F1

T1 F2
CA1 T2
CB1 CR1
FJ
TJO

FJ
TJO
F3
T3
CR CA CB CR CP1 CP2

k1
A+R→ P1
k2
B + 2R → P2

OVERALL MASS BALANCE

Assumptions:

✓ No Spatial Variation
✓ Incompressible Fluid

𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = ∑ 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞 − ∑ 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞

𝐈𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐭

dM
= ρ1 F1 + ρ2 F2 − ρ3 F3
dt

M = ρV

dρ3 V
= ρ1 F1 + ρ2 F2 − ρ3 F3
dt

Incompressible Fluid ρ1 = ρ2 = ρ3 = ρ

dV dρ3
ρ3 +V = ρ1 F1 + ρ2 F2 − ρ3 F3
dt dt

dρ3
= 0 [No spatial variation thus no change in density]
dt
 dV
ρ = ρ (F1 + F2 − F3 )
dt

𝐝𝐕
= 𝐅𝟏 + 𝐅𝟐 − 𝐅𝟑
𝐝𝐭

COMPONENT MASS BALANCES

✓ COMPONENT A

𝐝𝐧𝐀
= 𝐂𝐀𝟏 𝐅𝟏 + 𝟎𝐅𝟐 − 𝐂𝐀 𝐅𝟑 − (−𝐫𝐀 𝐕)
𝐝𝐭

dnA dCA V dCA dV

= =V + CA
dt dt dt dt

dCA dV
V + CA = CA1 F1 + 0F2 − CA F3 − (−rA V)
dt dt

dCA dV
V = CA1 F1 − CA F3 − (−rA V) − CA
dt dt

dCA
V = CA1 F1 − CA F3 − (−rA V) − CA (F1 + F2 − F3 )
dt

𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟏: − 𝐫𝐀 = 𝐤 𝟏 𝐂𝐀 𝐂𝐑

dCA
V = CA1 F1 − CA F3 − CA F1 − CA F2 + CA F3 − k1 CA CR V
dt

𝐝𝐂𝐀 𝐅𝟏 𝐅𝟐 𝐂𝐀
= (𝐂𝐀𝟏 − 𝐂𝐀 ) − − 𝐤 𝟏 𝐂𝐀 𝐂𝐑
𝐝𝐭 𝐕 𝐕

✓ COMPONENT B

𝐝𝐧𝐁
= 𝐂𝐁𝟏 𝐅𝟏 + 𝟎𝐅𝟐 − 𝐂𝐁 𝐅𝟑 − (−𝐫𝐁 𝐕)
𝐝𝐭

dnB dCB V dCB dV

= =V + CB
dt dt dt dt
 dCB dV
V + CB = CB1 F1 + 0F2 − CB F3 − (−rB V)
dt dt

dCB dV
V = CB1 F1 − CB F3 − (−rB V) − CB
dt dt

dCB
V = CB1 F1 − CB F3 − (−rB V) − CB (F1 + F2 − F3 )
dt

𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟐: − 𝐫𝐁 = 𝐤 𝟐 𝐂𝐁 𝐂𝐑 𝟐

dCB
V = CB1 F1 − CB F3 − CB F1 − CB F2 + CB F3 − k 2 CB CR 2 V
dt

𝐝𝐂𝐁 𝐅𝟏 𝐅𝟐 𝐂𝐁
= (𝐂𝐁𝟏 − 𝐂𝐁 ) − − 𝐤 𝟐 𝐂𝐁 𝐂𝐑 𝟐
𝐝𝐭 𝐕 𝐕

✓ COMPONENT R

𝐝𝐧𝐑
= 𝟎𝐅𝟏 + 𝐂𝐑𝟐 𝐅𝟐 − 𝐂𝐑 𝐅𝟑 − (−𝐫𝐀 𝐕) − (−𝐫𝐁 𝐕)
𝐝𝐭

dnR dCR V dCR dV

= =V + CR
dt dt dt dt

dCR dV
V + CR = 0F1 + CR2 F2 − CR F3 − (−rA V) − (−rB V)
dt dt

dCR dV
V = CR2 F2 − CR F3 − (−rA V) − (−rB V) − CR
dt dt

dCR
V = CR2 F2 − CR F3 − (−rA V) − (−rB V) − CR (F1 + F2 − F3 )
dt

dCR
V = CR2 F2 − CR F3 − k1 CA CR V − k 2 CB CR 2 V − CR F1 − CR F2 + CR F3
dt

dCR
V = F2 (CR2 − CR ) − CR F1 − k1 CA CR V − k 2 CB CR 2 V
