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Joint À Gaz Sec - Un Aperçu - Sujets de ScienceDirect PDF
Joint À Gaz Sec - Un Aperçu - Sujets de ScienceDirect PDF
Compresseurs, Azote, Joint de gaz, Joint Huile, Évent principal, Gaz de procédé,
Seal Face
Guide d'échec
Robert Flitney, dans Flitney , dans Seals and Sealing Handbook (Sixth Edition) ,
2014
Normes et codes
Chris Kulhanek, ... Benjamin White, dans Kulhanek , ... Benjamin White , dans
Machines de compression pour le pétrole et le gaz , 2019
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Les joints à gaz sec sont considérés comme la technologie d'étanchéité standard
entre le gaz de procédé et les systèmes de lubrification des compresseurs
centrifuges. La norme API 692, première édition devrait couvrir les joints de gaz
secs du compresseur. Cependant, l'API 692 n'était pas publiée au moment de la
rédaction de ce livre. L'API 692 est prévu pour couvrir les exigences relatives aux
systèmes d'étanchéité au gaz sec, y compris les composants d'étanchéité au gaz sec
et les exigences relatives aux panneaux d'étanchéité.
Instrumentation et données
L'API 670 (2000) couvre la protection des machines et les systèmes de contrôle tels
que les interrupteurs d'alarme et d'arrêt. Alors que l'API 670 couvre de nombreux
sujets relatifs aux systèmes de protection et de contrôle, quelques éléments
notables sont répertoriés ci-dessous:
- L'API 670 (2000) fournit des normes minimales de conception, d'installation et
de précision pour les alarmes / interrupteurs d'arrêt et capteurs du boîtier. Il
couvre tous les instruments spécifiés dans les fiches techniques API 616 (1998).
- Tous les instruments et le câblage doivent être conformes aux classifications de
zone dangereuse NFPA 70 (2002).
- Les câbles de signal et d'alimentation doivent être séparés.
- Les alarmes et les interrupteurs d'arrêt doivent être des boîtiers en acier
inoxydable séparés et séparés. Ce n'est souvent pas pratique avec des capteurs
et des systèmes de contrôle modernes.
- Les roulements doivent avoir des capteurs de température métalliques.
Certains fabricants ne proposent cela qu'en option.
- Les butées axiales doivent avoir deux sondes de proximité. Une seule sonde de
proximité est généralement fournie.
La norme API 689 couvre la «collecte et l'échange de données de fiabilité et de
maintenance pour l'équipement». Cette norme est généralement référencée
davantage pour les grandes usines telles que les raffineries et les usines chimiques.
Cette norme fournit une base complète pour la collecte de données de fiabilité et
de maintenance (RM) dans un format standard pour l'équipement.
La norme décrit les principes de collecte de données et les termes et définitions
associés qui constituent un «langage de fiabilité» qui peut être utile pour
communiquer l'expérience opérationnelle. Cette norme décrit également les
pratiques de contrôle et d'assurance de la qualité des données afin de fournir des
conseils à l'utilisateur. L'API 689 établit les exigences pour les systèmes de données
RM et fournit des exemples, des directives et des principes pour les données RM.
L'API 689 est similaire à ISO 14224: 2006.
Scellés
Michael Forsthoffer, dans Forsthoffer , dans Forsthoffer's Component Condition
Monitoring , 2019
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Fig. 6.9 . Joint à gaz sec tandem sans labyrinthe intermédiaire.Joint à gaz sec
tandem sans labyrinthe intermédiaire.
Fig. 6.10 . Joint à gaz sec tandem avec laby intermédiaire.Joint à gaz sec tandem
avec laby intermédiaire.
Date:
Equipment #: Time:
Date:
Equipment #: Time:
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Date:
Equipment #: Time:
Notable from those tables, the two most important parameters that are not always
monitored and trended are primary vent control valve position and secondary drain
oil contamination. Most newer dry gas seals have a set back pressure in the
primary vent to optimize the life of the secondary seal by providing a DP across it,
but most importantly to monitor leakage of the secondary seal if that pressure
drops. The back pressure can be set by a typical pneumatic control valve with
electronic positioner. The position of this valve tells you ahead of time if one of the
seals is starting to leak excessively.
