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11.03.01 — « »,
11.03.04 — « »,
11.05.01 — « »
2020
2
621.372:535.3(075.8)
- « »
11.03.01 — « », 11.03.04—
« » 11.05.01 — «
»/ . . . , . . — : - , 2020. —
84 .
-
« »,
11.03.01 — « », 11.03.04 —
« » 11.05.01 — «
».
: .
-
« »
, 8 24 2020 .
, 6 19 2020 .
:
. ., . . , « »
: « »
. ,
. .
3
1. ....................................................5
1.1. ....................................................................5
1.2. ..................................................................................6
1.3. ........................................................................................7
1.3.1. — .......................8
1.3.2. —
..............................................................................................12
1.3.3. — ......................12
1.3.4. —
....................................................................................................13
1.3.5. ............................................................14
1.4. ..................................................................................................14
1.5. ............................................................................................15
1.6. .....................................................................18
1 ..................................................................20
1 .............................................................................................20
2. ...............................................................21
2.1. ..................................................................................21
2.1.1. .....................................................21
2.1.2. ,
..................................................................................22
2.1.3. ............................................................................................23
2.1.4. ........................................................................23
2.1.5. .................................................................25
2.2. ..................................................................26
2 ..................................................................28
2 .............................................................................................28
3. .........................................29
3.1. .................29
3.2.
...................................................................................31
3.3. .
............................................36
3.4. ................................................................................39
3 ..................................................................42
3 .............................................................................................42
4. ......................................................................43
4.1. ............43
4.2. , ......45
4.3. .........................................46
4.3.1. ,
( ) .....................................................................46
4.3.2.
( ) ..............................................................................49
4.3.3. .............50
4.3.4.
— ..................................................................................53
4
4.4. .......................................................................57
4.5. .................................................................58
4.6.
...........................................................................................................58
4 ..................................................................59
4 .............................................................................................60
5. ................................................................................61
5.1. .................................................................................61
5.1.1. - ( ) ...............................................................64
5.1.2. - ( ) ...................................................................67
5.1.3 10 ( 10 ) ...............................................69
5.2. ................................................................72
5.3. ..................................................................................75
5.4. ..........................76
5.5. ........................................................................................78
5 ..................................................................82
5 .............................................................................................83
................................................................................84
5
1.
1.1.
—
. -
. .
, .
( ) Q. ( )
. ,
ρ
∂Q
ρ= , / 3. (1.1)
∂V
(1.1) , -
Q = ∫ ρ dV , . (1.2)
V
V , -
j
j = ρV . (1.3)
I, S ( , -
), j
I = ∫ j dS , , (1.4)
S
dS , dS
— .
E , D, H , B , , ,
, E , D, H , B . -
:
— E, / — ;
— D, / 2— ( );
— H, / — ;
— B , / 2= ( )— .
, ,
.
D -
.
, .
ψ = ∫ D dS S
S
∫ D dS = Q .
S
(1.5)
6
H
. ,
. H -
« ». H I
∫ H dl = I ,
l
(1.6)
H l I,
, . dl .
E ,
. Q
F =QE . (1.7)
F = Q (V × B ) , (1.8)
F — ;
V — .
, , -
( )
F = F + F = Q (E + V × B ). (1.9)
1.2.
:
— ε , / ;
— µ , / ;
— σ, / .
, -
:
D = εa E , B = µa H , j =σE . (1.10)
.
, -
. . -
, ,
— .
.
: ε , µ , σ . , -
. , -
. ,
. . , , -
, . , -
7
, , .
ε D E (1.10). -
ε0 -
.
ε 0 = 10 −9 36π / .
— ,
.
ε = ε ε0 . (1.11)
µ B H.
:
µ 0 = 4π ⋅ 10−7 / .
µ = µ µ0 . (1.12)
µ .
j E
. σ (1.10) j = σ E
. σ = const
.
107 / , ( 10 −7... 10 −18 ) / .
1.3.
, , -
. ,
, . -
,
, -
, , . -
. -
, ,
, -
.
, . ,
, . -
, -
.
:
, , . -
:« -
, ,
, — ,
, , ,
».
8
1.3.1. —
∫ H dl = ∫ j dS .
l S
, l I,
, -
H , . . -
∫ Hdl = ∫ Hdl = H ∫ dl = H ⋅ 2π r = I ,
l l l
I
H= ,
2π r
r — .
. -
I , , -
.
, , -
. ,
∂D
I = ∫ j dS = ∫ dS , (1.13)
S S
∂t
j — .
,
∂D ⎛ ∂D ⎞
∫ H dl = ∫ j dS + ∫
l S S ∂t
dS = ∫ ⎜⎜ j +
S ⎝ ∂t
⎟⎟ dS .
⎠
(1.14)
,
, .
: -
— .
—
S V, -
,
∫ A dS = ∫ div A dV .
S V
(1.15)
l -
S,
∫ A dl = ∫ rot A dS .
l S
(1.16)
-
. -
:
9
∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az
div A = + + ;
∂x ∂y ∂z
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂ ⎛ ∂A ∂Ay ⎞ ⎛ ∂Ax ∂Az ⎞ ⎛ ∂Ay ∂Ax ⎞
rot A = = i ⎜⎜ z − ⎟⎟ + j ⎜ − ⎟ + k ⎜⎜ − ⎟.
∂x ∂y ∂z ⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎟⎠
Ax Ay Az
(1.13), ,
.
S
Q V, S, -
∂Q
I =− . (1.17)
∂t
, I = ∫ j dS Q = ∫ ρ dV , (1.17)
S V
∂
∫ j dS = − ∂t ∫ ρ dV
S V
, ,
∂ρ
∫ j dS = −∫ ∂t dV .
S V
-
— ,
∂ρ
∫ j dS = ∫ div j dV = − ∫ ∂t dV .
S V V
, ,
,
∂ρ
div j = − . (1.18)
∂t
(1.18) (1.17) -
.
, -
. ρ -
, ∂ρ ∂t = 0 , ,
div j = 0 . (1.19)
,
10
∫ j dS = ∫ div j dV = 0 .
S V
(1.20)
(1.19) (1.20) -
.
. , . -
, -
∂ρ
div j = − .
∂t
.
(1.5),
∫ D dS = Q = ∫ ρ dV .
S V
— ,
∫ D dS = ∫ div D dV = ∫ ρ dV
S V V
div D = ρ . (1.21)
(1.21) (1.18),
∂
div j = − (div D ) .
∂t
⎛ ∂D ⎞
div ⎜⎜ j + ⎟ = 0. (1.22)
⎝ ∂t ⎟⎠
(1.22) , , j
∂D ∂t , . , ∂D ∂t
. j , -
(1.22)
∂D ∂E
j = =ε . (1.23)
∂t ∂t
, :
j,
(j = σE), ,
⎛ ∂E ⎞
⎜⎜ j = ε ⎟
⎝ ∂t ⎟⎠
j = j+ j .
div j =0.
11
.
(1.13)
∂D
I = ∫ j dS = ∫ dS . (1.24)
S S
∂t
∂ ∂ψ
I = ∫
∂t S
D dS =
∂t
. (1.25)
(1.14) -
(1.16)
⎛ ∂D ⎞
∫ H dl = ∫ rot H dS = ∫ ⎜⎜⎝ j +
l S S
⎟ dS ,
∂t ⎟⎠
∂D ∂E
rot H = j + = σ E + εa . (1.26)
∂t ∂t
-
.
rot H = j . (1.27)
∂ρ
div j = − . (1.28)
∂t
(1.27) (1.28) -
. , -
(1.27) . -
, « » .
(1.27)
, (1.27)
rot H = j ,
j — .
div j = 0, « » -
.
12
1.3.2. —
, S, l, -
, -
. ,
« » .
∂Φ
∫ E dl = − ∂t
l
,
, , -
( ) .
Φ ψ -
D :
Φ = ∫ dS ,
S
— -
∂ ∂B
∫ E dl = − ∂t ∫ B dS = − ∫ ∂t dS .
l S S
(1.29)
∂B
∫ E dl = ∫ rot E dS = −∫ ∂t dS .
l S S
S — ,
∂B ∂H
rot E = − = −µ . (1.30)
∂t ∂t
-
-
. , ,
.
1.3.3. —
ψ = ∫ D dS S -
S
,
∫ D dS = ∫ ρ dV .
S V
(1.31)
13
.
, . ,
, -
, , -
, .
ρ
D .
,
—
∫ D dS = ∫ div D dV = ∫ ρ dV .
