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EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF GRAIN SIZE

DISTRIBUTION ON FRICTION ANGLE OF SILTY SAND SOILS
UNDER STATIC TRIAXIAL LOADING
Abdellah CHERIF TAIBA1, Youcef MAHMOUDI1, Leila HAZOUT2, Mostefa BELKHATIR1, 3,
Tom SCHANZ3
1
Laboratory of Material Sciences & Environment, Civil engineering Department, University of Chlef ALGERIA
1
PhD
2
Civil engineering Department, University of Blida-ALGERIA
2
PhD student
1,3
Laboratory of Material Sciences & Environment, Civil engineering Department, University of Chlef ALGERIA
1, 3
Associate professor
3
Laboratory of Foundation Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering,Bochum Ruhr University-GERMANY
3
Professor

Corresponding author e-mail: cheriftaiba15@yahoo.fr
Abstract
This paper deals to study the influence of grain size distribution on friction angle of two essential zones in stress
paths of soils in undrained conditions as instability state and steady state of silty sand. For this purpose, series of
compression undrained triaxial tests were carried out on Chlef sand (Algeria) mixed with low plastic fines
(Ip=5%) ranging from (Fc=0%) to (Fc=30%). The normally consolidated samples (OCR=1) were prepared in
laboratory with dry funnel pluviation method and subjected under three confining pressures (P ’c=100 kPa, 200 kPa
and 300 kPa). The obtained data confirm that the existence of simple correlations between mobilized instability
friction angle and mobilized steady state friction angle with granulometric characteristics in terms of (D10, D30,
D50, D60, and Cu) of the soils under consideration. The introduced new granulometric characteristics ratios
[effective diameter ratio (D10R = D10sand/D10mixture), the mean grain size ratio (D50R = D50sand/D50mixture), and the
coefficient of uniformity ratio (CUR = Cusand/Cumixture)] appear as pertinent factors to predict the mobilized
instability and steady state friction angles of the sand-silt mixtures for soil gradation under study.
Keywords: Mobilized instability friction angle, mobilized steady state friction angle, particle size distribution,
sand-silt mixtures
Abbreviations
a and c= constants of Equation
B= Skempton coefficient
Cu= Coefficient of uniformity
CUR= Coefficient of uniformity ratio (CUR = Cusand/Cumixture)
Cc= Coefficient of gradation
D= Diameter of the sample
D10 =Effective diameter
D10R= Effective diameter ratio (D10R = D10sand/D10mixture)
D30 =Lower 30% fractile of grain size
D50 =Mean grain size
D50R =Mean grain size ratio (D50R = D50sand/D50mixture)
D60 = Lower 60% fractile of grain size
Dmax =Maximum diameter
Dr =Initial relative density
emax =Maximum void ratio
emin =Minimum void ratio
Fc =Fines content
Gs =Specific gravity
H = Height of the sample
H/D = Height to diameter ratio of the sample
Ip =Plasticity index
ML =Low plastic silt
P’c =Initial confining pressure
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R² =Coefficient of determination
SP =Poorly graded sand
SSL =Steady state line
USCS =Unified Soil Classification System
Φins =Mobilized instability friction angle [sinΦins = (3 ήins) / (6+ ήins)]
Φins =Mobilized Steady state friction angle [sinΦss = (3 Mss) / (6+ Mss)]
εa = Axial strain

