Appendix A 767

APPENDIX A | TABLE OF
INTEGRALS
Basic Integrals
n+1
1. ∫ u n du = un + 1 + C, n ≠ −1

2. ∫ du
u = ln |u| + C

3. ∫ e u du = e u + C
u
4. a +C
∫ a u du = lna

5. ∫ sin u du = −cos u + C
6. ∫ cos u du = sin u + C
7. ∫ sec 2 u du = tan u + C
8. ∫ csc 2 u du = −cot u + C
9. ∫ sec u tan u du = sec u + C
10. ∫ csc u cot u du = −csc u + C
11. ∫ tan u du = ln |sec u| + C
12. ∫ cot u du = ln |sin u| + C
13. ∫ sec u du = ln |sec u + tan u| + C
14. ∫ csc u du = ln |csc u − cot u| + C
15. ∫ du = sin −1 ua + C
a −u
2 2

16. ∫ du = 1 tan −1 u + C
a a
a2 + u2

17. ∫ du = 1a sec −1 ua + C
u u2 − a2

Trigonometric Integrals
18. ∫ sin 2 u du = 12 u − 14 sin 2u + C
768 Appendix A

19. ∫ cos 2 u du = 12 u + 14 sin 2u + C

20. ∫ tan 2 u du = tan u − u + C

21. ∫ cot 2 u du = −cot u − u + C
22. ∫ sin 3 u du = − 1 ⎛⎝2 + sin 2 u⎞⎠ cos u + C
3

23. ∫ cos 3 u du = 13 ⎛⎝2 + cos 2 u⎞⎠ sin u + C

24. ∫ tan 3 u du = 12 tan 2 u + ln |cos u| + C

25. ∫ cot 3 u du = − 1 cot 2 u − ln |sin u| + C

2

26. ∫ sec 3 u du = 12 sec u tan u + 12 ln |sec u + tan u| + C

27. ∫ csc 3 u du = − 1 csc u cot u + 1 ln |csc u − cot u| + C

2 2

28. ∫ sin n u du = − 1n sin n − 1 u cos u + n − 1

n ∫ sin
n−2
u du

29. ∫ cos n u du = 1n cos n − 1 u sin u + n −n 1 ∫ cos n − 2 u du

30. ∫ tan n u du = n −1 1 tan n − 1 u − ∫ tan n − 2 u du

31. ∫ cot n u du = n−1 cot n − 1 u − ∫ cot n − 2 u du

−1

32. ∫ sec n u du = n −1 1 tan u sec n − 2 u + nn −− 21 ∫ sec n − 2 u du

33. ∫ csc n u du = n−1 cot u csc n − 2 u + n − 2 ∫ csc n − 2 u du

−1 n−1
− b)u sin(a + b)u
34. ∫ sin au sin bu du = sin(a
2(a − b)
−
2(a + b)
+C

− b)u sin(a + b)u

35. ∫ cos au cos bu du = sin(a
2(a − b)
+
2(a + b)
+C

cos(a − b)u cos(a + b)u

36. ∫ sin au cos bu du = −
2(a − b)
−
2(a + b)
+C

37. ∫ u sin u du = sin u − u cos u + C

38. ∫ u cos u du = cos u + u sin u + C
39. ∫ u n sin u du = −u n cos u + n∫ u n − 1 cos u du
40. ∫ u n cos u du = u n sin u − n∫ u n − 1 sin u du

∫ sin nu cos m u du = − sin

n−1
u cos m + 1 u + n − 1 ∫ sin n − 2 u cos m u du
n+m n+m
41.
n+1
= sin u cos m − 1 u + m − 1 ∫ sin n u cos m − 2 u du
n+m n+m

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Appendix A 769

Exponential and Logarithmic Integrals

42. ∫ ue au du = 1 (au − 1)e au + C
a2

43. ∫ u n e au du = 1a u n e au − na ∫ u n − 1 e au du
44. ∫ e au sin bu du = e au (asin bu − b cos bu) + C
a + b2
2

45. ∫ e au cos bu du = e au (a cos bu + b sin bu) + C

a + b2
2

46. ∫ lnu du = u lnu − u + C

47. ∫ u nlnu du = u n + 1 ⎡⎣(n + 1)lnu − 1⎤⎦ + C

(n + 1) 2

48. 1 du = ln lnu + C
∫ u lnu | |

Hyperbolic Integrals
49. ∫ sinh u du = cosh u + C
50. ∫ cosh u du = sinh u + C
51. ∫ tanh u du = lncosh u + C
52. ∫ coth u du = ln |sinh u| + C
53. ∫ sech u du = tan −1 |sinh u| + C
54.
|
∫ csch u du = ln tanh 12 u + C|
55. ∫ sech 2 u du = tanh u + C
56. ∫ csch 2 u du = −coth u + C
57. ∫ sech u tanh u du = −sech u + C
58. ∫ csch u coth u du = −csch u + C