dt

dCR F2 CR F1
= (CR2 − CR ) − − k1 CA CR − k 2 CB CR 2
dt V V

𝐝𝐂𝐑 𝑭𝟐 𝐂𝐑 𝐅𝟏
= (𝐂𝑹𝟐 − 𝐂𝐑 ) − − 𝐤 𝟏 𝐂𝐀 𝐂𝐑 − 𝐤 𝟐 𝐂𝐁 𝐂𝐑 𝟐
𝐝𝐭 𝑽 𝑽
✓ COMPONENT P1

𝐝𝐧𝐏𝟏
= 𝟎𝐅𝟏 + 𝟎𝐅𝟐 − 𝐂𝐏𝟏 𝐅𝟑 + (−𝐫𝐀 𝐕)
𝐝𝐭

dnP1 dCP1 V dCP1 dV

= =V + CP1
dt dt dt dt

dCP1 dV
V + CP1 = 0F1 + 0F2 − CP1 F3 + (−rA V)
dt dt

dCP1 dV
V = −CP1 F3 + (−rA V) − CP1
dt dt

dCP1
V = CP1 F3 + (−rA V) − CP1 (F1 + F2 − F3 )
dt

dCP1
V = −CP1 F3 + k1 CA CR V − CP1 F1 − CP1 F2 + CP1 F3
dt

dCP1
V = −CP1 (F1 + F2 ) + k1 CA CR V
dt

𝐝𝐂𝐏𝟏 −𝑪𝑷𝟏
= (𝐅𝟏 + 𝐅𝟐 ) + 𝐤 𝟏 𝐂𝐀 𝐂𝐑
𝐝𝐭 𝑽

✓ COMPONENT P2

𝐝𝐧𝐏𝟐
= 𝟎𝐅𝟏 + 𝟎𝐅𝟐 − 𝐂𝐏𝟐 𝐅𝟑 + (−𝐫𝐁 𝐕)
𝐝𝐭

dnP2 dCP2 V dCP2 dV

= =V + CP2
dt dt dt dt

dCP2 dV
V + CP2 = 0F1 + 0F2 − CP2 F3 + (−rB V)
dt dt

dCP2 dV
V = −CP2 F3 + (−rB V) − CP2
dt dt

dCP2
V = CP2 F3 + (−rB V) − CP2 (F1 + F2 − F3 )
dt
 dCP2
V = −CP2 F3 + k1 CB CR 2 V − CP2 F1 − CP2 F2 + CP2 F3
dt

dCP2
V = −CP2 (F1 + F2 ) + k1 CB CR 2 V
dt

𝐝𝐂𝐏𝟐 −𝑪𝑷𝟐
= (𝐅𝟏 + 𝐅𝟐 ) + 𝐤 𝟏 𝐂𝐁 𝐂𝐑 𝟐
𝐝 𝑽

ENERGY BALANCE

̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌
𝐝(𝐔
̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌 − ∑ (𝐔
= ∑ (𝐔 ̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌 ± 𝐐𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝/𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐭 ± 𝐖𝐬 ± 𝐐𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨
𝐝𝐭
𝐈𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐭

Assumptions and Statements:

✓ Insignificant Change in Kinetic and Potential Energy

✓ No Shaft Work
✓ Heat added into the reactor by the heating jacket
✓ 2 endothermic reactions taking place
✓ ̂≈H
Working fluid is a liquid, therefore U ̂
✓ Incompressible Fluid

̂M
dH
= ṁ1 cp(T1 − Tref ) + ṁ2 cp(T2 − Tref ) − ṁ3 cp(T3 − Tref ) + Qheating + QReaction 1
dt
+ QReaction 2

QHeating Jacket = UAJacket (TJ Exit − TReactor Exit ) = UA(TJo − T3 )

QReaction 1 = (−rA V)∆HR1 = k1 CA CR ∆HR1 V

QReaction 2 = (−rB V)∆HR2 = k 2 CB CR 2 ∆HR2 V

d(T3 − Tref )V
ρcp
dt
= ρF1 cp(T1 − Tref ) + ρF2 cp(T2 − Tref ) − ρF3 cp(T3 − Tref ) + Qheating + QReaction 1
+ QReaction 2

