Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
THESE EN COTUTELLE
Pour obtenir le grade de
par
Monsieur Hassan RAYHANE
Le 02 juillet 2004
Titre :
JURY
9 9
B C
D E
)*+!,--./0!A."$!")* -!%!#1"(!"!*+,0! ?
1%,#,".%,'/ ()%!#1"($%!0%,'/
$")-%.%"(!",#)-.%,'/"
@
? 9 9 ?
? *,%=*!"( $+.-).%,'/ ?
? '/"%*)0%,'/ ()#'(=-!(4/.#,5)!
? '/0-)",'/
. ) %!# * +, % % , ! %#
9 9
9 ?
9 J
.A-!(!"#.%,=*!"
. , % "! %!% * 3
F 99 9 D 3<
.-0)- (!-. +.-!)* ()"!),- K'1% @
$%!*#,/.%,'/ ()%!#1"(!*$1'/"!
F 99
.-0)- (!-. +.-!)* ()"!),- K'1%
$%!*#,/.%,'/ ()%!#1"(!*$1'/"!
9 <
?
,"%!(!"2,6)*!"
3
INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE
<
/%*'()0%,'/ 6$/$*.-!
@
/%*'()0%,'/ 6$/$*.-!
"
#
$
&.1,%*! F !".11*'0&!"(!")*+!,--./0!
')% "4"%=#! (! 1*'()0%,'/ !"% 0'#1'"$ ( )/! 1.*%,! '1$*.%,+! !% ( )/! 1.*%,!
0'##./(! 9')* )/! "$5)!/0! (! %Q0&!" ; *$.-,"!*R -. 1.*%,! 0'##./(! ('//! - '*(*!
( !7$0)%,'/ ; -. 1.*%,! '1$*.%,+! ="5)! -. %Q0&! !"% !22!0%)$!R0!--! 0, ,/2'*#! -. 1.*%,!
0'##./(!(!-. *$.-,".%,'/ (!0&.5)!%Q0&! !"$0&./6!"*!1*$"!/%$"")* -. 2,6)*! R"'/% #,"
!/ $+,(!/0!1.* -!"'*(*!"`.0%,'/"a!% -!"0'#1%!"*!/()"`0.1%!)*"a
) *
% &'
(=( ? 8
$2.,--./%"
! /%!*(,%" $6*.($"
% +)
D,!/ $+,(!##!/% %')" -!" "4"%=#!" /! 1*$"!/%!/% 1." %')" 0!" #'(!" (!
2'/0%,'//!#!/% !%%! 0-."",2,0.%,'/ 1!*#!% (! 0')+*,* 1*.%,5)!#!/% %')" -!" #'(!"
")"0!1%,A-!"(!"!1*'(),*!!% (!".(.1%!* ;-. +.*,$%$(!""4"%=#!"*!/0'/%*$"
(=- ? 8 A
?
&.1,%*! F !".11*'0&!"(!")*+!,--./0!
(=. B
!" #$%&'(!" (! ")*+!,--./0! (!" ($2.,--./0!" )%,-,"$!" (./" -!" (,22$*!/%" "!0%!)*"
,/()"%*,!-""'/% %*="+.*,$!" !)* 1*,/0,1!6$/$*.- 0'/","%!;0'/2*'/%!* -!"('//$!"*!-!+$!".)
0')*" () 2'/0%,'//!#!/% *$!- () "4"%=#! .+!0 -. 0'//.,""./0! 5)! -] '/ . (! "'/
2'/0%,'//!#!/% /'#,/.- ') (! "!" 2'/0%,'//!#!/%" ($2.,--./%" . 2'*#! "')" -.5)!--! "!
1*$"!/%! -. 0'//.,""./0! ")* -! "4"%=#! 0'/(,%,'//!R-!" (,22$*!/%!" #$%&'(!" )%,-,"$!" !/
")*+!,--./0!
!-'/ -]
')+*.6!Y^J <?ZR0!"(!*/,=*!"1!)+!/% U%*!0-.""$!"!/ %*',"6*./(!"2.#,--!"F
( .=( B ?
( .=- B B C
( .=. B @
3
&.1,%*! F !".11*'0&!"(!")*+!,--./0!
.11*'0&! #,7%! !"% )/ 0'#1*'#," !/%*! -!" (!)7 1*$0$(!/%!"_ -!" 2'/0%,'/" (!
(,.6/'"%,0 !% (!($0,",'/ "'/% "$1.*$!".-'*"5)!-!"2'/0%,'/"(!($%!0%,'/ !% (!*!1*,"!"'/%
,/%$6*$!"; -. 0'##./(! ./"0! 0."-! "4"%=#! (! 0'##./(! ($2,/,% -! 0'#1'*%!#!/% (,%
/'*#.-R.,/", %')%!$+'-)%,'/ /'/ 1*$+)!(./"0!#'(=-!(!0'##./(!"!*. .-'*"0'/",($*$!
