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04 Petrucci10e SSM PDF
04 Petrucci10e SSM PDF
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
PRACTICE EXAMPLES
1A
(a) Unbalanced reaction: H3PO4(aq) + CaO(s) Ca3(PO4)2(aq) + H2O(l)
Balance Ca & PO43-: 2 H3PO4(aq) + 3 CaO(s) Ca3(PO4)2(aq) + H2O(l)
Balance H atoms: 2 H3PO4(aq) + 3 CaO(s) Ca3(PO4)2(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
Self Check: 6 H + 2 P + 11 O + 3 Ca 6 H + 2 P + 11 O + 3 Ca
1B
(a) Unbalanced reaction: NH3(g) + O2(g) NO2(g) + H2O(g)
Balance N and H: NH3(g) + O2(g) NO2(g) + 3/2 H2O(g)
Balance O atoms: NH3(g) + 7/4 O2(g) NO2(g) + 3/2 H2O(g)
Multiply by 4 (whole #): 4 NH3(g) + 7 O2(g) 4 NO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
Self Check: 4 N + 12 H + 14 O 4 N + 12 H + 14 O
2A
Unbalanced reaction: HgS(s) + CaO(s) CaS(s) + CaSO4(s) + Hg(l)
Balance O atoms: HgS(s) + 4 CaO(s) CaS(s) + CaSO4(s) + Hg(l)
Balance Ca atoms: HgS(s) + 4 CaO(s) 3 CaS(s) + CaSO4(s) + Hg(l)
Balance S atoms: 4 HgS(s) + 4 CaO(s) 3 CaS(s) + CaSO4(s) + Hg(l)
Balance Hg atoms: 4 HgS(s) + 4 CaO(s) 3 CaS(s) + CaSO4(s) + 4 Hg(l)
Self Check: 4 Hg + 4 S + 4 O + 4 Ca 4 Hg + 4 S + 4 O + 4 Ca
66
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
2B
Unbalanced reaction: C7H6O2S(l) + O2 (g) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)
Balance C atoms: C7H6O2S(l) + O2(g) 7 CO2(g) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)
Balance S atoms: C7H6O2S(l) + O2(g) 7 CO2(g) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)
Balance H atoms: C7H6O2S(l) + O2(g) 7 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l) + SO2(g)
Balance O atoms: C7H6O2S(l) + 8.5 O2 (g) 7 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l) + SO2(g)
Multiply by 2 (whole #): 2 C7H6O2S(l) + 17 O2 (g) 14 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) + 2 SO2(g)
Self Check: 14 C + 12 H + 2 S + 38 O 14 C + 12 H + 2 S + 38 O
3A The balanced chemical equation provides the factor needed to convert from moles KClO 3
3 mol O 2
to moles O2. Amount O 2 = 1.76 mol KClO 3 = 2.64 mol O 2
2 mol KClO 3
4A The balanced chemical equation provides the factor to convert from amount of Mg to
amount of Mg 3 N 2 . First we must determine the molar mass of Mg 3 N 2 .
molar mass = 3mol Mg 24.305g Mg + 2 mol N 14.007 g N = 100.93g Mg 3 N 2
1mol Mg 1mol Mg 3 N 2 100.93g Mg 3 N 2
mass Mg 3 N 2 = 3.82g Mg = 5.29 g Mg 3 N 2
24.31g Mg 3mol Mg 1mol Mg 3 N 2
4B The pivotal conversion is from H 2 g to CH 3OH (l). For this we use the balanced equation,
which requires that we use the amounts in moles of both substances. The solution involves
converting to and from amounts, using molar masses.
1000 g 1mol CH 3 OH 2 mol H 2 2.016 g H 2
mass H 2 g = 1.00 kg CH 3 OH(l)
1 kg 32.04 g CH 3 OH 1mol CH 3 OH 1mol H 2
mass H 2 g = 126 g H 2
67
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
25
5B The equation for the combustion reaction is: C8 H18 l +O 2 g 8 CO 2 g + 9 H 2 O l
2
1mol C8 H18 12.5 mol O 2 32.00 g O 2
mass O 2 = 1.00 g C8 H18 = 3.50 g O 2 g
114.23g C8 H18 1mol C8 H18 1mol O 2
7B Density is necessary to determine the mass of the vinegar, and then the mass of acetic acid.
1.01g 0.040g acid 1mol CH3COOH 1mol CO2 44.01g CO 2
mass CO 2 (g) = 5.00 mL vinegar× × × × ×
1mL 1g vinegar 60.05g CH3COOH 1mol CH3COOH 1mol CO2
= 0.15g CO2
8A Determine the amount in moles of acetone and the volume in liters of the solution.
1mol CH 3 2 CO
22.3g CH 3 2 CO×
58.08g CH 3 2 CO
molarity of acetone = = 0.307 M
1.25 L soln
8B The molar mass of acetic acid, HC2 H 3O 2 , is 60.05 g/mol. We begin with the quantity of
acetic acid in the numerator and that of the solution in the denominator, and transform to
the appropriate units for each.
