39.

1: a)
. s m kg 10 37 . 2
) m 10 80 . 2 (
) s J 10 63 . 6 (

24
10
34

h
p
p
h
b)
eV. 3 . 19 J 10 08 . 3
) kg 10 11 . 9 ( 2
) s m kg 10 37 . 2 (
2
18
31
2 24 2

m
p
K
39.2:
mE
h
p
h
2


m. 10 02 . 7
V) e J 10 60 . 1 ( ) eV 10 20 . 4 ( ) kg 10 64 . 6 ( 2
) s J 10 63 . 6 (
15
19 6 27
34

39. 3: a)
m. 10 55 . 1
) s m 10 70 . 4 ( kg) 10 11 . 9 (
s J 10 63 . 6

10
6 31
34

v m
h
e
e
b)
m. 10 46 . 8 m 10 55 . 1
kg 10 67 . 1
kg 10 11 . 9

14 10
27
31

,
_

e
p
e
p
m
m
39.4: a)
keV. 2 . 6
m) 10 20 . 0 (
) s m 10 00 . 3 ( s) eV 10 136 . 4 (

9
8 15

hc
E
b)
kg) 10 11 . 9 ( 2
)) m 10 20 . 0 ( ) s J 10 626 . 6 ((
2
) (
2
31
2 9 34 2 2

m
h
m
p
K
eV. 37 J 10 0 . 6
18


Note that the kinetic energy found this way is much smaller than the rest energy, so the
nonrelativistic approximation is appropriate.
c)

J 10 3 . 8
kg) 10 64 . 6 ( 2
)) m 10 20 . 0 ( s) J 10 626 . 6 ((
2
) (
2
22
27
2 9 34 2 2
m
h
m
p
K
5.2 meV. Again, the nonrelativistic approximation is appropriate.
39.5: a) In the Bohr model
.
2
nh
r mv
n

The de Broglie wavelength is
m. 10 32 . 3 ) m 10 29 . 5 ( 2 m 10 29 . 5 : 1 for
2

10 11
1
11
0 1

a r n
n
r
mv
h
p
h
n
This equals the orbit circumference.
b) , 4
4
) 16 ( 2
16 ) 4 ( : 4
0
4 0 0
2
4

a
a a r n
. m 10 33 . 1
9
4


The de Broglie wavelength is a quarter of the circumference of the orbit, . 2
4
r
39.6: a) For a nonrelativistic particle, so ,
2
2
m
p
K

.
2

Km
h
p
h

b)
m. 10 34 . 4 ) Kg 10 11 . 9 ( ) J/eV 10 60 . 1 ( ) eV 800 ( 2 ) s J 10 63 . 6 (
11 31 19 34

39.7:
m. 10 90 . 3
) s m 340 ( ) kg 005 . 0 (
s J 10 63 . 6

34
34

mv
h
p
h
We should not expect the bullet to exhibit wavelike properties.
39.8: Combining Equations 37.38 and 37.39 gives
. 1
2
mc p
a)
m. 10 43 . 4 1 ) (
12 2
mc h
p
h
(The incorrect nonrelativistic calculation
gives m.) 10 05 . 5
12

b) m. 10 07 . 7 1 ) (
13 2
mc h
39.9: a) photon

nm 0 . 62
V) e J 10 602 . 1 ( ) eV 0 . 20 (
) s m 10 998 . 2 ( ) s J 10 626 . 6 (
so

19
8 34

E
hc hc
E
electron


V) e J 10 602 . 1 ( eV) 0 . 20 ( ) kg 10 109 . 9 ( 2 2 so ) 2 (
19 31 2
mE p m p E
s m kg 10 416 . 2
24


nm 274 . 0 p h
b)photon eV 96 . 4 J 10 946 . 7
19


hc E
electron s m kg 10 650 . 2 so
27


h p p h
eV 10 41 . 2 J 10 856 . 3 ) 2 (
5 24 2
m p E
c) You should use a probe of wavelength approximately 250 nm. An electron with
250 nm has much less energy than a photon with 250 nm, so is less likely to damage the
molecule.
39.10:

m
h
v
mv
h


2
2
2
2
2 2
1
2
1
m
h
m
h
m mv K
,
_

They will not have the same kinetic energy since they have different masses.
4
27
31
p
e
2
e
2
2
p
2
e
p
10 46 . 5
kg 10 67 . 1
kg 10 11 . 9
2
2