Inverse Trigonometric Integrals

59. ∫ sin −1 u du = u sin −1 u + 1 − u2 + C

60. ∫ cos −1 u du = u cos −1 u − 1 − u2 + C

61. ∫ tan −1 u du = u tan −1 u − 12 ln ⎛⎝1 + u 2⎞⎠ + C

∫ u sin −1 u du = 2u 4− 1 sin −1 u + u 1 − u2 + C
2
62.
4
770 Appendix A

∫ u cos −1 u du = 2u 4− 1 cos −1 u − u 1 − u2 + C
2
63.
4

∫ u tan −1 u du = u + 1 tan −1 u − u + C
2
64.
2 2
⎡ n+1 ⎤
65. ∫ u n sin −1 u du = n +1 1 ⎢u n + 1 sin −1 u − ∫ u du ⎥, n ≠ −1
⎣ 1 − u2 ⎦
⎡ n+1 ⎤
66. ∫ u n cos −1 u du = n +1 1 ⎢u n + 1 cos −1 u + ∫ u du ⎥, n ≠ −1
⎣ 1 − u2 ⎦

∫ u n tan −1 u du = n +1 1 ⎡⎣u n + 1 tan −1 u − ∫ u du ⎤, n ≠ −1

n+1

1 + u2 ⎦
67.

Integrals Involving a2 + u2, a > 0

2 ⎛ ⎞
68. ∫ a 2 + u 2 du = u a 2 + u 2 + a ln ⎝u + a 2 + u 2⎠ + C
2 2
4 ⎛ ⎞
69. ∫ u2 a 2 + u 2 du = u ⎛⎝a 2 + 2u 2⎞⎠ a 2 + u 2 − a ln ⎝u + a 2 + u 2⎠ + C
8 8

70. ∫ a 2 + u 2 du = a 2 + u 2 − a ln a + a 2 + u 2 + C
u u
| |
a 2 + u 2 du = − a 2 + u 2 + ln ⎛u + a 2 + u 2⎞ + C
71. ∫ u ⎝ ⎠
u2
du ⎛ ⎞
72. ∫ = ln ⎝u + a 2 + u 2⎠ + C
a +u 2 2

u 2 du = u ⎛ a 2 + u 2⎞ − a 2 ln ⎛u + a 2 + u 2⎞ + C
73. ∫ ⎝ ⎠ 2 ⎝ ⎠
a2 + u2 2

74. ∫ du
u a +u 2
= − 1a ln a +uu + a + C
2
2 2

| |
du = − a 2+ u + C
2 2
75. ∫
u 2
a +u
2 2 a u

76. ∫ du = u +C
⎛ 2
u 2⎞⎠
3/2
a 2
a2 + u2
⎝a +

Integrals Involving u2 − a2, a > 0

u 2 − a 2 du = u u 2 − a 2 − a ln u + u 2 − a 2 + C
2
77. ∫ 2 2 | |
u 2 − a 2 du = u ⎛⎝2u 2 − a 2⎞⎠ u − a − a ln u + u − a + C
4
8 | |
78. ∫ u2 8
2 2 2 2

79. ∫ u 2 − a 2 du = u 2 − a 2 − acos −1 a + C
u |u|

u 2 − a 2 du = − u 2 − a 2 + ln u + u 2 − a 2 + C
80. ∫
u2
u | |
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Appendix A 771

du
81. ∫
u −a22 |
= ln u + u 2 − a 2 + C
|
u 2 du = u u 2 − a 2 + a 2 ln u + u 2 − a 2 + C
82. ∫
u2 − a2 2 2 | |
83. ∫ du = u 2− a + C
2 2

u2 u2 − a2 a u

84. ∫ du =− u +C
⎛ 2
a 2⎞⎠
3/2
a 2
u2 − a2
⎝u −

Integrals Involving a2 − u2, a > 0

a 2 − u 2 du = u a 2 − u 2 + a sin −1 ua + C
2
85. ∫ 2 2

a 2 − u 2 du = u ⎛⎝2u 2 − a 2⎞⎠ a 2 − u 2 + a sin −1 ua + C

4
86. ∫ u2 8 8

87. ∫ a 2 − u 2 du = a 2 − u 2 − aln a + a 2 − u 2 + C
u u
| |
88. ∫ a 2 − u 2 du = − 1 a 2 − u 2 − sin −1 u + C
u a
u2

