMU o

VF\S0FXF:+GF\ VeIF;DF\ lJTZ6 B}AH DCtJG]\ :YFG WZFJ[ K[P T[GL VUtITF GLR[GF\
D]NFVM 5Z6L :5Q8 YX[P
(1) ZMHAZMHGF jIJCFZDF\ AGTL DM8F EFUGL 38GFVM 5|FDF^I lJTZ6G[ VG];ZTL CMJFYL
VY"XF:+LVM4 DF;XF:+LVM4 ;DFHXF:+LVM JU[Z[ B]AH jIF5S 5|DF6DF\ 5|FDF^I
lJTZ6GM p5IMU SZ[ K[P
(2) VF\S0FXF:+LI U]6JTF lGI\+6DF\ 5|FDF^I lJTZ6GM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
(3) VF\S0FXF:+GF\ VeIF;DF\ VFJTF DM8F EFUGF\ ;\EFGF lJTZ6DF\ n GL lS\DT DM8L CM. 5|
FDF^I lJTZ6GM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
(4) AWF\ U]~lGNX" 5lZ1F6MDF\ D]bItJ[ 5|FDF^I lJTZ6GM H p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


gg

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(14)

5|`Gv! U]6FtDS ;\A\W V[8,[ X]\ m T[GF 5|SFZM pNFCZ6 ;CLT RRM" o

Attribute)

5|`Gv#

gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


g
g


gg



gg

g

(15)

U]6FtDS ;\A\W DF5JFGL I],GL ZLT ;DHFJMP

HJFA o pTZ DF8[ S,F;JS" HMJ]\P

5|`Gv$
2y

1+y
QY

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(16)

;FDlIS z[6L V[8,[ X]\ m T[GF 38SM lJX[ GM\W ,BMP

HJFA o
HIFZ[ SM.56 DFlCTL V[S9L SZL T[G[ lJlJW ;DI VG];FZ z[6L :J~5[ UM9JJFDF\ VFJ[ TM
AGTL z[6LG[ ;FDlIS z[6L SC[ K[P
;FDlIS z[6LGF 38SM o
;FDlIS z[6LGF\ 5'yYSZ6 FZF z[6LG[ V;Z SZTF\ 38SMG[ H]NF 5F0LG[ T[GM VeIF;
SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ;FDlIS z[6LGF\ 5'yYSZ6DF\ GLR[ D]HAGF\ RFZ 38SMGM VeIF; SZJFDF\ VFJ[
gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(17)