,
_

,
_

m
m
m
h
m
h
K
K
39.11: a)
nm 10 . 0

keV 12 ) c
eV 150 ) b
s m 10 3 . 7 ) ( so
2
2
1
6



hc E
mv E
m h v h mv p
d) The electron is a better probe because for the same it has less energy and is less
damaging to the structure being probed.
39.12: (a)
m h v mv h
Energy conservation:
2
2
1
mv V e
V 9 . 66
) m 10 15 . 0 ( ) kg 10 11 . 9 ( ) C 10 60 . 1 ( 2
) s J 10 626 . 6 (
2 2
) (
2
2 9 31 19
2 34
2
2 2

em
h
e
m
e
mv
V
m
h

) b (

J 10 33 . 1
m 10 15 . 0
) s m 10 0 . 3 ( ) s J 10 626 . 6 (

15
9
8 34
photon

hc
hf E

V 8310
C 10 6 . 1
J 10 33 . 1
19
15
photon
photon

e
E
V
E K V e
39.13: For m =1,

eV. 432 . 0 J 10 91 . 6
) 6 . 28 ( sin ) m 10 10 . 9 ( ) kg 10 675 . 1 ( 2
) s J 10 63 . 6 (
sin 2
2
sin
20
2 2 11 27
2 34
2 2
2

E
md
h
E
mE
h
d
39.14: Intensity maxima occur when
. sin m d
.
ME
mh
d
ME
h
p
h
2
sin so
2

(Careful! Here, m is the order of the maxima, whereas M is the mass of the incoming
particle.)
a)
) 6 . 60 sin( ) V e J 10 60 . 1 ( ) eV 188 ( ) kg 10 11 . 9 ( 2
s) J 10 63 . 6 ( ) 2 (
sin 2
19 31
34

ME
mh
d
nm. 206 . 0 m 10 06 . 2
10


b) m = 1 also gives a maximum.

one. other only the is This . 8 . 25
m) 10 06 . 2 ( ) V e J 10 60 . 1 ( ) eV 188 ( ) kg 10 11 . 9 ( 2
) s J 10 63 . 6 ( ) 1 (
arcsin
10 19 31
34

,
_

If we let
, 3 m
then there are no more maxima.
c)
) 6 . 60 ( sin ) m 10 60 . 2 ( kg) 10 11 . 9 ( 2
) s J 10 63 . 6 ( ) 1 (
sin 2
2 2 10 31
2 34 2
2 2
2 2

Md
h m
E
eV. 8 . 46 J 10 49 . 7
18


Using this energy, if we let
2 no is there Thus, . 1 sin then , 2 > m m
maximum in this
case.
39.15: Surface scattering implies
. sin m d
. 341 . 0
m 10 34 . 8
m 10 96 . 4
arcsin So
m. 10 96 . 4
J/eV) 10 60 . 1 ( ) eV 840 ( ) kg 10 64 . 6 ( 2
s J 10 63 . 6
2
But
] arcsin[ : 1 If
11
13
13
19 27
34

1
]
1

mE
h
p
h
d m
39.16: The condition for a maximum is
. arcsin so , . sin
,
_

dMv
mh

Mv
h
p
h
m d

(Careful! Here, m is the order of the maximum, whereas M is the incoming particle mass.)
a)
,
_

dMv
h
m arcsin 1
1

,
_

,
_

) s m 10 26 . 1 ( ) kg 10 11 . 9 ( ) m 10 60 . 1 (
) s J 10 63 . 6 ( ) 2 (
arcsin 2
. 07 . 2
) s m 10 26 . 1 ( kg) 10 11 . 9 ( ) m 10 60 . 1 (
s J 10 63 . 6
arcsin
4 31 6
34
2
4 31 6
34
m
. 14 . 4
b) For small angles (in radians!)
so , D y
cm. 81 . 1 cm 81 . 1 cm 61 . 3
cm 61 . 3
180
radians
) 14 . 4 ( ) cm 0 . 50 (
cm. 81 . 1
180
radians
) 07 . 2 ( ) cm 0 . 50 (
1 2
2
1


,
_

,
_

y y

y
39.17: a)
m) 10 00 . 1 ( ) kg 1200 ( 2
) s J 10 63 . 6 (
2 2 2
6
34

x m
h
v

h
x v m

h
x p
x x
. s m 10 79 . 8
32

b) Knowing the position of a macroscopic object (like a car) to within 1.00
m
is, for all
practical purposes, indistinguishable from knowing exactly where the object is. Even with
this tiny position uncertainty of 1.00
m
, the velocity uncertainty is insanely small by our
standards.
39.18: a)
.
2 2
y uncertaint minimum for
2 y m
h
v

h
y v m

h
y p
y y y

s m 10 2 . 3
) m 10 0 . 2 ( kg) 10 67 . 1 ( 2
) s J 10 63 . 6 (
4
12 27
34

b) For minimum uncertainty,

m. 10 63 . 4
) s m 50 2 . 0 ( kg) 10 11 . 9 ( 2
s) J 10 63 . 6 (
2 2
4
31
34

v m
h
p
h
z
z z
39.19: Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principles tells us that:
.
2
h
p x
x