89. ∫ u 2 du = − u a 2 − u 2 + a 2 sin −1 u + C
u 2 a
a2 − u2

90. ∫ du
u a −u 2
= − 1a ln a + au − u + C
2
2 2

| |
91. ∫ du = − 12 a 2 − u 2 + C
u2 a2 − u2 a u

∫ ⎛⎝a 2 − u 2⎞⎠ du = − u ⎛⎝2u 2 − 5a 2⎞⎠ a 2 − u 2 + 3a sin −1 ua + C

3/2 4
92.
8 8

93. ∫ du = − u +C
⎛ 2 2⎞
3/2
a2 a2 − u2
⎝a −u ⎠

Integrals Involving 2au − u2, a > 0

2au − u 2 du = u − a 2au − u 2 + a cos −1 ⎛⎝a − u⎞
2
94. ∫ 2 2 a ⎠+C

95. ∫ du = cos −1 ⎛⎝a − u⎞

a ⎠+C
2au − u 2

2au − u 2 du = 2u − au − 3a 2au − u 2 + a cos −1 ⎛⎝a − u⎞

2 2 3
96. ∫u 6 2 a ⎠+C

97. ∫ du = − 2auau− u + C
2

u 2au − u 2
772 Appendix A

Integrals Involving a + bu, a ≠ 0

98. ∫ au+dubu = 1 ⎛⎝a + bu − aln a + bu ⎞⎠ + C
| |
b2

∫ au + du
2
1 ⎡(a + bu) 2 − 4a(a + bu) + 2a 2 ln a + bu ⎤ + C
99. = ⎣ | |⎦
bu 2b 3

100. ∫ u(a du = 1 ln u
+ bu) a a + bu | | +C

du 1 + b ln a + bu + C
101. ∫
u (a + bu)
2
= − au
a2
u | |
102. ∫ u du = a + 1 ln |a + bu| + C
(a + bu) 2 b 2 (a + bu) b 2

u du − 1 ln a +u bu + C
103. ∫ = 1
u (a + bu) 2 a(a + bu) a 2 | |
u 2 du = 1 ⎛a + bu − a 2 − 2aln a + bu ⎞ + C
(a + bu) 2 b 3 ⎝
104. ∫ a + bu | |⎠

105. ∫u a + bu du = 2 (3bu − 2a)(a + bu) 3/2 + C

15b 2

106. ∫ u du = 2 (bu − 2a) a + bu + C

a + bu 3b 2

∫ u 2 du = 2 ⎛8a 2 + 3b 2 u 2 − 4abu⎞ a + bu + C
107. ⎝ ⎠
a + bu 15b 3

du = 1 ln a + bu − a + C, if a > 0
108.
∫
u a + bu a a + bu + a | |
= 2 tan − 1 a + bu
−a + C, if a < 0
−a

109. ∫ a + bu du = 2 a + bu + a∫ du
u u a + bu

110. ∫ a + bu du = − a + bu + b ∫ du
u 2 u a + bu
u2
⎡ n ⎤
∫ un u (a + bu) 3/2 − na∫ u n − 1 a + bu du⎦
b(2n + 3) ⎣
111. a + bu du = 2

112. ∫ u n du = 2u n a + bu − 2na ∫ u n − 1 du
a + bu b(2n + 1) b(2n + 1) a + bu

du a + bu b(2n − 3) du
113. ∫ n = − n
− ∫
2a(n − 1) u n − 1 a + bu
u a + bu a(n − 1)u − 1

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Appendix B 773

APPENDIX B | TABLE OF
DERIVATIVES
General Formulas
1. d (c) = 0
dx

2. d ⎛⎝ f (x) + g(x)⎞⎠ = f ′ (x) + g′ (x)

dx

3. d ⎛⎝ f (x)g(x)⎞⎠ = f ′ (x)g(x) + f (x)g′ (x)

dx

4. d (x n) = nx n − 1, for real numbers n

dx

5. d ⎛⎝c f (x)⎞⎠ = c f ′ (x)

dx

6. d ⎛⎝ f (x) − g(x)⎞⎠ = f ′ (x) − g′ (x)

dx
⎛ f (x) ⎞ g(x) f ′ (x) − f (x)g′ (x)
7. d
dx ⎝ g(x) ⎠
= ⎛ ⎞2
⎝g(x)⎠

8. d ⎡⎣ f ⎛⎝g(x)⎞⎠⎤⎦ = f ′ ⎛⎝g(x)⎞⎠ · g′ (x)