0'##!./'*#.-! .+./%.6!(!0!%%!.11*'0&!*$",(!(./"-!2.,% 5)!-. -,#,%!!/%*!/'*#.- !%
./'*#.- !"% $%.A-,!(="5)!- '/ "1$0,2,!-!#'(=-!(!-. 0'##./(!Y < Z
')" 1*$"!/%'/"R (./" 0! 5), "),%R -!" .11*'0&!" ($+!-'11$!" (./" (,22$*!/%"
-.A'*.%',*!"1')* -. ")*+!,--./0!(!""4"%=#!"(!1*'()0%,'/
-=( / B ?
./"0!%%! .11*'0&!R,- "8.6,% (8,/"$*!* )/ ')1-)",!)*"2,-%*!"R!/%*!-. 0'##./(!!% -!
1*'0$($ ; ")*+!,--!* _ '##! -! #'/%*! -. 2,6)*! ! 1*,/0,1! 0'/","%! ; / !7$0)%!* (!
0'##./(!5)!-'*"5)!-8$%.% *$!- () "4"%=#!!"% 0'&$*!/% .+!0 0!%%!(!*/,=*! 8$%.% *$!- ()
"4"%=#! !"% 'A%!/) ; 1.*%,* (! -8!/"!#A-! (!"$%.%"0.1%!)*"; 0&.5)! ,/"%./% 'AV!0%,2(!
0!%%!.11*'0&!!"% (!1*'1'"!* -. #!,--!)*!"%*)0%)*!(!2,-%*!, ! )/!"%*)0%)*!5), /!*$(),% 1."
-!"1!*2'*#./0!"()"4"%=#!(!0'##./(!
% , -.
- (=( % B ? # %! D!
*(*!"
9 9*$+,",'/ ()*!%')* 9
99 9
'#1.*.,"'/
$%!0%,'/
*.,%!#!/% `!1 'a
!**!)*"
9*$+,",'/ (!" *(*!"
#.6!0.1%!)*"
% /- - )01$
- (=- % B ? %
<
&.1,%*! F !".11*'0&!"(!")*+!,--./0!
'/%*[-!(! '##./(!
.1%!)*"
%*.%$6,!"
**!)* .0%,'/
,+!.)
,$*.*0&,5)! !0')+*!#!/% (!"!**!)*"
% 2 - - 13
!"0'#1%!"*!/()"2,-%*$""'/% %*./"#,"+!*"-. 1.*%,!0'##./(!R-!""4#1%[#!""'/%
%*./"#," +!*" )/ #'()-! (! (,.6/'"%,0RA."$ ")* )/! #'($-,".%,'/ () 1*'0$($ *!2-$%./% ".
"%*)0%)*!,/%!*/! !%%!#'($-,".%,'/ *!1'"!( )/!1.*% ")* -!6*.1&!2'/0%,'//!- 5), ($2,/,% -!"
2'/0%,'/" (!" (,22$*!/%" $-$#!/%" () 1*'0$($ !% -!)*" ,/%!*.0%,'/" !% ( .)%*! 1.*% ")* -!"
",6/.%)*!"%!#1'*!--!"0.)".-!"5), "'/% )/ #'(=-!() 0'#1'*%!#!/% ./'*#.- ( )/!1.*%,!()
1*'0$($R".0&./% 5) )/! ",6/.%)*! %!#1'*!--! 0.)".-!"$%.A-,% )/! 0'**!"1'/(./0! !/%*! )/!
"$5)!/0!( $+$/!#!/%"",6/,2,0.%,2"!% )/!')1-)",!)*"0.)"!"(!($2.,--./0!Y <3Z
! 2,-%*!(! +.-!)*" 0.1%!)*" F 0'#1.*! -!" ",6/.)7 $#," 1.* -! 1*'0$($ .+!0 0!)7
1*$+,",A-!" 0'**!"1'/(./% .) 2'/0%,'//!#!/% /'*#.- ` /! *!#,"! ; V')* !"% ."")*$! 1')*
#'(=-!,/%!*/!a
@
&.1,%*! F !".11*'0&!"(!")*+!,--./0!
-=- / B #
#
?
1$ # 2
% 4 .
- -=( % B 8 # ,
* , #",,%!
'##./(!"
,6/.)7 0.1%!)*"
,6/.- !"%,#$ E
," #",'% %
#",'" , ! ?
'**!0%,'/"
% 5 1 )
- -=- , %
' "#
'##./(!" %.%"0.1%!)*"
'
#.6!*$!--!
