7 ...............................

7 ....................................................................................................... 1-1

8 ....................................................................................................... 1-2

8 ............................................................................................... 1-3

11 ..................................................................................... 1-4

11 ......................................................................... 1-4-1

12 .......................................................................... 1-4-2

12 .....................................................................

13 .......................................................................

14 ....................................................................................... 1-4-3

14 ...........................................................................

15 .......................................................................

16 .................................................................. 1-4-4

17 ........................................................................... 1-4-5

17 ................................................................................... Automatic

17 .......................................................................................... Static
18 ...................................................................................... Register

18 ................................................................................ 1-4-6
 540

19 ................................................................................... 1-5

20 ........................................................................................ 1-6

21 .......................................................... 1-6-1

22 ..............................................................

24 ...................................................... 1-6-2

24 ......................................................................

25 .......................................................................

26 ................................................. 1-6-3

26 .............................................................................

26 ...........................................................................

27 .................................................................

27 ........................................................................... 1-6-4

28 ............................................................................ 1-6-5

29 ............................................................................................ 1-7

29 ............................................................................. WHILE 1-7-1

31 ....................................................................... DO/WHILE 1-7-2

33 ..................................................................................FOR 1-7-3

34 ..................................................................................... IF/ELSE 1-7-4

34 ....................................................................................... If

35 ................................................................................ If/Else

37 ...........................................................................

38 .......................................................................... SWITCH/CASE 1-7-5

39 .................................................... BREAK, CONTINUE, GOTO 1-7-6
40 .......................................................................................... Break
 541

42 ....................................................... A

45 ........................................................................................................ 1-8

47 ................................................................. 1-8-1

49 ................................................................. 1-8-2

50 ...................................................................... (recursion) 1-8-3

52 ........................................ B

55 ...................................................................................... 1-9

55 .................................................................... (Pointers) 1-9-1

59 .......................................................................... (Arrays) 1-9-2

62 ................................................................ 1-9-3

64 ................................................................. 1-9-4

66 ...................................... C

69 ........................................................................................ 1-10

69 .......................................................................... (structures) 1-10-1

72 ................................................................................. 1-10-2

73 ................................................................... 1-10-3

74 ..................................................................... (Unions) 1-10-4

77 ....................................................................... TYEPDEF 1-10-5

77 .................................................................... 1-10-6

79 .......................................................................... SIZEOF 1-10-7

80 .............................................................................................. 1-11

80 ..................................................................... 1-11-1

83 ................................................................................... 1-11-2
 542

83 ...................................................................... 1-11-3

84 ................................................................................... sfrw sfrb

87 ................................................................................ 1-12

87 ................................................................... 1-12-1

90 ................................................................................... 1-12-2

97 ........................................................................................... 1-13

98 ........................................................................................................ 1-14

100 ......................................................................................... 1-15

103 ........................... Atmel RISC

103...................................................................................... 2-1

103 ...................................................................................................... 2-2

104 ............................................................................... 2-3

105 ..................................................................................................... 2-4

106 ............................................................ 2-4-1

107 ............................................................................ 2-4-2

108 ..................................................................................

108 ............................................................................... I/O

109 .......................................................................... SRAM

111 ...................................................................... EEPROM 2-4-3

113 ......................................................... A
 543

114 .............................................................. 2-5

115 ............................................................................... 2-5-1

119 ............................................................ (RESET) 2-5-2

119 .................................... Reset watchdog

122 ................................................................... 2-6

123 .......................................................... B : 2

127 .......................................................................................... 2-7

128 .................................. 2-7-1

128 ........................................................................ Timer 0 2-7-2

132 ...................................................................... Timer 1 2-7-3

133 ............................................................ Timer 1

133 .................................................. Timer 1

137 ..................................................Timer 1

141 ......................................... Timer 1

147 ..................................................................... TIMER 2 2-7-4

148 ........................................................... C :2

148 ......... Timer 0

149 .................................... Timer 1

151 ............................ Timer 1

152 ........................................................UART 2-8

161 .................................................................................. 2-9

161 ....................................... 2-9-1

162 ............................................... 2-9-2

 544

167 ........................................................... 2-9-3

169 .......................................................... D : 2

169 ...........