68
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
9A The molar mass of NaNO 3 is 84.99 g/mol. We recall that “M” stands for “mol /L soln.”
1L 10.8 mol NaNO3 84.99 g NaNO3
mass NaNO3 = 125 mL soln = 115 g NaNO3
1000 mL 1L soln 1mol NaNO3
9B We begin by determining the molar mass of Na 2SO 4 10H 2 O . The amount of solute needed
is computed from the concentration and volume of the solution.
1L 0.445 mol Na 2SO 4 1 mol Na 2SO 4 10H 2 O
mass Na 2SO 4 10H 2 O = 355 mL soln
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol Na 2SO 4
322.21 g Na 2SO 4 10H 2 O
50.9 g Na 2SO 4 10H 2 O
1 mol Na 2SO 4 10H 2 O
10A The amount of solute in the concentrated solution doesn’t change when the solution is
diluted. We take advantage of an alternative definition of molarity to answer the question:
millimoles of solute/milliliter of solution.
0.450 mmol K 2 CrO 4
amount K 2 CrO 4 = 15.00 mL = 6.75 mmol K 2 CrO 4
1 mL soln
6.75 mmol K 2 CrO 4
K 2 CrO 4 molarity, dilute solution = = 0.0675 M
100.00 mL soln
10B We know the initial concentration (0.105 M) and volume (275 mL) of the solution, along
with its final volume (237 mL). The final concentration equals the initial concentration
times a ratio of the two volumes.
V 275mL
cf ci i 0105
. M 0122
. M
Vf 237 mL
69
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
12A Reaction: P4 s 6 Cl2 g 4 PCl3 l . We must determine the mass of PCl 3 formed by
each reactant.
1 mol P4 4 mol PCl 3 137.33 g PCl 3
mass PCl 3 215 g P4 953 g PCl 3
123.90g P4 1mol P4 1 mol PCl 3
1 mol Cl 2 4 mol PCl 3 137.33 g PCl 3
mass PCl 3 725 g Cl 2 936 g PCl 3
70.91g Cl 2 6 mol Cl 2 1 mol PCl 3
Thus, a maximum of 936g PCl 3 can be produced; there is not enough Cl 2 to produce any
more.
12B Since data are supplied and the answer is requested in kilograms (thousands of grams),
we can use kilomoles (thousands of moles) to solve the problem. We calculate the amount
in kilomoles of POCl 3 that would be produced if each of the reactants were completely
converted to product. The smallest of these amounts is the one that is actually produced
(this is a limiting reactant question).
1kmol PCl3 10 kmol POCl3
amount POCl3 1.00 kg PCl3 0.0121kmol POCl3
137.33kg PCl3 6 kmol PCl3
1kmol Cl2 10 kmol POCl3
amount POCl3 1.00 kg Cl2 0.0235 kmol POCl3
70.905 kg Cl2 6 kmol Cl2
1kmol P4 O10 10 kmol POCl3
amount POCl3 1.00 kg P4 O10 0.0352 kmol POCl3
283.89 kg P4 O10 1kmol P4 O10
Thus, a maximum of 0.0121 kmol POCl3 can be produced.
We next determine the mass of the product.
153.33kg POCl3
mass POCl3 0.0121kmol POCl3 1.86 kg POCl3
1 kmol POCl3
13A The 725 g Cl 2 limits the mass of product formed. The P4 s therefore is the reactant in
excess. From the quantity of excess reactant we can find the amount of product formed:
953 g PCl 3 936 g PCl 3 = 17 g PCl 3 . We calculate how much P4 this is, both in the
traditional way and by using the initial 215 g P4 and final 953 g PCl3 values of the
previous calculation.
1 mol PCl 3 1 mol P4 123.90 g P4
mass P4 17 g PCl 3 38
. g P4
137.33g PCl 3 4 mol PCl 3 1 mol P4
70
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
13B Find the amount of H2O(l) formed by each reactant, to determine the limiting reactant.
1mol H 2 2 mol H 2 O
amount H 2 O 12.2 g H 2 6.05 mol H 2 O
2.016 g H 2 2 mol H 2
1mol O 2 2 mol H 2 O
amount H 2 O 154 g O 2 9.63 mol H 2 O
32.00 g O 2 1 mol O 2
Since H 2 is limiting, we must compute the mass of O 2 needed to react with all of the H 2
1mol O 2 32.00 g O 2
mass O 2 reacting = 6.05 mol H 2 O produced 96.8g O 2 reacting
2 mol H 2 O 1mol O 2
mass O 2 remaining = 154 g originally present 96.8g O 2 reacting =57 g O 2 remaining
14A
(a) The theoretical yield is the calculated maximum mass of product expected if we were
to assume that the reaction has no losses (100% reaction).
1mol CH 2 O 30.03g CH 2 O
mass CH 2 O g 1.00 mol CH 3OH 30.0 g CH 2 O
1mol CH 3OH 1mol CH 2 O
(b) The actual yield is what is obtained experimentally: 25.7 g CH2O (g).
