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Transient (Water hammer )Analysis

There are basically two approaches to the water hammer
problem. In the first one, the compressibility effects are
neglected. The resulting analysis is called 'Rigid water Column
Theory'. In the other, the elastic effects , are taken . into
consideration and it is termed as 'Elastic Water Column Theory~ .

4.1 Rigid Water Column 1neory (RWCT)

Lefs consider a simple case of pipe of uniform diJ.tneter and of

0• -
_ length-L~idng-off from t eset v-oir, . where-t-h-e~tatie-h-ead-i-s--h'-
.If we neglect the head losses in the pipe, the velocity of flow at
initial stage is given by the relation
V0 =: ~2gh 0 (4-1)

(4-2)
+ve swing
---- HGLilll!
--- ----

-ve swing

-------------------------=== L .
181
--.j .·

Fig . 4-1 A Simple description of V.Vater hammer

Now as the valve at the end is closed, the water in the pipe retards and
hence there is a pressure increase. Th is pressure swings normal hydraulic
gradient to a position as indicated by dotted line. ~ince the pressure at the
reservoir is atn1ospheric and hence constant, the +ve swing results in the
back flow from the pipe into the reservoir. As the water flows back into
 the reservoir, it creates partial vacuun1 conditions and the pressure in the
pipe swings in the - ve direction. This induces reservoir water to fl~w into
the pipe. But , the valve being partially closed, much of this water i~ again
retarded giving rise to a positive swing pressure again. It shall be thus seen
that a valve closure bring about pressure oscillations. The maximum
additional water dynamic head hd , can be worked out applying Newton's
, Second Law . Considering the volun1e of water, which is retan;led , we can
write:

F = p * A = yAL ( _ dV)
g dt (4-3) .
with, p = yhd

h .· L (- dv)
d g dt (4-4)
On ·the other hand, the velocity past at the gate at any instant, is
given by

(4-5) .

If the total time of c~osure of the gate .is T, then for complete
closure, assuming uniform gate .rnovement, the maximum ·water
hammer head is given by

2
hdmax Kl . H 2 l LVO 2 :=
- - = - ± Kl + - where Kl ( h T)
h0 2 4 ' g o
In most cases, for small values of K 1 , the above equation
simplifies to _

2
 hmax K ·
h d = -f+JK: (4-6)
0

The above· equation can also be used for partial closures after
replacing V0 , by L1 V, the change in the velocities. _In the above
equations, positive sign gives the value of hdm~ for upward swing,
while the negative sign gives the value for the downstream swing.

Limitation ofRWCT
It ignores the elastic effects due to sudden pressure changes. Thus
any change in pressure is assumed to be transmitted instantaneously
--~h~hole pipe-line. In reality-,-the--pr-es-sur-e-w-a-ve- -tr-fifl-Sffift-s--_
through the water mass in the form of a compression wave, the
velocity, a which is approximately given by

a=l
where, K and p are bulk modulus and density of water
respectively.

Therefore, a pressure wave needs a time L/a to travel the whole

pipe length of the pipe and is -not instantaneous as presumed ..In the
field of transient, we define a time: period Tc as the -critical time of
closure of the valve i.e., the ·time taken for· a pressure wave for a
round trip from the v~lve to the reservoir _and back. Thus Tc .- 2L/a

If the actual time of closure of the valve, Tis greater than Tc , it is a

slow closure and rigid water colunm theory may give fairly correct
result. However, if the time of closer of the valve T< Tc , this we
call a case of rapid closure and elastic properties of both the fluid
and the conduit should be taken into consideration. --

3
4.2Elastic Water Column Theory

4.2.1 Arithmetic Derivation of Transient Flow Equations

The unsteady momentum equation is first applied to a control
volume containing a section of pipe. The continuity equation is
then developed for the fluid in the pipe; Poisson's ratio effects are
introduced which requires definition of the means of supporting
the pipe. Then for instantaneous closure of valve

Mf-:= _ aflV
g
(t + a J~ _ g
V0 afliV

If the valve is on the downstream end of a long pipe, and is closed

by incretnents, the equation becomes

l..Mi=+~l_.~V
g
(-ve for closure and +ve for opening of valves)
With
V0 · initial velocity
l!V = incretnent of flow velocity
a = unknown wavespeed
M-! = increment of head change

By writing the wavespeed as

[lc 1p ·
a= -----;:::::.====~·=============-
)1 + [(K I E)(D I e)]c 1

c1 depends on support conditions of pipe and takes on' the values:

4
 (a) for pipe anchored at upstream end only

(b) for pipe anchored throughout

(c) c 1 == 1 for pipe with expansion joints throughout

K= Bulk modulus of fluid

D= Diameter of pipe
e =thickness of pipe
E =Young's Modulus of elasticity of pipe material

4.2.2. . Basic Differential Equations (considers all the elastic

. properties offluid and pipe material) •

. vaH + aH +~av ==O

ax at g ax · Continuity Equation

g aH + v av + av + JVIVI = 0
ax ax . at 2D Momentum Equation

9 00
Tc= H sec

800

:s
~
7 00
Q)
~
6 00
~
d:
5 00

4 00
0 5 10 15 20 25
'fime (sec)
~--------------- -----------~

Fig 4-2 Transient Pressure head in a pipeline 1600 n1 long, 0.5m dia wth
and 600m. head followed by a closure of valve in 5 sec;
5
5.5. Penstocks/pressure shafts
Penstocks/pressure shafts are pipes of usually larger diameter, usually of steel or
concrete used for conveying water from reservoir or forebay or surge tanks to the turbine
units . They are usually high pressure pipline designed · to withstand static and
waterhammer pressures created by sudden changes (acceptance/rejection) in power
f f -: '

demand. Penstocks/pressure shafts are usually very expensive items in hydropower plants
(unit cost (cost/m), often 2-2.5 times the cost of headrace tunnel).

5.5.1. Thickness of the penstock/pressure shaft

The thickness of the conduit is determined considering the hoop stress, (pD/2 t) and
balancing it with the allowable stress of the material . Considering the pipe of diameter,
D , which is subjected to pressure , p the thickness of the pipe can be computed by

2as/ == pD
t = pD or pR
20"st (Jst
and

pD
t==-- -
2ast17 J
When joint efficiency of welding (0 . 9~0.95) is assumed
. .

According to ASME, considering allowance for conosion,O.l5 em

t .= pR +0.15(cm)
(Jsl/j- 0.6p

The pipe thickness such computed also should be sufficient to withstand additional stress
due to free spanning or cantilevering ov~r the supports and expansion joints and
longitudiRal movements over the supports due to temperature changes. The minimum
thickness should be checked with respect to bucking during erection/handling arid
external pressures if any.