S V V
(1.32)
(1.32) V, , -
div D = ρ . (1.33)
D -
.
,
, . ,
, .
1.3.4. —
,
B , ,
.
∫ B dS = 0 .
S
(1.34)
.
B , .
— , (1.34) -
∫ B dS = ∫ div B dV = 0 ,
S V
div B = 0 . (1.35)
∫ D dS = Q
S
∫ B dS = 0
S
,
.
. -
, -
( ),
, ( ). , -
, -
, , .
14
1.3.5.
, -
, -
. 1.1.
1.1 —
∂E ∂
I rot H = j + ε a
∂t
∫ H dl = j + ∂t ∫ ε E dS a -
l S
.
∂H ∂
II rot E = −µ
∂t
∫ E dl = − ∂t ∫ µ dS -
l S
.
.
III div ε =ρ ∫ε
S
dS = ΣQ
-
.
. -
IV div µ =0 ∫µ S
dS = 0
-
.
εa , µa , σ E H, -
.
, -
.
1.4.
,
. .
— (j , I , , . .) -
.
( )
.
.
-
, , j
∂D
rot H = j + +j ,
∂t
j — ,
ρ
div D = ρ + ρ ,
15
ρ — .
, ,
.
1.5.
ε, µ , σ -
. , (1.10): D = εa E , B = µa H , j = σ E , -
. , -
, — -
, .
: (
1.1).
.
, , -
S ( 1.2), ,
( , -
).
E1n E1
n n0
ε1 , µ1 τ
E1τ S I
E2 n E2 II
ε2 , µ2
E2 τ
D
1.1 — 1.2 —
S
σS jS .
E1 , H1 2 , 2 .
ABCD , S ( 1.2).
,
∂ψ
∫ H dl = I
ABCD
S +
∂t
, (1.36)
∂Φ
∫ E dl = − ∂t
ABCD
, (1.37)
16
I S , ψ, Φ — , -
.
AB CD S , ABCD
, ψ=Φ=0. IS S
, ( )
.
A B dl . dl = τ dl ,
τ — AB , (1.36),
H1 dl − H 2 dl = I S = jS n0 dl ,
n0 — .
, S
(H 1 − H 2 ) τ = jS n0 , τ = n0 × n ,
(H 1 − H 2 )(n0 − n ) = jS n0 n × (H1 − H 2 )= jS .
,
n × H1 = n × (H1n + H1τ ) = n × H1τ ,
n × (H1τ − H 2τ ) = jS . (1.38)
, S -
H .
jS . ,
(1.38)
n × (H1τ − H 2 τ ) = 0 ,
,
H1 τ = H 2 τ . (1.39)
, -
, , (1.37)
1τ = 2τ . (1.40)
S,
σS , ∆S , -
( 1.3).
∆h , -
. , , ,
(1.31),
17
S
∫ D dS = ∫ σ ∆S
S dS = σ S ∆S . (1.41)
n′
n ∆S
I
∆h
II n ′′
1.3 —
D -
(D n ′ ∆S )
1 (D
2 n ′′ ∆S ) -
— ∫ D dS , 1, 2
S
D1 n′ ∆S + D2 n ′′ ∆S + ∫D
S
1, 2 dS = σ S ∆ S .
(∆h → 0 ) .
S
∫D
1, 2 dS → 0 , S →0. n′ → n , n′′ → − n . -
, , ∆h → 0
D1 n − D2 n = σ S D1n − D2n = σ S ,
ε a1 E1n − ε a 2 E2 n = σ S . (1.42)
-
, -
.
.
.
D1n = D2 n ε1 E1n = ε 2 E2 n .
(1.34),
,
B1n = B2 n µ1 H1n = µ 2 H 2 n .
.
18
1.6.
. -
— .
. -
2
, W W = mc ,
.
, ,
:
— V
: , , .
. -
;
— V -
. ;
— , ,
S. -
. .
.
, -
dW
=P − − . (1.43)
dt
—
V , -
⎛ED HB⎞ ⎛ ε E2 µa H 2 ⎞
W = ∫ ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ dV = ∫ ⎜⎜ a + ⎟ dV . (1.44)
V⎝
2 2 ⎠ V⎝
2 2 ⎟⎠
εa E 2 2 µa H 2 2 -
. , , -
∂E ∂t ∂H ∂t :
∂E ∂H
ε = rot H − j ; µa = −rot E .
∂t ∂t
,
,
∂E ∂H
ε + µa = rot H − rot E − j . (1.45)
∂t ∂t
∂E 1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 2 ∂H 1 ∂ 1 ∂
=
∂t 2 ∂t
E = ( )
2 ∂t
E ; ( ) ∂t
=
2 ∂t
H2 = ( )
2 ∂t
H2 , ( )
∂ ⎛ εa E 2 µa H 2 ⎞
⎜ + ⎟ = −div (E × H ) − j E ,
∂t ⎜⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
, ,
∂ ⎛ ε a E 2 µa H 2 ⎞
− ∫ ⎜⎜ + ⎟ dV = ∫ div (E × H )dV + ∫ j E dV . (1.46)
∂t V ⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠ V V
— ,
(1.46) S,
,
E ×H = , (1.47)
∂ ⎛ εa E2 µa H 2 ⎞
∂t V∫ ⎜⎝ 2
− ⎜ + ⎟ dV = ∫ j E dV + ∫ dS . (1.48)
2 ⎟⎠ V S
(1.48) .
.
(− dW dt ) . -
V. —
, S . ,
dW
− = P +∫ dS . (1.49)
dt S
(1.47),
, E H, , -
, E
H .
(1.49) , -
, - , ( -
) , - , , -
. —
.
. . , -
,
,
.
.
20
1
1.1. , .
1.2.
.
1.3. .
1.4. .
1.5. -
.
1.5.
.
1.6. -
.
1.7. ,
.
1.8. .
1.9. .
1.10. , -
, .
1.11. .
1
−19
1.1. = −1,6 ⋅ 10 m = 9,11 ⋅ 10−31 ,
z V = 10000 / , , -
: = i E x , E x = 106 / B = j By , By = 0.04 . -
, .
1.2. Q R.
D E ,
. -
ε ε0 . -
(D E) r .
1.3. ,
I, R,
. H r -
.
1.4. , , = 4 ⋅ 1026 . , -
6
. — r ≈ 150 ⋅ 10 , —
R = 6370 .
1.5. , -
: ε1 = 1 ε 2 = 81 .
1 θ1 = 45° . -
2 .
21
2.
, .
, ,
( ∂ ∂t = 0 ).
:
rot H = j ; rot E = 0 ;
div B = 0 ; div D = ρ ;
B = µa H ; D = εa E . (2.1)
,
E , E -
j = σ (E + E ).
(2.1) , , -
.
. ,
.
2.1.
2.1.1.
.
j=0 , , -
, .
:
rot E = 0 , — .
ϕ, rot grad ϕ = 0 , -
.
E -
ϕ, ,
E = −grad ϕ . (2.3)
, E
. ϕ ,
ϕ
. l = 1l l -
ϕ
∂ϕ
= 1l grad ϕ . (2.4)
∂l
22
grad ϕ
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
grad ϕ = i + j +k . (2.5)
∂x ∂y ∂z
(2.4)
∂ϕ = grad ϕ ⋅ 1l ⋅ ∂l = grad ϕ ⋅ ∂l . (2.6)
ϕ 1 2, (2.3) (2.6)
2 2 2
∫ ∂ϕ = ∫ grad ϕ ⋅ dl ,
1 1
ϕ2 − ϕ1 = − ∫ E dl .
1
(2.7)
E,
, . (2.7) ,
. (2.3) (2.7)
E
ϕ . .
, . ,
, . , ,
2
ϕ2 = − ∫ E dl + ϕ1 .
1
, ϕ2 ϕ1 .
ϕ1 .
.
, . -
,
, . .
ϕ -
(ϕ1 = 0 )
2 2
= − ∫ F dl = −Q ∫ E dl = Q (ϕ 2 − ϕ1 ) = Q ϕ2 . (2.8)
1 1
, -
,
ϕ = const . -
, E = −grad ϕ -
.
2.1.2. ,
D Q
E= = ⋅ 1r .
εa 4πε a r 2
23
(r ) (2.7)
r, ϕ (∞ ) = 0
r ∞
Q dr Q
ϕ( r ) = −∫ E( r ) dr = ∫ 2
= . (2.9)
∞
4πεa r r 4πε a r
E .
.
