Can. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp.

18, 2010

ALOS PALSAR D-InSAR for land subsidence mapping in Jakarta, Indonesia

Luhur Bayuaji, Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo, and Hiroaki Kuze
Abstract. Differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (D-InSAR) is a technique capable of detecting land surface deformation. In this research, we use Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band SAR (PALSAR) data to investigate land subsidence in Jakarta during 2007 and 2008. It is found that four northern areas in the city exhibit clear indications of land subsidence. The location of the centre of subsidence is estimated, and the subsidence volume is evaluated for each area using the unwrapping method as a further process of using D-InSAR results. The subsidence depth and volume around the centre are estimated to be 1022 cm and 0.2 6 105 4.2 6 105 m3, respectively, in the study time period. Comparison with ground survey data indicates that the D-InSAR analysis gives reliable estimates of the subsidence in an urban environment. Re sume . Linterfe rome trie diffe rentielle radar a ` synthe ` se douverture (D-InRSO) est reconnue comme une technique permettant de de tecter des de formations de surface. Dans cette recherche, on utilise des donne es PALSAR ( Phased Array L-band SAR ) dALOS ( Advanced Land Observing Satellite ) pour e tudier les affaissements de terrain a ` Djakarta au cours des anne es 2007 et 2008. On a trouve quatre zones situe es dans le nord de la ville qui affichaient des signes e vidents daffaissement. Pour chacune de ces zones, on estime la localisation du centre de la subsidence et on e value le volume de celle-ci en utilisant la me thode de de roulement de phase comme proce dure de mise en valeur des re sultats DInRSO. La profondeur et le volume de la subsidence du sol autour du centre sont estime s respectivement a ` 1022 cm et 0,2 6 105 4,2 6 105 m3 durant la pe riode couverte par le tude. Une comparaison avec des donne es de releve s de terrain indique que le produit de lanalyse D-InRSO donne une estimation fiable de la subsidence du sol dans un environnement urbain. [Traduit par la Re daction]

Introduction
Differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (DInSAR) is a technique useful for accurately detecting the ground displacement or land deformation in the antenna line-of-sight (slant-range) direction using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data taken at two separate acquisition times (Stramondo et al., 2006; Tralli et al., 2005). The D-InSAR method is complementary to ground-based methods such as levelling and global positioning system (GPS) measurements, yielding information in a wide coverage area even when the area is inaccessible (Raucoules et al., 2007). The area studied in the present work is Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. The data from the Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) onboard the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) are used to observe the land subsidence during 2007 and 2008, and affected areas are detected with a spatial perspective. Since the launch of ALOS in 2006, the PALSAR data have been applied to several subsidence studies (Onuma and Ohkawa, 2009; Wang and Allen, 2008). To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first case in which the urban area of

Jakarta, a tropical city with nearly 8 million inhabitants, is studied by means of D-InSAR using ALOS PALSAR data. The satellite-derived estimates of the subsidence depth are compared with the results of a previous GPS survey (Abidin et al., 2007) and with results of our ground survey conducted in 2009.

Study area
Jakarta is located between 5u489300 and 6u249000S latitude and 106u339000 and 107u009000E longitude, in the northern part of West Java Province. The city consists of five regions, covering an area of about 652 km2. The area is relatively flat: topographical slopes range between 0u and 2u in the northern and central part and are up to 5u in the southern part. The elevation of the southernmost area is about 50 m above sea level, with the other areas being lower (Figure 1A). Jakarta, located in the Jakarta basin, has the following five main landforms: alluvial, marine origin, beach ridge, swamp (including mangrove), and former channel (Abidin et al., 2007). It is known that the Jakarta basin is filled with

Received 14 July 2009. Accepted 17 February 2010. Published on the Web at http://pubservices.nrc-cnrc.ca/cjrs on 3 September 2010. L. Bayuaji,1 J.T. Sri Sumantyo, and H. Kuze. Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
1

Corresponding author (e-mail: Bayuaji@restaff.chiba-u.jp).