En ce qui concerne le drain secondaire, comme discuté précédemment dans cette
section, l'accumulation d'huile ne devrait pas s'accumuler dans cette zone. Il est
fortement recommandé de vidanger régulièrement l'huile de cette zone (en
utilisant un EPI approprié). Un voyant peut être installé dans ce drain pour
permettre une observation plus facile de l'huile dans cette zone du joint.
Joints rotatifs
Robert Flitney, dans Flitney , dans Seals and Sealing Handbook (Sixth Edition) ,
2014
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La conception du joint pour fournir un film de gaz rigide est importante afin qu'il
puisse s'adapter à des conditions transitoires telles queFigure 3.80 [37] .
Figure 3.78 . Modèle de rainure en spirale sur une face de joint de gaz sec.Modèle
de rainure en spirale sur une face de joint de gaz sec.
Source: John Crane.
Figure 3.79 . Profils de rainure à joint sec pour fournir une capacité de rotation
bidirectionnelle.Profils de rainure à joint sec pour fournir une capacité de rotation
bidirectionnelle.
Source: (a) Flowserve T + et (b) John Crane Chevron.
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tendency to reverse roll when stopped and also allows identical seals to be fitted to
both ends of a machine. These benefits are very dependent on the actual machine
involved and method of operation. The bidirectional design also potentially
provides more flexibility in the use of spares.
To enable a dry-gas seal to operate reliably under changing conditions, the seal’s
design very carefully takes account of the gas pressure forces, thermal gradients
and the restraint of the supporting structure. The cross-sectional profile is
normally designed to provide a relatively short axial length and deep radial profile
which allows the seal faces to adapt the radial profile to maintain the sealing gap.
Seals are available for turbo compressors and turbines that can operate at speeds in
excess of 200 m/s and pressures can be over 400 bar. The seals may be used singly
in nonhazardous situations, but the majority of seals are used in dual
arrangements designed for individual circumstances. These are discussed further
in section 3.4.6.15.
The use of dry-gas seals has also expanded into a number of seal arrangements for
liquid sealing. They are used directly as dry-gas seals, as a backup seal to a standard
liquid seal and also as a gas barrier seal for hazardous or toxic products. These are
discussed further in section 3.4.6.8 on application examples.
Gas seals are also being investigated within the automotive industry for possible
application as engine-crankshaft seals, where they may offer lower friction and
longer life than lip seals [38].
Introduction
Dry gas seals were introduced in the late 1960s but did not gain wide acceptance
until 20 years later as the ultimate solution to compressor seal oil system problems.
The dry gas seal was marketed as a ‘simple’ solution to seal oil system reliability
issues, but in reality, when one considers all the possible process and operational
related issues, its complexity rivals that of the oil systems. There is no doubt,
however, that a properly specified, selected and designed dry gas seal system will
positively prevent the ingress of oil into the process system and deliver high
degrees of safety and reliability.
This chapter will therefore present the best practices used since the mid-1980s for
developing and selecting DGS systems of the highest degree of safety and
reliability.
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Lessons Learned
Failure to consider specific plant operating conditions and seal system
lessons learned has resulted in dry gas seal systems of low MTBF (less than
12 months) and large revenue losses.
The following examples highlight omitted details in dry gas seal
specifications that have resulted in seal MTBFs of less than 12 months:
• Failure to identify the actual gas properties (sour gas, gas composition)
• Failure to identify saturated seal gas conditions at start-up, upset or
operating conditions
• Failure to properly specify maximum flare header pressure
• Failure to define the actual dew point of supplied nitrogen for
intermediate and separation gas
• Failure to prohibit the use of orifices in the secondary vent resulting in
seal pressure reversals
• Failure to specify oil sampling devices in the secondary seal vent port
(sight glasses, valves or automatic drainers) leading to secondary seal oil
contamination and eventual failure.