,
1 Qi
ϕ=
4πε
∑r . (2.10)
i
, V
1 ρ dV
ϕ= ∫
4πε a V r
, (2.11)
r — dV .
, ,
.
2.1.3.
-
— . , -
j = σE . ,
:
σS
Eτ = 0 , En = − .
εa
σS — .
E = −grad ϕ -
∂ϕ ∂ϕ σ S
= 0, = .
∂τ ∂n ε a
. ,
.
:
2.1.4.
E = −grad ϕ div εa E = ρ ,
ρ
div grad ϕ = − . (2.12)
εa
(2.12) .
24
ρ
∇ 2ϕ = − , (2.13)
ε
∇ — , , , -
∂ ∂ ∂
∇=i + j +k .
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ 2ϕ ∂ 2ϕ ∂ 2ϕ ρ
2
+ 2 + 2 =− . (2.14)
∂x ∂y ∂z ε
, , , -
(2.12) (2.13), (2.14):
div grad ϕ = 0 ;
∇ 2ϕ = 0 ;
∂ 2 ϕ ∂ 2ϕ ∂ 2ϕ
+ + = 0. (2.15)
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
.
. -
, -
.
.
, , .
, -
— .
.
-
ϕ = 0 , ϕ = ϕ0 . d ( 2.1). -
, . -
, ,
(2.15) ,
A B ∂ 2ϕ
B = 0.
E ∂ 2
:
A
0 ϕ= 1 + 2.
1 2 -
d :
ϕ=0 =0,
ϕA = 0 ϕ B = ϕ0 ϕ = ϕ0 =d.
:
2.1 — ϕ0
C2 = 0 , C1 = .
d
25
,
ϕ0
ϕ= ⋅x.
d
x.
∂ϕ ϕ0 ϕ0
E = −grad ϕ = − i , E = −i E= .
∂x d d
, -
. ,
σS
En = ,
εa
:
ϕ0
σ SA = − E n εa = − εa ,
d
:
ϕ0
σ SB = εa .
d
. S
ϕ0 εa S
Q = σS S = .
d
Q εa S
C= = .
ϕ0 d
,
2.1.5.
S ( ),
( 2.2). , -
.
, , , -
.
Q1 -
Q3 -
Q2 -
, : -
S ϕ=0 -
. -
, -
Q2′ = −Q2 , .
Q3′ = −Q3 , ,
,
Q1′ = −Q1
( ) Q1 , Q2 , Q3′ ,
′ ′ -
2.2 — Q1 , Q2 , Q3
, ,
26
Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , Q1′ , Q2′ , Q3′ ,
, Q1 , Q2 , Q3
,
-
. , -
,
.
, -
.
2.2.
—
.
div rot A = 0
div B = 0
B = µa H = rot A . (2.17)
, H -
. (2.17) ,
, , , . -
, . -
,
div = 0. (2.18)
(2.17)
1
H= rot A .
µa
H
rot H = j ,
rot rot A = µ a j .
(2.19) .
ρ
∇ 2ϕ = −
ε
:
27
1 ρ dV
ϕ= ∫
4πε a V r
.
(2.19) :
µ j dV
=
4π ∫
V
r
. (2.20)
V , .
,
r (2.20), , .
j dS dl I dl ,
µ I dl
=
4π ∫
V r
, (2.21)
dl — .
,
1
H= rot A
µa
. l1 -
I1 ,
Φ11 , , I1
Φ11 1
L1 = = ∫ B1 dS .
I1 I1 S1
l2 I2 -
,
Φ 22 1
L2 = = ∫ B2 dS .
I2 I 2 S2
Φ12 , l1 ,
l2 , 12 1 2
Φ12 1
12 = = ∫ B2 dS ,
I2 I 2 S1
—
Φ 21 1
21 = = ∫ B1 dS .
I1 I1 S 2
. L
-
.
28
2
2.1. ?
2.2.
.
2.3.
ϕ ?
2.4. ,
, .
2.5.
.
2.6. ?
2.7.
.
2.8. ?
2.9. .
2
2.1. .
— S, — d, -
— ε, , — ϕ0 . ( :
.)
2.2. -
. — , — b.
, — ϕ0 . -
— ε. ( : -
.)
2.3. -
, (ε = 1) . — Q,
— R, ε = 2.
.
2.4. — . Q
b. , ϕ =0 .
.
2.5. -
, ,
. — , b c.
I.
2.6. R I ( 2.3). -
(r >> R ) ,
.
z C
r
θ
r
R C′
I −ϕ
2.3 —
29
3.
3.1.
, -
, .
. ,
. -
, , -
.
, -
Am — ; ω — ; ϕ — ,
a (t ) = Am ei ( ωt + ϕ ) ,
. a (t ) , -
,
A& = Am eiϕ — ,
, -
, .
( , , ,
)
, , -
iωt
, .
, ,
.
, -
E& ( x, y, z ) H& ( x, y , z ) — ,
-
. ,
. ( ) -
.
E = Re (E ) = Re ( ).
(3.1), -
:
30
∂
= iωE& ( x, y, z ) e iωt = iω ;
∂t
∂H
= iωH& ( x, y, z ) e iωt = iωH . (3.2)
∂t
-
:
rot = j + iωε a ;
rot = −iωµ a ;
div (εa )= ρ ;
div (µ H ) = 0 .
a (3.3)
, -
-
i ωt
:
rot & = &j + iωε a & ;
rot & = −iωµ a & ;
( )
div ε & = ρ& ;
a
div (µ H& ) = 0 .
a (3.4)
.
.
T T
1 1 1
= ∫ dt = ∫ [E H ]dT = ∫ [Re ( )Re( )]dt . (3.5)
0
T 0 T0
Re(E ) Re ( ) -
∗ ∗
E , - E , :
E + E∗ + ∗
Re (E ) = ; Re ( )= . (3.6)
2 2
(3.6) (3.5),
∫[ ] dt =
1 ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
= + + +
4 0
∫[ ] [ ]
1 & & e i 2 ωt + & ∗ & + & & ∗ + & ∗ & ∗e −i 2 ωt dt = 1 E& ∗ H& + E& H& ∗ .
= (3.7)
4 0
4
31
, -
=
2
[
1 & &∗
× , ] (3.9)
3.2.
-
, , :
,
, , z. ,
,
∂ ∂
= = 0,
∂x ∂y
& & 1 2 :
∂H& y ∂ &y
5. − = iωε a E& x ; 8. − = −iωµ a & x ;
∂z ∂z
∂& ∂ &x
6. = iωε a E& y ; 9. = −iωµ a & y ;
∂z ∂z
32
7. iωε a E& z = 0 ; 10. iωµ a & z = 0 .
3 4 :
∂ &z ∂H& z
11. = 0; 12. =0.
∂z ∂z
7 11 , z ,
. , , z = 0.
Hz = 0. , , -
z.
5, 6, 8, 9 , -
( I) ( II) , :
∂H& y ∂ &x
iωε a E& x = − ; = −iωµ a & y ; (I)
∂z ∂z
∂& ∂ &y
iωε a E& y = ; = iωµ a & x . ( II)
∂z ∂z
( I) &
x H& y , -
( II ) &
y H& x . -
. ,
(I) (II) ,
.
( I):
∂H& y
iωε a E& x = − ;
∂z
∂ &x
= −iωµ a & y . (3.10)
∂z
, , , & , -
∂H& y
z , -
∂z
,
∂2 &
2
+ ω2 εa µa E& x = 0 .
∂z
ω2ε µ = k 2 .
∂2 &
+ k 2 E& x = 0 . (3.11)
∂z 2
-
( ).
33
& = & e−ikz + & eikz , (3.12)
n
& — , , .
n
&
(3.12)
iωt
e ,
, (3.13) (3.14) -
, .
, ωt ± kz , , -
t z. z, En, o
, T = 2π ω . -
, En, o z -
λ, . , k λ
2π −1
k= . (3.15)
λ
k -
.
. κ , , -
.
(3.13) — e m ikz (3.14) — cos (ωt ± kz ) ,
.
,
ωt ± kz = const ,
. ,
, z -
∂z ω
V = = , (3.16)
∂t k
.
,
(ωt − kz ) = const , -
z. -
.
, (3.13), (3.14)
, V z,
, V ,
z.
34
(3.16) k = ω εa µ a ,
ω 1
V = = . (3.17)
k εa µa
εa µa .
1 1
V 0 = = = 3 ⋅ 108 / ,
ε 0µ0 10 −9
⋅ 4π ⋅ 10 −7
36π
V 0 = . (3.18)
, : -
. -
,
.