(c) The percent yield is the ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield, multiplied by 100%:
25.7 g CH 2O produced
% yield = 100 % = 85.6 % yield
30.0 g CH 2 O calculated
71
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
15B Care must be taken to use the proper units/labels in each conversion factor. Note, you
cannot calculate the molar mass of an impure material or mixture.
100.0 g C6 H10 cal'd 1mol C 6 H10 1mol C 6 H11OH
mass C6 H11OH = 45.0 g C 6 H10 produced
86.2 g C 6 H10 produc'd 82.1g C 6 H10 1mol C6 H10
100.2 g pure C6 H11OH 100.0 g impure C 6 H11OH
69.0 g impure C 6 H11OH
1mol C 6 H11OH 92.3 g pure C 6 H11OH
16A We can trace the nitrogen through the sequence of reactions. We notice that 4 moles of N
(as 4 mol NH 3 ) are consumed in the first reaction, and 4 moles of N (as 4 mol NO) are
produced. In the second reaction, 2 moles of N (as 2 mol NO) are consumed and 2 moles of
N (as 2 mol NO 2 ) are produced. In the last reaction, 3 moles of N (as 3 mol NO 2 ) are
consumed and just 2 moles of N (as 2 mol HNO 3 ) are produced.
1000 g NH 3 1mol NH 3 4 mol NO 2 mol NO 2
mass HNO3 = 1.00 kg NH 3
1kg NH 3 17.03g NH 3 4 mol NH 3 2 mol NO
2 mol HNO 3 63.01g HNO 3
= 2.47 103 g HNO 3
3 mol NO 2 1 mol HNO 3
16B
1 mol NaN 3 2 mol Na 2 mol KNO3 102 g KNO3
mass KNO3 = 95 g NaN 3
65.03 g NaN3 2 mol NaN 3 10 mol Na 1 mol KNO3
29.80 30 g KNO3
72
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
17B Mass of CuO and Cu2O is done in identical fashion to the above problem:
INTEGRATIVE EXAMPLE
A.
Stepwise approach:
The first step is to calculate the number of moles of each reactant from the masses given.
1000 g 1 mol.
mol C6 H10 O 4 = 4.15 kg 28.4 mol
1 kg 146.16 g
1000 g 1 mol.
mol NH3 = 0.547 kg 32.1 mol
1 kg 17.03 g
1000 g 1 mol.
mol H 2 = 0.172 kg 85.3 mol
1 kg 2.016 g
73
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
To determine the limiting reagent, calculate the number of moles of product that can be obtained
from each of the reactants. The reactant yielding the least amount of product is the limiting
reagent.
1 mol C6 H16 N 2
mol of C6 H16 N 2 from C6 H10 O4 = 28.4 mol 28.4 mol
1 mol C6 H10 O 4
1 mol C6 H16 N 2
mol of C6 H16 N 2 from NH3 = 32.1 mol 16.05 mol
2 mol NH3
1 mol C6 H16 N 2
mol of C6 H16 N 2 from H 2 = 85.3 21.3 mol
4 mol H 2
NH3 yields the fewest moles of product, and is the limiting reagent.
To calculate the % yield, the theoretical yield must first be calculated using the limiting reagent:
116.22 g C6 H16 N 2 1 kg
Theoretical yield = 16.05 mol C6 H16 N 2 1.865 kg
1 mol C6 H16 N 2 1000 g
1.46 kg
% yield = 78.3% yield
1.865 kg
B.
Balancing the equation gives the following:
Stepwise approach:
To determine the amount of zinc in sample, the amount of HCl reacted has to be calculated first:
1L
Before reaction: 0.0179 M HCl 750.0 mL 0.0134 mol HCl
1000 mL
74
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
1L
After reaction: 0.0043 M HCl 750.0 mL 0.00323 mol HCl
1000 mL
Based on the number of moles of HCl consumed, the number of moles of Zn reacted can be
determined:
1 mol Zn 65.39 g Zn
0.0102 mol HCl 0.3335 g Zn
2 mol HCl 1 mol Zn
0.3335 g Zn reacted
Purity of Zn = 100 = 83.4% pure
0.4000 g Zn in sample
Note that we can only subtract concentrations in the above example because the volume has not
changed. Had there been a volume change, we would have to individually convert each
concentration to moles first.