"F
% 6- 13
!"% )/! .11*'0&! 0'#1.*.%!)* '*,!/%$! "$0)*,%$ '1$*.%,'//!--!F '/ A)% !"% -!
2'/0%,'//!#!/% "W*R"./" (./6!*R/, *,"5)! ( .00,(!/%"_ ,- .)%'*,"! )/ 2'/0%,'//!#!/% "')"
2.)%!".+!0 (!"*,"5)!"0'/%*[-$"
-=. % B B BC ?
,+!.)")1$*,!)*
/%!*2.0!'1$*.%!)*
*6!/0!
!1*,"!
,.6/'"%,0
'(=-!(!*$2$*!/0!
,+!.),/2$*,!)*
'()-! '()-!
% 7 * 11'
'*"5) )/! ($2.,--./0! "! 1*'1.6! ( )/! .0%,+,%$ ; )/! .)%*!R-. ($2.,--./0! / !"% 1."
($%!0%$!1!/(./% - .0%,+,%$!/ 0')*"!% "!*$1!*0)%!")* )/!(!".0%,+,%$""),+./%!" . ($%!0%,'/
. ('/0 -,!) (./")/ #'()-!(,22$*!/% (!0!-), *!"1'/".A-!(!0!%%!($2.,--./0! !"4"%=#!(!
(,.6/'"%,0R0'#1%!%!/) (!",/2'*#.%,'/"-'0.-!"('/% ,- (,"1'"!R,- /!1!)% 0'/0-)*! 5)./% ;
- .0%,+,%$*!"1'/".A-!(!-. ($2.,--./0!
&.1,%*! F !".11*'0&!"(!")*+!,--./0!
-=4 B =#
./"%')%!"-!".11*'0&!"1*$"!/%$!"R-!"#$0./,"#!"(!($%!0%,'/ (!"($2.,--./0!""'/%
A."$"%')%!"")* -!#'(=-!(!0'#1'*%!#!/% /'*#.- !(!*/,!* !"% 0.*.0%$*,"$1.* )/ /'#A*!
( $%.%"2,/, . /$0!"",%$ (! ($2,/,* ; 1*,'*, -. -,"%! !7&.)"%,+! (! %')"-!"$%.%"/'*#.)7 ')
./'*#.)7 0'/"%,%)!-;- ,/0'/+$/,!/% #.V!)* (!0!".11*'0&!" !1-)"R-. /'/ 1*,"!!/ 0'#1%!
(!-. (4/.#,5)!() "4"%=#!!% A,!/ "W*R-!"),+, %!#1'*!- (./"- !7$0)%,'/ (!"%Q0&!"!"% )/!
2.,A-!""!,/0'/%!"%.A-!(!0!"(,22$*!/%!".11*'0&!"
')" /')" "'##!" 2,7$ 0'##! 'AV!0%,2R - ,/%$6*.%,'/ (!" ')%,-" (! ")*+!,--./0!R
")1!*+,",'/ !% (!#.,/%!/./0!(./")/ "4"%=#!(!1*'()0%,'/ ($V;0'##./($ !5), V)"%,2,!
-!0&',7 (!/'%*!.11*'0&!(!")*+!,--./0!6-'A.-! !#'()-!(!")*+!,--./0!*!c',% .-'*"-!"
,/2'*#.%,'/"0'**!"1'/(./% ;- !/"!#A-!(!"$%.%"0.1%!)*"R0 !"% - $-$#!/% (!A."!)%,-,"$1')*
-. ($%!0%,'/ (!"($2.,--./0!"!% 1.* -. "),%!-. -'0.-,".%,'/ `(,.6/'"%,0a(!-. ') (!""')*0!"(!
1.//!" -̀!#$0./,"#!"!*. ($%.,--$(./"-!"1.*%,!""),+./%!"a
?
&.1,%*! F !".11*'0&!"(!")*+!,--./0!
(=- ??
) %!# f $%!0%,'/
f ,.6/'"%,0
#%'
* , ' " # "! #",,%!
%# "!
% &8
&.1,%*! F !".11*'0&!"(!")*+!,--./0!
($%!0%,'/
"%.%,"%,5)!" ,
f
-'0.-,".%,'/
#
%.%" '(!"g
'(=-!(!0'#1'*%!#!/% -'0.-,".%,'/
% && 3 9
,"!;V')*"A."!(!('//$!" ' ?
%.%,"%,5)!"
")*!( ')%,-"
1-./,2,0.%,'/
,/%!*+!/%,'/
/%!*+!/%,'/ (!- $5),1!
, , %.%"(!2'/0%,'//!#!/%
(!"#.0&,/!"
% &+ 3 9
3
&.1,%*! F !".11*'0&!"(!")*+!,--./0!
' ?
!"%,'/ (!-. 1*'()0%,'/
, ($0,",'/
$/$*!* -!""$5)!/0!"