.
(I ) H& y ,
∂E& x
z .
∂z
∂ 2 H& y
2
+ k 2 H& y = 0 . (3.19)
∂z
(3.19) (3.11).
Hn H — .
E& n , E& , H& n , H& (3.12)
∂H& y
(3.20) ( I) iωε a E& x = − ,
∂z
iωε a & n e −ikz + iωε a & eikz = ikH& n e − ikz − ikH& e ikz ,
z,
ωε E&
H& = − a E& = − , (3.22)
k Z0
Z 0 = µa εa .
,
:
—
Enm E
y = cos (ωt − kz ) − m cos (ωt + kz ) . (3.24)
Z0 Z0
, -
z, . -
— .
(3.22) ,
E& n E& o
= Z0 − = Z0 , (3.25)
H& n H& o
Z 0 = µa ε a , — , .
µ0 4π ⋅10 −7
Z0 = = = 377 . (3.26)
ε0 10−9 36π
E& H& ,
, z.
(3.22) , ,
, , ,
H2 E2 µa E 2 E2
µa = µa = = εa . (3.27)
2 2 Z02 2 µ a εa 2
, V -
V .
z, dt S , -
36
z, dW , , -
V dt S,
⎛ ε E2 µ H 2 ⎞
dW = ⎜⎜ a + a ⎟ ⋅ V dt ⋅ S .
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
(3.27),
dW = εa E 2V dt ⋅ S . (3.28)
dW = S dt = EH S dt = E 2 εa µa S dt . (3.29)
(3.28) (3.29),
ε a E 2V dt S = E 2 ε a µ a S dt ,
1
V = =V . (3.30)
εa µ a
( I)
— , , -
. , , , -
, , .
( ), .
, « », « »
« », « » .
3.3. .
,
. ,
j = σE -
jc = ωε E . -
E H , :
⎛ σ⎞
rot H& = σE& + iωε a E& = iω ⎜ ε a − i ⎟ E& .
⎝ ω⎠
σ ⎛ σ ⎞
ε& a = εa − i = εa ⎜⎜1 − i ⎟⎟ (3.31)
ω ⎝ ωε a ⎠
ε& a = εa ( 1 − i tg σ ) , (3.32)
37
σ
tg σ = — . (3.33)
ωε a
« »
ε& a . εa -
ε& a (3.31) σω ,
, .
, σ >> ωεa , , σ << ωε a .
ω ,
,
σ
ω ε = σ, ω = . (3.35)
ε
, ω >> ω ,
. , .
(ω << ω ) ,
. .
-
, , -
εa -
ε& a .
−ikz
= & eiωt , H = e −ikz eiωt , (3.36)
&
Z0
k = ω εa µa , Z 0 = µa ε a .
−ik&z
eiωt ,
& −ik&z iωt
= & H = e e , (3.37)
Z& 0
k& = β − iα , (3.38)
β α— .
(3.38) (3.37) ,
38
− αz
= & e −iβz eiωt . (3.39)
(3.39) ,
− αz
m e β. (3.39)
, k& ,
, z, .
.
, ,
, , .
(3.38) .
β , k -
.
ω
V = . (3.41)
β
.
α -
.
Z& 0 ,
,
Z& 0 = Z 0 e iϕ , (3.42)
Z0 — , ϕ— .
(3.42) (3.38) (3.37) ,
H= m
e −αz cos (ωt − β z − ϕ) . (3.43)
Z0
(3.43), -
, -
e − αz
m
= Z0 .
m
e −αz
Z0
, .
3.1 3.2
t z = z0
.
39
ϕ
t t
ϕ H
z = z0 z = z0
3.1 — 3.2 —
3.3 3.4 z -
t = t0 .
nm e - αz ϕ
z z
H
t = t0 H t = t0
3.3 — 3.4 —
. -
z. -
, .
3.4.
, -
, .
, , ,
. -
. ,
, . -
-
, .
, -
. -
.
z
, .
,
Ex
= cos ωt
E1m
Ey
= cos ωt cos ϕ + sin ωt sin ϕ ,
E2 m
E x2 E y2 Ex E y
2
+ 2
− 2 cos ϕ = sin 2 ϕ . (3.46)
E1m E2 m E1m E 2 m
, -
x y .
, . -
, z = const , T = 2π ω .
.
, . -
, , , -
. ,
, -
ϕ.
. -
,
, , — -
.
,
(3.46).
ϕ=0. (3.46)
E E
− y = 0,
E1m E2 m
,
E2 m
Ey = Ex ,
E1m
y
E2 m -
( 3.5). ,
E ϕ=0 -
. -
ψ E1m
-
− E1m x y =0, (3.47),
− E2 m ⎛E ⎞
ψ = arctg ⎜⎜ 2 m ⎟⎟ .
⎝ E1m ⎠
3.5 —
ϕ = ±π ,
, (3.46)
E2 m
Ey = − Ex ,
E1m
⎛E ⎞
ψ = −arctg ⎜⎜ 2 m ⎟⎟ .
⎝ E1m ⎠
, -
,
, .
,
ϕ = ±π 2,
E1m = E2 m = Em .
(3.46)
2 2
+ y = Em2 (3.48)
, , z=0 .
3.6 (3.48)
ϕ=π 2 ϕ = −π 2 . , (3.48), -
.
y y z
H -
.
E E ϕ,
x x , ±π 2, E1m ≠ E2 m , -
π π Ex2 E y2
ϕ= ϕ=− + =1.
2 2 E12m E22m
3.6 —
42
, .
.
. ,
,
.
3
3.1. .
3.2. -
?
3.3. ?
3.4. , -
.
3.5. k.
3.6. -
.
3.7.
?
3.8. -
?
3.9. .
3.10. .
3.11. ?
3.12.
?
.
3
3.1. , -
, , -
σ=4 / ,
ε = 81 .
3.2. , , -
, ( ε = 2, 25 ; tg δ = 4 ⋅ 10−4 ; µ = 1 ;
f = 100 ).
3.3. ω -
, V .
, -
. = 3 ⋅108 / .
3.4. , -
, .
, ε, -
µ =1 .
3.5. , ,
: σ=4 / , ε = 81 , µ = 1 l =1 -
: f1 = 5 , f 2 = 500 , f 3 = 10 .
3.6. -
, z, z=0 (
E = E0 1x + e 1y . iϕ
) -
, ϕ = 60° .
43
4.
: , -
,
. :
— — , -
;
— — ,
, .
4.1.
y ,
H1′ 1 H2 2 z,
,
′ ′ 2
( 4.1).
1 1 2
&′ -
1
′′
1
′′
1
&′= & − γ1 z
1 , (4.1)
H 1′′
0 z γ1 = α1 + iβ1 —
4.1 — ,
& = &′ z = 0.
1
&′
1
&
− γ1 z
H& 1′ = , (4.2)
Z& 01
Z& 01 — .
, z=0
, , -
z.
& &
− γ1 z γ1 z
H& 1 = & 1′ − & 1′′ = − . (4.3)
Z& 01 Z& 01
& —
o
z = 0.
, -
z. :
& — -
, Z& 02 — .
, -
.
z=0 & = & + & , & = & .
1 2
1 &
( )
&
− & = ,
Z& 01 Z& 02
⎛ Z& ⎞
&
& = ⎜⎜ 1 + 01 ⎟⎟ ;
2 ⎝ Z& 02 ⎠
& ⎛
Z& ⎞
& =
o
⎜⎜ 1 − 01 ⎟⎟ . (4.5)
2 ⎝ Z& 02 ⎠
& -
:
&
&= o.
&
n
, , -
-
45
&
& .
&=
n
, (4.5),
&= 2Z&02
. (4.7)
Z&02 + Z& 01
4.2. ,
, , ,
( ), -
( 4.2).
z
& = & −γ r
0 , (4.8)
r
1r r — -
θz
θy ; & = E&
0
0 y
r = 0.
θx ,
r, -
.
x R — —
4.2 — ,
, r = 1r R .
:
R = 1x x + 1y y + 1z z ;
θ x , θ y , θz — .
, (4.8)
&= & (
− γ x cos θ x + y cos θ y + z cos θ z )
0 . (4.10)
,
γ = iβ = ik . (4.8)
46
& = & − ikr − ik 1r r
0 = &0 .
k = 1r k . -
k = 1x k x + 1y k y + 1z k z ,
kx , k y , kz — .
4.3.
, . -
. -
, -
.
:
— (
);
— .
-
.
