Geobios 38 (2005) 563573 http://france.elsevier.

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Tortonian ostracodes of Southwestern Europe Ostracodes tortoniens du Sud-Ouest de lEurope

Manuel Abad a,*, Francisco Ruiz a, Jos Gabriel Pendn b, M a Luz Gonzlez-Regalado a, Josep Tosquella a
a

Departamento de Geodinmica y Paleontologa, Universidad de Huelva, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas, s/n 21071, Huelva, Spain b Departamento de Geologa, Universidad de Huelva, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas, s/n 21071, Huelva, Spain Received 13 November 2002; accepted 15 December 2003 Available online 15 August 2005

Abstract This paper analyzes the lithostratigraphic features and the ostracode associations of the Tortonian deposits located in the western and central sectors of the Guadalquivir basin (S Spain). Eight facies associations are dened (FA-1 to FA-8), being deposited in uvial to upper bathyal paleoenvironments. The ostracofaune conrms the Tortonian age of these deposits, where three ostracode associations are dened: (a) infralittoral (i.e. Urocythereis favosa, Cytheretta orthezensis, Callistocythere spp.); (b) circalittoral (i.e. Costa batei, Celtia quadridentata, Echinocythereis scabra, Pterygocythereis ceratoptera/jonesii); and (c) outer platform/talus (Henryhowella asperima; Cytherella spp.; Krithe spp.). A comparison with the Tortonian associations of southwestern France and Portugal permits to dene a common ostracod zonation for southwestern Europe for this period. 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. Rsum Dans ce travail, les associations de facis et dostracodes des dpts tortoniens du bassin du Guadalquivir (S Espagne) sont tudies. Huit associations de facis sont distingues (FA-1 FA-8), caractristiques de milieux uviatiles pibathyales. Lge tortonien de ces sdiments est conrm par lostracofaune, laquelle peut tre subdivise en trois associations : (a) infralittoral (i.e. Urocythereis favosa, C. orthezensis, Callistocythere spp.) (b) circalittoral (i.e. Costa batei, Celtia quadridentata, Echinocythereis scabra, Pterygocythereis ceratoptera/jonesii) ; et (c) plateforme externe/pibathyal (Henryhowella asperima, Cytherella spp., Krithe spp.). Les donnes des dpts tortoniens de France et Portugal ont permis de faire une zonation commune dostracodes du Sud-Ouest de lEurope pour cet tage. 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Ostracodes; Facies; Tortonian; SW Spain Mots cls : Ostracodes ; Facis ; Tortonian ; SO Europe

1. Introduction The biostratigraphical utility of ostracods has been contrasted since Cambrian times (i.e. Bate and Robinson, 1978; Oertli, 1985; Colin and Lethiers, 1990). These microcrustaceans are especially important in regional correlation of neritic areas where the main planktonic markers (foraminifers,
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 9592 19874, fax: +34 9592 19440. E-mail address: manuel.abad@dgyp.uhu.es (M. Abad). 0016-6995/$ - see front matter 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.12.006

calcareous nannoplanckton) may be absent. In these shallow areas, it is desirable to dene several zonations covering the different (paleo-) environments (Llano, 1981; Brouwers, 1990; Zorn, 1997). In the Upper Neogene (Tortonian-Pliocene) of southern Europe, these zonations have been tentatively delimitated in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean basins (Sissingh, 1972, 1976) and the Western Mediterranean basin (Carbonnel, 1969). On the Atlantic margin, the Tortonian ostracode dis-

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tribution was only in the Landas basin (SW France; Moyes, 1965) and the Tajo and Algarve basins (Portugal; Nascimento, 1988), although not zones were dened for this region. In this paper, we analyze the Tortonian ostracode associations of the central and western sectors of the Guadalquivir basin (SW Spain). Results were compared with those obtained in Portugal and France, in order to establish the major ostracode zones of the neritic and upper bathyal paleoenvironments in southwestern Europe during this period. 2. Tortonian paleogeography of Southwestern Spain During the Tortonian, the main seaways connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean were (Fig. 1): (a) the secondary Betic Corridor, extending in a SW-NE direction through the Guadalquivir Basin (S Spain); and (b) the most important Rian Corridor, located northern Morocco. In these passages, evidences of physical constriction was found around 7.167.24 Myr ago (Krijgsman et al., 1999; Kouwenhoven et al., 2001) nishing with an isolation of the Mediterranean Sea from the surrounding major oceans (the Messinian Salinity Crisis; Hsu et al., 1973) owing to ongoing tectonic processes and glacio-eustatic sea-level uctuations (Garcs et al., 1998).