We can treat the standard deviation as a direct measure of uncertainty.
. is claim the so
2
Therefore
s J 10 05 . 1
2
but s J 10 6 . 3 ) s m kg 10 0 . 3 ( m) 10 2 . 1 ( Here
34 35 25 10
valid not

h
p x

h
p x
x
x
<




39.20: a)
, 2 ) ( ) ( h v m x
x

and setting
x x
v v ) 010 . 0 (
and the product of the
uncertainties equal to
h 2 /
(for the minimum uncertainty) gives
. s m 57.9 ) (0.010) 2 ( x m h v
x


b) Repeating with the proton mass gives 31.6
s. mm
39.21:
s. m kg 10 82 . 9
2
m 10 215 . 0
2
) s J 10 63 . 6 (
2 2
25
9
34

,
_

x
h
p

h
x p

m. 18 . 5
) s m 81 . 9 ( kg) 00 . 1 (
J 8 . 50
) d
J. 50.8 J) 10 95 . 4 (
Ni kg 10 75 . 9
kg 00 . 1
) c
eV. 10 09 . 3 J 10 95 . 4
) kg 10 75 . 9 ( 2
) m 10 82 . 9 (
2
) b
2
total
total
24
26 total
5 24
26
2 25 2

mg
K
h K mgh
NK K
m
p
K
e) One is claiming to know both an exact momentum for each atom (giving rise to an exact
kinetic energy of the system) and an exact position of each atom (giving rise to an exact potential
energy of the system), in violation of Heisenbergs uncertainty principle.
39.22:
. J 10 30 . 3 eV 10 06 . 2
2
2 10 2 9 2
c c m mc E

h
t E


s. 10 20 . 3
) J 10 30 . 3 ( 2
s J 10 63 . 6
2
25
10
34
2

mc
h
t
39.23:

69 . 8 J 10 39 . 1
s) 10 6 . 7 ( 2
s) J 10 63 . 6 (
2 2
14
21
34
t
h
E

h
t E
MeV. 0869 . 0 eV 10
4

. 10 81 . 2
MeV 3097
MeV 0869 . 0
5
2
2

c
c
E
E
39.24:
eV. 10 27 . 1 J 10 03 . 2
s) 10 2 . 5 ( 2
s) J 10 63 . 6 (
2
13 32
3
34

>
t
h
E
39.25: To find a particles lifetime we need to know the uncertainty in its energy.

. s 10 08 . 1
) J 10 81 . 9 ( 2
s J 10 63 . 6
2
J 10 81 . 9
s) m 10 00 . 3 ( ) kg 10 67 . 1 ( ) 5 . 4 ( ) 145 . 0 ( ) (
24
11
34
11
2 8 27 2

E
h
t
c m E

39.26: a) V. 419
2
) (
so ,
2
) (
2
2 2 2

me
h
V
m
h
m
p
K eV
b) The voltage is reduced by the ratio of the particle masses,
V. 229 . 0
kg 10 67 . 1
kg 10 11 . 9
V) 419 (
27
31

39.27: a) We recall
.
2

mE
h
p
h

But the energy of an electron accelerated through a
potential is just V e E

m. 10 34 . 4
) V 800 ( C) 10 60 . 1 ( ) kg 10 11 . 9 ( 2
) s J 10 63 . 6 (
2

11
19 31
34

e
e
V m
h
b) For a proton, all that changes is the mass, so

( )
. m 10 01 . 1
m 10 34 . 4 .
kg 10 67 . 1
kg 10 11 . 9

12
11
27
31

e
e
p
e
p
m
m
39.28:
, sin t


so

t t
2
2
2 * *
2
sin sin
.

2

is not time-independent, so is not the wavefunction for a stationary state.

39.29: a)
( ) kx A x sin
. The probability density is
, sin
2 2
2
kx A
and this is greatest
when
. . . 5 , 3 , 1 ,
2
1 sin
2
n
n
kx kx

. . . 5 , 3 , 1 ,
4

) 2 2( 2
n
n

n
k
n
x
b) The probability is zero when
0
2

, which requires

... 2 , 1 , 0 ,
2

0 sin
2
n
n
k
n
x n kx kx
39.30: a) The uncertainty in the particle position is proportional to the width of
( ) x
, and is
inversely proportional to . This can be seen by either plotting the function for different
values of

, finding the expectation value

dx x x
2 2 2
for the normalized wave function
or by finding the full width at half-maximum. The particles uncertainty in position decreases
with increasing

. The dependence of the expectation value

2
x on

may be found by
considering

dx e
dx e x
x
x
x
2
2
2
2 2
2

= 1
]
1

dx e
x
2
2
ln
2
1

,
4
1
2
1
ln
2
1 2


1
]
1

du e
u
where the substitution x u has been made. (b) Since the uncertainty in position decreases,
the uncertainty in momentum must increase.
39.31:

,
_

,
_

iy x
iy x
y x f
iy x
iy x
y x f ) , ( and ) , (
*
. 1 *
2

,
_

,
_

iy x
iy x
iy x
iy x
f f f
39.32: The same.

) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , (
*
2
z y x z y x z y x

) ) , , ( )( ) , , ( ( ) , , (
*
2
i i i
e z y x e z y x e z y x
+

). , , ( ) , , (
*
z y x z y x
The complex conjugate means convert all i s to i s and vice-versa. . 1
i i
e e
39.33: Following the hint:
If we Taylor expand sin(
ax
) about a point
0
x
, we get
+ + ) )( ( ) (
0 0 0
x x x f x f
. ) )( cos( ) sin(
0 0 0
+ + x x ax a ax
0
If x x is small we can even ignore the first order term
and sin(
ax
) sin ( 0
ax
).
For us
L x x 01 . 0
0

which is small compared to
,
_

,
_

L
x
L
z y x L
0
2 3
sin
2
) , , ( so
. sin sin
0 0

,
_

,
_

L
z
L
y
a)
4
0 0 0
L
z y x
. 10 1.00 ) 0.01 (
2
2 2
4
sin
2
6 3
6
3
6
3
2

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

L
L
V

L
dV P
b)
2
1
0 0 0
z y x

,
_

,
_

,
_

. 10 8.00 ) (0.01
2
2
sin
2
6 3
3
6
3
2
L
L
V

L
dV P
39.34: Eq. (39.18): E U
dx
d
m
+

2
2 2
2

Let
2 1
B A +
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2
B A E B A U B A
dx
d
m
+ + + +

. 0
2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2
1 1 2
1
2 2

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ E U
dx
d
m
B E U
dx
d
m
A

But each of
1
and
2
satisfy Schredingers equation separately so the equation still
holds true, for any A or B.
39.35: .
2
2 2 1 1 2
2 2
CE BE U
dx
d
m
+ +

If

were a solution with energy E, then

2 1 2 2 1 1
CE BE CE BE + + or
. ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
E E C E E B
This would mean that
1
is a constant multiple of
2 1 2
and and , would be wave
functions with the same energy. However,
2 1
E E , so this is not possible, and

cannot be a
solution to Eq. (39.18).
39.36: a)
eV) J 10 eV)(1.60 kg)(40 10 2(9.11
s) J 10 (6.63
2

19 31
34

mK
h
m. 10 1.94
10

b)
s. 10 6.67
eV) J 10 6 2(40eV)(1.
kg) 10 1 (2.5m)(9.1
2
7
19
2 1 31

m E
R
v
R
c) The width
, and '

2 is m t p t v w
a
R w w
y y

where t is the time found in part (b)
and a is the slit width. Combining the expression for
s. m kg 10 2.65
2
,
28


at
R m
p w
y

d)
, m 0.40
2

p
h
y
y

which is the same order of magnitude.
39.37: a)
12eV hc E
b) Find E for an electron with m. 10 0.10
6

s m kg 10 6.626 so
27


h p p h
eV 10 1.5 ) 2 (
4 2
m p E
V 10 1.5 so
4
V V q E
s m 10 7.3 kg) 10 (9.109 s) m kg 10 6.626 (
3 31 27


m p v
c) Same so same p.
. V 10 8.2 and eV 10 8.2 so kg 10 1.673 now but ) 2 (
8 8 27 2
V E m m p E
s m 4.0 kg) 10 (1.673 s) m kg 10 (6.626
27 27


m p v
39.38: (a) Single slit diffraction: sin m a
m 10 5.13 m)sin20 10 (150 sin
8 9
a

m h v mv h
s m 10 1.42
m) 10 kg)(5.13 10 (9.11
s J 10 6.626
4
8 31
34

v
(b) 2 sin
2
a

0.684
m 10 150
m 10 5.13
2

2 sin
9
8
2
t

,
_

t t

t 43.2
2

39.39: a) The first dark band is located by

a sin

355nm
sin25.0
150nm
sin

a
b) Find for the electrons

J 10 1.324

18
photon

hc
E
s m kg 10 1.553 2 so ) (
24


mE p m 2 p E
2
m 10 4.266
10
p h
No electrons at locations of minima in the diffraction pattern. The angular position of these
minima are given by:
... , 3 2, 1, ), 0.00120 ( ) m 10 355 ( ) m 10 4.266 ( sin
9 10
t t t

m m m a m
... ; 0.207 , 3 ; 0.138 , 2 ; 0.0689 , 1 t t t m m m
39.40: According to Eq. 35.4
nm. 600
2
00) m)sin(0.03 10 (40.0 sin

m
d
The velocity of an electron with this wavelength is given by Eq. 39.1
. s m 10 1.21
) m 10 600 )( kg 10 9.11 (
) s J 10 6.63 (