4.3.1. ,
( )
1 y 2 4.3
′′
1
, -
H1′′ .
E2 2 -
E1′′ . -
θ′ ψ Hy , -
z
0 H2 z , -
θ
′ z
1
E1′
H1′ .
4.3 —
( )
, ,
:
− γ1 ( y sin θ + z cos θ )
&
&′= . (4.11)
1
Z& 01
:
47
& ′′ = & − γ1 ( y sin θ′− z cos θ′ )
1 o ;
− γ 2 ( y sin ψ + z cos ψ )
&
& = . (4.13)
2
Z& 02
-
. τ τ
.
, , z = 0, -
(4.11) — (4.13)
(4.14) y, y =0.
γ1
θ = θ′ , sin ψ = sin θ , (4.16)
γ2
:
— — θ′ = θ ,
— —
:
sin ψ γ1 α1 + iβ1
= = . (4.17)
sin θ γ 2 α 2 + iβ 2
, ψ -
.
α1 = α 2 ≈ 0 ,
sin ψ β1 ω ε 1µ 1 ε1µ1 n1
= = = = , (4.18)
sin θ β 2 ω ε 2 µ 2 ε 2µ 2 n2
48
n1 = ε1µ1 , n2 = ε 2µ 2 — .
sin ψ n1
=
sin θ n2
. , z=0
H 1τ = H 2 τ ,
Z&01 cos ψ
E& − E& = E& . (4.19)
Z&02 cos θ
1 ⎛ Z& cos ψ ⎞
E& n = E& ⎜⎜ 1 + 01 ⎟;
2 Z& cos θ ⎟
⎝ 02 ⎠
1 ⎛ Z& cos ψ ⎞
E& o = E& ⎜⎜ 1 − 01 ⎟.
2 Z& cos θ ⎟
⎝ 02 ⎠
&
⊥ T& ⊥ ,
:
& =
& Z&02 cos θ − Z& 01 cos ψ
⊥ = ; (4.20)
& Z& 02 cos θ + Z&01 cos ψ
2Z& 02 cos θ
&
T& ⊥ = &np = . (4.21)
Z& 02 cos θ + Z& 01 cos ψ
& & , -
γ1 sin θ .
4.3.2. ( )
y
& , -
θ E2 ψ
′′
1
E1′′ , —
2 & (
H1′′
&
y z 4.4).
θ ψ H2 -
:
θ 0 z
θ ′
E1′ 1
H1′
4.4 —
( )
& = &
1 1 =−
1
Z&
(& − γ1z cos θ
− & γ1 z cos θ
) − γ 1 y sin θ
;
01
&
− γ 2 z cos ψ − γ 2 y sin ψ
& =−
2 ;
Z& 02
− γ 2 z cos ψ − γ 2 y sin ψ
E& z 2 = − sin ψ E& ;
− γ 2 z cos ψ − γ 2 y sin ψ
E& y 2 = cos ψ E& . (4.24)
z = 0 , y = 0 , Eτ1 = Eτ 2 , H τ1 = H τ 2 , ,
Z& 01
E& − E& = E& ;
Z& 02
cos ψ
E& + E& = E& ,
cos θ
50
&
||
&
|| -
:
2Z& 02 cos θ
&
T& || = & = & . (4.26)
Z 02 cos ψ + Z& 01 cos θ
4.3.3.
, , -
ε1µ1
sin ψ = ⋅ sin θ .
ε 2µ 2
µ1 = µ 2 = 1 ,
sin ψ ε
= 1 . (4.27)
sin θ ε2
Z 02 ε 1µ 2 ε
= = 1 . (4.28)
Z 01 ε 2µ 1 ε2
, (4.27) (4.28):
ε1
cos θ − cos ψ
& = Z 02 cos θ − Z 01 cos ψ = ε2 sin ψ cos θ − cos ψ sin θ
=
& &
⊥
Z& cos θ + Z& cos ψ
02 01 ε1 sin ψ cos θ + cos ψ sin θ
cos θ + cos ψ
ε2
ε1
2 cos θ
2Z&02 cos θ ε2 2 sin ψ cos θ
T& ⊥ = = = . (4.30)
Z&02 cos θ + Z&01 cos ψ ε1 sin (ψ + θ)
cos θ + cos ψ
ε2
51
&
||
&
|| :
(4.29) — (4.32)
.
. , -
, θ , -
, & =0
||
ψ = 90 ° − θ .
. &⊥ -
. .
θ ,
, -
.
, -
, .
.
. ,
, ε1 > ε2 .
ε1
sin ψ = sin θ , sin ψ > sin θ .
ε2
,
ψ = 90° , sin ψ = 1 ,
52
ε2 ⎛ ε ⎞
sin θ = , θ = arcsin ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ . (4.34)
ε1 ⎝ ε1 ⎠
. ,
θ , .
sin ψ , ψ, , . -
, , θ>θ .
ψ :
ψ = ψ′ + iψ′′
sin ψ = sin (ψ′ + iψ′′) = sin ψ′ cos (iψ′′) + cos ψ′ sin (iψ′′ ) .
,
cos (iψ′′) = ch ψ′′ ;
chψ′′ — ;
shψ′′ — .
,
sin ψ = sin ψ ′ ch ψ′′ + i cos ψ′ shψ′′ .
, ψ sin ψ .
ε1
sin ψ = sin θ ,
ε2
ψ′ = π 2 , cos ψ′ = 0 , sin ψ′ = 1 . sin ψ = chψ′′ . ch ψ ′′ -
, .
sin ψ > 1 .
,
π ⎛π ⎞
ψ= + iψ′′ , cos ψ = cos ⎜ + iψ′′ ⎟ =
2 ⎝2 ⎠
π π
= cos cos (iψ′′) − sin sin (iψ′′) = − sin (iψ′′) = −i shψ′′ ,
2 2
shψ′′ — −∞ ∞.
:
(4.35) , ,
.
53
β 2 chψ′′ = β 2 sin ψ > β 2 .
, z,
. -
:
& &
− β 2shψ ′′ z − iβ 2 sin ψ y − β 2 ch ψ ′′ z − iβ 2 sin ψ y
&
2y = cos ψ = −i shψ′′ .
Z& 02 Z& 02
H& y 2 E& x 2 π 2. ,
. -
, .
&
⊥
& ,
|| cos ψ = −i shψ′′ :
,
⊥ = || = 1, . -
, . ,
,
& =0 & = 0, 1 -
⊥ ||
2. , . -
( ), ,
. , -
, -
. , 2 -
, z.
2 1, -
.
« » . -
.
4.3.4. —
γ2
⎛ σ ⎞
γ 2 = α 2 + iβ 2 = ik&2 = iω ⎜ ε a 2 − i 2 ⎟ µ a 2 ,
⎝ ω⎠
ε 2 , µ 2 , σ2 — .
, , ε a 2 << σ 2 ω ,
54
σ 2µ a 2
γ 2 ≈ iω − i = i − i ωσ 2µ a 2 .
ω
π π 1− i 1+ i
− i = (− i)
12 − iπ 4
= = cos − i sin = , i −i = ,
4 4 2 2
ωσ 2µ a 2 ωσ 2µa 2
γ2 = +i ,
2 2
ωσ 2µ a 2
α 2 = β2 = . (4.37)
2
α2 β2
(4.37).
γ2 -
γ1 , γ 2 >> γ1 γ1 γ 2 << 1 .
γ1
sin ψ = sin θ θ sin ψ ≈ 0 ψ ≈0, -
γ2
, ,
δ,
= 2,718
. , (4.38),
& = E& e − α 2 z .
2
z=0
& = E& .
2
z=δ
& = E& e −α 2 δ = E& e −1 ,
2
α 2δ = 1 δ (4.37)
1 2
δ= = . (4.39)
α2 ωσ 2µa 2
α ,
. ,
σ = 5,8 ⋅ 107 / , µ = µ 0 = 4π ⋅10−7 / ; (4.39),
55
66 66
δ= ,[ ] δ= ,[ ].
f, f,
, f = 10 δ = 0,66 . γ2 -
δ
1+ i
γ 2 = α 2 + iβ 2 = .
δ
& 2,
−2
( z = 0) , = 0,135 , z = δ. z = 2δ -
−4
, = 0,018 . .
(86,5 %), , -
z=δ ( — ).
2π
λ2 = = 2πδ .