The upper Neogene sedimentary history of the Guadalquivir Basin is characterized by the sedimentation of a wide variety of lithostratigraphic units in a foreland basin located between a passive margin (the Iberian Massif) to the north, and the active Betic Ranges to the south. Deposition along the northern passive margin of this basin starts with a variety of facies, according to their geographical situation. In the western sector, the sedimentary record is thin, being composed by both clastic and calcarenite deposits (Clauss and Gonzlez-Regalado, 1993; Baceta and Pendn, 1999). The central sector is characterized either by only clastic deposits or calcarenite deposits, whereas the eastern areas present mainly marly lithology (Sierro et al., 1995). In these sedimentary rocks, investigations about ostracodes were mainly focused in the Messinian-Lower Pliocene interval (Benson, 1976; Ruiz and Gonzlez-Regalado, 1996). Nevertheless, a scarce attention was dedicated to the Tortonian associations (Borragan, 1966; Berggren et al., 1976). This paper tries to alleviate this partial lack. 3. Methodology In the Guadalquivir Basin, four sections from the central sector (Fig. 2AD) and three sections from the western sector

Fig. 1. Tortonian paleogeography of southern Spain. Fig. 1. Le Sud de lEspagne au Tortonien.

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Fig. 2. Geographical and geological setting of the two sectors studied. AD: sections. Fig. 2. Carte de situation et gologie des coupes tudies. AD : coupes.

(Gibralen, Niebla and Paterna del Campo) were selected for this study, all of Tortonian age (zone N16 of Blow; Baceta and Pendn, 1999; Pendn et al., 2001). Lithostratigraphy of each section was studied and the different facies associations were described. In addition, micropaleontological sampling was undertaken, according to the main facies observed in the eld. For each micropaleontological sample (250 g dry weight), the wash residue up to 63 m was examined and all ostracodes present were picked. Results are compared with the ostracode faunes observed in Tortonian sediments of Portugal (Nascimento, 1988) and southwestern France (Moyes,

1965). An ostracode association includes the species observed in these two last areas and, to the less, in one of the areas analyzed (central or western) of the Guadalquivir Basin. 4. Results and discussions 4.1. Facies: description, ostracode faunes and interpretation Eight main facies associations have been distinguished in the sections studied. The rst ve associations (FA-1 to FA-5)

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Fig. 3. Lithostratigraphy, facies associations (FA) and sedimentary sequences of the sections selected in the central sector of the Guadalquivir basin. Fig. 3. Lithostratigraphie, associations de facies (FA) et squences sdimentaires des coupes slectionnes dans le secteur central du bassin du Guadalquivir.

were found only in the central sector (Fig. 3), whereas FA-7 (Niebla Formation; Baceta and Pendn, 1999) is exclusive of the western sector (Fig. 4) and the two remaining (FA-6 and FA-8) are present in both sectors. In these sediments, 108 species of ostracodes were found and up to 2200 individuals were picked. 4.1.1. Unfossiliferous conglomerates and coarse sands (FA-1) This facies association consists of quartzite clast-supported conglomerates, forming single ow units with erosive bases. A typical feature is the presence of both coarsening and ningupward units, as well as rubefacted clasts. No fossils were

found within these facies. These characteristics suggest a uvial origin (debris ow, lag deposits, channel ll) for this association (Miall, 1984). 4.1.2. Cross-bedded conglomerates and coarse sands (FA-2) This association is composed of alternating conglomerates and coarse sands (< 0.5 m thickness) with a clast-size average between 0.5 and 1 cm, granule clast-sized and arranged into trough cross-bedding. These deposits are interbedded between conglomerate bodies belonging to association FA-1. Ostracodes are absent in these facies. These rocks