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marine Pliocene and Quaternary sand and delta sediments, with thicknesses of up to 300 m (Delinom et al., 2009) and a high possibility of consolidating. Figure 1B shows the geological information for the study area, which is mostly dominated by alluvial deposits. There are 13 natural and artificial (for supplying public water) rivers flowing through the city, which has a humid tropical climate with annual rainfall varying between 1500 and 2500 mm and is influenced by monsoons. The nighttime population is around 8 million, which increases to 11 million during business hours because many people commute to Jakarta from satellite cities. The population (residence) density in the five districts was between 9600 and 23 000 inhabitants per square kilometre in 2000, and the most recent statistics for 2009 indicate that the value is between 12 000 and

19 000 inhabitants per square kilometre (Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Provinsi DKI Jakarta, 2009). The occurrence of land subsidence in Jakarta was recognized by a Dutch surveyor as early as 1926 (Abidin et al., 2005). Scientific investigations started in 1978, and a continuous investigation using levelling measurement was conducted during 19821999 (Djaja et al., 2004). The measurement using GPS was also undertaken during 19972005 (Abidin et al., 2007); however, its extension to a long-term and wide-area measurement would impose considerable effort and cost. The present study uses the ALOS PALSAR data to detect land subsidence and estimate subsidence volume in the time period from 2007 to 2008. The methodology of D-InSAR and subsequent phase unwrapping is used for this purpose.

Figure 1. (A) Map of Jakarta basin. (B) Geological map of Jakarta basin.

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 le de tection Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing / Journal canadien de te Table 1. ALOS PALSAR pair and baseline information. Interval observation time (weeks) 52 39 92 Perpendicular baseline (m) 220 840 618

Pair 1 2 3

Date 1 20070131 20080203 20070131

Date 2 20080203 20081105 20081105

Note: Dates are given as year, month, and day (e.g., 20070131 denotes 31 January 2007).

D-InSAR
In SAR interferometry (InSAR), the phase data of SAR images are analyzed to derive the local topography (original InSAR) or detect and quantify the ground displacement that has occurred in the slant-range direction between the two acquisitions (D-InSAR) (Rosen et al., 2000). The phase difference between an InSAR data pair wInt,P1 {P2 can be expressed as follows (Raucoules et al., 2007): wInt,P1 {P2 ~wdisp,P1 {P2 zwatm,P1 {P2 zwnoise,P1 {P2 zwtopo,P1 {P2 zwflat,P1 {P2 1

assumption of ideally flat earth terrain, respectively. In the process of extracting the ground displacement, the topo graphic wtopo,P1 {P2 and flat earth wflat,P1 {P2 phase differences should be removed using digital elevation model (DEM) data and precise satellite orbital data, respectively. The result of this process is generally called D-InSAR, which estimates the ground displacement in the slant-range direction. By assuming that land deformations have occurred only in the vertical direction and the incidence angle is approximately the same as the sensor off-nadir angle, the ground displacement in the vertical direction, Dz, can be derived as (Curlander and McDonough, 1991) Dz~Dslcosh 2

where Dsl is the slant-range change caused by ground displacement, and h is the incidence angle. The incidence angle in this study is assumed to be 34.3u for all pixels in the target area.

Data and processing software

A series of SAR interferograms are computed from ALOS PALSAR fine-beam single-polarization (FBS) data taken on three different acquisition dates (31 January 2007, 3 February 2008, and 5 November 2008). The data have the same observation parameters: reference system for planning (RSP) number 437, path number 7050, and an off-nadir angle of 34.3u. Among the three pairs generated from these

where wdisp,P1 {P2 , watm,P1 {P2 , wnoise,P1 {P2 , wtopo,P1 {P2 , and wflat,P1 {P2 refer to the phase difference originating from ground displacement along the slant range, atmospheric effect, noise from the radar instrument and temporal deceleration, topographic height information, and the

Figure 2. Coherence image (A1, B1, C1) and differential SAR interferogram (A2, B2, C2) obtained from each pair.