1. Introduction
Liquefaction is a natural phenomenon that takes place in saturated sand and silty sand soil deposits
subjected under static and dynamic loading conditions. The experimental research regarding this phenomenon is
usually linked to the study the variation of excess pore water pressure of the silty sand soils. Liquefaction of
sandy soils induces due to the increase of the pore water pressure and consequently to a significant decrease of
the soil effective stress conducting to settlement of buildings, landslides, failures of earth dams…etc. The
comprehension of liquefaction phenomena (loss of undrained shear strength) has significantly improved in recent
years. Most liquefaction research was undertaken on clean sands with the assumption that the behavior of silty
sands is similar to that of clean sands. In literature, there were many cases of this phenomenon of sand and silty
sand soils that induced failures observed after earthquakes occurred in Niigata (Japan), Alaska (USA) in 1964
and Chlef (1980). Several researches have been conducted on different parameters affecting the soil liquefaction
phenomenon such as the relative density, sample preparation, grain size and shape, grading characteristics,
confining pressure, stress history …etc (Vaid et al 1990, Yamamuro et al 2008, Yilmaz et al. 2008, Belkhatir et
al. 2011, 2014, Cherif Taiba et al 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, Mahmoudi et al 2013,2014,2015a,b , Monkul et al
2016 and Norimasa et al 2016). The influence of low plastic fines fraction is of major interest when assessing the
undrained shear strength (liquefaction resistance) response of sand-silt mixture soils. However, published
literature revealed contradictory results on the effect of low plastic fines content on the liquefaction susceptibility
of soil deposits (Belkhatir et al 2012, 2014, Cherif Taiba et al 2016 and Mahmoudi et al 2016a). One of the most
important effects of silt on the behavior of sand and sand-silt mixtures is their effect on stress path in terms of
instability and steady states. (Lade 1992 and Yang et al 2006) introduced instability line, IL that joining peak
points of undrained effective stress path, ESP for same void ratio and it passes through the origin of stress space
(Figure 2). Moreover, (Cherif Taiba et al 2017a,b) indicated that the instability stress and steady state ratios
decrease linearly with the decrease of maximum shear strength and the increase of maximum excess pore water
pressure for Fontainebleau sand-silt mixtures. In literature, few studies have been reported the influence of low
plastic fines content and grain size in terms of granulometric characteristics on friction angle of instability and
steady states of sand or silty sand soils from triaxial compression tests. For this purpose, an experimental
research work aims to evaluate the effects of gradation characteristics and low plastic fines on mobilized friction
angle at the instability and steady states of Chlef silty sand samples reconstituted in the laboratory with the same
silty fines fraction ranging from Fc=0% to 30 % at an initial relative density (Dr=52%) and subjected under three
confining pressures (P’c=100 kPa, 200 kPa and 300 kPa).

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of location of instability line in (p’, q) stress plane

(Lade 1992)
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2. Index properties of used materials and procedure technique

The laboratory tests were performed on Chlef sand (Algeria) “rounded shape” mixed with low plastic Chlef
silty fines “rounded shape” contents ranging from Fc=0% to 30%. The index properties of the materials under
study are presented in Table 1. The granulometric curves of the tested silty sand samples are shown in Figure 2.
All the samples have been constructed with the diameter of 100 mm and the height of 200 mm. so height to
diameter ratio of 2 is kept constant. This height to diameter ratio of 2 selected in order to minimize the effects
due to end platens of the apparatus and to reduce the likelihood of buckling during testing (Bayat et al 2012).
The samples were prepared with the help of a mould constituted two semi-cylindrical shells. The two shells can
easily be joined or embossed one with the other with the help of a hose clamp. In order to maintain the cuff made
of latex along the partitions of the mould, four aspiration ducts are pierced in the conducted shells. These ducts
communicate with the inside of the mould by rows of small holes. They are joined to flexible hoses that are
assembled in a single tube. This last one can be connected to a vacuum pump. Then, the samples were saturated
with carbon dioxide circulate through the circuits of drainage and the sample to weak debit during a certain time,
in order to occupy all the voids to chase the air contained in the sample. After that, we make the deaerated and
demineralized water circulate to chase the interstitial gas and to occupy its place. The control of degree of
saturation was done by means of Skempton’ pore pressure parameter B. The samples have been considered to be
fully saturated if B is at least equal to or greater than 0.98. The samples were subjected to the confining stress for
consolidation. During consolidation, the difference between confining pressure and backpressure has been
arranged such that for each sample the effective consolidation pressure was fixed equal to 100, 200 and 300 kPa.
In this study, all the undrained triaxial tests were undertaken at a constant strain rate of 0.2 mm per minute.
100

90 Chlef sand-silt mixtures

80
Percent Passing by Weight (%)

Chlef sand (Fc=0%)

70 Fc=10%

Fc=20%
60
Fc=30%
50
Chlef silt (Fc=100%)
40

30

20

10

0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Soil Particle Diameter (mm)
Figure 2:Grain size distribution of tested materials
Table 1: Index properties of sands and silt
Properties Materials
Chlef sand 10% 20% 30% Chlef silt
Gs 2.652 2.654 2.655 2.657 2.667
Dmax (mm) 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 0.080
D10 (mm) 0.266 0.078 0.023 0.010 0.003
D50 (mm) 0.596 0.549 0.488 0.420 0.032
D30 (mm) 0.431 0.369 0.235 0.087 0.013
D60 (mm) 0.700 0.643 0.614 0.535 0.04
Cu (-) 2.634 0.321 0.097 0.048 13.33
Cc (-) 0.999 8.202 27.24 54.32 1.40
emax(-) 0.795 0.704 0.697 0.687 1.563
emin(-) 0.632 0.536 0.458 0.449 0.991
WL(%) - - - - 31.72
Wp (%) - - - - 26.71
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Ip (%) - - - - 5.01
USCS SP ML
Φins (°) 38.02 37.59 36.86 36.42 -
Φss (°) 56.83 55.59 55.4 54.07 -