3
9 31
34

m
h
m
p
v
Since this velocity is much smaller than c we can calculate the energy of the electron classically

. eV 4.19 J 10 6.70 ) s m 10 kg)(1.21 10 (9.11

2
1
2
1
25 2 3 31 2
mv K

39.41: The de Broglie wavelength of the blood cell is

. m 10 1.66
) s m 10 kg)(4.00 10 (1.00
s) J 10 (6.63

17
3 14
34

mv
h
We need not be concerned about wave behavior.
39.42: a)
mv
c
v
h
p
h
2 1
2
2
1

,
_

2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
1
c
v h
h
c
v
h v m

,
_

2
2
2
2 2 2 2
h
c
v
h v m +

,
_

,
_

+

1

2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
h
c m
c
c
h
m
h
v

1
2 1
2

,
_

,
_

+

h
mc
c
v
b)
. ) 1 (

2
1
1
) (

1
2
2 1
2
c
h
mc
c
mc h
c
v

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

.
2

2
2 2 2
h
c m

c)
. 10 00 . 1
15
mc
h
m <<

So
8
2 34
2 15 2 8 2 31
10 50 . 8
s) J 10 2(6.63
m) 10 (1.00 s) m 10 (3.00 kg) 10 (9.11

. ) 10 8.50 1 ( ) 1 (
8
c c v


39.43: a) Recall
.
2 2

V mq
h
mE
h
p
h

So for an electron:
. m 10 1.10
V) C)(125 10 kg)(1.60 10 2(9.11
s J 10 6.63

10
19 31
34

b) For an alpha particle:

. m 10 9.10
V) C)(125 10 kg)2(1.60 10 2(6.64
s J 10 6.63

13
19 27
34

39.44: a)
4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2
) ( and c m c p mc K mc K E c m c p E + + + +

c
c m c m Kmc K
c
c m mc K
p
2 1 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 1 4 2 2 2
] 2 [ ] ) [( + +

+

c
mc K K
2 1 2
)] 2 ( [ +

2 1 2
)] 2 ( [

mc K K
hc
p
h
+

.
b) i)
.
) 2 ( ) 2 (

2 1 2 1 2
2
Km
h
Kmc
hc
mc K <<

ii)
.
) (

2 1 2
2
K
hc
K
hc
mc K >>

c) J. 10 1.12 eV 10 7.00
9 9
K

2 1 2
27
)] 2 [

kg. 10 1.67
mc K(K
hc
m
+

m. 10 1.57
)] ) s m 10 kg)(3.00 10 2(1.67 J 10 J)(1.12 10 [(1.12
) s m 10 s)(3.00 J 10 (6.63
16
2 1 2 8 27 9 9
8 34

d) . J 10 4.00 eV 10 25.0
12 6
K
kg. 10 9.11
31
m

2 1 8 31 12 12
8 34
s)] m 10 kg)(3.00 10 2(9.11 J 10 J(4.00 10 [4.00
s) m 10 J)(3.00 10 (6.63

. m 10 4.87
14

39.45: a) Since
2
mc K > we must use the relativistic expression for energy.
4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2
) ( but c m c p mc K mc K E c m c p E + + + +
.
] ) [(

)] ) [(
2 1 4 2 2 2
2 1 4 2 2 2
c m mc K
hc
p
h
c
c m mc K
p
+

+

If
.
15 ] ) 4 [(
then 3
2 1 4 2 2 2
2
mc
h
c m mc
hc
mc K

b) i)
2 8 31 2 31
s) m 10 kg)(3.00 10 3(9.11 3 kg 10 9.11

mc K m

MeV. 1.54
J 10 2.46
13

s) m 10 kg)(3.00 10 (9.11 15
s) J 10 (6.63
15

8 31
13

mc
h
m. 10 6.2
13

ii)
2 8 27 2 27
) s m 10 kg)(3.00 10 3(1.67 3 kg 10 1.67

mc K m
. MeV 10 2.82
J 10 4.51
3
10




. m 10 3.42
s) m 10 kg)(3.00 10 (1.67 15
s) J 10 (6.63
15

16
8 27
34

mc
h
39.46:
s m kg 10 2.0
m) 10 (0.5292 2
s) J 10 (6.626
2
~
24
10
34
0

a
h
p
, which is comparable to
s. m kg 10 2.0
24
1


mv
39.47:
. 0.40
) 0.4 ( 2 2
(min)
2
But . 0.40 0.40 p

p
x
h
p

h
p x
p
h
x
x x

39.48: a) s. m kg 10 2.1
m) 10 (5.0 2
s) J 10 (6.626
20
15
34

b) . MeV 0.82 J 10 1.3 ) ( ) (

13 2 2 2 2
+

mc mc pc K
c) The result of part (b), about eV 10 1 MeV 1
6
, is many orders of magnitude larger
than the potential energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom.
39.49: a) s m kg 10 2.1
m) 10 (5.0 2
s J 10 6.63
2
(min)
20
15
34