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Figure 3. (A) D-InSAR interferogram of Jakarta (observation interval 2007013120081105). P1P4, subsidence points. (BD) BP1BP4, CP1CP4, and DP1DP4 denote enlarged DInSAR interferogram of every point observation derived from each data pair.

data, the last pair is the most accumulative one corresponding to the longest interval time of about 92 weeks. Details of each interferogram pair (interval time and perpendicular baseline) are summarized in Table 1. For D-InSAR processing, we use the JAXA SIGMA-SAR software (Shimada, 1999) to obtain the interferogram by utilizing the DEM of the Jakarta area. The DEM was
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obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) with a grid resolution of 90 m. The GoldsteinWerner filtering process was applied three times to the noisy interferogram, with one iteration each process, to remove noise and smooth the interferogram (Goldstein and Werner, 1998). The coefficient in the filtering process is 0.2. The resulting D-InSAR interferogram is in the

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Figure 4. Results of unwrapping process. Two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and contour plots for subsidence points P1P4.

form of phase cycles, each cycle being correlated to ground displacement along the slant-range direction. In the case of ALOS PALSAR, the wavelength is 23.6 cm (L band), and hence each cycle in the interferogram represents a ground displacement of 11.8 cm. The final result was projected onto the universal transverse Mercator projection (zone 48S) with a pixel resolution of 20 m. Subsequently, the phase unwrapping was carried out to derive the subsidence depth from the interferogram. Precision ground-control points (GCPs) obtained using GPS and JAXA SIGMA-SAR software were used to obtain the unwrapping result. The slant-range subsidence depth (phase unwrapping result) was
Table 2. Information on observation points. Point P1 P2 P3 P4
a

converted to vertical subsidence depth using Equation (2). The volume estimation of land subsidence around each centre was calculated by summing the product of pixel area and subsidence depth. In addition to the D-InSAR study, we conducted a ground survey of the study area on 28 January and 3 February 2009.

Results and discussion

The coherence and filtered D-InSAR interferogram of each pair are shown in Figure 2. The coherence patterns of

Name Mutiara Cengkareng Glodok Cakung

Area specification Residential; port; recreation resort Settlement Trading Industrial

Subsidence coverage area (km2) 1.7 4.4 7.5 0.5

Maximum subsidence depth (cm)a 14 22 13 10

Subsidence volume estimation (6105 m3)a 0.9 4.2 3.7 0.2

During January 2007 and November 2008. 5

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Figure 5. Chart of subsidence rate taken from GPS measurements (199712200509) and maximum subsidence from the DInSAR result (200701200811).