3. Monotonic undrained compression tests

Figures (3 and 4) present the undrained monotonic behavior of Chlef sand-silt mixture samples
reconstituted in laboratory with low plastic fines (Fc=0% and 30%) at an initial relative density (Dr=52%). The
samples subjected under three constant confining pressures (P’c=100 kPa, 200 kPa and 300 kPa). It is observed
that the undrained shear strength tends to increase with the increase of confining pressure from P’c=100 kPa to
P’c=300 kPa. This is parallel to finding of (Benahmed et al 2014, Cherif Taiba et al 2017 and Mahmoudi et al
2016b). The effect of confining pressure (P ’c=100 kPa, 200 kPa and 300 kPa) is clearly observed for F c=0%
(qmax= 363.49 kPa, qmax=398.69 kPa, qmax= 564.90 kPa) and becomes very pronounced for other fines content for
Fc=30% (qmax= 57.40 kPa, qmax=128.80 kPa, qmax= 207.30 kPa) for the initial relative density under consideration
(Dr=52%). These results of this laboratory investigation confirmed similar tendencies observed by (Lade and
Yamamuro 1997, Belkhatir et al. 2011 and Cherif Taiba et al 2015, 2016 and Mahmoudi et al 2016a, b).
Moreover, it can be shown from Figure 4, that the mobilized instability friction angle (Φins) and mobilized
steady state friction angle (Φss) that were determined from the peak points at instability zones for three confining
pressures (P’c=100 kPa, 200 kPa and 300 kPa) for each fines fraction and the steady state slopes of Chlef sand-
silt mixtures. These mobilized friction angles decrease from fines fraction (F c=0%) to (Fc=30%) due to the fines
content that occupy the void between sand particles and consequently decreasing in mobilized friction angle and
increasing in instability zones of Chlef sand-silt mixture samples reconstituted at an initial relative density
(Dr=52%) under consideration. Our results are in good agreement to finding (Mehdi et al 2010 and Cherif Taiba
et al 2017).
600 250
Chlef sand-silt mixtures (Fc=30%,Dr=52%)
p'c=300 kPa

200
p'c=300 kPa
Deviator Stress, q (kPa)

Deviator Stress, q (kPa)

p'c=200 kPa
400
p'c=100 kPa 150

p'c=200 kPa
100
200

50
p'c=100 kPa
Chlef sand-silt mixtures (Fc=0%,Dr=52%)

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Axial Strain (%) Axial Strain (%)

(a) (b)

Figure 3: Devitor stress versus axial strain of sand –silt mixtures (a) Fc=0% (b) Fc=30%
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600 250
Chlef sand-silt mixtures (Fc=0%,Dr=52%) Chlef sand-silt mixtures (Fc=30%,Dr=52%)

Peak points
Peak points 56.83°
200
SSL SSL 54,07°
Deviator Stress, q (kPa)

Deviator Stress, q (kPa)

400
150 Instability zone

Instability zone
100
200
Stability zone

Stability zone
50

38.02° 36.42°

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400
Efffective Mean Pressure, P' (kPa) Effective Mean Pressure, P' (kPa)

(b) (b)

Figure 4: Instability and steady state points on effective stress paths of sand-silt mixtures (a) Fc=0% (b) Fc=30%