β2
µa µa i
Z& 02 = = = ωσµ a ,
σ σ σ
εa − i −i
ω ω
1 π
i π π 1+ i
i = i 2 = e 4 = cos + i sin = ,
4 4 2
1 + i ωσµ a 1 + i
Z& 02 = = . (4.40)
σ 2 σδ
,
1 2
Z& 02 = R02 + iX 02 , R02 = X 02 = , Z 02 = .
σδ σδ
,
. -
X 02
ψ 02 = arctg = 45° .
R02
,
56
:
π
E& −α 2 Z −i ⎛⎜⎝ β2 Z + 4 ⎞⎟⎠
E&2 = E& e −α 2Z e −iβ2 Z , H2 =
& e e .
Z 02
2
Z&02 = = 0,0037
5,8 ⋅10 ⋅ 6,6 ⋅ 10−6
7
, -
, ψ≈0 cos ψ ≈ 1 , Z 02 Z 01 << 1 .
& (4.20)
⊥
& (4.21) :
⊥
Z& 02 cos θ
− 1 +
& = Z 02 cos θ − Z 01 cos ψ = Z& 01 cos ψ
≈ −1 +
2Z& 02
cos θ ;
& &
⊥
Z& 02 cos θ + Z& 01 cos ψ Z& 02 cos θ Z& 01
1+ &
Z 01 cos ψ
2Z&
T& ⊥ = 02 cos θ .
Z&01
& ≈ −1 + 2Z&02
|| ;
Z& 01 cos θ
& ≈ 2Z 02 .
&
||
Z&01
−1, ,
, &
& 180° . ( ) -
= τ × τ = τ τ n = (R02 + iX 02 ) ⋅ H τ2 n ,
, .
. -
,
,
.
4.4.
Eτ Hτ S
Eτ
ZS = . (4.41)
Hτ
Eτ Hτ , ,
(4.41) :
Eτ1 = Eτ 2 ; H τ1 = H τ 2 . (4.42)
θ γ1 γ 2 << 1 ψ ≈0,
E2 H2 , .
, :
Eτ 2 E
= τ2 ; = τ2 ; ZS = = = Z& 02 . (4.43)
H τ2
, Z S = Z& 02 .
.
(4.43)
Eτ 2 = Z& 02 H τ 2 ,
, (4.42),
Eτ1 = Z& 02 H τ1 . (4.44)
(4.44) -
.
,
, , ( -
, ). -
.
ZS .
(4.42) (4.44) , ,
ψ ≠ 0, Eτ 2 H τ2 En 2
H n2 .
58
4.5.
j = σE ,
. ,
. -
, . -
jS , -
j
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 1+ i
− z
jS = ∫ j dz = σ∫ E dz = σ∫ E& e − γ 2 z dz = σE ∫e δ
dz =
0 0 0 0
∞
⎛ δ ⎞ −δ
1+ i
z σδE
= σE ⎜ − ⎟e = , (4.45)
⎝ 1+ i ⎠ 0
1+ i
Eτ = E — ;
Eτ = Z S ( H τ × n ) ;
1+ i
Z S = Z 02 = .
δσ
Eτ = E
(4.45),
σδ 1 + i
jS = ⋅ (H τ × n ) = H τ × n , (4.46)
1 + i σδ
—
τ ;
n — .
-
Hτ -
.
4.6.
A = A0 e − α z ,
ωσµ a
α= .
2
σ=∞, α =∞ A = 0,
E2 = D2 = H 2 = B2 = 0 .
.
59
(H 1τ − H 2 τ )× n = jS ;
E1τ = E2 τ ;
εa1 E1n − ε a 2 E2 n = σs ;
µ1 H1n = µ 2 H 2 n
H1τ × n = jS ;
E1τ = 0 ;
ε a1E1n = σ s ;
µ1H1n = 0 . (4.47)
-
-
.
-
-
.
jS
. -
σs .
4
4.1.
.
4.2. , -
, .
4.3. -
?
4.4. -
.
4.5. ( ).
4.6.
.
4.7. ,
( ), , -
.
4.8.
?
4.9. ,
, .
4.10. ?
4.11. .
4.12.
60
.
4
4.1.
, : ε = 81 ; µ = 1 ; σ = 0 / . -
& & 100 .
4.2. -
: ε = 4 ; µ =1; σ = 0 .
, -
1 / 2.
4.3.
: ( ε = 81 ); ( ε = 6 );
( ε = 2,25 ).
4.4. , : ε = 2,25 ; µ = 1 ; σ = 0 ,
45° . -
, .
4.5. ( -
, ) : 10 , 100 , 10 .
4.6.
, ε = 2,25 . -
, , -
.
45° .
61
5.
,
- . , -
, .
-
, « ».
,
, :
— , ( -
, ,
);
— , -
;
— , -
, , , -
.
.
.
.
, -
, .
, ( -
), , -
.
, ( ) -
-
. ,
, .
,
, , ,
.
, -
-
.
-
: 120 × 57 , 110 × 55 , 90 × 45 , 72 × 34 , 58 × 25 , 48 × 24 , 35 × 15 ,
28,5 × 12,6 , 23 × 10 , 17 × 8 , 11 × 5,5 , 7,2 × 3,4 , 3,6 × 1,8 , 1,6 × 0,8 . -
-
.
5.1.
,
( 5.1), ,
, -
.
, , -
.
, -
62
z
y
x 0
5.1 —
, -
, z, ,
E& H& z -
eiωt − γ z , (5.2)
γ— .
(5.2) E&
H& z −γ, ,
∂&
=
∂z ∂z
∂ &
[
E x 0 ( x, y ) e − γ z = − γ & ]
.
j=0 ρ=0 -
:
1x 1y 1z
∂ ∂ ∂ ⎛ ∂H& ∂H& y ⎞ ⎛ & & ⎞ ⎛ ∂H& y ∂H& x ⎞
rot H& = = 1x ⎜⎜ z − ⎟ + 1y ⎜ ∂H x − ∂H z ⎟ + 1z ⎜ ⎟
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ⎟ ⎜ ∂z ∂x ⎟ ⎜ ∂x − ∂y ⎟ =
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
H& x H&y H& z
⎧ 1 ⎛ ∂E& z ∂H& z ⎞
⎪ & = − 2 ⎜⎜ γ + iωµ a ⎟;
⎪ kc ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎟⎠
⎪& 1 ⎛ ∂E& z ∂H& z ⎞
⎪ y = 2 ⎜⎜ − γ + iωµ a ⎟;
⎪ kc ⎝ ∂y ∂x ⎟⎠
⎨ (5.5)
⎪ & = 1 ⎛⎜ iωε ∂ z − γ ∂ z ⎞⎟ ;
& &
kc2 ⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠
a
⎪ ∂y
⎪
⎪ & = − 1 ⎛⎜ iωε ∂ z + γ ∂ z ⎞⎟ ,
& &
2 ⎜
∂y ⎟⎠
y a
⎪⎩ kc ⎝ ∂x
kc2 = γ 2 + k 2 k 2 = ω2 ε aµ a .
E& E&y (5.5) (6) (5.4), &
&y (3), &
z E& z :
∂2 & z ∂ 2 & z
+ 2 + kc2 & z = 0 ; (5.6)
∂x 2 ∂ y
∂ 2 E& z ∂ 2 E& z
2
+ 2 + kc2 E& z = 0 . (5.7)
∂x ∂ y
(5.5) ,
:
& =− γ ∂ z, & =− γ ∂ z , ⎫
E& z ≠ 0⎪
& &
2 y 2
kc ∂x kc ∂y ⎪
⎬. (5.9)
iωε ∂ & z iωε ∂ & z
H& = 2 a , H& y = − 2 a , H& z = 0 ⎪
k c ∂y kc ∂x ⎪⎭
, (5.8) - ( E& z = 0 ), -
(5.9) — - ( & z = 0 ). .
64
5.1.1. - ( )
(5.8) TE & ,
z -
(5.6). &
z
(5.1). TE :
E& x = 0 y =0 , y =b;
E& y = 0 x =0, x = a. (5.10)
(5.8)
∂ &z
=0 x =0, x = a;
∂x
∂H& z
=0 y =0, y =b. (5.11)
∂y
( ), (5.6)
& = X ( x )Y ( y ) e − γ z , (5.12)
z
X ( x) Y (y) — , x y.
(5.6) ,
1 ∂ 2 X 1 ∂ 2Y
2
+ 2
+ kc2 = 0 ,
X ∂x Y ∂y
∂2 X ∂ 2Y
+ k x2 X = 0 , + k y2 Y = 0 k x2 + k y2 = kc2 ,
∂x 2 ∂y 2
k x2 k y2 — .