1 mol Zn 65.39 g Zn
0.0102 mol HCl / 0.4000 g 100 83.4 % Zn
2 mol HCl 1 mol Zn
EXERCISES
Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
1. (a) 2 SO3
2 SO 2 O 2
(b) Cl2 O7 H 2 O
2 HClO 4
(c) 3 NO 2 H 2 O
2 HNO3 NO
(d) PCl3 3 H 2 O
H 3 PO3 3 HCl
3. (a) 3 PbO + 2 NH 3
3 Pb + N 2 + 3 H 2 O
(b) 2 FeSO 4
Fe 2 O3 2 SO 2 + 1
2 O 2 or 4 FeSO 4
2 Fe 2 O3 4 SO 2 + O 2
(c) 6 S2 Cl2 16 NH 3
N 4 S4 12 NH 4 Cl +S8
(d) C3 H 7 CHOHCH(C2 H 5 )CH 2 OH 23 2 O 2 8 CO 2 + 9 H 2 O
or 2 C3 H 7 CHOHCH(C2 H5 )CH 2 OH 23 O 2
16 CO 2 +18 H 2 O
75
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
5. (a) 2 Mg s + O 2 g 2 MgO s
(b) 2 NO g + O 2 g 2 NO 2 g
(c) 2 C2 H 6 g + 7 O 2 g 4 CO 2 g + 6 H 2 O l
(d) Ag 2 SO 4 aq + BaI2 aq BaSO4 s + 2 AgI s
9. (a) NH 4 NO3 s
N2 O g + 2 H2 O g
(b) Na 2 CO3 aq + 2 HCl aq 2 NaCl aq + H 2 O l + CO 2 g
(c) 2 CH 4 g + 2 NH 3 g + 3O 2 g 2 HCN g + 6 H 2 O g
First determine the number of moles of chromium and oxygen, and then calculate the mole
ratio.
1 mol Cr
# mol Cr 0.689 g Cr 0.01325 mol Cr
52.00 g Cr
1 mol O 2 2 mol O
# mol O 0.636 g O 2 0.03975 mol O
32.00 g O 2 1 mol O 2
76
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
15. The conversion factor is obtained from the balanced chemical equation.
1mol Cl2
515 g Cl2 7.26 mol Cl2
70.90 g Cl2
2 mol FeCl 3
moles FeCl 3 = 7.26 mol Cl 2 = 4.84 mol FeCl 3
3 mol Cl 2
17.
(a) Conversion pathway approach:
1mol KClO3 3mol O 2
32.8g KClO3 = 0.401mol O 2
122.6 g KClO3 2 mol KClO3
Stepwise approach:
1mol KClO3
32.8g KClO3 = 0.268 mol KClO3
122.6 g KClO3
3mol O 2
0.268 mol KClO3 = 0.402 mol O 2
2 mol KClO3
Stepwise approach:
1mol O 2
50.0 g O 2 = 1.56 mol O 2
32.00 g O 2
2 mol KClO3
1.56 mol O 2 = 1.04 mol KClO3
3 mol O 2
122.6 g KClO3
1.04 mol KClO3 = 128 g KClO3
1mol KClO3
Stepwise approach:
77
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
1mol O 2
28.3g O 2 = 0.884 mol O 2
32.00 g O 2
2 mol KCl
0.884 mol O 2 = 0.589 mol KCl
3mol O 2
74.55g KCl
0.589 mol KCl = 43.9 g KCl
1mol KCl
19. Balance the given equation, and then solve the problem.
2 Ag 2 CO3 s
4Ag s + 2 CO 2 g + O 2 g
1mol Ag 2 mol Ag 2 CO3 275.75 g Ag 2 CO3
mass Ag 2 CO 3 = 75.1g Ag = 96.0 g Ag 2 CO 3
107.87 g Ag 4 mol Ag 1mol Ag 2 CO 3
# g B10 H14
% by mass B10 H14 = 100
# g B10 H14 + # g O 2
32.00 g O 2
mass O 2 = 11 mol O 2 = 352.00 g O 2
1 mol O 2
78
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
29. First write the balanced chemical equation for each reaction.
Three of the reactions—those of Na, Mg, and Zn—produce 1 mole of H2(g). The one of
these three that produces the most hydrogen per gram of metal is the one for which the
metal’s atomic mass is the smallest, remembering to compare twice the atomic mass for Na.
The atomic masses are: 2 23 u for Na, 24.3 u for Mg, and 65.4 u for Zn. Thus, among
these three, Mg produces the most H 2 per gram of metal, specifically 1 mol H 2 per 24.3 g
Mg. In the case of Al, 3 moles of H 2 are produced by 2 moles of the metal, or 54 g Al. This
reduces as follows: 3 mol H 2 / 54 g Al = 1 mol H 2 / 18 g Al. Thus, Al produces the largest
amount of H 2 per gram of metal.
Molarity
31.
2.92 mol CH 3 OH
(a) CH 3 OH molarity (M) = = 0.408 M
7.16 L
7.69 mmol CH 3CH 2OH
(b) CH 3CH 2OH molarity (M) = = 0.154 M
50.00 mL
25.2 g CO NH 2 2 1mol CO NH 2 2 1000 mL
(c) CO NH 2 2 molarity (M) = = 1.53 M
275 mL 60.06 g CO NH 2 2 1L
33.