x
h
p
b)
2 2 2
) ( ) ( mc pc E +

2 2 8 31 2 8 20
] ) s m 10 kg)(3.0 10 [(9.11 )] s m 10 )(3.0 s m kg 10 [(2.1 +

. 39.5MeV J 10 6.3
12


MeV 38.8
2
mc E K
c) The coulomb potential energy is

) m 10 5.0 ( 4
) C 10 1.60 (
4
15
0
2 19
0
2 1

U
V
q q
U
MeV 0.29 J 10 4.60
14


Hence there is not enough energy to hold the electron in the nucleus.
39.50: a) Take the direction of the electron beam to be the x-direction and the direction of
motion perpendicular to the beam to be the y-direction. Then, the uncertainty r in the position
of the point where the electrons strike the screen is

, m 10 9.56
2 2
10

m K
x
y m
h
v
x
m
p
t v r
x
y
y
which is (b) far too small to affect the clarity of the picture.
39.51: J 10 1.26
) s 10 8.4 ( 2
) s J 10 6.63 (
2
18
17
34

t
h
E
But
kg 10 1.4
) s m 10 (3.0
J 10 1.26
) (
35
2 8
18
2
2

c
E
m c m E

8
31
35
10 5.8
kg) 10 264(9.11
kg 10 1.4

m
m
39.52: a)
.
3
)
2
3
( 2
2

mkT
h
kT m
h
mE
h
p
h


b) We would roughly expect the length scale of the problem to go like
3 1
V (e.g., for a
cube
3 1 3
so v l l V
and for a sphere
).
4
3
( so ,
3
4
3 1 3 1 3
V V

R R V
Let n
be the number of molecules along one length (again, think of a cube) so that N n
3
, the total
number of particles in the volume. So .
3 1
N n Thus, the typical spacing between particles is
.
3 1

,
_

N
V
n
l
The exact relationship will change depending on the geometry, but the scaling is
correct up to a multiplicative constant.
c)
( )
.
3 3

2 3
3
3 1 3 1
mkT
Nh
V
N
V
mkT
h
N
V

,
_

,
_

d)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
3 8
2 3 23 26
3
34 23
wave
m 10 03 . 3
K 293 K J 10 38 . 1 kg 10 66 . 2 3
s J 10 63 . 6 mol 00 . 1 mol particles 10 02 . 6

V
. mm 3 . 30
3

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) Pa 10 01 . 1
K 293 K J 10 38 . 1 mol 00 . 1 mol particles 10 02 . 6
5
23 23
STP

P
NkT
V NkT PV
. mm 10 41 . 2 m 0241 . 0
3 7 3
STP
V
STP
V
is far larger than wave
V
so the wave nature is not important.
). conduction ( atoms Ag 10 59 . 5
atom kg 10 1.79
kg 1.00
e)
24
25
e N

. m 40 . 1
K)] K)(293 J 10 kg)(1.38 10 [(3)(9.11
s) J 10 (6.63 electrons) 10 (5.59
3
2 3 23 31
3 34 24
wave

. m 10 52 . 9
m kg 10 05 . 1
kg 00 . 1
3 5
3 4 Real

V
The real volume is much smaller than the wave limit volume. So, the wave nature of the
electrons must be accounted for.
39.53: a)
s. m 10 1 . 1
) m 0 . 1 )( kg 60 (
s J 10 63 . 6

35
34

m
h
v
mv
h

b)
years. 10 3 . 2 s 10 2 . 7
s m 10 1 . 1
m 80 . 0
27 34
35

v
d
t
Therefore, we will not notice diffraction effects while passing through doorways.
39.54: a)


m 10 82 . 4 of wavelength a with J, 10 13 . 4 eV 58 . 2
7 19
E
hc
E
nm. 482
b)
eV. 10 02 . 4 J 10 43 . 6
) s 10 64 . 1 ( 2
) s J 10 63 . 6 (
2
9 28
7
34

t
h
E
c)
+ E E E E E E hc E so , and , 0 ) ( so ,
nm. 10 50 . 7 m 10 50 . 7
J 10 13 . 4
J 10 43 . 6
) m 10 82 . 4 (
7 16
19
28
7