K[P

s!f J,6 q NLW"SF,LG JW38 (Trend) o ,F\AF ;DI ;]WL SM. V[S ;FDlIS z[6LG]\ VJ,MSG
SZLV[ TM T[ z[6LGL lS\DTM VjIJl:YT ZLT[ AN,FTL CMI V[D H6FX[P VFD KTF\ B}A ,F\AF UF/
[ ;FDFlIS R,GL lS\DT l:YZ VG[ lGIlDT ZLT[ JWTL S[ 38TL H6FX[P ;FDlIS R,GL VF 5|SFZGL
JWJFGL4 38JFGL S[ l:YZ ZC[JGL ;FDFgI ,F1Fl6STF J,6 TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P
EFZTDF\ VGFHGF\ EFJ4 SF50GF\ EFJ4 5[8=M,v0Lh,GF\ EFJ JU[Z[GL ;FDlIS
z[6LG[ T5F;TF HM. XSFI K[ S[ VF EFJM JQFM"vJQF" l:YZ ZLT[ JW[ K[P H[ ;FDlIS z[6LG]\ JWT]\
J,6 NXF"J[ K[P
TNp5ZF\T4 A[SFZLG]\ 5|DF64 D'tI]NZ JU[Z[ R,GL ;FDFlIS z[6LVMG[ T5F;TF HM. XSFI
K[ S[ VF z[6LVMGL R,lS\DTM ,F\AFUF/[ 38[ K[P H[ ;FDlIS z[6LG]\ 38T]\ J,6 NXF"J[ K[P
sZf DF{;DL JW38 (Seasonal Variations) o ;FDlIS z[6LDF\ ;F{YL ;C[,M VG[ ;C[,FIYL ;D
XSFI T[JM 38S DF{;DL V;ZGM K[P DM;DL JW38V[ 8]\SFUF/FGL lGIlDT JW38 K[P VF 5|SFZGL
JW38 DF8[ DF{;DL 5lZA/M HJFANFZ K[P NFPTP4 VGFHGF EFJ T[GF 5FSGL DF{;DGF ;DIDF\
VMKF CMI K[ VG[ T[ l;JFIGF ALHF ;DI[ JWFZ[ CMI K[P
;FDFgI ZLT[ DM;DL V;ZGM ;DI V[S JQF" VYJF T[YL VMKM CMI K[P
s#f RlS|I JW38 (Cycllcal Varlations) o RlS|I JW38 56 DM;DL JW38GL H[D 8]\SFUF/FGL
lGIlDT JW38 K[P 5Z\T] RlS|I JW38G]\ RS| DM;DL JW38 SZTF\ JW] CMI K[P ;FDFgI ZLT[ RlS|I
JW38G]\ RS| S[ UF/M V[S JQF"YL JW] CMI K[P
J[5FZ RSM G[ SFZ6[ RlS|I JW38 V:TLtJ WZFJ[ K[4 NFPTP4 NZ[S J:T]VMGF EFJDF\
VG[ X[Z:8MSGF EFJDF\ 56 A[vRFZ JQF"GF UF/[ S[ T[YL JW] ,F\AF UF/[ V[SGL V[S 5l:YlTG]\
5]GZFJT"G YT]\ HMJF D/[ K[P H[ RlS|I JW38 NXF"J[ K[P
s$f VlGlDIT JW38 (irregular Variations) o VF 5|SFZGL JW38 DF8[ SM. RMSS; lGID
S[ 5ZLA/ HJFANFZ GYL VD]S VFSl:DS SFZ6MG[ ,LW[ VF 5|SFZGL JW38 HMJF D/[ K[P VF 5|
SFZGL JW38 SIFZ[ YX[ VG[ S[8,L YX[ T[ HF6L XSFT]\ GYLP H[DS[4 J:T]VMGF EFJ4 C0TF,4
I]wW4 WZTLS\5 JU[Z[ SFZ6MYL V[SND JWL HFI K[P VF AWF AGFJM VFSl:DS K[ VG[ T[G[
,LW[ z[6LGL lS\DT 5Z V;Z YFI K[P VFYL T[G[ VFSl:DS V;Z VYJFTM VlGIlDT JW38 SC[JFDF\
VFJ[ K[P
;FDlIS z[6LGL p5IMULTF RRM"P
HJFA o
JT"DFG I]UDF\ VY";Fl:+VM4 J[5FZLVM4 ;DFHXF:+LVM4 BUM/XF:+LVM JU[Z[ NZ[SG[
;FDlIS z[6LGF\ VeIF; H~Z 50[ K[P ;FDlIS z[6LGF\ VeIF;GL p5IMULTF GLR[GF SFZ6M FZF
;D XSFIP
s!f ;FDlIS z[6LGF VeIF; FZF E]TSF/GL 5lZl:YlT ;D XSFI K[P
sZf ;FDlIS z[6LGF VeIF;GL DNNYL ElJQI lJX[ VG]DFG D[/JL XSFI K[ VG[ T[ 5|DF6[ VFIMHG
SZL XSFI K[P
s#f VY"XF:+LVM4 J[5FZLVM4 pnMU5lTVM ;FDlIS z[6LGF lJX[QF6 5ZYL ;DIGF RMSS; UF/F
NZlDIFG VFlY"S VG[ VgI 5ZLA/MGF J,6M S[JF ZC[ K[ T[ HF6L XS[ K[P
s$f ;FDlIS z[6LGL DNNYL JT"DFG 5lZl:YlTGM TFU D[/JL XSFI K[P
s5f CJ[ ;FDlIS z[6LGL ;ZBFD6L SZJFYL 36L JBT VUtIGF 5ZL6FDM TFZJL XSFI K[P
s&f BUM/XF:+LVM VJSFXL 5NFYM"GL UlTGM VeIF; SZL XS[ K[P
s*f ;ZSFZG[ VFIMHG DF8[ T[DH ElJQI V\U[GF lG6"IM ,[JF DF8[ ;FDlIS z[6LGM VeIF;
p5IMUL lGJ0[ K[P
s(f ;DFHXF:+LVM AF/,uG4 GXFA\WL4 HgD5|DF64 D'tI]5|DF6 JU[Z[GL ;FDlIS z[6LVMGF
VeIF; 5ZYL ;FDFS ;]WFZF ;]RJ[ K[P
VFD4 ;FDlIS z[6LGM VeIF; ;DFHGF NZ[S JU"DF8[ VG[S ZLT[ p5IMUL K[P

gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

(18)

HJFA o

(cyclical period)

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(19)

gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(20)

5|`GvZ lGNX"G 5wWlTGF\ OFINFVM H6FJMP

HJFA o
jIJCFZGF\ lGNX"G 5wWlTGM p5IMU ACM/F 5|DF6DF\ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P SFZ6
S[ lGNX"G 5wWlTGF\ OFINFVM GLR[ D]HA K[P
s!f lGNX"GDF\ D[/J[,F V[SDMGL ;\bIF ;DlQ8GF V[SDMGL ;\bIF SZTF\ 5|DF6DF\ VMKL
CMJFYL4 ;DI VG[ BR"GL ART YFI K[P
sZf lGNX"DF\ V[SDMGL ;\ IF CMJFYL4 \0F6 5}J"SGL T5F; Y. XS[ K[P
s#f T5F; DF8[ VMKL ;\bIFDF\ DF6;M ZFBJFGF CMJFYL4 B]AH RMSS;F. 5]J"S T5F; Y. XS[
K[P
s$f DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6 VG[ VY"38G SZJFDF\ VMKM ;DI ,FU[ K[4 VFYL ;DI;Z h05L
lG6"IM ,. XSFI K[P
s5f T5F; NZlDIFG V[SDM GFX YJFGL XSITF CMI tIF\ lGNX" T5F; H p5IMUL K[P
s&f HIFZ[ ;DlQ8G]\ SN B]AH lJXF/ CMI tIFZ[ lGNX" 5wWlT H JF5ZJL 50[ K[P
s*f S[8,LS JBT ;DlQ8 T5F;GF\ 5lZ6FDMGL RSF;6L SZJFGL CMI K[P VFJ[ JBT[ lGNX"
T5F; p5IMUL Y. XS[P EFZT ;ZSFZ J:TLU6TZLYL D[/J[,F\ 5lZ6FDMGL ;RM8TF T5F;JF
lGNX" 5wWlTGM H p5IMU SZ[ K[P

1
2
3

4
5
6

;DlQ8 T5F;
;DlQ8 T5F;DF\ NZ[S V[SDMGL T5F;
SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
NZ[S V[SDMGL T5F; SZJFGL CMJFGL
;DIGM jII JW] YFI K[P
;DlQ8 T5F;DF\ AF\W H V[SDMGL T5F;
SZJFGL CMJFYL RMSS;F. HF/JL XSFTL
GYLP
HIFZ[T5F; NZdIFG V[SDMGM GFX YTM
CMI tIFZ[ ;DlQ8 T5F; Y. XS[ GCL\P
;DlQ8 T5F;DF\ GF6F\4 XlST4 VG[ ;DIGM
jII JW] YFI K[P
NZ[SvNZ[S V[SDGL DFlCTL V[S9L