(a) Conversion pathway approach:
150.0 g C12 H 22 O11 1000 mL 1 mol C12 H 22 O11
[C12 H 22 O11 ] = × × = 1.753 M
250.0 mL soln 1L 342.3 g C12 H 22 O11
79
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
Stepwise approach:
Stepwise approach:
97.9 mg CO(NH 2 ) 2
98.3 mg solid × 96.2 mg CO(NH 2 ) 2
100 mg solid
1 g CO(NH 2 ) 2
96.2 mg CO(NH 2 ) 2 × = 0.0962 g CO(NH 2 ) 2
1000 mg CO(NH 2 ) 2
1 mol CO(NH 2 ) 2
0.0962 g CO(NH 2 ) 2 × = 1.60 10-3 mol CO(NH 2 ) 2
60.06 g CO(NH 2 ) 2
1L
5.00 mL soln × = 0.00500 L
1000 mL
1.60 10-3 mol CO(NH 2 ) 2
[CO(NH 2 ) 2 ] = = 0.320 M
0.00500 L
Stepwise approach:
125.0 mL CH 3OH 0.792 g 1 mol CH 3OH
[CH 3OH] = × × = 0.206 M
15.0 L soln 1 mL 32.04 g CH 3OH
0.792 g
125.0 mL CH 3OH × = 99.0 g CH 3OH
1 mL
1 mol CH 3OH
99.0 g CH 3OH × = 3.09 mol CH 3OH
32.04 g CH 3OH
3.09 mol CH 3OH
[CH 3OH] = = 0.206 M
15.0 L soln
80
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
39. First we determine each concentration in moles per liter and find the 0.500 M solution.
0.500 g KCl 1 mol KCl 1000 mL
(a) [KCl] = = 6.71 M KCl
1 mL 74.551 g KCl 1L
36.0 g KCl 1 mol KCl
(b) [KCl] = = 0.483 M KCl
1L 74.551 g KCl
7.46 mg KCl 1 g KCl 1 mol KCl 1000 mL
(c) [KCl] = = 0.100 M KCl
1 mL 1000 mg KCl 74.551 g KCl 1L
373 g KCl 1 mol KCl
(d) [KCl] = = 0.500 M KCl
10.00 L 74.551 g KCl
Solution (d) is a 0.500 M KCl solution.
41. We determine the molar concentration for the 46% by mass sucrose solution.
1 mol C12 H 22 O11
46 g C12 H 22 O11 ×
342.3 g C12 H 22 O11
[C12 H 22 O11 ] = = 1.6 M
1 mL 1L
100 g soln× ×
1.21 g soln 1000 mL
The 46% by mass sucrose solution is the more concentrated.
45. Both the diluted and concentrated solutions contain the same number of moles of K 2SO 4 . This
number is given in the numerator of the following expression.
0.198 mol K 2 SO 4
0.125 L
1L
K 2 SO 4 molarity = = 0.236 M K2SO4
0.105 L
81
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
47. Let us compute how many mL of dilute (d) solution we obtain from each mL of concentrated
(c) solution. Vc Cc = Vd Cd becomes 1.00 mL 0.250M = x mL 0.0125 M and x = 20
Thus, the ratio of the volume of the volumetric flask to that of the pipet would be 20:1. We
could use a 100.0-mL flask and a 5.00-mL pipet, a 1000.0-mL flask and a 50.00-mL pipet,
or a 500.0-mL flask and a 25.00-mL pipet. There are many combinations that could be
used.
51. The molarity can be expressed as millimoles of solute per milliliter of solution.
0.186 mmol AgNO3 1mmol K 2 CrO 4 1mL K 2 CrO 4 aq
VK CrO = 415 mL
2 4 1mL soln 2 mmol AgNO3 0.650 mmol K 2 CrO 4
VK = 59.4 mL K 2CrO 4
2CrO4
All of the HNO3 that reacts was contained in the initial, undiluted 1.00 mL sample. Since
the moles of HNO3 are the same in the diluted and undiluted solutions, one can divide the
moles of HNO3 by the volume of the undiluted solution to obtain the molarity.
82
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
61. The mass of oxalic acid enables us to determine the amount of NaOH in the solution.
0.3126 g H 2 C 2O 4 1000 mL 1mol H 2C 2 O 4 2 mol NaOH
NaOH = = 0.2649 M
26.21mL soln 1L soln 90.04 g H 2 C2 O 4 1mol H 2 C2 O 4
63. The limiting reactant is NH 3 . For every mole of NH3(g) that reacts, a mole of NO(g) forms.
Since 3.00 moles of NH3(g) reacts, 3.00 moles of NO(g) forms (1:1 mole ratio).
65. First we must determine the number of moles of NO produced by each reactant. The one
producing the smaller amount of NO is the limiting reactant.
2 mol NO
mol NO = 0.696 mol Cu = 0.464 mol NO
3mol Cu
1L
136 mL HNO3 aq × 0.136 L HNO3
1000 mL
6.0 mol HNO3
0.136 L × 0.816 mol HNO3
1L
2 mol NO
0.816 mol HNO3× = 0.204 mol NO
8 mol HNO3
Since HNO3(aq) is the limiting reactant, it will be completely consumed, leaving some Cu
unreacted.