,
_

39.55:
eV. 294 . 0 J 10 71 . 4
) s 10 24 . 2 ( 2
s J 10 63 . 6
2
20
3
22

t
h
E
Note that this uncertainty is much larger than the real uncertainty as compared to the
4.50 eV.
39.56: so and , ) 2 ( ) ( and , sin

sin E m h p h

,
_

E m
h
sin
2
arcsin

,
_

eV) J 10 60 . 1 )( 10 50 . 4 )( kg 10 11 . 9 ( 2 ) m 10 00 . 3 (
8 . 35 sin ) s J 10 63 . 6 (
arcsin
19 3 31 11
34
. 9 . 20
39.57: a) The maxima occur when
sin 2 m d
as described in Section 38.7.
b)
( )

46 . 1
10 60 . 1 ) eV 0 . 71 )( kg 10 11 . 9 ( 2
) s J 10 63 . 6 (
2

eV
J
19 37
34
mE
h
p
h
m
d
m
This : Note (
2

sin nm. 146 . 0 m 10

1 10

,
_

is the order of the maximum, not the mass.)

. 3 . 53
) m 10 10 . 9 ( 2
) m 10 46 . 1 )( 1 (
sin
11
10
1

,
_

c) The work function of the metal acts like an attractive potential increasing the
kinetic energy of incoming electrons by
. e
An increase in kinetic energy is an increase
in momentum that leads to a smaller wavelength. A smaller wavelength gives a smaller
angle (see part (b)).
39.58: a) Using the given approximation,
( ) + kx dx dE kx m x h E ) ( , ) (
2
1
2 2
), (
3 2
mx h
and the minimum energy occurs when
. or ), (
2 3 2
mk
h
x mx h kx
The minimum energy is
then
. m k h
b) They are the same.
39.59: a)
< > x x A F x x x
dx
dU
F x A U , 0 For . , 0 For . but
. 0 for ) ( So . x
x
x A
x F A F x
b) From Problem 39.58, .
2
and ,
2
2
2 2
x A
mx
h
E h px x A
m
p
U K E + + +
For .
2
; 0
2
2
Ax
mx
h
E x + > The minimum energy occurs when
0 0
dx
dE
dx
dE
3 1
2 2
3 1
2
3 2 2
2
min
3 1
2
3
2
2
3
) ( 2
So .

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
m
A h
mA
h
A
mA h m
h
E
mA
h
x A
mx
h
39.60: For this wave function, so ,
2 1
2 1
t i t i
e e

+

. e e
e e e e
t i t i *
t i t i t i t i
) (
1 2
) (
2 1 2 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
2
1 2 2 1
2 1 2 1
) )( (

+ + +
+ +

The frequencies
2 1
and are given as not being the same, so
2

is not time-independent,
and is not the wave function for a stationary state.
39.61: The time-dependent equation, with the separated form for
) , ( t x
as given becomes
. ) (
2
) (
2
2 2

,
_

+ x U
dx
d
m
i i

Since

is a solution of the time-independent solution with energy

, E
the term in parenthesis
is
, E
and so
). ( and , E E
39.62: a)
.
E
h
E
f

2
2

.
p
p
h

k

2

.
m
k

m
k) (
m
p
KE E
2
2 2
2
2 2

b) From Problem 39.61 the time-dependent Schrdingers equation is +

2
2 2
) , (
2 x
t x
m

so particle, free a for 0 ) ( .

) , (
) , ( ) (

x U
t
t x
i t x x U
.
) , ( 2 ) , (
2
2
t
t x mi
x
t x

) cos( ) , ( Try t kx t x

). cos( and ) sin(
) , (
) sin( ) , (
2
2
2
t kx Ak
x

t kx Ak
x
t x
t kx A t x
t

Putting this into the Schrdingers equation,

). sin(
2
) cos(
2
t kx A
mi
t kx Ak
,
_

This is not generally true for all

t x and
so is not a solution.
c)
) sin( ) , ( Try t kx A t x
). sin(
) , (
) cos(
) , (
) cos(
) , (
2
2
2
t kx Ak
x
t x
t kx Ak
x
t x
t kx A
t
t x

Again,
all t kx A
mi
t kx Ak for true generally not is ) cos(
2
) sin(
2

,
_

and x
t so is not a good solution.
d)
) sin( ) cos( ) , ( Try t kx B t kx A t x +
). sin( ) cos((
) , (
) cos( ) sin(
) , (
) cos( ) sin(
) , (
2 2
2
2
t kx Bk t kx Ak
x
t x
t kx Bk t kx Ak
x
t x
t kx B t kx A
t
t x