Benchmarks
This best practice has been used since the late 1990s to specify dry gas seal
system requirements during projects and for field modifications. This
approach has resulted in dry gas seal systems of the highest safety levels and
reliability (seal MTBFs greater than 90 months).
Turbomachinery
T.C. Allison, ... B. Ertas, in Fundamentals and Applications of Supercritical Carbon
Dioxide (sCO₂) Based Power Cycles, 2017
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Outboard of the dry gas seal and not shown in the figure is a separation seal, which
keeps the lube oil from migrating along the shaft from the bearings and into the
seal. The separation seal is also fed by a clean buffer gas, often air or nitrogen, and
may be a standard labyrinth seal or segmented carbon ring seal.
For compressors (and turbines prior to warm up), CO2 can create dry ice across the
seal face and potentially clogging the seal vents. To avoid this situation, the seal gas
supply is heated usually to 80–100°C thereby avoiding the multiphase dome and
dry ice regimes. The dry gas seal contains temperature-limited static seals between
the seal cartridge and the casing and between the shaft sleeve and shaft. Because
of this, most dry gas seals have a maximum operating temperature of 177°C.
Therefore, in high-temperature sCO2 turbines, the seal buffer gas also serves to
cool the seal. In this case, the seal gas must be supplied even after a hot shutdown
until the casing has cooled below this maximum temperature. In the event of a seal
failure, hot gas will overwhelm the buffer supply, so the internal components
should at least be made of a stainless steel alloy to avoid heat damage until the
loop can be blown down. Proper sizing of the seal vent should be analyzed to avoid
excessive backpressure that would exceed the separation seal supply between the
seal and bearing.
In sCO2 systems, the dry gas seal supply pressure is typically slightly above the
compressor inlet pressure. Because this is near the critical point, real gas
properties must be considered for detailed seal models. Thatte et al. (2016)
describe a multiscale coupled physics approach for fluid–structure–thermal
interactions in an sCO2 dry gas seal for a 10-MWe high-temperature expander
(Kalra et al., 2014) that includes sCO2-specific effects including sonic transitions,
possibility of phase change, and large variations in heat transfer coefficients.
Existing dry gas seals are also applied to shaft sizes that are typically 4–6 inches in
diameter (Bidkar et al., 2016c) and potentially up to 34.92 cm (John Crane, 2015).
For utility scale turbomachinery with larger shaft sizes, a commercially available dry
gas seal is not available. Bidkar et al. (2016c) describe the analysis and design of a
hydrodynamic face seal that is approximately 24 inches in diameter for a 450-MWe
sCO2 turbine (Bidkar et al., 2016a). Although the article concludes that a successful
design is achievable, the authors note specific design challenges with high heat
generation, thermal-induced coning, and the need for computationally intensive
coupled fluid–structure–thermal analysis supported by experimental testing.
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Figure 13-37. Tandem seal (courtesy Eagle Burgmann Germany GmbH & Co.
KG).
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Tandem dry gas seals and other geometric or configurational variations were
introduced in the late 1980s. These arrangements not only produced positive
sealing between process gas and lubricating oil, but were also a safe design. For
instance, with a tandem dry gas seal arrangement, should one seal fail (particularly
the one on the process side), the other provides adequate sealing until shutdown.
As stated earlier, turboexpanders are normally used in cryogenic processes to
produce isentropic expansion to cool down the process gas. Two common
applications are natural gas processing plants and chemical plants. In natural gas
processing plants, turboexpanders are installed to liquify heavier hydrocarbon
components and produce lean natural gas with specified dew point limits to meet
required standards. In chemical plants, turboexpanders are used to produce
refrigeration for cold box installations. In all except energy recovery applications,
there are gas-to-gas heat exchangers downstream of the turboexpander. Figure 6-
14 recaps a process flow diagram of a natural gas processing gas plant.