83
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
67. First we need to determine the amount of Na 2 CS3 produced from each of the reactants.
1.26 g 1mol CS2 2 mol Na 2 CS3
n Na 2CS3 (from CS2 ) = 92.5 mL CS2 = 1.02 mol Na 2 CS3
1mL 76.14 g CS2 3mol CS2
2 mol Na 2 CS3
n Na 2CS3 (from NaOH) = 2.78 mol NaOH = 0.927 mol Na 2 CS3
6 mol NaOH
154.2 g Na 2 CS3
Thus, the mass produced is 0.927 mol Na 2 CS3 = 143g Na 2 CS3
1mol Na 2 CS3
69.
Ca OH 2 s + 2 NH 4 Cl s CaCl2 aq + 2 H 2 O(l) + 2 NH 3 g
First compute the amount of NH 3 formed from each reactant in this limiting reactant problem.
1mol NH 4 Cl 2 mol NH 3
n NH3 (from NH 4 Cl) = 33.0 g NH 4 Cl = 0.617 mol NH 3
53.49 g NH 4 Cl 2 mol NH 4 Cl
1mol Ca OH 2
2 mol NH 3
n NH3 (from Ca(OH) 2 ) = 33.0 g Ca OH 2 = 0.891mol NH 3
74.09 g Ca OH 2 1mol Ca OH 2
Thus, 0.617 mol NH 3 should be produced as NH4Cl is the limiting reagent.
17.03g NH 3
mass NH 3 = 0.617 mol NH 3 = 10.5 g NH 3
1mol NH 3
Now we will determine the mass of reactant in excess, Ca(OH)2.
1mol Ca OH 2 74.09 g Ca OH 2
Ca OH 2 used = 0.617 mol NH3
2 mol NH3
1mol Ca OH 2
= 22.9 g Ca OH b g 2
71. The number of grams of CrSO4 that can be made from the reaction mixture is determined by
finding the limiting reagent, and using the limiting reagent to calculate the mass of product
that can be formed. The limiting reagent can determined by calculating the amount of
product formed from each of the reactants. Whichever reactant produces the smallest
amount of product is the limiting reagent.
H2SO4 is the limiting reagent since it produces the least amount of CrSO4. Therefore, the
maximum number of grams of CrSO4 that can be made is 211.51 g.
84
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
actual yield
75. % yield = 100 %
theoretical yield
The actual yield is given in the problem and is equal to 28.2 g.
In order to determine the theoretical yield, we must find the limiting reagent and do
stoichiometry.
Stepwise approach:
85
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
28.2 g
Al2O3 is the limiting reagent. % yield = 100 % 87.6%
32.2 g
81. A less-than-100% yield of desired product in synthesis reactions is always the case. This is because
of side reactions that yield products other than those desired and because of the loss of material on
the glassware, on filter paper, etc. during the various steps of the procedure. A main criterion for
choosing a synthesis reaction is how economically it can be run. In the analysis of a compound, on
the other hand, it is essential that all of the material present be detected. Therefore, a 100% yield is
required; none of the material present in the sample can be lost during the analysis. Therefore
analysis reactions are carefully chosen to meet this 100 % yield criterion; they need not be
economical to run.
84. Here we need to determine the amount of CO 2 produced from each reactant.
C3 H8 g + 5O 2 g
3CO 2 g + 4 H 2 O l
2 C4 H10 g +13O 2 g
8CO 2 g +10 H 2 O l
72.7g C3 H8 1mol C3 H8 3mol CO 2
n CO2 (from C3 H 8 ) = 406 g mixt. = 20.1mol CO 2
100.0 g mixt. 44.10 g C3 H8 1mol C3 H8
27.3g C4 H10 1mol C4 H10 8 mol CO 2
n CO2 (from C 4 H10 ) = 406 g mixt. = 7.63mol CO 2
100.0 g mixt 58.12 g C4 H10 2 mol C4 H10
44.01g CO 2
mass CO 2 = 20.1 + 7.63 mol CO 2 = 1.22 103 g CO 2
1mol CO 2
Stepwise approach:
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Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
1mol BaCO3
0.506 g BaCO 3 = 2.56 10-3 mol BaCO3
197.3g BaCO3
1mol CO 2
2.56 10-3mol BaCO3 = 2.56 10-3 mol CO 2
1mol BaCO3
2 mol C 2 H 6
2.56 10-3mol CO 2 = 1.28 10-3 mol C2 H 6
4 mol CO 2
30.07 g C 2 H 6
1.28 10-3 mol C 2 H 6 = 0.0386 g C 2 H 6
1 mol C 2 H 6
For every 4 moles of AgNO3, 2 moles of I2(s) are produced. The mass of AgNO3 required
1000 g I 2 (s) 1 mol I 2 (s) 4 mol AgNO3 (s) 169.873 g AgNO3 (s)
= 1.00 kg I2(s)
1 kg I 2 (s) 253.809 g I 2 (s) 2 mol I 2 (s) 1 mol AgNO3 (s)
= 1338.59 g AgNO3 per kg of I2 produced or 1.34 kg AgNO3 per kg of I2 produced
89.