*!0')+*!#!/%
)*6!/0!
#
%.%,"%,5)!"!%
,
2*$5)!/0!"(!"1.//!"
$%!0%,'/ g -'0.-,".%,'/
% &, 3 9
.=- '
9*'0$($ '*-'6! /R *
` '#1'*%!#!/% 'A"!*+$a
"FH ? $%!0%,'/
'#1.*.,"'/
.(!/0!R
0'/2,6)*.%,'/R
'(=-!(!
0'#1'*%!#!/%
% &/ .
&.1,%*! F !".11*'0&!"(!")*+!,--./0!
<
CHAPITRE2.
'
:
; <
: )
;
=
"
- )
. "
@
&.1,%*! '($-,".%,'/ ()"4"%=#!(!")*+!,--./0!
( * $, 0 $)$! , ! # 1 2 %''
9.//!
.*0&!
1 0 2 1 0 1 ( *
**U%
!#1"
@ % % f @ % % % f @ % %? % `"!0a
% &2 ! > ? ?
&.1,%*! '($-,".%,'/ ()"4"%=#!(!")*+!,--./0!
-=( , 8
%'0M ( %'0M
( !/%*$! ,( ,- !"'*%,!
% &4 ! -? ?
&.1,%*! '($-,".%,'/ ()"4"%=#!(!")*+!,--./0!
- (=( # C 8 B
.-&!)*!)"!#!/% )/! #.0&,/! !"% %')V')*" ")V!% ; (!" ($2.,--./0!"R; 0.)"! (! "'/
+,!,--,""!#!/%R($*=6-!#!/% ') .)%*!" 1*="($2.,--./0!R-. #.0&,/!"!%*')+!(./")/ $%.% (!
1.//! . 2*$5)!/0! ( '00)**!/0! (! 0!" 1.//!" !"% 0.*.0%$*,"$! 1.* )/ @
? /'%$F I ,- 0.*.0%$*,"!-!/'#A*!%'%.- (!($2.,--./0!1!/(./% -. ()*$!(!"!*+,0!
'( .0&,/!.)*!1'"
4 -
&.*6!#!/% ( 9,=0!"(,"1'/,A-!"
$1.*.%,'/ 9,=0!)",/$!
( )/!1,=0!
(!-. #.0&,/!
.0&,/!!/ #.*0&! '- $1.*%
'- **,+$! ( )/!
( )/! ( - 1,=0!
1,=0!
. 00)**!/0!( )/!1.//!
'(
.0&,/!!/ 1.//!
'. 9-.0!"-,A*!"
% &5 .a Aa @
- (=- ' ?
% &6
-=- #B @ D
- -=( F K
D'*/!")1$*,!)*!
D'*/!,/2$*,!)*!
'#A*!#'4!/
()"%'0M
%!#1"
% &7 . @
!($+!-'11!#!/% (!0!%%!.11*'0&!1*$"!/%!-!"(,22,0)-%$""),+./%!"F
- -=- F
()*$!($1.""!)/ "!),- 2,7$ 'AV!0%,2!"% (!($%!*#,/!* -. +.-!)* ()"!),- /'%$FP ;2,7!* 1')*
'1%,#,"!* -! %!#1"(! ($%!0%,'/ / !22!%R(!""!),-"$-!+$!"/! 1!*#!%%!/% 1."(! ($%!0%!* ;
%!#1")/!1.//!R1.* 0'/%*!(!"2.,A-!""!),-"($0-!/0&!/% %*'1 (!2.)""!".-.*#!" !1*,/0,1!
(! 0!%%! .11*'0&! 1!*#!% (! ($%!0%!* -!"1.//!".+!0 )/ *!%.*( #,/,#.- $6.- .) "!),- !"%
0!%%!.11*'0&!5)!/')".--'/"!71-',%!* 1')* -. ")*+!,--./0!!% -!(,.6/'"%,0 (!""4"%=#!"(!
1*'()0%,'/
% +8
- -=.
,( ,-
% +& .
&.1,%*! '($-,".%,'/ ()"4"%=#!(!")*+!,--./0!
j.)j*!1'" K j.)j*!1'"
( ( - -
j!/j#.*0&! j!/j#.*0&!
% ++
'4 -
` @a "j1./j
($2j
'-
4 K
j#.* .
j#.* ($2j
1./j.-$.% 1./j.-$.%
9 9 /Aj($2
/Aj($2
!"%j1./ !"%j1./
% +,
3
&.1,%*! '($-,".%,'/ ()"4"%=#!(!")*+!,--./0!