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Fig. 4. Lithostratigraphy, facies associations (FA) and sedimentary sequences of the sections selected in the western sector of the Guadalquivir basin. Fig. 4. Lithostratigraphie, associations de facies (FA) et squences sdimentaires des coupes slectionnes dans le secteur occidental du bassin du Guadalquivir.

may be originated from alluvial streams, causing the inll of minor channels and/or bar construction. 4.1.3. Unfossiliferous yellow coarsemedium sands (FA-3) These sediments comprise yellow coarsemedium sands (13 m thickness) disposed either in massive horizons, coarse sandy-X-bedding, trough-X-bedding and planar-X-bedding. These unfossiliferous facies are laterally related to other facies associations (FA-1 and FA-4) and may represent the nal consequence of alluvial processes consisting of planar ows during both low and upper ow regimes. 4.1.4. Fossiliferous conglomerates and coarse sands (FA-4) These deposits are constituted by alternating conglomerates and sands, locally cemented, showing a crude horizontal lamination accompanied of a normal/reverse grading of the clasts. Pectinids (Chlamys), cirripeds, fragments of echinoderms (Clypeaster) and moulds of gastropods (Conus, Turritella) are frequent. Sporadic ostracodes (Urocythereis favosa, Aurila zbyszewskii, Cytheretta rhenana rhenana) were found near the limit with the upper association FA-8. This fossil record is indicative of a coastal, shallow marine environment (Yassini, 1979; Ruiz et al., 1997).

4.1.5. Fossiliferous yellow coarsemedium sands (FA-5) This facies association includes coarsemedium sands, frequently cemented with a crude horizontal lamination. Trough cross-bedded sands are laterally located upon a basal unconformity, associated to lag deposits. The main paleontological feature is the presence of cemented lumachellic accumulations (15100 cm thickness) of the nummulitid Heterostegina gomez angulensis, commonly found with large echinoderms (Clypeaster) and ostreids. Ostracodes are well represented in some isolated samples, with frequent individuals of A. zbyszewskii, C. rhenana rhenana and U. favosa. This microfossiliferous assemblage suggests inner platform conditions, deeper than association FA-4 due to the abundance of nummulitids. These samples contain high percentages of adults (71100%) and closed carapaces (4365%), two features of very energetic environments with moderate to high rates of sedimentation (Oertli, 1970; Whatley, 1988). Near the transition with the upper association FA-8, these species are accompanied by Pterygocythereis jonesii, Celtia quadridentata and Costa batei. 4.1.6. Fossiliferous sands and silts (FA-6) These facies consist of yellow quartzite sands and silts, either loose or early cemented, including some conglomer-

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atic and microconglomeratic levels. They are arranged, after an erosional bottom, into thickening and coarsening upward sequences, of meter scale, with cross-bedding and paralleland ripple-lamination. Occasionally, some levels may present lumachellic concentrations of Heterostegina gomezangulensis. Ostracodes are abundant (Table 1: > 25 species/ sample; > 90 individuals/100 g), being represented by frequent valves and carapaces of Aurila spp., Callistocythere canaliculata, Callistocythere oertlii, Loxoconcha punctatella, Senesia triangularis postriangularis and Xestoleberis paisi. Baceta and Pendn (1999) identied these deposits as the product of an open shallow marine environment (1015 m depth) probably attached to deltaic and/or beach systems, conrming an early interpretation of Viguier (1974). 4.1.7. Sandy calcarenites (FA-7) These carbonate-siliceous deposits (Niebla Formation; Baceta and Pendn, 1999) consist of coarse calcarenites/ calcirudites (grainstonerudstone) lacking micrite matrix and comprising a lot of coarse sand-sized quartz. The carbonate fraction includes reworked fragments of bivalve shells (mainly Ostreidae and Pectinidae), red algae, heterosteginids, and small benthic foraminifers (Elphidium), with remains of bryozoans, echinoderms and serpulids as minor constituents. No ostracodes were observed in the samples analyzed. These sediments could be deposited in high energy beaches (shoreface facies), because of the coarse grain-size of the sediments and the high fragmentation of the bioclastic components. 4.1.8. Grey silts and shales (FA-8) These facies are composed by massive gray clays, which are unconformably disposed over the remaining facies associations. These ne deposits are included in the Gibralen Clays Formation (Civis et al., 1987), with a distinctive glauconitic level near the base in the two studied sectors. Bivalves (Palliollum, Amussium), condrichtians (Isurus, Odontaspis, Carcharocles) and echinoderms (Schizaster) are the main macrofossils. Near the base, C. batei, Ruggieria nuda, Cytherella spp. and Krithe soustaensis are the most representative ostracodes, being progressively replaced by Henryhowella asperrima, Krithe pernoides and Parakrithe spp. According to the foraminiferal assemblages (Civis and Sierro, 1987; GonzlezRegalado and Ruiz, 1996), the glauconitic level was deposited in a circalittoral environment (50100 m depth), with an increasing depth towards the top (external platformupper talus). 4.2. Cyclicity In the central sector of the Guadalquivir Basin, the lateral correlation of the facies associations permit to dene a composite section showing an interesting cyclicity (Fig. 5). Eight sedimentary sequences may be distinguished, although the two lowest are not present in the sections studied. These sequences are characterized by the presence of erosive, lag