(a)
SiO2(s) + 2 C(s) Si(s) + 2 CO(g)
Si(s) + 2 Cl2(g) → SiCl4(l)
SiCl4(l) + 2 H2(g) → Si(s, ultrapure) + 4 HCl(g)
(b)
1000 g 1 mol Si 1 mol SiCl 4 1 mol Si
1 kg Si (ultrapure, s)
1kg 28.09 g 1 mol Si ultrapure 1 mol SiCl4
2 mol C 12.01 g C
= 885 g C
1 mol Si 1 mol C
1000 g 1 mol Si 1 mol SiCl 4 2 mol Cl2
1 kg Si (ultrapure, s)
1kg 28.09 g 1 mol Si ultrapure 1 mol SiCl4
70.91 g Cl2
= 5.05 103 g Cl 2
1 mol Cl2
1000 g 1 mol Si 2 mol H 2 2.016 g H 2
1 kg Si (ultrapure, s) = 144 g H 2
1kg 28.09 g 1 mol Si ultrapure 1 mol H 2
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Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
g MgCO3
% by mass of MgCO3 = 100 %
g MgCO3 + g CaCO3
Convert from g MgCO3 to g CO2 to obtain an expression for the mass of CO2 produced by
the first reaction.
1 mol MgCO3 1 mol CO 2 44.01 g CO 2
g CO 2 from MgCO3 m g MgCO3
84.32 g MgCO3 1 mol MgCO3 1 mol CO 2
Convert from g CaCO3 to g CO2 to obtain an expression for the mass of CO2 produced by
the second reaction.
1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CO 2 44.01 g CO 2
g CO 2 from CaCO3 (24.00 m) g CaCO3
100.09 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CO 2
17.60 g
% by mass of MgCO3 = 100 % = 73.33 %
24.00 g
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Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
Stepwise approach:
1.00 103 g CO 2 1 mol CO 2 mol CO 2
= 22.7
astronaut day 44.01 g CO 2 astronaut day
mol CO 2 mol CO 2
22.7 3 astronauts 68.2
astronaut day day
mol CO 2
68.2 6 days 409 mol CO 2
day
2 mol LiOH
409 mol CO 2 = 818 mol LiOH
1 mol CO 2
23.95 g LiOH
818 mol LiOH 1.96 104 g LiOH
1 mol LiOH
89
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
105. We can compute the volume of Al that reacts with the given quantity of HCl.
1L 12.0 mol HCl 2 mol Al 27.0 g Al 1cm3
VAl 0.05 mL 0.002 cm3
1000 mL 1L 6 mol HCl 1mol Al 2.70 g Al
volume 0.002 cm3 10 mm
area 0.2 cm 2
thickness 0.10 mm 1cm
106. Here we need to determine the amount of HCl before and after reaction; the difference is
the amount of HCl that reacted.
1.035 mol HCl
initial amount HCl 0.05000 L 0.05175 mol HCl
1L
0.812 mol HCl
final amount HCl 0.05000 L 0.0406 mol HCl
1L
1 mol Zn 65.39 g Zn
mass Zn (0.05175 0.0406) mol HCl 0.365 g Zn
2 mol HCl 1 mol Zn
x + y = 1.005 g or y = 1.005 g – x
We then construct a second equation involving x that relates the mass of carbon dioxide formed to
the masses of ethanol and diethyl ether., viz.
90
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
# g Cu
115. % Cu (by mass) 100
0.7391 g mixture
Total moles AgNO3 = mol AgNO3 react with CuCl2 + mol AgNO3 react with FeCl3
0.1463 mol
Total moles AgNO3 = 0.8691 L = 0.01271 mol AgNO3
1L
To obtain an expression for the amount of AgNO3 consumed by the first reaction, convert from
grams of CuCl2 to moles of AgCl:
1 mol CuCl2 2 mol AgNO3
mol AgNO3 that reacts with CuCl2 x g CuCl2
134.45 g CuCl2 1 mol CuCl2
2x
mol AgNO3 that reacts with CuCl 2 = 0.014875x
134.45
To obtain an expression for the amount of AgNO3 consumed by the second reaction, convert from
grams of FeCl3 to moles of AgNO3:
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Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
0.1253 g Cu
% Cu 100 % 16.95 %
0.7391 g
116.
1 mol Cu 2
(a) mol Cu 2 48.7 g Cu 2 0.766 mol Cu 2 0.307 2.50 mol Cu 2
63.55 g Cu 2
2-
2- 1 mol CrO 4
2-
mol CrO 4 =35.6 g CrO 4 × = 0.307 mol CrO 4 2- ÷0.307
1.00 mol CrO 4 2-
115.99 g
1 mol OH -
-
mol OH =15.7 g OH × -
-
= 0.923 mol OH - ÷0.307
3.01 mol OH -
17.01 g OH
Empirical formula: Cu 5 (CrO 4 ) 2 (OH)6
118.
2 Al (s) + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2 Fe
1 mol Al 1 mol Fe 2 O3 159.69 g Fe 2 O3
mass of Fe 2 O3 2.5 g Al 7.4 g Fe 2O3 needed
26.982 g Al 2 mol Al 2 mol Fe 2 O3
Using 2.5 g Al2O3, only 7.4 g of Fe2O3 needed, but there are 9.5 g available. Therefore, Al
is the limiting reagent.