dx

Trigonometric Functions
9. d (sin x) = cos x
dx

10. d (tanx) = sec 2 x

dx

11. d (secx) = sec x tan x

dx

12. d (cos x) = −sin x

dx

13. d (cotx) = −csc 2 x

dx

14. d (cscx) = −csc x cot x

dx

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

15. d ⎛⎝sin −1 x⎞⎠ = 1
dx 1 − x2

16. d ⎛⎝tan −1 x⎞⎠ = 1

dx 1 + x2

17. d ⎛⎝sec −1 x⎞⎠ = 1

dx
| x| x 2 − 1
774 Appendix B

18. d ⎛⎝cos −1 x⎞⎠ = − 1

dx 1 − x2

19. d ⎛⎝cot −1 x⎞⎠ = − 1

dx 1 + x2

20. d ⎛⎝csc −1 x⎞⎠ = − 1

dx
| x| x 2 − 1

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

21. d (e x) = e x
dx

22. d (ln |x|) = 1x

dx

23. d (b x) = b x lnb
dx

24. d ⎛⎝log b x⎞⎠ = 1

dx x lnb

Hyperbolic Functions
25. d (sinh x) = cosh x
dx

26. d (tanh x) = sech 2 x

dx

27. d (sech x) = −sech x tanh x

dx

28. d (cosh x) = sinh x

dx

29. d (coth x) = −csch 2 x

dx

30. d (csch x) = −csch x coth x

dx

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

31. d ⎛⎝sinh −1 x⎞⎠ = 1
dx x +1
2

32. d ⎛⎝tanh −1 x⎞⎠ = 1 (|x| < 1)

dx 1 − x2

33. d ⎛⎝sech −1 x⎞⎠ = − 1 (0 < x < 1)

dx x 1 − x2

34. d ⎛⎝cosh −1 x⎞⎠ = 1 (x > 1)

dx x −1
2

35. d ⎛⎝coth −1 x⎞⎠ = 1 (|x| > 1)

dx 1 − x2

36. d ⎛⎝csch −1 x⎞⎠ = − 1 (x ≠ 0)

dx
| x| 1 + x 2

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Appendix C 775

APPENDIX C | REVIEW OF
PRE-CALCULUS
Formulas from Geometry
A = area, V = Volume, and S = lateral surface area

Formulas from Algebra

Laws of Exponents

xm xn = xm + n xm = xm − n (x m) n = x mn
xn
⎛x ⎞
n n
x −n = 1 (xy) n = x n y n ⎝y ⎠ = xn
xn y
nx n
x 1/n = n
x n
xy = n n
x y x
y = n
y
n m
x m/n = x = (n x) m

Special Factorizations

x 2 − y 2 = (x + y)(x − y)
x 3 + y 3 = (x + y)⎛⎝x 2 − xy + y 2⎞⎠
x 3 − y 3 = (x − y)⎛⎝x 2 + xy + y 2⎞⎠

Quadratic Formula

If ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then x = −b ± b − 4ca .
2
2a
776 Appendix C

Binomial Theorem
⎛n⎞ ⎛n⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ n−1
(a + b) n = a n + ⎝ ⎠a n − 1 b + ⎝ ⎠a n − 2 b 2 + ⋯ + ⎝ ab + b n,
1 2 n − 1⎠
⎛n⎞ n(n − 1)(n − 2) ⋯ (n − k + 1) n!
where ⎝ ⎠ = =
k k(k − 1)(k − 2) ⋯ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 k !(n − k) !

Formulas from Trigonometry

Right-Angle Trigonometry
opp hyp
sinθ = cscθ = opp
hyp
adj hyp
cosθ = secθ =
hyp adj

opp adj
tanθ = cotθ = opp
adj

Trigonometric Functions of Important Angles

θ Radians sinθ cosθ tanθ

0° 0 0 1 0

30° π/6 1/2 3/2 3/3

45° π/4 2/2 2/2 1

60° π/3 3/2 1/2 3

90° π/2 1 0 —

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Appendix C 777

Fundamental Identities

sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 sin(−θ) = −sinθ

1 + tan θ = sec θ
2 2
cos(−θ) = cosθ
1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ tan(−θ) = −tanθ
⎛ ⎞
sin⎝π − θ⎠ = cosθ sin(θ + 2π) = sinθ
2
⎛ ⎞
cos⎝π − θ⎠ = sinθ cos(θ + 2π) = cosθ
2
⎛ ⎞
tan⎝π − θ⎠ = cotθ tan(θ + π) = tanθ
2

Law of Sines
sin A = sin B = sinC
a b c

Law of Cosines

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C

Addition and Subtraction Formulas

sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
sin(x − y) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y
cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y
cos(x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
tan x + tany
tan(x + y) =
1 − tan x tany
tan x − tany
tan(x − y) =
1 + tan x tany

Double-Angle Formulas
sin 2x = 2sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x = 2cos 2 x − 1 = 1 − 2sin 2 x
tan 2x = 2tan x
1 − tan 2 x
778 Appendix C

Half-Angle Formulas

sin 2 x = 1 − cos 2x
2
cos x =
2 1 + cos 2x
2

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