marine deposits (associations FA-4 and FA-5) near the base followed of the remaining alluvial/littoral/neritic associations. This model is only interrupted in the upper sequence, coinciding with the presence of deeper deposits (association FA-8). According to Sierro et al. (1992), the seven lowermost sequences would be included in a Transgressive System Tract, whereas the glauconitic and pelagic clays would represent a Highstand System Tract. Both systems may be correlated to Cycle 3.2. of Haq et al. (1987). This cyclicity may represent the local response to the dextral rotation of the Guadalquivir foreland basin during this period, with the displacement of the depocenters to the northwest (Sanz de Galdeano, 1989). In the Late Tortonian, tectonic uplift of this corridor has been documented by Krijgsman et al. (1999, 2001). A major lowering of the sea level, another possible cause for these changes, was not conrmed during this period in the Betic Corridor (Hodell et al., 2001). 4.3. The ostracod faunes 4.3.1. Biostratigraphical notes Of the 108 species identied in the Tortonian samples from southern Spain, sixteen (i.e. C. orthezensis, C. rhenana rhenana, L. punctatella, Sagmatocythere grateloupiana) have a long stratigraphical range comprising from the Aquitanian to the Pliocene in southwestern Europe (Moyes, 1965; Yassini, 1969; Nascimento, 1988). At present, some of them live in the neritic/bathyal environments of this region and the adjacent Mediterranean, such as Costa batei or H. asperrima (Yassini, 1979; Ruiz et al., 2000). A rst biostratigraphical approximation may be made with the coexistence of a group of species (Cytherella confuse, Cytherella consueta, Neocytherideis linearis, Krithe papillosa) conned to the AquitanianTortonian interval together with some taxa (Acantocythereis hystrix, Aurila vascoensis, Costa punctatissima, K. pernoides) that appear during the Tortonian (Table 2). The Tortonian age of this assemblage is conrmed by the presence of several species restricted to this period in southwestern Europe. The most representative species are Aurila semilunata, A. zbyszewskii, C. canaliculata, Callistocythere vigneauxi and Carinocythereis galilea, which may be used as biostratigraphical markers for this period in this zone. 4.3.2. Ostracoda and Tortonian paleoenvironments An approximate paleoecological reconstruction of the Tortonian paleoenvironments of southern Spain can be fact in agreement with the ostracod data contributed of Moyes (1965), Carbonel (1980), Nascimento (1983), Carbonel (1985) and Lachenal (1989). The majority of the species collected in the two sectors analyzed in the Guadalquivir Basin inhabited mainly in the infralittoral environments (associations FA-4, FA-5 and FA-6), at depths down to 50 m. In these shallow areas, several groups of species may be distinguished: Some species inhabited on phytal environments (algae, phanerogams). This group is composed by Xestoleberis

M. Abad et al. / Geobios 38 (2005) 563573 Table 1 Ostracod abundance and diversity in the samples studied Abondance et diversit des ostracodes dans les chantillons tudis.