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Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
119. Compute the amount of AgNO3 in the solution on hand and the amount of AgNO3 in the
desired solution. the difference is the amount of AgNO3 that must be added; simply convert
this amount to a mass.
0.0500 mmol AgNO 3
amount AgNO 3 present 50.00 mL 2.50 mmol AgNO 3
1 mL soln
0.0750 mmol AgNO 3
amount AgNO 3 desired 100.0 mL 7.50 mmol AgNO 3
1 mL soln
1 mol AgNO 3 169.9 g Ag NO 3
mass AgNO 3 (7.50 2.50) mmol AgNO 3
1000 mmol AgNO 3 1 mol AgNO 3
0.850 g AgNO 3
120. The balanced equation for the reaction is: S8(s) + 4 Cl2(g) 4 S2Cl2(l)
Both “a” and “b” are consistent with the stoichiometry of this equation. Neither bottom row
box is valid. Box (c) does not account for all the S8, since we started out with 3 molecules,
but end up with 1 S8 molecule and 4 S2Cl2 molecules. Box (d) shows a yield of 2 S8
molecules and 8 S2Cl2 molecules so we ended up with more sulfur atoms than we started
with. This, of course, violates the Law of Conservation of Mass.
C3 N 3 OH 3
3 HNCO (g)
8 HNCO + 6 NO 2 7 N 2 + 8 CO 2 + 4 H 2 O
The above mole ratios are used to calculate moles of C3N3(OH)3 assuming 1.00 g of NO2.
1 mol NO 2 8 mol HNCO 1 mol C3 N 3 (OH)3
mass C3 N 3 (OH)3 1.00 g NO 2
46.00 g NO 2 6 mol NO 2 3 mol HNCO
129.1 g mol C3 N 3 (OH)3
1.25 g C3 N 3 (OH)3
1 mol C3 N 3 (OH)3
123. There are many ways one can go about answering this question. We must use all of the most
concentrated solution and dilute this solution down using the next most concentrated solution.
Hence, start with 345 mL of 01.29 M then add x mL of the 0.775 M solution. The value of x is
obtained by solving the following equation.
1.25 M =
1.29 M 0.345 L 0.775 M x
(0.345 x) L
1.25 M (0.345 x) L = 1.29 M 0.345 L 0.775 M x
043125 + 1.25x 0.44505 0.775 x Thus, 0.0138 0.475 x
x 0.029 L or 29 mL
A total of (29 mL + 345 mL) = 374 mL may be prepared this way.
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Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISES
135. The answer is (d). Start balancing in the following order: N, O, H and Cu
136. The answer is (d). To determine the number of moles of NH3, used the balanced equation:
2 mol NH 3
# moles NH 3 = 1 mol H 2 O = 0.666
3 mol H 2 O
137. The answer is (a). To determine the number of moles of NH3, use the balanced equation:
6 mol K 2SO 4
5 KMnO 4 = 15 mol K 2SO 4
2 mol KMnO 4
6 mol K 2SO 4
5 KI = 3 mol K 2SO 4
10 mol KI
6 mol K 2SO 4
5 H 2SO 4 = 3.75 mol K 2SO 4
8 mol H 2SO 4
138. The answer is (a). To determine the answer, used the balanced equation:
2 Ag 2 (CO3 ) (s) 4 Ag + 2 CO 2 + O 2
139. The answer is (c). To solve this, calculate the number of moles of NaNO3.
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Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
140. The answer is (d). There is no need for calculation, because a starting solution of 0.4 M is
needed to make a 0.50 M solution, and the only way to make a more concentrated solution
is to evaporate off some of the water.
141. The answer is (b). To determine the molarity, number of moles of LiBr need to be
determined first. Therefore, weight% concentration needs to be converted to number of
moles with the aid of the density:
1 mL
Volume of solution = mass / Density = 100 g sol'n = 96.15 mL
1.040g
1 mol LiBr
mol LiBr = 5.30 g LiBr = 0.0610 mol
86.84 g LiBr
0.0610 mol 1000 mL
Molarity = = 0.635 M
96.15 mL 1L
142. The answer is (d). To determine % yield, calculate the theoretical mole yield:
1 mol CCl2 F
mol CCl2 F = 2.00 mol CCl 4 = 2.00 mol CCl2 F
1 mol CCl4
1.70 mol
% yield = 100 = 85.0%
2.00 mol
143. To balance the below equations, balance C first, then O and finally H.
(a) 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O
(b) For this part, we note that 25% of the available carbon atoms in C8H18 form CO and the
remainder for CO2. Therefore,
2 C8H18 + 25 O2 → 12 CO2 + 4 CO + 18 H2O
144. To determine the compound, the number of moles of each compound needs to be
determined, which then helps determine number of moles of emitted CO2:
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Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
145. The answer is (b). First, the total amount of carbon in our mixture of CH4 and C2H6 must
be determined by using the amount of CO2
146. The answer is (c). To do this, perform a stepwise conversion of moles of reactants to moles
of products, as shown below:
96