4. Influence of particle size distribution on the friction angles of sand- silt mixtures
4.1 Grain size (D10, D30, D50 and D60)
The effect of grain size (D30, D60), effective diameter (D10) and mean grain size (D50) on the mobilized
instability friction angle and mobilized steady state friction angle (Φins, Φss) of Chlef sand-silt mixtures are
presented in this section. It can be observed from Figure (5a, b) that the mobilized friction angles at instability
and steady states decrease with the decrease of various grain size parameters and a logarithmic manner may
express between the mobilized friction angles at instability and steady states and any different grain size and the
increase of fines content ranging from (Fc=0% to 30%) of Chlef sand-silt mixture samples reconstituted at an
initial relative density (Dr=52%). Moreover, it is clearly observed that for different graded sand-silt mixtures, the
smaller grain size (D10, D30, D50 and D60) exhibited the smaller the mobilized instability friction angle and the
mobilized steady state friction angle (Φins, Φss) the more liquefaction susceptibility of Chlef sand-silt mixtures.
Figure (5c) present the effect of coefficient of uniformity (Cu) on mobilized instability friction angle and
mobilized steady state friction angle (Φins, Φss) of Chlef sand-silt mixtures. It is clear from this plot that the
mobilized instability friction angle and mobilized steady state friction angle decease in a logarithmic manner
with the increase of coefficient of uniformity for the range of fines content (F c=0% to Fc=30%) of Chlef sand-silt
mixture samples reconstituted at an initial relative density (Dr=52%). This increase may result from the role of
low plastic silty fines (Ip=5%) in increasing the contractiveness of the Chlef sand-silt mixture samples for a given
relative density, which leads to a decrease of the mobilized instability friction angle and the mobilized steady
state friction angle and consequently to an increase of the excess pore water pressure and the decrease of
undrained shear strength (liquefaction resistance). The following expression is suggested to evaluate the
relationship between the mobilized instability friction angle, the mobilized steady state friction angle (Φins, Φss)
and grain size (D30, D60), effective diameter (D10) and mean grain size (D50) of Chlef sand-silt mixtures
respectively:
(Φins, Φss) =a*Log (D10, D30, D50 and D60) + c (1)
Tables 2 show the coefficients a, c and the corresponding coefficient of determination (R 2) for the selected
material under consideration:
Table 2: Coefficients a, c and R2 for equation 1
Chlef sand-silt mixtures Grain size a c R²
D10 0.49 38.74 0.99
Mobilized instability friction D30 0.93 38.55 0.87
angle D50 4.66 40.33 0.98
D60 6.11 40.14 0.92
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Mobilized steady state friction D10 0.74 57.76 0.91

angle D30 1.45 57.55 0.87
D50 7.14 60.29 0.93
D60 9.91 60.21 0.98
38.5 57.5
Chlef sand-silt mixtures Chlef sand-silt mixtures

Mobilized Steady State Friction Angle, ss (°)

Mobilized Insability Friction Angle,ins (°)

57
Fc=0%
38 Fc=0%

56.5
Fc=10%
37.5
56
Fc=10%
Fc=20% 55.5
37 Fc=20%
D10 D10
55
D30 D30
36.5
D50 54.5 D50
Fc=30%
D60 Fc=30% D60
36 54
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Grain Size (mm) Grain Size (mm)

(c) (b)

60
Mobilized Friction Angles, ins, ss (°)

Chlef sand-silt mixtures

50
Mobilized instability friction angle
Mobilized steady state friction angle
Y=-0.53*log(X)+38.60 R²=0.99

40 Y=-0.80*log(X)+57.54 R²=0.90

Fc=0% Fc=10% Fc=20% Fc=30%

30
0 20 40 60
Coefficient of Uniformity , Cu (-)

(c)

Figure 5: Mobilized friction angles versus grain size of Chlef sand-silt mixtures (a) Mobilized instability friction
angle (b) Mobilized steady state friction angle (c) Coefficient of uniformity
4.2 Grain size ratios (D10R, D30, D50R and CUR)
The influences of the effective diameter ratio (D10R = D10sand/D10mixture), the mean grain size ratio (D50R =
D50sand/D50mixture), and the coefficient of uniformity ratio (CUR = Cusand/Cumixture) on the mobilized instability
friction angel and mobilized steady state friction angle (Φins, Φss) of Chlef sand-silt mixtures are presented in
Figure 6. It is observed from Figure 6a and Figure 6b that the mobilized friction angles at instability and steady
states correlate very well (0.91 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.99) with the effective diameter ratio (D10R = D10sand/D10mixture) and the
mean grain size ratio (D50R = D50sand/D50mixture) according to a logarithmic relationship for the Chlef sand-silt
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mixture samples reconstituted at the initial relative density under consideration (Dr = 52%). The mobilized
instability friction angle and the mobilized steady state friction angle decrease with the increase of D10R, D50R
and fines content ranging from 0% to 30% for the tested materials. Moreover, it is clearly observed from Figure
6a and Figure 6b for the different graded Chlef sand–silt mixtures, that the higher effective diameter ratio and the
mean grain size ratio, the smaller mobilized friction angles at instability and steady states (Φins, Φss), the higher
liquefaction sensitivity of Chlef sand-silt mixture samples. Figure 6c shows clearly that the mobilized instability
friction angle and mobilized steady state friction angle (Φins, Φss) decrease logarithmically with the decrease of
the coefficient of uniformity ratio (CUR = Cusand/Cumixture) as the fines content increases from 0% to 30%. The
obtained data indicate that the lower coefficient of uniformity ratio, the lower mobilized friction angles at
instability and steady states, the more liquefaction susceptibility of Chlef sand-silt mixture samples. The
introduced grading characteristics ratios (D10R, D50R, and CUR) appear as suitable parameters that could be used to
characterize the Chlef sand–silt mixture liquefaction susceptibility for the fines content range and initial relative
density under consideration.
60 60
Mobilized Friction Angles, ins, ss (°)