- -=4
. 0."(!%'-$*./0!OP 2.,A-!F
'##!-!#'/%*!-. 2,6)*! .R-'*"5)!-!*!%.*( %'-$*$!"% 2.,A-!R-'*"(!- !7$0)%,'/
(!"'1$*.%,'/"( )",/.6!R-! "4"%=#! 0'/%,/)! (! 2'/0%,'//!* !/ A."0)-./% !/ #'(! ($6*.($
1),"*!+,!/% .) #'(!/'*#.- ./"0!0."-!/'#A*!(!2.)""!".-.*#!"!"% %*=",#1'*%./% 1.*
*.11'*% .) /'#A*! (! ($2.,--./0!" !22!0%,+!" %,%*! ( ,/(,0.%,'/R/')" .+'/" 'A%!/) !/
0&',",""./% P k @R
@ )/,%$(!%!#1"(,"%*,A)$"),+./% )/!-', )/,2'*#!R)/!($2.,--./0!")* @
($2.)%",/V!0%$"
A 0."(!%'-$*./0!OP ,#1'*%./% F
./" 0! 0."R0'##! *!1*$"!/%$ 1.* -. 2,6)*! AR-'*"5)! -! *!%.*( %'-$*$ -'*" (!
- !7$0)%,'/ (!" '1$*.%,'/" ( )",/.6! !"% .""!e $-!+$R/')" /! 1')+'/" ($%!0%!* %')%!" -!"
($2.,--./0!"1'"",A-!" ')"/!1')+'/"1."%'-$*!* (!%!--!#.*6!R1')* -. *.,"'/ (!"$0)*,%$!%
(!"W*!%$(!- ,/"%.--.%,'/
0 '/0-)",'/ F
. "4/%&="!(!0!%%!'1%,#,".%,'/R0'##!,--)"%*$!1.* -. 2,6)*! 0R/')"1!*#!% (!
0'/0-)*!5)!-'*"5)!-!"+.-!)*"() "!),- 1')* 0&.0)/!(!"#.0&,/!""'/% 0&',",!"R.-'*"%./%
5)!-. %'-$*./0! (./"-!"()*$!"(!"'1$*.%,'/"( )",/.6!/!($1.""!1."0!"!),- -!"4"%=#!
0'/%,/)!(!2'/0%,'//!* !"+.*,.%,'/"/!"!*'/% 1."1*,"!"0'##!($2.,--./0!"R.,/", "!)-!"
-!" %!#1" ( )",/.6! ")1$*,!)*" .)7 "!),-" "!*'/% ($%!0%$" !% 0'**!"1'/(!/% .-'*" ; (!"
($2.,--./0!"()"4"%=#! ')"'A%!/'/"(./"0!0."#',/"(!2.)""!".-.*#!"
'%'/"5)!-!"+.-!)*"(!""!),-"/!0'**!"1'/(!/% 1.";(!"+.-!)*"'1%,#.-!"R,-""'/%
('//$";%,%*!,/(,0.%,21')* (!"0.*.0%$*,"%,5)!"(!#.0&,/!"('//$!"
&.1,%*! '($-,".%,'/ ()"4"%=#!(!")*+!,--./0!
) `%!#1"( )",/.6! a
) `%!#1"( )",/.6! a
% +/ A
<
&.1,%*! '($-,".%,'/ ()"4"%=#!(!")*+!,--./0!
-=. #
! 1*!#,!* *$")-%.% ; *!%!/,* 0 !"% - !7,"%!/0! (! -. *!-.%,'/ (! ().-,%$ !/%*! -! %!#1"
( )",/.6!!% -!"+.-!)*"(!""%'0M",/%!*#$(,.,*!" !0, 0'/2,*#!-. 1'"",A,-,%$( )%,-,"!* 0!%%!
,/2'*#.%,'/ 1')* 0'//.X%*!- $%.% (!2'/0%,'//!#!/% (!-. #.0&,/!
.=(
.=- # F
')" ,--)"%*'/" -!" 0'/0!1%" (! A."!R.,/", 5)! -. /'%.%,'/ 6*.1&,5)! () #'(=-!
.)%'#.%! %!#1'*,"$ ; %*.+!*" )/ !7!#1-! (! #'($-,".%,'/ ( )/ (,"%*,A)%!)* (! A',""'/"
Y < Z
*!/(*!∧ 7 k @
C
@
7 Fk @
= 9,=0!∧ *., =
7 Fk @
*., 7≤ @
0.2$∧ 7 o @
%&$∧ 7 o @ ??
% +2 1
&.1,%*! '($-,".%,'/ ()"4"%=#!(!")*+!,--./0!
! "'##!% ,/,%,.- (! - .)%'#.%! !"% @ - !"% #.*5)$ 1.* )/! 2-=0&! !/%*./%! ")*
-.5)!--! '/ #.*5)! -. +.-!)* ,/,%,.-! (!" &'*-'6!" ! "'##!% @ #'($-,"! - $%.% (!