the first and third pairs (A1 and C1in Figure 2) are almost the same, and good coherence is seen in most parts of the study area, but in the second pair (B1 in Figure 2) coherence is lost in the northeastern part of the study area, which is mostly vegetated (paddy fields and crops). Although the second pair has the shortest acquisition time interval, its perpendicular baseline is the largest (Table 1), and this may have affected the coherence result. The interferogram image generally shows clear (noisy) interferogram patterns in the area with high (low) coherence. The results in A2 and C2 of Figure 2 exhibit similar patterns for the most part, except the number of fringe cycles. It is noticeable, on the other hand, that some fringes that are remarkable in A2 and C2 of Figure 2 do not appear in B2 of Figure 2, even in the high-coherence area. This is presumably due to the atmospheric effect represented by the term watm,P1 {P2 in Equation (1) during the data acquisition time, although more detailed analysis cannot be carried out at this time because of limitations of data availability. Nevertheless, the results in Figure 2 (especially C2) show four separate areas with interferograms indicative of subsidence effects. The following analysis focusses on these areas, which are indicated by points P1P4 in Figure 3A. Figures 3B3D show the enlarged differential SAR interferogram from every data pair (three interferograms). All the points are in the northern part of the city, where geological formations are mostly alluvium and sand bars (see Figure 1B). The northern part has very high human activity, though its population density on an official basis is low compared with that of southern districts. The harbor, airport, warehouse, industrial, and trading areas are established in this region, as well as the spread of slum areas. Thus, there is a large number of commuters and unregistered inhabitants. The slum area, covering up to 20% of the total residence area in Jakarta, causes various
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problems both socially and environmentally (Media Indonesia, 2009). Figure 4 shows the unwrapping image of each point in twoand three-dimensional representations. The points P1P4 can be characterized with different land typeusage as explained in the following. The result of GPS measurement conducted by Abidin et al. (2007) also indicated land subsidence effects for all four points. Point 1 (P1), Mutiara, is a luxury residence area, tourism resort, and seaport built on a beach reclamation area. The development of a new residential area started in September 2006 and covers an area of 0.11 km2. Point 2 (P2), Cengkareng, is a settlement area that covers more than 23 km2. Since 2005, flat housing has been widely developed in this region to relocate the slum dwellers. The international airport and industrial area were built nearby. Point 3 (P3), Glodok, is the largest trading region in Jakarta and covers a wide area of more than 7 km2, with a large number of people commuting to this area every day. Point 4 (P4), Cakung, is an industrial area in the northeast part of Jakarta. The maximum subsidence rates found during the time span of the study are 8.0, 12.6, 7.4, and 5.7 cm/year for P1, P2, P3, and P4, respectively. The maximum subsidence rate and the subsidence volume estimation are shown in Table 2. Figure 5 shows a comparison of vertical subsidence rates between the previous GPS measurement during the period 19972005 (Abidin et al., 2007) and the D-InSAR results during the period 20072008. The subsidence rates from both periods are alike despite the differences in the applied techniques and observation duration. The variability among the four points (P1P4) can possibly be traced back to mechanisms such as excessive groundwater extraction, load and building construction, and consolidation of alluvial soil. During 2002 and 2005, the groundwater level in the Jakarta basin lowered by 16 m below sea level on average, since the water supply provided by the government only covers 30% of the public demand (Delinom et al., 2009). Figure 6 shows pictures taken at every point during our ground survey in 2008, indicating the effects of subsidence that had appeared in surface construction. P1-1 in Figure 6 shows a dam in the Mutiara area (P1) built by a housing developer and the government to prevent flooding due to tides. Wall cracking and subsiding surfaces are also seen in P1-2 in Figure 6. In the Cengkareng area (P2), many houses in settlement areas have sunk beneath the road and land-surface levels as shown by P21 and P2-2 in Figure 6. A large number of traders and customers visit the centre of Glodok (P3) trading areas. The well-constructed and well-maintained trading buildings did not show any serious damage, but smaller houses suffered seriously as seen in P3-1 and P3-2 in Figure 6, and P4 shows a cracked brick fence around the industrial area in Cakung.

Conclusion
We have shown that the application of the differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (D-InSAR) technique to Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased

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Figure 6. Field photographs of observation areas. The arrows indicate the effect of subsidence occurrence.

Array L-band SAR (PALSAR) data can reveal detailed conditions of land subsidence in the urban area of Jakarta. Most of the subsidence occurred in the northern part of the city during the time interval between 2007 and 2008, although this part of the city has the lowest population density of all the city regions. The industrial district, reclamation area, trading centre area, international airport, and seaport were built in this region. It has been found that the subsidence

occurred in separate regions with different types of land use. Despite the noise in the SAR interferogram, presumably due to atmospheric effects, the centres of subsidence have been successfully located, and estimates have been made of the area affected by subsidence and subsidence volume. The L-band, D-InSAR method using the ALOS PALSAR data has produced reasonable results of urban subsidence in a wide area as compared with ground-based
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global positioning system (GPS) measurements. This ability is beneficial for the creation of temporal urban subsidence maps for further studies. Continuous information about subsidence volume will be useful for urban maintenance and development as one of a number of important factors for planning and construction work.

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