171 ........................................

172 ............................................................ SPI 2-10

177 .................................. AVR 2-11

180 ......................................................................................... 2-12

180 ........................................................... E :2

185 ...................................................................................................... 2-13

186 ......................................................................................... 2.14

189 ................ I/O

189...................................................................................... 3-1

190 ..................................................................................................... 3-2

190 ............................... putchar( ) getchar( ) / 3-3

196 ................................................................................ 3-4

197 ........................................................................... PUTS( ) 3-4-1

197 ............................................................................. putsf( ) 3-4-2

198 ....................................................................... PRINTF( ) 3-4-3

201 ......................................................................SPRINTF( ) 3-4-4

202 ................................................................................ 3-5

203 ........................................................................... GETS( ) 3-5-1

 545

204 ...................................................................... SCANF( ) 3-5-2

206 ...................................................................... SSCANF( ) 3-5-3

207 ............................................................................. 3-6

207 ...................................................................... #include 3-6-1

208 ........................................................................ #define 3-6-2

211 ...................................... #ifdef, #ifndef, #else, #endif 3-6-3

216 ...................................................................... #pragma 3-6-4

216 ........................................................................... #pragma warn

217 ............................................................................. #pragma opt

217 ........................................................................ #pragma optsize

218 ....................................................................... #pragma savereg

219 ....................................................................... #pragma regalloc
219 ............................................................... #pragma promotechar

220 .......................................................................... #pragma uchar

220 ........................................................................ #pragma library

220 ................................................... 3-6-5

221 .......................................................................................... 3-7

222 ...................................................................................................... 3-8

222 ......................................................................................... 3-9

225 ............................IDE CodeVisionAVR

225...................................................................................... 4-1

225 ..................................................................................................... 4-2

 546

226 .............................................................................................. IDE 4-3

226 .................................................................................. 4-3-1

227 ...................................................................

228 .................................................................

229 .........................................................................

230 ............................................................................

230 .......................................................................... 4-3-2

230 .............................................................

230 .............................................................

232 ...............................................

234 .......................................................................... 4-3-3

235 .......................................................................... 4-3-4

236 .................................................................... 4-3-5

238 ...................................................................................... C 4-4

239 ..................................................................................... UART 4-4-1

239 ........................................................................... 4-4-2

239 ..................................................................................... 4-4-3

240 .............................................................................. 4-4-4

240 .......................................................................... SRAM 4-4-5

240 ................................................................................... 4-4-6

242 ............................................................................... 4-5

242 ....................................................................... 4-5-1

244 ............................................................................. 4-5-2

 547

245 ................................................................................ 4-6

245 ..................................................................................... 4-6-1

246 .................................................................. FLASH EEPROM 4-6-2

248 ...................................................................... FLASH 4-6-3

248 ................................................................................ 4-6-4

248 ................................ Boot Lock Bit 1 Boot Lock Bit 0 4-6-5

249 .................................................................... (Signature) 4-6-6

249 ............................................................................ 4-6-7

249 ......................................................................... 4-6-8

250 ......................................................................... 4-6-9

250 ................................................................... 4-6-10

253 ................................................................. CodeWizardAVR 4-7

255 ............................................................................. Chip 4-7-1

256 ............................................................................. Ports 4-7-2

257 ................................................................. External IRQ 4-7-3

258 .......................................................................... Timers 4-7-4

259 ........................................................................... UART 4-7-5

260 ............................................................................. ADC 4-7-6

261 ......................................................... Project Information 4-7-7

263 .................................................................. 4-7-8

273 ......................................................................................... Terminal 4-8

275 ......................................................................... Atmel AVR Studio 4-9