(,"1'/,A,-,%$ () (,"%*,A)%!)* '*"5)! -! "4"%=#! "$V')*/! (./" @R-! (,"%*,A)%!)* .%%!/( 5)!
- )%,-,".%!)* ,/%*'(),"!)/!1,=0! - / 4 . .)0)/!0'/%*.,/%!%!#1'*!--!")* -. ()*$!( .%%!/%!
( )/!1,=0! ,/", -!"4"%=#!1!)% "$V')*/!* (./"0!"'##!% 1!/(./% )/ %!#1",/($2,/,R('/0
- ,/+.*,./% ()"'##!% .""'0,$; @ . -. +.-!)* S *., T
'*"5) )/ )%,-,".%!)* ,/%*'(),% )/! 1,=0!R- $+$/!#!/% 1,=0! "! 1*'(),% !% -! "4"%=#!
2*./0&,% -. %*./",%,'/ .--./% (! @ +!*" - / 4. .)0)/!0'/%*.,/%!%!#1'*!--!")* - ,/"%./% (!
($1[% ( )/! 1,=0! 1.* - )%,-,".%!)* 9.* 0'/"$5)!/% -. 6.*(! .""'0,$! ; 0!%%! %*./",%,'/ . -.
+.-!)* S *., T .22!0%.%,'/ 7 Fk @ .""'0,$! ; 0!%%! %*./",%,'/ #'($-,"! - ,/,%,.-,".%,'/ (!
- &'*-'6!7 1.* "'/ 2*./0&,""!#!/%
.=. ?
f
$2,/,%,'/ /!+.-).%,'/ (!"&'*-'6!"!"% )/!2'/0%,'/ qF B R5), .22!0%!)/ /'#A*!
*$!- 1'",%,2;0&.5)!&'*-'6!
❑
,/",R)/!+.-).%,'/ (!"&'*-'6!"($2,/,% -. +.-!)* (!%')%!"-!"&'*-'6!";)/ ,/"%./% ('//$
!/"!#A-!(!"+.-).%,'/"(!"&'*-'6!"7 ∈ B !"% /'%$ 7 . /'%.%,'/ qr ρ !71*,#!-!
2.,% 5)!-. +.-).%,'/ q∈ 7 +$*,2,!-. 0'/%*.,/%! ρ ∈ 7
.=4 ,
% +4 '
!"4"%=#!'"0,--!!/%*!-!#'(!(!2'/0%,'//!#!/%/'*#.-!%($6*.($ )1',/%(!+)
#'($-,".%,'/ 0!"(!)7 #'(!"(!2'/0%,'//!#!/%"'/%",#,-.,*!"`'/ *!%*')+!-!"#U#!"$%.%"
(!2'/0%,'//!#!/%(./"-!"(!)7 0."aR ,-"/!"!(,22$*!/0,!/%5)!1.*-. %'-$*./0!.""'0,$!;-.
()*$!(!"%Q0&!"5), *!"%!;!"%,#!* $%.%(!($2.,--./0!5)./%;-), !"%)/ $%.%.A"'*A./%5),
/$0!"",%!-,/%!*+!/%,'/ (!-$5),1!(!#.,/%!/./0!
&.1,%*! '($-,".%,'/ ()"4"%=#!(!")*+!,--./0!
.=: ? Y @ ZR Y @ Z
!1*!/'/"-!7!#1-!(!-. 2,6)*! ?R /')"*!#.*5)'/"5)!-. #.0&,/!1!)%"$V')*/!*
(./"-)/ (!" $%.%"F "',%;-.**U%`.%%!/%!(!1,=0!aR "',%!/ 0')*"(!(,"%*,A)%,'/ (!-. A',""'/
"$-!0%,'//$!')(./"-$%.%($2.,--./% . *!#,"!!/ $%.%(!-$5),1!#!/%"),%!;)/!($2.,--./0!R
/$0!"",%!R (./"-. 1-)1.*%(!"0."R ",/'/ "')+!/%R -,/%!*+!/%,'/ (!"$5),1!"(!#.,/%!/./0!
. :=( # 8
?
&.1,%*! '($-,".%,'/ ()"4"%=#!(!")*+!,--./0!
#
s#
C#,/ C#.7 C
'*-'6!7#
% +5 "
. :=- # C
∈3 C #,/ C #.7 ]] ∈B ]]
, , ,
] ≤C ]
#.7 ?
]]
]] C
% +6
9-)",!)*" #$%&'(!" "'/% )%,-,"$!" 1')* -. ($%!0%,'/ (!" ($2.,--./0!" ./" -!" "4"%=#!"