Putting this into the Schrdingers equation,

)). cos( ) sin( (
2
) sin( ) cos(
2 2
t kx B t kx A
mi
t kx Bk t kx Ak +

Recall that .
2
2
m
k

Collect sin and cos terms. + + kx k B iA t kx k iB A ( sin ) ( ) cos( ) (
2 2
. 0 ) t
This is only true if B = iA.
39.63: a) The ball is in a cube of volume
3
cm 125 to start with, and hence has an uncertainty
of 5 cm in any direction.
m. 05 . 0 x
(The x-direction in the horizontal, side-to-side direction.)
Now
s. m kg 21 . 0
) m 05 . 0 ( 2
. J 0663 . 0
2

x
h
p
x
b) The time of flight is
s. 0 . 2
s m 6.0
m 12
t
So the uncertainty in the x-direction at the catcher is
. m 7 . 1 ) s 0 . 2 (
kg 25 . 0
s m kg 21 . 0
) (

,
_

,
_

x t
m
p
t v x
39.64: a)
.
) ( 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
z y x
e x A
+ +

To save some algebra, let

2
2
that so , x u
.
2
1
,
2
1
at occurs maximum the ; ) 2 1 ( and ), , (
0
0
2 2
2

x
u u
u
z y f ue
u

b)

vanishes at
, 0 x
so the probability of finding the particle in the 0 x plane is zero.
The wave function vanishes for . t x
39.65: a)
) (
2 2 2
) , , (
z y x
Ae z y x
+ +

but the distance to the origin is just .
2 2 2
z y x r + +
So, doing a change of variable.
. ) (
2
r
Ae r

However, the probability is the integral of this function over all space. It is best to think of the
volume integral in spherical coordinates where d d dr r dz dy dx dV sin
2

Now



2
2
2 2 2
2
2
0 0
. 4 ) ( sin
r
e

dr r A dr r r d d p

Thus we interpret the
probability of finding a particle in a spherical shell between r and r+dr as
. 4
2
2 2
2
dr e r A
r
b)
0 ) 4 2 ( 4 0 ) 4 (
2 2 2
2 3 2
2
2 2
2

r r r
e r re A e r A
dr
d

.
2
1

r
This is not the same as the maximum value of just
2
) (r
(which has a
maximum only at r = 0). The extra
2
r
from looking at the function in spherical coordinates
(that is, having the variable be distance from the origin rather than the cartesian coordinates)
makes all the difference.
39.66: a) 1 ) 0 ( ) (
max
2 2


B B e k B
k

2 2
) 2 1 ( ln
2
1
) (
2 2
h
k
h
k e k B
h

. ) 2 ( ln
1
k h
k

Using tables: (b)

0
4 /
). (
2
cos ) (
2 2 2 2

x k
e

kxdk e x

) (x
is a maximum when x = 0.
c) ) 2 / 1 ( ln
4 2
1
when
4
) (
2
2
4 /
2 2

h x
h
x
e

x
h

x h
x 2 ln 2
d)
( ) .
2 ln
) 2 ln 2 (
2
2 ln 2 2 ln
1
2 2
h

h

x
k
x p

,
_

,
_

39.67: a)
x k
x k
x k
kx
kxdk
k
kxdk k B x
k
k
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
sin sin
cos )
1
( cos ) ( ) (
0

b)
) (x
has a maximum value at the origin
. so when 0 ) ( . 0
0
0 0 0 0
k

x x k x x
Thus
the width of this function
.
2
2
0
0
k

x w
x

If
. ,
2
0
L w
L

k
x

c) If
. L 2 w
L
k
x 0



d)
.
2
2
0
0
0 0
h
k
hk
k
hw
k

hw
w w
k k
x p

,
_

,
_

The uncertainty principle states that

.
2
h
w w
x p

For us, no matter what
, , is
0
h w w k
x p

which is greater than
.
2
h
39.68: a) For a standing wave,
, 2 L n
and
.
8 2
) (
2
2
2 2 2 2
mL
h n
m
h
m
p
E
n

b) With . eV 134 J 10 15 . 2 , m 10 5292 . 0
17
1
10
0


E a L
39.69: Time of flight of the marble, from free-fall kinematic equation is just

g
y
t
2
s 26 . 2
s m 81 . 9
m) 0 . 25 ( 2
2


i
i
x
i x i f
x
m x
ht
t
m
p
x t v x x +

,
_

+ +
2
) (
to minimize f
x
with respect to i
x

nm. 10 2.18 m 10 18 . 2
) kg 0200 . 0 (
) s 26 . 2 )( s J 10 63 . 6 ( 2
(min)
2
2 2
(min)
2
(min) 1
) ( 2
0
) (
) (
7 16
34
2

,
_

x
m
ht
m
ht
m
ht
x
m
ht
x
x m
ht
x d
x d
f
f
i
i i
f