lGNX" T5F;
lGNX" T5F;DF\ 5;\N SZFI[, VD]SH V[SDMGL
T5F; SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
VD]S V[SDMGM H VeIF; SZJFGM CMJFYL
;DIGM ARFJ YFI K[P
lGNX" T5F;DF\ VD]SH V[SDMGL T5F;
SZJFGL CMJFYL RMSS;F. HF/JL XSFI K[P
HIFZ[ T5F; NZlDIFG V[SDMGMG GFX YTM
CMI tIFZ[ lGNX" T5F;H p5IMUDF\ ,. XSFIP
lGNX" T5F;DF\ GF6F\4 XlST VG[ ;DIGM jII 5|
DF6DF\ W6M VMKM YFI K[P
DIF"lNT V[SDMGL DFlCTL V[S9L SZJFDF\

gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

(21)

SZJFDF\ VFJTL CMJFYL ;\5]6" DFlCTL D/ VFJTL CMJFYL S[8,LS JBT VD]S
[ K[P
DFlCTL ZCL HJFGL XSITF ZC[ K[P

H~ZL

5|`Gv$ ;Z/ IrKlGNX"G 5wWlT ;DHFJMP

HJFA o
;DlQ8GF\ TDFD V[SDMG[ GD}GF TZLS[ 5;\N YJFGL V[S;ZBL TS VF5JFDF\ VFJ[ TM
T[ lGNX"G 5wWlTG[ 5rK lGNX"G 5wWlT SC[JFI K[P VF 5wWlTDF\ GD}GF V[ ZLT[ D[/JJFDF\
VFJ[ K[ S[ GD}GF TZLS[ 5;\NUL 5FDJFGL NZ[S V[SDG[ 5}ZTL TS D/[ K[P SM. V[SDGL
5;\NUL 5Z ALHF V[SDGL GF 5;\NULGM VFWFZ GYLP NZ[S V[SD 5;\N YJF DF8[ :JT\+ K[P
T[DH VF 5wWlTDF\ SM.56 V[SD TZO 51F5FT S[ 5}J"U|CG[ :YFG CMT]\ GYLP VF
5wWlTDF\ V5GFJJFDF\ VFJ[, TDFD V[SDMGF U]6WDM" HM ;DFG CMI TM T[DF\YL lGNX"
RMSS; 5lZ6FD VF5L XSFX[ VgIYF GlC\P VF lGNX"G[ SIFZ[S 5|lTlGlW~5 GD}GM 56 SC[ K[P
HM lGNX" IrK ZLT[ ,[JFDF\ VFjIM CMI VG[ lGNX"G]\ SN 56 IMuI ZLT[ DM8]\ CMI TM ;DlQ8GF
AWF\H U]6WDM"GM T[ lGNX"DF\ ;DFJ[X YX[P DM8FEFUGL T5F; DF8[ AWL H lGNX"G
5wWlTVMDF\ VF 5wWlT Rl-IFTL K[P ,MCLGF A[ RFZ 8L5F\V[ XZLZDFGF ,MCLGF ;DU|
HyYFG]\ IrK lGNX" CMJFYL T[ XZLZDF\GF ,MCLGL ;\5}6" BFl;ITM ZH] SZ[ K[P VFD ,UEU
;DFG U]6WDM"JF/F V[SDMJF/L ;DlQ8DF\YL IrK lGNX" ,[JFDF\ VFJ[ TM T[ ;DlQ8GL BFl;ITMG]\
IMuI 5|lTA\A 5F0[ K[P VF\S0FXF:+LI ;\XMWGDF\\ IrK lGNX"G 5wWlTH B}AH DCtJ CMJFYL
T[GL S[8,LS 5[8F 5wWlTVM lJS;FJJFDF\ VFJL K[ H[ D]bItJ[ GLR[ D]HA K[P