;$+$/!#!/%" (,"0*!%"R !% 0'##!/')" - .+'/" +)(./" -!" .11*'0&!" (!")*+!,--./0!!7,"%./%!"R
%')%!" -!" #$%&'(!" "'/% A."$!" ")* -. 0'#1.*.,"'/R ; 0&.5)! ,/"%./%R !/%*! - $%.% *$!- ()
1*'0$($ _ ('//$! 1.* - !/"!#A-! (!" $%.%" 0.1%!)*"R !% 0!-), ('//$ 1.* -! #'(=-! (!
0'#1'*%!#!/% /'*#.- ()"4"%=#!
. :=. #
')" .--'/" /')" *!/(*! 0'#1%!R -'*"5)! /')" %*.,%!*'/" -! 1*!#,!* !7!#1-! (./" -.
1.*%,! "),+./%! (! /'%*! #$#',*!R 5)! - ')%,- .)%'#.%! %!#1'*,"$ _ 1.*2.,%!#!/% .(.1%$" .)7
"4"%=#!" ; $+$/!#!/% (,"0*!%" %!#1'*,"$"R 1*$"!/%! 0!*%.,/!" -,#,%.%,'/" 5), V)"%,2,! -.
*!0&!*0&!( )/ ')%,- 1-)" .(.1%$ ;-. ")*+!,--./0!(!0!%41!(!"4"%=#!
!" 1*'A-=#!" 1'"$" 1.* -. #'($-,".%,'/ .+!0 - ')%,- .)%'#.%! %!#1'*,"$ "'/% -!"
"),+./%" F
9')* *!#$(,!* ; 0!" 1*'A-=#!"R )/ =#! ')%,- (! #'($-,".%,'/ #,!)7 .(.1%$ 1')* -.
#'($-,".%,'/ (! /'%*! "4"%=#! (! ")*+!,--./0!R "!*. 1*$"!/%$ (./" -. 1.*%,! "),+./%! /!
0'#1.*.,"'/ ,/(,0.%,+!!"% 2.,%!")* -. 2,6)*! < "),+./%!F
2 R
B
&
RD , &
2 D
BR 2 6
6 R
BRD ,
, 2
&
6
BR
A % C . B
% +7 ) -
&.1,%*! '($-,".%,'/ ()"4"%=#!(!")*+!,--./0!
%.%!2-'N !"% )/ ')%,- (!(!"0*,1%,'/ 5) '/ 1!)% 0'#1.*!* .) 6*.20!%R -!5)!- 1!*#!% (!
($0*,*!R "')" )/! 2'*#! /'*#.-,"$! -. -'6,5)! () 0'#1'*%!#!/% (!" "4"%=#!" ; $+$/!#!/%"
(,"0*!%" %.%!2-'N 2'/0%,'//!!/ "4#A,'"!.+!0",#)-,/M - !"% ('/01'"",A-!(!#'($-,"!* )/
1*'0!"")" ,/()"%*,!- !% (! ",#)-!* - !/0&.X/!#!/% (!" %Q0&!" !/ #U#! %!#1" 5) !--!"
" !7$0)%!/%
4=(
= !" `"%.%!a
= !)*" `%*./",%,'/"a
= ,/", 5)!-! F .%%*,A)$" .)7 ` !+!/%" a !% .)7
4 (=( B B
<
&.1,%*! '($-,".%,'/ ()"4"%=#!(!")*+!,--./0!
$+$/!#!/%" (,"0*!%" ./" 0!" "4"%=#!"R -!1."".6!( )/ ;)/ .)%*!!"% 6')+!*/$ 1.* (!"
$+$/!#!/%" (,"0*!%"R .-'*" 5)!(./" -!" "4"%=#!" 0'/%,/)" ` ') $0&./%,--'//$" a -!/'#A*!(!"
$%.%" !"% ,/2,/, !% 5)!-!1."".6!( )/ $%.% .) "),+./% "!2.,% .) 2,- () %!#1" . #.0&,/!1!)%
*$)/,* ? M ('/% !--!!"% -!1.*!/%
8 ` %.%!aF ! /,+!.) 0'**!"1'/( ; - $%.% 5) '/ ($0*,% 1.* )/ +!0%!)* ( $%.% (./"
,#)-,/M - *!1*$"!/%!- (./" -!5)!- "!%*')+!-. #.0&,/!R !/ 5)!-5)!" "'*%!- $%.% .0%)!-
(!"'/ 2'/0%,'//!#!/%R 1.* !7!#1-!- $%.% (! !%%!/'%,'/ ,/%),%,+!#.," 1!)+.6)!"!*.
1*$0,"$!)-%$*,!)*!#!/%
/ 1!)% 0'/%!/,* (!" = 5), "'/% "!" !/2./%"R ,- (!+,!/% .-'*" )/ ")1!* $%.%
9.* !7!#1-! - $%.% B ( )/! #.0&,/! 1!)% 0'/%!/,* (!)7 "')" $%.%"R !%
$%.% 1!)% -), .)"", .+',* (!" !/2./%" F R !% - / 4 . 1." (!