Setting Tref = 0℃
 d(T3 ) dV
Vρcp + ρcpT3
dt dt
= ρF1 cpT1 + ρF2 cpT2 − ρF3 cpT3 + UA(TJo − T3 ) + k1 CA CR ∆HR1 V + k 2 CB CR 2 ∆HR2 V

d(T3 )
Vρcp = ρF1 cpT1 + ρF2 cpT2 − ρF3 cpT3 + UA(TJo − T3 ) + k1 CA CR ∆HR1 V + k 2 CB CR 2 ∆HR2 V
dt
dV
− ρcpT3
dt
d(T3 )
Vρcp = ρF1 cpT1 + ρF2 cpT2 − ρF3 cpT3 + UA(TJo − T3 ) + k1 CA CR ∆HR1 V + k 2 CB CR 2 ∆HR2 V
dt
− ρcpT3 (F1 + F2 − F3 )

d(T3 )
Vρcp = ρF1 cpT1 + ρF2 cpT2 − ρF3 cpT3 + UA(TJo − T3 ) + k1 CA CR ∆HR1 V + k 2 CB CR 2 ∆HR2 V
dt
− ρcpT3 F1 − ρcpT3 F2 + ρcpT3 F3

d(T3 )
Vρcp = ρF1 cpT1 + ρF2 cpT2 + UA(TJo − T3 ) + k1 CA CR ∆HR1 V + k 2 CB CR 2 ∆HR2 V − ρcpT3 F1
dt
− ρcpT3 F2

d(T3 )
Vρcp = ρF1 cp(T1 − T3 ) + ρF2 cp(T2 − T3 ) + UA(TJo − T3 ) + k1 CA CR ∆HR1 V
dt
+ k 2 CB CR 2 ∆HR2 V

d(T3 ) ρF1 cp ρF2 cp UA k1 CA CR ∆HR1 V k 2 CB CR 2 ∆HR2 V

= (T − T3 ) + (T − T3 ) + (T − T3 ) + +
dt Vρcp 1 Vρcp 2 Vρcp Jo Vρcp Vρcp

1 1 1 ho hi
= + → U=
U ho hi ho + hi

𝒉 𝒉
𝐝(𝐓𝟑 ) 𝐅𝟏 𝐅𝟐 ( 𝒐 𝒊 )𝐀 𝐤 𝟏 𝐂𝐀 𝐂𝐑 ∆𝐇𝐑𝟏 𝐤 𝟐 𝐂𝐁 𝐂𝐑 𝟐 ∆𝐇𝐑𝟐
𝒉𝒐 + 𝒉𝒊
= (𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝟑 ) + (𝐓𝟐 − 𝑻𝟑 ) + (𝐓𝐉𝐨 − 𝐓𝟑 ) + +
𝐝𝐭 𝐕 𝐕 𝐕𝛒𝐜𝐩 𝛒𝐜𝐩 𝛒𝐜𝐩
 F1 F1
T1 TR TJ
VR

ENERGY BALANCES

✓ REACTOR

̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌
𝐝(𝐔
̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌 − ∑ (𝐔
= ∑ (𝐔 ̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌 ± 𝐐𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝/𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐭 ± 𝐖𝐬 ± 𝐐𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨
𝐝𝐭
𝐈𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐭

Assumptions and Statements:

✓ Insignificant Change in Kinetic and Potential Energy

✓ No Shaft Work
✓ Heat removed from the reactor by the cooling jacket
✓ Catalyst reaction taking place
✓ ̂≈H
Working fluid is a liquid, therefore U ̂
✓ Incompressible Fluid
✓ No Input or output from the reactor

̂M
dH
= −Qcooling + QReaction
dt

d(TR − Tref )
mcp = −UA(TR − TJ ) + QReaction
dt

Setting Tref = 0℃

dTR
mcp = QReaction − UAjacket (TR − TJ )
dt
𝐝𝐓𝐑 𝐐𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐔𝐀 𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭 (𝐓𝐑 − 𝐓𝐉 )
= −
𝐝𝐭 𝐦𝐜𝐩 𝐦𝐜𝐩
Note that the cooling energy could have been taken as positive but the
difference in temperature would have to be swapped around yielding:

𝐝𝐓𝐑 𝐐𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐔𝐀 𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭 (𝐓𝐉 − 𝐓𝐑 )

= +
𝐝𝐭 𝐦𝐜𝐩 𝐦𝐜𝐩

This is very much valid as the temperature of the cooling fluid is lower
than the temperature of the reactor, thus the numerical result of (TJ −
TR ) will be negative as in the case when Q was assumed to be negative

✓ COOLING JACKET

̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌
𝐝(𝐔
̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌 − ∑ (𝐔
= ∑ (𝐔 ̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌 ± 𝐐𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝/𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐭 ± 𝐖𝐬 ± 𝐐𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨
𝐝𝐭
𝐈𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐭

Assumptions and Statements:

✓ Insignificant Change in Kinetic and Potential Energy

✓ No Shaft Work
✓ Heat added by the reactor into the cooling jacket
✓ ̂≈H
Working fluid is a liquid, therefore U ̂
✓ Incompressible Fluid
✓ Flow Rate In = Flow Rate Out

̂M
dH
̂ ṁinlet − H
=H ̂ ṁoutlet + Qfrom reactor
dt

d(TJ − Tref )
mJ cp = ṁ1 cp(T1 − Tref ) + ṁ2 cp(T2 − Tref ) + Qfrom reactor
dt

Setting Tref = 0℃

dTJ
mJ cp = ṁ1 cpT1 + ṁ2 cpT2 + UAjacket (TR − TJ )
dt

dTJ
mJ cp = ρF1 cpT1 + ρF2 cpTJ + UAjacket (TR − TJ )
dt

F1 = FJ
 dTJ
mJ cp = ρF1 cp(T1 − TJ ) + UAjacket (TR − TJ )
dt

dTJ ρF1 cp UAjacket

= (T1 − TJ ) + (TR − TJ )
dt mJ cp mJ cp

m1 = ρF1

dTJ m1 cp UAjacket
= (T1 − TJ ) + (TR − TJ )
dt mJ cp mJ cp

dTJ m1 UAjacket
= (T1 − TJ ) + (TR − TJ )
dt mJ mJ cp

if F1 = FJ thus m1 = mJ

𝐝𝐓𝐉 𝐔𝐀 𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭
= (𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝐉 ) + (𝐓𝐑 − 𝐓𝐉 )
𝐝𝐭 𝐦𝐉 𝐜𝐩
 OVERALL MASS BALANCE

Assumptions:

✓ No Spatial Variation
✓ Incompressible Fluid
✓ Non-Elementary Reaction [Rate depends on Arrhenius Principle]

𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = ∑ 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞 − ∑ 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞

𝐈𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐭

dM
= ρ1 v̇ 1 − ρv̇
dt

Note that the circulating line doesn’t need to be part of the mass balance as there’s no
other intermediate process in the circulating loop, so the mass that leaves to the heat
exchanger, is the same that returns as the circulating rate is constant.

M = ρV
 dρV
= ρ1 v̇ 1 − ρv̇
dt

There is a valve being adjusted by a controller, so it is thus assumed that the volume
keeps changing.

Incompressible Fluid ρ1 = ρ

dV dρ
ρ +V = ρ1 v̇ 1 − ρv̇
dt dt

dρ
= 0 [No spatial variation thus no change in density]
dt

dV
ρ = ρ(v̇ 1 − v̇ )
dt

V = Ah

h
Due to the valve resistance to flow: v̇ =
R

𝐝𝐡 𝐡
𝐀 = 𝐯̇ 𝟏 −
𝐝𝐭 𝐑

COMPONENT MASS BALANCES

✓ COMPONENT A

𝐝𝐧𝐀
= 𝐂𝐀𝟏 𝐯𝟏̇ − 𝐂𝐀 𝐯̇ − (−𝐫𝐀 𝐕)
𝐝𝐭

dnA dCA V dCA dV

= =V + CA
dt dt dt dt

dCA dV h
V + CA = CA1 v1̇ − CA − (−rA V)
dt dt R

dCA h dV
V = CA1 v1̇ − CA − (−rA V) − CA
dt R dt

dCA h h
V = CA1 v1̇ − CA − (−rA V) − CA (v̇ 1 − )
dt R R
 𝐄𝐚
𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟏: − 𝐫𝐀 = 𝐤 𝟏 𝐂𝐀 𝐞−(𝐑𝐓)