:
, &
z
( x 1 x 2 y)(
& = A& cos k x + B& sin k x A& cos k y + B& sin k y e − γ z ,
z 1 2 y ) (5.13)
γ 2 = k x2 + k y2 − k 2 . (5.14)
65
, -
mπ
(5.11). 1 = 0 , sin k x a = 0 kx = , m = 0, 1, 2, ...
a
nπ
, 2 = 0 , sin k yb = 0 ky = , n = 0, 1, 2, ...
b
,
2 2
⎛ mπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞
kc2 = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ; (5.15)
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
2 2
⎛ mπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞
2 2 2
γ = γ mn = k −k = ⎜
c ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ −k ; (5.16)
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
mπ nπ
H& z = A& mn cos x ⋅ cos y ⋅ e −γ mn z , (5.17)
a b
A& mn = A&1 A& 2 .
H& z (5.8),
- :
iωµ nπ & mπ nπ − γ mn z
E& x = 2 a Amn cos x sin ye ;
kc b a b
iωµ mπ & mπ nπ − γ mn z
E& x = − 2 a Amn sin x cos ye ;
kc a a b
E& z = 0 ,
γ mπ & mπ nπ −γ mn z
H& x = mn2 Amn sin x cos ye ;
kc a a b
γ nπ & mπ nπ − γ mn z
H& y = mn2 Amn cos x sin ye ;
kc b a b
, =n=0 , -
H& z , . , m n
, 0, 1, 2, …, . -
, -
- , m n ( mn
H mn ). (5.18) b
, m ,
0≤ ≤ , n— 0≤ y ≤b.
(5.18), , z ,
γ mn (5.16)
66
2 2
⎛ mπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞
2
γ mn = iβmn =i k −⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ , (5.19)
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
β mn — ( ).
, f , m, n, a, b
2 2
⎛ mπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞
k 2 = ω2 ε a µ a > ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
2 2
⎛ mπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞
2
k <⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ,
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
. , mn ( mn ) -
, f f ,
γ mn = 0 ,
2 2
2 2 ⎛ mπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞
ω ε aµa = k =⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ,
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
2 2
V ⎛m⎞ ⎛n⎞
f = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ , (5.20)
2 ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝b⎠
V =1 ε a µa .
λ , , -
2 2 εµ
λ = = = . (5.21)
f V ⎛m⎞ ⎛n⎞
2 2
⎛ m⎞ ⎛ n⎞
2 2
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝b⎠ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝b⎠
.
V
ω ω ω V
V = = = = , (5.23)
βmn k 2
c
2
ω εa µa ⎛ f ⎞
2
k 1− ω εaµ a 1 − 1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
k 2
ω2 ε a µ a ⎝ f ⎠
—
V V λ λ V
λ = = = ⋅ . (5.24)
f 1 − (λ λ ) 2
67
, λ λ, -
: ε = ε0 , µ = µ0 .
( )
2
dω ⎛f ⎞
V = = V 1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . (5.25)
dβ mn ⎝ f ⎠
(5.23) (5.25) , -
, V >c, V <c
V = c.
- ( -
)
E& x E& ωµ a µa εa Z0
(Z )TE = =− y = = = . (5.26)
H& y H& x β mn 1− ( f f ) 1 − (λ λ )
2 2
5.1.2. - ( )
- & ,
z -
(5.7)
(5.6) (5.7) ,
, (5.13),
( x 1 x 2 y 2)(
& = A& cos k x + B& sin k x A& cos k y + B& sin k y e − γ z ,
z 1 y ) (5.28)
k x2 + k y2 = kc2 γ 2 = k x2 + k y2 − k 2 . (5.29)
(5.27), :
mπ
1 = 0, sin k x a = 0 kx = , m = 0, 1, 2, ... ;
a
nπ
2 = 0, sin k y b = 0 ky = , n = 0, 1, 2, ... (5.30)
b
(5.28)
- , - -
:
2 2
⎛ mπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞
2
k =⎜c ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ;
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
2 2
⎛ mπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞ 2
γ mn = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ −k .
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ ⎠b
, -
- , m n ( -
mn Emn ). , Emn
(H mn ) . , m n ,
. , 00 (E00 ) , m0 (Em 0 ) , 0n (E0 n )
m n m = 1, 2, 3, ... n = 1, 2, 3, ...
, ,
, -
. , -
, (Z )TM (Z )E mn
2
β ⎛ λ ⎞
(Z )E = mn = Z 0 1 − ⎜
⎜λ ⎟
⎟ . (5.33)
mn
ωε a ⎝ ⎠
E11 TM 11 .
, -
(5.18) (5.32).
. ,
, , -
.
5.1.3. 10 ( 10 )
-
10 ( 10 ) 01 ( 01 ). ,
69
10 .
(5.18) m = 1 , n = 0 , E& H&
:
⎧& a & π −iβ10 z
⎪ E y = −iωµ a π A10 sin a x e ;
⎪ E& = E& = 0 ;
⎪ x z
⎪& a π −iβ10 z
⎨ H x = iβ10 A10 sin x e ; (5.34)
⎪& π a
⎪H y = 0 ;
⎪& π −iβ10 z
⎪ H z = A10 cos xe .
⎩ a
2 2 2
⎛π⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ 2π ⎛ λ ⎞
2
β10 = k − ⎜ ⎟ = k 1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1− ⎜ ⎟ = 2π , (5.35)
⎝a⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ f ⎠ λ ⎝λ ⎠ λ
λ— , ;
λ — .
(5.20) 10
V 1
f 10 = = , (5.36)
2a ε a µ a 2a
, ,
λ 10 = = 2a εµ . (5.37)
f 10
, ε = 1, µ =1,
1
f 10 = = , λ 10 = 2a ; (5.38)
ε 0 µ 0 2a 2a
λ0
λ 10 = , (5.39)
1 − (λ 0 2a )
2
λ0 — .
(5.36) — (5.38) , f λ
«b » . , λ 10
, 01 ,
a>b ( 01 2b εµ ).
-
, 10 ( 10 ).
, , , , -
70
10 .
(5.34),
y. , , . , -
-
.
10 5.2.
. , ,
jS = H × n ,
n — .
, x
jSz , y = 0 jSz = H x ,
y = b jSz = − H x .
z
y 2 1
3
1
x a
3 2
1— y = const ;
2— x = const ;
3— z = const
5.2 — 10
H10 .
,
.
.
Hz -
, 5.3.
jSz y =0 0≤x≤a
- H& (5.34),
x
π
jSz = jSz 0 sin x.
a
71
Hx x=0 x = a, -
.
H z (5.34) -
Ey Hz
,
-
+1 , z
x
π
−1 −1 jSx = jSx 0 cos x.
a
5.3 — Ey , , -
Hz x= 2
jSx = 0 .
H10 5.4.
, -
, , -
. , , -
, -
, . -
.
.
λ /2 a
a y z b
x a
z
— y=b;
— ;
b —
a
z
5.4 — H10
, S , -
72
1
P = − Re ∫ E& y H& x∗ dS .
2 S
Hx Ey (5.34)
2
1 ⎛a⎞
P= ωµ a A102 β10 ⎜ ⎟ ab . (5.40)
4 ⎝ π⎠
A10 -
.
( )
10 f ≤ f ≤ f . -
: f ≈ 1,25 f 10 , f ≈ 2 f 10 (b ≤ 2) .
f −f
= 46 % ,
f0
f 0 = 0,5 ( f + f ) .
, -
.
5.2.
, , -
, -
- .
H& z E& z -
, .
H& z E& z ( 5.5)
:
Iρ (1) (5.41)
1ϕ :
H& z = A& mn J m (k c ρ) cos mϕ e − γ z . (5.42)
0 ∂H& z
=0 ρ=a -
∂ρ
,
∂J m (kcρ)
J m (kcρ) , =0 ρ=a
5.5 — ∂ρ
73
J 'm (kc a ) = 0 , m = 0, 1, 2, ... , (5.43)
J′ .
, m -
J 'm (ν ) = 0 . ν mn , n
— . ν mn m = 0, 1, 2 -
5.1.