Mobilized Friction Angles, ins, ss (°)

Chlef sand-silt mixtures Chlef sand-silt mixtures

50 50
Mobilized instability friction angle Mobilized instability friction angle
Mobilized steady state friction angle Mobilized steady state friction angle
Y=-0.50*log(X)+ 38.08 R²=0.99 Y=-4.66*log(X)+37.96 R²=0.98

40 Y=-0.74*log(X)+56.77 R²=0.91 40 Y=-7.15*log(X)+56.60 R²=0.93

Fc=0% Fc=10% Fc=20% Fc=30% Fc=0% Fc=10% Fc=20% Fc=30%

30 30
0 7 14 21 28 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Effective Diameter Ratio, D10R (-) Mean Grain Size Ratio, D50R (-)

(a) (b)

60
Mobilized Friction Angles, ins, ss (°)

Chlef sand-silt mixtures

50
Mobilized instability friction angle
Mobilized steady state friction angle
Y=0.53*log(X)+38.08 R²=0.99

40 Fc=30% Y=0.79*log(X)+56.77 R²=0.90

Fc=0%

Fc=20% Fc=10%

30
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Coefficient of Uniformity Ratio, CuR (-)

(c)
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Figure 6: Mobilized friction angles versus grain size ratio of Chlef sand-silt mixtures (a) Effective diameter ratio
(b) Mean grain size ratio (c) Coefficient of uniformity ratio
5. Conclusion
An experimental investigation was explored to study the effect of low plastic fines and granulometric
characteristics (D10, D30, D50, D60 and Cu) and granulometric characteristics ratio (D10R, D50R and CUR) on
mobilized friction angle at instability and steady states of Chlef sand-silt through a series of triaxial compression
tests were carried out on reconstituted samples in laboratory at an initial relative density (D r=52%) and subjected
under three constant confining pressures (P’c=100 kPa, 200 kPa and 300 kPa). In light of the experimental
evidence, the following conclusions can be summarized:
1. Undrained monotonic triaxial compression tests performed on reconstituted Chlef sand–silt mixture samples at
three confining pressure of (100 kPa, 200 kPa and 300 kPa) and a selected relative density (D r = 52 %) showed
that the addition low plastic silty fines and consequently the generated grading characteristics control the
mobilized friction angle of the sand-silt mixture samples under consideration.
2. The obtained data indicate that the mobilized instability friction angle and the mobilized steady state friction
angle can be correlated to granulometric characteristics such as (D 10, D30, D50, D60, Cu, D10R, D50R and CUR) of
sand-silt mixture samples reconstituted at an initial relative density (D r=52%) under consideration. In addition,
the mobilized friction angles at instability and steady states decrease logarithmically and linearly with the
decrease of grain size (D10, D30, D50 and D60) and the increase of fines content for Chlef sand-silt mixtures
respectively. Moreover, the mobilized instability friction and the mobilized steady state friction angle decrease in
logarithmic manner with the increase of coefficient of uniformity for Chlef sand-silt mixtures.
3. The mobilized friction angle at instability and steady states and the granulometric characteristics ratio [(D10R =
D10sand/D10mixture), (D50R = D50sand/D50mixture) and (CUR = Cusand/Cumixture)] display a good logarithmic relation for two
sand-silt mixtures under consideration. Indeed, the mobilized instability friction angle and the mobilized steady
state friction angle decrease with the increase of effective diameter ratio and mean grain size ratio (D 10R and
D50R). However, they decrease with the decrease of coefficient of uniformity ratio (C UR) for the range of fines
content of tested materials.
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