Figure 6-14. Process flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant.
The seals in turboexpanders must accomplish two objectives. Their first function is
to prevent cryogenic process gas leakage to the bearing housing where lubricating
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fluid is present. The second function is to prevent lubricating fluid, even in very
small quantities, from escaping to the process side. If the latter migration occurs,
lubricating fluid will freeze solid in the critical paths in the expander and any oil
mist that may escape the turboexpander will freeze solid in the gas-to-gas
exchangers. The former mishap may result in problems with turboexpander
operation, and the latter may result in plant shutdown for cleaning. Obviously,
neither condition is desirable.
The first documented use of dry gas seals in turboexpanders was in 1989. At that
time, an ethylene plant in Scotland worked with a dry gas seal manufacturer to
retrofit a turboexpander-integral gear-generator package. The partial success of
that project was sufficiently encouraging for both user plant and turboexpander
manufacturer to undertake a redesign of all three expander stages. Dry face or gas
seals were installed at that time.
This successful experience led to the design, manufacture, and use of
turboexpanders with dry gas seals. Table 6-2 lists the installations and major design
parameters of dry gas seals.
Min.
Press. Max.
Temp. Press. Max. Rated Year
NO. Project Application oF PSIA RPM Kw Comm.
3 ACR- Exp. Oil Brake Ethylene −227 625 46,200 475 1996
68-1 Plant
Purchasers of turboexpanders have occasionally demanded dry face (gas) seals with
design configurations and redundancy that duplicate the componentry in their
existing centrifugal compressors. Unfortunately, such duplication is not possible.
As was demonstrated in our earlier chapters, turboexpanders are machines with
high rotational speed and compact design. Figure 6-15 shows a cross-section of a
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turboexpander oil brake with oil bearings and labyrinth seal. The rotor consists of a
short shaft and overhung wheels (i.e., impellers located outside the bearings). The
space available on the shaft to install any type of seal is limited. Designs with a
tandem seal arrangement, particularly tandem dry gas seals, is either impractical or
physically impossible.
Figure 6-15. Cross-section of turboexpander oil brake with oil bearing and DFS.
Turboexpander manufacturers and dry gas seal vendors recognizing the above
limitation, worked together to develop a dry gas seal design that is an excellent
compromise given the space limitation and customer requirement. Figure 6-16
shows a cross-section of the dry gas seal developed for turboexpanders.
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The turboexpander dry gas seal consists of the conventional dry gas seal mating
ring and primary ring, an outboard labyrinth, an inboard labyrinth, and the cavity
to be vented, if desired. The outboard labyrinth reduces warm seal gas leakage to
the process side; efficiency deterioration is thus minimized. The inboard labyrinth,
on one hand, provides an additional seal between the process and lubricating
fluids. On the other hand, it allows injection of an inert gas, if desired. In the latter
case, inert gas leaks to the bearing side and to the cavity between the mating ring
and inboard labyrinth, where it can be directed to a vent or flare system.
Already three decades ago, some rather successful dry gas seal (DGS) applications
(Fig. 9.1.1) became viable sealing options. Although wet seals will probably remain
in contention for a while, a number of considerations have accelerated the
development of DGSs. As of this writing, seven years of uninterrupted compressor
service are no longer the exception for services with clean gases. This partially
explains why, over the past 20 years, DGSs have displaced many of the different
precursor seal styles. Another recent development began in about 2006 at a highly
innovative UK-based seal manufacturing company [1]. The company has taken on
both the design of their own and the successful refurbishmentde toutes sortes
d'assemblages DGS fournis à l'origine par d'autres fabricants de joints (ou
compresseurs). Les caractéristiques fonctionnelles des SGD sont décrites dans le
texte suivant, et ce chapitre donne également un aperçu des développements
connexes.
Fig. 9.1.1. Basic dry gas seal (à gauche) et schéma de flux de gaz associé, sur le côté
droit de l'image.
(Courtesy AESSEAL, plc, Rotherham, the United Kingdom.)
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