5.1 —
m =0 m =1 m =2
1 3,832 1,840 3,054
2 7,016 5,335 6,705
3 10,174 8,536 9,965
(5.43) ,
kc a = ν mn ,
ν mn
kc = , m = 0, 1, 2, ... , n = 1, 2, 3, ... , (5.44)
a
2
⎛ν ⎞
γ mn = ⎜ mn ⎟ − k 2
⎝ a ⎠
, ,
2
⎛ν ⎞
2
β mn = k − ⎜ mn ⎟ . (5.45)
⎝ a ⎠
γ mn
k = ω εaµ a > .
a
TE mn (H mn )
ν mn
ω εµ =
a
ν mn
(f ) H mn
= , (5.46)
2π a ε a µa
2π a
(λ ) = εµ . (5.47)
H mn
ν mn
74
5.1 , J 'm (ν ) = 0
ν11 , 1,84. , TE11 ( H11 ) a
,
(λ ) 11
= 3,41a εµ .
E H H11 -
5.6.
H11
:
⎧V = V 1 − ( f f )2 ;
⎪⎪
⎨V = V (5.48)
.
1− (f f )
⎪ 2
⎪⎩
Z0
(Z C )H = .
1− ( f f)
mn 2
H E
E& z = 0 ρ = a,
χ
kc = mn ,
a
m =0 m =1 m =2
1 2,405 3,832 5,135
2 5,520 7,016 8,417
3 8,654 10,173 11,620
- TM mn ( Emn )
χ mn
(f ) = , (5.49)
mn
2π a ε a µa
75
2π a
(λ ) = εaµa . (5.50)
mn
χ mn
f >f λ<λ ,
.
χ mn m = 0, n =1, -
( ) E01 ( TM 01 ).
χ 01 = 2,405 (5.50),
(λ ) 01
= 2,61 εµ .
( ε = 1, µ = 1 )
5.3.
, -
, .
:
— ( ) ,
, , -
, -
; ;
— ( ), ,
-
; , -
;
— ( -
) .
5.7 H10 .
, -
,
Ey H10
( x= 2 ).
-
,
. -
,
λ 4 . -
.
5.7 —
10
76
5.4.
, ,
, , . -
, -
.
, ,
γ = α + iβ , (5.51)
α— ;β— .
-
1n
α
1z
( 5.8).
1τ z = z1 -
1 . z = z1 + ∆z = z 2 -
z 2 1 -
∆z .
∆z → 0 ,
z1 z1 + ∆z
5.8 —
P1 − P2 ∂P
lim = .
∆z → 0 ∆z ∂z
∂P
, − -
∂z
. , , , -
∫ (E × H )
1 & ∗ 1 dS ,
P= R &
z (5.52)
2 s
S — ;
1z — , -
.
E& H& :
∫ (E )
1 & × H& ∗ e − 2 α z 1 dS = P e − 2 α z ,
P= R 0 0 z 0
2 S
P0 =
1
( )
Re ∫ E& 0 × H& 0∗ 1z dS .
2 S
77
z,
dP
= −2α P0 e−2 α z = −2α P .
dz
,
1 dP 1
α=− . (5.53)
2 dz P
,
. , ,
. -
,
,
∫ (E × H )
dP 1 & ∗ 1 dl ,
− = R &
n (5.54)
dz 2 L
L— ;
1n — .
P dP dz (5.52) (5.54) (5.53), , -
:
∫ (E × H )
R & & ∗ 1 dl
n
1
α=
(∫ E& × H& )1 dS . (5.55)
L
2R ∗
z
S
Z& S = RS + iX S — ,
(5.55)
E& n × 1n = 0 H& n × 1n = 0 .
, -
RS ∫ H τ2 dl
1
α=
( .
) (5.56)
L
2 Re E& × H& ∗ 1z dS
∫ S
, -
, E& H&
, .
β ,
.
(5.56) , -
, .
78
5.5.
.
1
ω0 = . -
LC
L C , , -
- -
,
. , , -
.
, -
. , -
, .
,
. , , -
.
, .
.
,
( 5.9).
-
z
-
y
, -
l
-
b - ( -
,
z ). -
x 0 z -
-
5.9 — .
, - -
. H mn ,
z .
(5.18) E H -
, :
iωµ a nπ mπ nπ & − γ mn z & γ mn z
⎧&
⎪ E x = k 2 b cos a x sin b y Amn e ( + Bmn e ; )
⎪ c
⎪ E& = 0 ;
⎪ z
γ mn mπ mπ nπ & −γ mn z & γ mn z (5.57)
⎨&
⎪ H x = k 2 a sin a x cos b y Amn e ( − Bmn e ; )
⎪ c
2 2
2 ⎛ mπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞
γ mn = iβ mn = i ω εa µa − ⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ . (5.58)
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
(5.57) « »
,
E& x = E& y = 0 z=0 z=l.
, , z -
, , .
(5.57) , z =l E& x = E& y = 0 ,
, β mn l = π ,
π
βmn = , (5.61)
l
— .
B& mn β mn (5.57), -
:
⎧& ωµ a nπ & mπ nπ pπ
⎪ E x = k 2 b Amnp cos a x sin b y sin l z ;
⎪ c
⎪ H& y = i p π 1 nπ & mπ nπ pπ
Amnp cos x sin y cos z;
⎪ 2
l kc b a b l
⎪ mπ nπ pπ
⎪ & z = −iA& mnp cos x cos y sin z.
⎩ a b l
A& mnp m, n, p -
, y, z .
, -
- .
80
m, n, p H mnp (TE mnp ) . m n , -
. p , -
l . p = 1, 2, 3, ...
- -
ωmnp , (5.61) (5.58)
2 2 2
1 ⎛ mπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ pπ ⎞
ωmnp = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ . (5.53)
εa µ a ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠
ωmnp
2 2 2
1 ⎛ m⎞ ⎛ n⎞ ⎛ p ⎞
f mnp = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ , (5.64)
2 ε aµ a ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝b⎠ ⎝ l ⎠
ε a µa 2
λ mnp = = . (5.65)
f mnp ε 0µ 0 2
⎛m⎞ ⎛n⎞ ⎛ p⎞
2 2
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝b⎠ ⎝ l ⎠
(5.63) — (5.65) , m, n ,
.
- -
101 ( 101 ) 011 ( 011 ). -
.
.
-
- T mn (T mn ), z
.
- -
, H mnp (TEmnp ) .
,
. -
.
Wmnp
Qmnp = ωmnp , (5.66)
P
Wmnp — , ;
P — .
, -
.
.
81
(5.66).
Wmnp Wmnp
Qmnp = ωmnp = ωmnp ⋅ = Qmnp , (5.67)
P + P + +
Qmnp — ;
P — .
, ,
f = 3000 ( λ = 10 ) 101 -
QH101 ≈ 19600 . -
.
,
, ,
- - .
- -
111 ( 111 ).
11
2 2
1 ⎛ ν11 ⎞ ⎛ pπ ⎞
ω = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ .
εa µ a ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠
11 p
ν11 = 1,84 , =1 :
2 2
1 ⎛ 1,84 ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
ω = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ,
εaµa ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝l ⎠
111
2
1 ⎛ 0,293 ⎞ 1
f = ⎜ ⎟ + 2 , (5.68)
ε a µa ⎝ a ⎠ 4l
111
1 εa µ a
λ = . (5.69)
111
⎛ 0,293 ⎞ 1
2
ε0 µ 0
⎜ ⎟ + 2
⎝ a ⎠ 4l
-
010 ( 010 ).
01 ( 01 )
2 2
1 ⎛ χ 01 ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
ω = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ , (5.70)
ε a µa ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠
01
82
1 εa µa
λ = . (5.71)
01
⎛ χ 01 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
2
ε 0µ 0
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2π a ⎠ ⎝ 2l ⎠
=0
⎧ 1 χ 01 1 2,405
⎪ω 010 = = ;
⎪ εa µ a a ε aµa a
⎪⎪ 1 χ 01
⎨ f 010 = ; (5.72)
⎪ ε a µa 2π a
⎪ 2π a εa µ a
⎪λ 010 = = 2,61a εµ .
⎩⎪ 2,405 ε 0µ 0
- -
. (TM mn 0 )
mn 0 -
- mn (TM mn ) .
5
5.1. ?
5.2. .
5.3.
.
5.4. , -
m n, -
.
5.5. -
10 .
5.6. 10 , 20 .
5.7. -
?
5.8. ?
5.9. 11 .
5.10. -
.
5.11. ,
.
5.12. ?
5.13. ?
5.14. ,
?
5.15. -
?
5.16. -
.
5.17. LC -
?
5.18.
.
5.19. ?
83
5
5.1. , ,
2
a × b = 11× 5 . ,
5000 . m n
, , -
.
5.2. 3 , -
ε = 3,2 ? 10
.
5.3. -
10 ?
5.4. , -
, 10 .
5.5. .
40 × 20 × 50 .
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