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Fig. 5. Composite section of the central sector of the Guadalquivir basin. Fig. 5. Coupe composite du secteur central du basin du Guadalquivir.

glabrescens, Cyamocytheridea reversa, Hemicytherura videns or C. orthezensis. Surrounding these vegetated areas, the peryphital areas were colonized by ornate species of Semicytherura (S. inversa), Callistocythere (C. canaliculata, C. oertlii, C. vigneauxi) and Sagmatocythere (S. grateloupiana, S. napoliana). These species may be occasionally accompanied by individuals of the genus Aurila, which segregate mucus and adhere to the stems and/or rhizomes (Whatley, 1976). The ostracode association of sandy substrates were mainly formed by U. favosa, Nonurocythereis seminulum, Pontocythere elongata and heavily ornate forms of Aurila (A. punctata, A. zbyszewskii). Most of these species are fed of the discrete particles (detritus, bacteria) collected by processing the bottom sediments. In addition, some opportunistic species would be present in any of there three paleoenvironments. Some species of Loxoconcha and Semicytherura may be included in this new infralittoral group. The circalittoral association (50150 m depth) was mainly composed by Costa batei, C. quadridentata, Echinocythereis scabra, Pterigocythereis ceratoptera/jonesii, Falunia rugosa, Bosquetina carinella and R. nuda. These species are well represented near the base of the association FA-8, whereas Parakrithe dactylomorpha, H. asperrima, C. consueta, Ruggieria tetraptera and Costa tricostata characterize the upper levels sampled. This change would indicate the

transition toward new external platform/upper bathyal paleoenvironments (150300 m depth; Ruiz and GonzlezRegalado, 1996). In the two sectors studied, Tortonian lower bathyal deposits are absent, although they have been observed in the El Cuervo section, located in the South of Sevilla Province (Fig. 2). This ostracode association is composed of Cytherella vulgata, H. asperrima, Xestoleberis prognata, Krithe spp., Parakrithe spp., Bradleya dyction and Oblitacythereis ruggierii (Berggren et al., 1976). 4.3.3. Tortonian ostracode zonation of southwestern Europe If we compare this distribution and the data extracted of Moyes (1965); Nascimento (1983, 1988), an ostracode zonation may be proposed for this region (Fig. 6). This zonation would include three zones: Infralittoral. This zone is characterized by C. orthezensis, Cytheretta simplex, Hermanites haidingeri, Hiltermannicythere sphaerulolineata, Mutilus labiatus, N. linearis, Paracytheridea triquetra and U. favosa. Circalittoral. This zone is recognized by the joint presence of B. carinella, Costa batei, E. scabra, Paracypris polita and, occasionally, R. tetraptera. Outer platform/Upper bathyal. The main species that compose this zone are H. asperrima, K. soustaensis and C.

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Table 2 Biostratigraphical and paleogeographical distribution of the ostracode species found in the Tortonian sediments of southern Spain. Grey: species selected for the Tortonian zonation. G1: Central sector of the Guadalquivir basin; G2: Western sector of the Guadalquivir basin; P: Portugal; F: France Biostratigraphie et distribution gographique des ostracodes recueillis dans les sdiments tortoniens du Sud de lEspagne. Gris : espces slectionnes pour la zonation du Tortonien. G1 : secteur central du basin du Guadalquivir ; G2 : secteur occidental du basin du Guadalquivir ; P : Portugal ; F : France.

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Fig. 6. Proposed ostracod zonation for the Tortonian of southwestern Europe. Fig. 6. Zones dostracodes proposes pour le Tortonien du Sud-Ouest de lEurope.

tricostata, accompanied of several species of Cytherella and Parakrithe.

5. Conclusions The analysis of seven Tortonian sections of the Guadalquivir Basin permits to delimitate: (a) eight facies association, characterized by their lithological, stratigraphical and faunal features; and (b) three ostracode associations belonging to three different paleoenvironments (infralittoral, circalittoral and external platform/upper bathyal). A comparative correlation with the Tortonian ostracod faunas of France and Portugal permits to perform a common zonation for southwestern Europe during this period.

Acknowledgements This work has been economically supported by a FPU grant awarded by the MECD of the Spanish Government. Financial support of the Junta de Andalucia (P.A.I.), Group RNM238, and the Plan Propio of the Huelva University are also acknowledged.

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