276 .......................... AVR Studio coff 4-9-1

 548

276 ................................... CodeVisionAVR AVR Studio 4-9-2

276 ......................................................... 4-9-3

277 ......................................... 4-9-4

278 ........................................................ 4-9-5

278 ........................................... 4-9-6

279 ............................................................ 4-9-7

279 .......................................................................................... 4-10

280 .................................................................................................... 4-11

282 ......................................................................................... 4-12

283 ....................................................
283 ................................................................................................... 5-1

283 ..................................................................................................... 5-2

283 ................................................................................. 5-3

284 ..................................................................... 5-4

284 ......................................................................... 5-4-1

285 ........................................................................ 5-4-2

288 .............................................................. 5-4-3

289 ........................................... 5-4-4

289 ................................... 5-4-5

290 ................................................................. 5-4-6

290 ........................................................................ 5-4-7

 549

290 ................................................................... 5-5

291 .............................................................. 5-6

291 .......................................................................... 5-6-1

292 ......................................................................... 5-6-2

294 .................................................................

294 ................................................................

296 .........................................................

298 ........................................... 5-6-3

299 ...........................................................................

301 ..........................................................................

302 ....................................................................................

303 .............................................................................

303 .............................................................................

307 ............................................................................

310 ....................................................................

311 ...........................................................

312 .........................................................................

312 .........................................................................

313 ................................................ 5-6-4

315 ....................................................................

315 .................................................................

315 .................................................................... MHz900

316 ............................................................................
 550

316 ............................................... 5-6-5

318 .................................................. 5-6-6

318 ................................................................. MHz900

320 ............................................................................

320 ................................................. 5-6-7

323 .............................................................. 5-6-8

323 .............................................................................

323 .............................................................................

324 ...........................................................................

324 ...................................................................

324 ..........................................................................

324 ........................................................................

325 ......................................................

325 ........................................... 5-6-9

326 ....................................................

328 .....................................................

333 .......... 5-6-10

336 ..............

337 ............................................................................

338 .............................................................................

338 ....................................................... RF

343 ............ 5-6-11

344 ...............................................................
 551

347 ....................................................

348 ...........................................................

351 ............................................................. RF

355 ...........................................

357 .........................................

362 ................................................... LCD

366 .........................................................................

371 ................................................................

375 ................................................................. 5-6-12

380 .................................................................................................. 5-7

380 .......................................................................................... 5-8

381 .................................................................................................... 5-9

382 ......................................................................................... 5-10

383 .........................................
384 ......................................................................

388 ................................................................................................ abs

388 ................................................................................................ acos

389 ................................................................................................ asin

390 ................................................................................................ atan

390 .............................................................................................. atan 2

391 ................................................................................. atof, atoi, atol

 552

392 ........................................................................................... bcd2bin

393 ........................................................................................... bin2bcd

394 ........................................................... bin2grayc, bin2gray, bin2grayI

395 ................................................................................................ Cabs

395 ................................................................................................ Ceil

396 ............................................................................................... cmax

396 ................................................................................................ cmin

396 ................................................................................................ Cos

397 ............................................................................................... Cosh

397 ................................................................................................ csign

397 ......................................................................................... delay_ms

399 .......................................................................................... delay_us

401 ................................................................................................ exp

401 ............................................................................ extended_standby

402 ................................................................................................ fabs

402 ................................................................................................ floor

402 ................................................................................................ fmax

403 ................................................................................................ fmin

403 ............................................................................................... fmod

403 ............................................................................................... frexp

405 ................................................................................................ fsign

405 ................................................................................................ ftoa

406 ................................................................................................ ftoe

 553

407 ............................................................................................ getchar

408 ................................................................................................ *gets

409 ......................................................... gray2binI, gray2bin, gray2binc

410 ................................................................................................ idle

411 ............................................................................................ isalnum

411 ............................................................................................. isalpha

412 ............................................................................................... isascii

412 .............................................................................................. iscntrl