,FE o
s!f ;DI4 XlST VG[ GF\6FGM ARFJ YFI K[P
sZf ;DlQ8 lJX[ TFZJ[,F\ 5lZ6FDDF\ ;\ElJT E},GL U6TZL SZL XSFI K[P
s#f NZS[ V[SDG[ 5;NUL 5FDJFGL 5}ZL :JT\+TF VG[ ;DFG
S[ 51F5FTG[ :YFG CMT]\ GYLP

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

TS

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

CMJFYL

5}J"U|C

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(22)

s$f IrK lGNX" ;lDQ8G]\ IMuI 5|lTlGlWtJ WZFJ[ K[P H[D lGNX"G]\ SN DM8]\ YT]\ HFI T[D
lGNX" ;DlQ8G]\ JW]G[ JW] 5|lTlGlWtJ WZFJX[P
s5f ;DFG U]6WDM"JF/F ;DlQ8DF\YL ,[JFDF\ VFJ[,]\ lGNX" ;RM8 5lZ6FDM VF5[ K[P

U[Z,FE o

s!f lJXF/ SFI"1F[+JF/F ;DlQ8GF\ NZ[S V[SD DF8[ RLlVM AGFJJFG]\ S[ G\AZ VF5JFG]\ SFD
S\8F/FHGS K[P
sZf ;DlQ8GF V[SDMGL ;\bIF VMKL CMI TM VF 5wWlTYL RMSS; 5lZ6FDM ,FJL XSFI GlC\P
s#f ;DU| HyYFDF\ U]6WDM" V;DFGTFJF/F CMI TM IMuI 5lZ6FD D/[ GlC\P
s$f ;DlQ8GF AWF\ H V[SDMGL IFNLGL H~ZLIFT 50[ K[ 5Z\T] W6L JBT AWF\ H V[SDMGL
IFNL D/TL GYLP tIFZ[ lGNX" ,[J]\ D}xS[, 50[ K[P
s5f SM.JFZ lGNX" IrK ZLT[ ,[JFDF\ VFjIM CMI KTF\ 51F5FTL J,6 NXF"J[ K[P
5|`Gv5 : TZLT IrK lGNX"G lJX[ GM\W ,BMP
HJFA o
HIFZ[ ;DlQ8GF V[SDMGF U]6WDM" JrR[ JW] 5|DF6DF\ V;DFGTF CMI tIFZ[ ;Z/ IFlrKS
lGNX" ;DlQ8GM 5|lTlGlW~5 lGNX" AGL XS[ GCL\P VF ;\HMUMDF\ :TlZT IFlrKS lGNX"GGM
p5IMU SZL :TlZT IFlrKS lGNX" 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
VF 5wWlTDF\ ;F{ 5|YD ;DlQ8GF V[SDMG[ ;DFG U]6WDM"JF/F H]NF H]NF lJEFUMDF\
JC[\RJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VFJF 5|tI[S lJEFUG[ ;TZ SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VF AWFH :TZ 5Z:5Z lEgG CMI
K[4 5Z\T] NZ[S :TZGF V[SDM VF\TlZS ZLT[ ;DFG U]6WDM" WZFJTF CMI K[P CJ[ NZ[S
:TZDF\YL :JT\+ ZLT[ IFlrKS lGNX" ,[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[ VG[ VF AWF lGNXM"GF V[SDM E[UF SZL
H[ lGNX" D[/JJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ VG[ T[G[ :TlZT IFlrKS lGNX" SC[ K[P ;FDFgI ZLT[ NZ[S :TZDF\YL
5;\N SZTF\ V[SDMGL ;\BIF T[ :TZDF\ VFJ[,F S], V[SDMGL ;\bIFGF 5|DF6DF\ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
VF 5wWlT lGNX" 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFJ[ TM T[G[ :TlZT IFlrKS lGNX"G SC[ K[P