dCA h 𝐄𝐚 h
V = CA1 v1̇ − CA − k1 CA 𝐞−(𝐑𝐓) V − CA v̇ 1 + CA
dt R R

dCA 𝐄𝐚
V = v1̇ (CA1 − CA ) − k1 CA 𝐞−(𝐑𝐓) V
dt

𝐝𝐂𝐀 𝐯𝟏̇ 𝑬𝒂
= (𝐂𝐀𝟏 − 𝐂𝐀 ) − 𝐤 𝟏 𝐂𝐀 𝒆−(𝑹𝑻)
𝐝𝐭 𝐕

✓ COMPONENT B

𝐝𝐧𝐁
= 𝐂𝐁𝟏 𝐯𝟏̇ − 𝐂𝐁 𝐯̇ + (−𝐫𝐀 𝐕)
𝐝𝐭

dnB dCB V dCB dV

= =V + CB
dt dt dt dt

dCB dV h
V + CB = 0v1̇ − CB + (−rA V)
dt dt R

dCB h dV
V = −CB + (−rA V) − CB
dt R dt

dCB h h
V = −CB + (−rA V) − CB (v̇ 1 − )
dt R R

dCB h 𝐄𝐚 h
V = −CB + k1 CA 𝐞−(𝐑𝐓) V − CB v̇ 1 + CB
dt R R

𝐝𝐂𝐁 𝐂𝐁 𝐯̇ 𝟏 𝐄𝐚
=− + 𝐤 𝟏 𝐂𝐀 𝐞−(𝐑𝐓)
𝐝𝐭 𝐕

ENERGY BALANCES

✓ REACTOR
 ̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌
𝐝(𝐔
̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌 − ∑ (𝐔
= ∑ (𝐔 ̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌 ± 𝐐𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝/𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐭 ± 𝐖𝐬 ± 𝐐𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨
𝐝𝐭
𝐈𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐭

Assumptions and Statements:

✓ Insignificant Change in Kinetic and Potential Energy

✓ Shaft Work Included
✓ Heat removed from the reactor by the cooling jacket
✓ Catalyst reaction taking place
✓ Working fluid is a liquid, therefore Û≈Ĥ
✓ Incompressible Fluid
✓ No Input or output from the reactor
✓ Recycle line included as it has lost temperature due to the cooler (TFC)

̂M
dH
= ρv̇1 cp(T1 − Tref ) − ρv̇cp(T − Tref ) + Fc cp(TFc − Tref ) + QReaction + Ws
dt

dV(T − Tref )
ρcp = ρv̇1 cp(T1 − Tref ) − ρv̇cp(T − Tref ) + Fc cp(TFc − Tref ) + QReaction + Ws
dt

Setting Tref = 0℃

dT dV Ea
Vρcp + TR ρcp = ρv̇1 cpT1 − ρv̇cpT + Fc cpTFc + ∆HR k1 CA e−(RT) V + Ws
dt dt

dT Ea dV
Vρcp = ρv̇1 cpT1 − ρv̇cpT + Fc cpTFc + ∆HR k1 CA e−(RT) V − TR ρcp + Ws
dt dt

dT Ea
Vρcp = ρv̇1 cpT1 − ρv̇cpT + Fc cpTFc + ∆HR k1 CA e−(RT) V − ρcpTR (v̇ 1 − v̇ ) + Ws
dt

dT Ea
Vρcp = ρv̇1 cpT1 − ρv̇cpT + ρv̇ c cpTFc + ∆HR k1 CA e−(RT) V − ρcpT(v̇ 1 − v̇ ) + Ws
dt

dT Ea
Vρcp = ρv̇1 cpT1 − ρv̇cpT + ρv̇ c cpTFc + ∆HR k1 CA e−(RT) V − ρcpTv̇ 1 + ρcpTv̇ + Ws
dt

dT Ea
Vρcp = ρv̇1 cpT1 + ρv̇ c cpTFc + ∆HR k1 CA e−(RT) V − ρcpTv̇ 1 + Ws
dt

𝐄𝐚
𝐝𝐓 𝐯̇ 𝟏 (𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓) 𝐯̇ 𝐜 ∆𝐇𝐑 𝐤 𝟏 𝐂𝐀 𝐞−(𝐑𝐓) 𝐖𝐬
= + 𝐓𝐅𝐜 + +
𝐝𝐭 𝐕 𝐕 𝛒𝐜𝐩 𝐕𝛒𝐜𝐩
 ✓ COOLER

T = Temperature of fluid entering the cooler

TFc = Temperature of fluid exiting the cooler
Fc ∗ = Volumetric flow rate of fluid entering and exiting the cooler
Tc ∗ = Temperature of cooling water in the shell

̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌
𝐝(𝐔
̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌 − ∑ (𝐔
= ∑ (𝐔 ̂ + 𝐠𝐡 + ½ 𝐯 𝟐 )𝐌 ± 𝐐𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝/𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐭 ± 𝐖𝐬 ± 𝐐𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨
𝐝𝐭
𝐈𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐭

d(T𝐹𝑐 )
Vtubes ρcp = ρcpFc ∗ (T − TFc ) − 𝑈𝐴(TFc − Tc ∗ ) + Ws
dt
𝐝(𝐓𝑭𝒄 ) 𝐅𝐜 ∗ 𝑼𝑨(𝐓𝐅𝐜 − 𝐓𝐜 ∗ ) 𝐖𝐬
= (𝐓 − 𝐓𝐅𝐜 ) − +
𝐝𝐭 𝐕𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐕𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐕𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝛒𝐜𝐩