413 .............................................................................................. isdigit

413 ............................................................................................. islower

414 .............................................................................................. isprint

414 ............................................................................................. ispunct

415 ................................................................................................ isqrt

415 ............................................................................................. isspace

416 ............................................................................................ isupper

416 ............................................................................................. isxdigit

417 ................................................................................................ itoa

418 ................................................................................................ labs

418 ............................................................................................... ldexp

418 ................................................................................................ lmax

419 ................................................................................................ lmin

419 ................................................................................................ log

419 ............................................................................................... log10

 554

420 ................................................................................................ lsign

420 ................................................................................................ lsqrt

420 ................................................................................................ ltoa

421 ................................................................................................ max

422 ....................................................................................... *memccpy

423 ......................................................................................... *memchr

424 ..................................................................... memcmp, memcmpf

425 .................................................................... *memcpy *memcpyf

426 ...................................................................................... *memmove

427 .......................................................................................... *memset

428 ................................................................................................ min

428 ............................................................................................... modf

429 .............................................................................. peekb peekw

429 .............................................................................. pokeb, pokew

431 ................................................................................................ pow

431 ...................................................................................... powerdown

433 ........................................................................................ powersave

433 ............................................................................................... printf

436 ............................................................................................ putchar

437 ................................................................................................ puts

438 ................................................................................................ putsf

439 ................................................................................................ rand

440 ................................................................................................ scanf

 555

443 ................................................................................................ sign

444 ................................................................................................ sin

444 ................................................................................................ sinh

445 .................................................................................... sleep_disable

446 .................................................................................... sleep_enable

448 ................................................................................................ spi

450 ................................................................................................ sqrt

451 ............................................................................................... srand

451 .............................................................................................. sscanf

453 ............................................................................................ standby

454 .............................................................................. *strcat, *strcatf

455 ............................................................................ *strcpy *strcpyf

456 ............................................................................. strcspnf, strcspn

457 ................................................................................ strlen strlenf

458 .......................................................................... *strncat *strncatf

459 ........................................................................... strncmp, strcmpf

460 .................................................................... *strncpyf * strncpy

461 ....................................................................... * strpbrk *strpbrkf

462 ...............................................................................................strops

463 ............................................................................................ *strrchr

464 ..................................................................... * strrpbrk *strrpbrkf

465 ............................................................................................. strrpos

466 .............................................................................. strspn strspnf

 556

467 ............................................................................... *strstr *strstrf

468 ............................................................................................ *strtokt

470 ................................................................................................ tan

471 ................................................................................................ tanh

471 .............................................................................................. toascii

472 ................................................................................................ toint

472 ............................................................................................ tolower

473 ............................................................................................ toupper

CodeVisionAVR

474 ............................... STK500

475................................................................................................

475 ................................................................................................................

476 ................................................................................................

478 ..............................................................................................

478 ................................................. CodeWizardAVR

479 ..............................................................................

480 ............................................................................... Timer 1

481 ....................................................................................................

483 ...............................................................

486 ........................................................................................................
 557

488 .....................................................................

490 ..................................................................................................

493 ................................... AVR

494 ................................................................. SPI

496 .................................................................................

496 ...............................................................................

499 ......................... TheCableAVR

500......................................................................................

501 ......................................................................................................

501 ..................................................................................... TheCableAVR

502 .......................................................................................

502 ......................................................................................

503 ...................................... (Device Parameters)

506 ....................................................... Flash (Program) Area

507 ................................................................ EEPROM Area

507 .......................................................................... Statistics

508 .............................................................................

509 ......................................................................
 558

510 ......................................................................................

511 ................................................................... TheCableAVR

512 ........................................................................................

512 ...................................................................................

513 .......................................................................... SPI

513 ...................................................................

513 .....................................................................................

513 ............................................................

515 .............................. MegaAVR-DEV

519 .............................................. ASCII

525 ........................ AVR

531 ....................................

539 ..............................................................