,FE o

s!f ;DlQ8G[ H]NF H]NF :TZMDF\ JC[\RJFDF\ VFJTL CMJFYL ;DlQ8GF NZ[S lJEFUG[ IMuI 5|
lTlGlWtJ D/[ K[P
sZf VF 5wWlTDF\ NZ[S :TZ DF8[ H]NL H]NL jIlSTVMG[ lGNX" ,[JFG]\ ;M\5L XSFI K[P VFYL
JlCJ8L ;]UDTF JW[ K[P
s#f NZ[S :TZ VF\TlZS ZLT[ ;DFG U]6WDM"JF/F V[SDM WZFJTM CMJFYL T[DF\YL GFGF
SNGF\ lGNX" 56 :TZ lJX[ 5}ZTL DFlCTL 5}ZL 5F0[ K[P VFD4 RMS;F.G]\ 5|DF6 JW[ K[P
s$f H]NF H]NF :TZ DF8[ RMS;F.GF\ WMZ6 V,UvV,U lGIT YI[,F CMI TM 56 VF 5wWlT
p5IMUDF\ ,. XSFI K[P
s5f V,U V,U :TZMDF\YL DFlCTL D[/JJFGL V,U V,U ;D:IFVM CMI K[P NZ[S :TZ DF8[ V,U S]X/
jIlST lGDJFYL VF ;D:IF C, SZL XSFI K[P

U[Z,FE o

s!f ;DlQ8G[ V,U V,U :TZMDF\ JC[\RTL JBT[ IMuI SF/ ZFBJFDF\ G VFJL CMI TM 5;\N YI[,M
lGNX" ;DlQ8G]\ IMuI 5|lTlGlWtJ ZH} G SZL XS[P
sZf VF 5wWlT FZF D/TF\ lGNX"GF 5lZ6FDM 5ZYL ;DlQ8 lJX[ VG]DFG SZJFGL U6TZL V3ZL
50[ K[P
s#f NZ[S :TZDF\YL IFlrKS lGNX" ,[JFG]\ SFI" HM S]X/ jIlSTVM FZF IMuI ZLT[ G YFI TM
RMS;F.G]\ IMuI WMZ6 HF/JL XSFI GCL\P
s$f ;DlQ8G[ IMuI ZLT[ :TZMDF\ JC[\RJFDF\ G VFJL CMI TM 5lZ6FD E}, EZ[,F VFJ[ K[P

HJFA o

gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

g
g

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(23)

1,000100

N
n

N
=
1,000,
n
=
100,K
=
10

7
100

(1)

(2)

gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

g
g

g
g

(24)

(Faulty
selection
of
the
sample)

(Substitution)

(Improper
Sample
size)

(Randomisation
selection)

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(25)

(Variability
in
population)

the

(Faulty
Planning)

(Errors
in
Response)

(Calculation)

(Publication
Errors)

gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

(26)

(Linear
Programming)
60,000

800
2,50030

100 250

x y
x

0,
y

0x
y 800x
+
2500y
60,000 800x
+
2500y

60,000
x
y

30
x
+
y

30 100x + 250y

x 0, y 0.
800x + 2500y 60,000.
x

30 x

y100x + 250y

(1)

x 0, y 0,

(2)

(3)
(4)
(5)

x+y6

x
y 5x +
4y
Z= 5x + 4y

2x + 3y 15

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

(27)

(Linear
Programming)

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)
gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION

(28)

n m

x1, x2, xn
(1) x1 x2 0,, xn 0
(2) a11x1 + a12x2 + .. + a1nxn [,] b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + .. + a2nxn [,] b2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
am1x1 + am2x2 + .. + amnxn [,] bm

Z = c1x1 + c2x2 + .. + cnxn

(D:\Litha\Ty-Guj\Stat_Theory_Imp_Ques_Ans_F)

AAlkanhiuhAA
AAlkanhiuhAA

YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR TRADITION