*!"%*,0%,'/" .)/'#A*!%'%.- (!6$/$*.%,'/" (./" -. (!"0!/(./0!( )/ 1.*!/%
4 (=- ' 8 @ N ?O
?@
&.1,%*! '($-,".%,'/ ()"4"%=#!(!")*+!,--./0!
%!#1v @w
G'/H
**U%
%
.**U%
Y%!#1v @wZ
G'22H Y#.*0&!g
%!#1o @wZ
#.*0&! ,
% ,8 *
!" .+./%.6!" (!0!% ')%,- *$",(!/% (./" -!2.,% 5) ,- 1!*#!% (!1*!/(*!!/ 0'#1%!-!"
."1!0%" (! 1.*.--$-,"#! !% ( &,$*.*0&,! (! 2.c'/ /.%)*!--!R 0&'"! (,22,0,-! ; 6$*!* .+!0 -!"
.)%'#.%!" 5), ,#1'"!/% -. "$5)!/%,.-,%$ !0, 1!*#!% .)"", (!*$(),*!-!/'#A*!( .*0" !/%*!-!"
(,22$*!/%" $%.%" () "4"%=#!R -'*"5) ,- " .6,% ( )/! !/%*$! +!*" )/ $%.% 0'#1'"$ `$%.% 1.*!/%
0'/%!/./% (!" "')" $%.%"a !% .)"", -'*" ( )/!%*./",%,'/ ( )/ $%.% 0'#1'"$ +!*" )/ .)%*! ')"
+!**'/" 0!0, !/ ($%.,-" (./" - !7!#1-!( .11-,0.%,'/ .,/", 5)!-!" (,22$*!/%!" *=6-!" ( !7$0)%,'/
!% -!" 1*,/0,1!" ( $+'-)%,'/ .)0')*" ()2'/0%,'//!#!/% !/ %!#1" *$!-
?
CHAPITRE 3. MODÈLE DE SURVEILLANCE
"
> D
E F F
)
> >
$ G
D
3
=
?
&.1,%*! F '(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!
')" *.11!-'/" 5)! -!" 1*'0$($" "'/% ($V; 0'##./($"R /')" /')" ,/%$*!""'/"
"!)-!#!/% ;- ."1!0% ")*+!,--./0!() 2'/0%,'//!#!/% () "4"%=#! . ($#.*0&!0'##!/0!1.*
-. #,"! !/ \)+*! () #'(=-! (4/.#,5)! -'*"5) ,- " .6,% ( )/ 1*'0$($ "$5)!/%,!- ') (!"
#'(=-!" (4/.#,5)!" 1')* 0&.5)! .0%,+,%$R -'*"5) ,- " .6,% ( )/ 1*'0$($ 2.,"./% ,/%!*+!/,*
1-)",!)*" .0%,+,%$" !/ 1.*.--=-! !" #'(=-!" (4/.#,5)!" " 'A%,!//!/% 2.0,-!#!/% ; 1.*%,* ()
#'(=-!(!0'##./(!!/ 4 ,/%$6*./% -!0.*.0%=*!%!#1'*!- _ 9',/% 2'*% (!/'%*!($#.*0&! !
#'(=-!(!0'##./(!1!)% U%*!"')" 2'*#!(!6*.20!%R 0'##!/')" -!+!**'/" (./" -!1*!#,!*
!7!#1-!') A,!/R "')" -. 2'*#!( )/ '*('//./0!#!/% (!%Q0&!"R 0'##!/')" -!+!**'/" (./"
-!(!)7,=#!!7!#1-! . 2,6)*! ,--)"%*!-!" (,22$*!/%!" $%.1!" (!-. ($#.*0&!
!#'(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!R (./" -!" (!)7 0."R !"% 'A%!/) 1.* - !71-',%.%,'/ (,*!0%!(!"
(,22$*!/%" #'(=-!" -,$" .)"4"%=#!(!0'##./(!
(=( B
`!7,"%./%a
? " PB
')
B !#1"
, C `.)%'#.%!%!#1'*,"$a
, C , C QQQ
% =(= % =-=
,
` )1!*1'",%,'/ (!" "')" "4"%=#!" (!")*+!,--./0!a
% ,&
?
&.1,%*! F '(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!
(=- ' ?
= /2,/R %!/./% 0'#1%! (! 0!" 0'/(,%,'/" (! 0&./6!#!/% (! #'(!R (!)7 0." (! 2,6)*! "!
1*$"!/%!/% (./" -. 0'/"%*)0%,'/ ()#'(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!0'##!-!#'/%*!-. 2,6)*!
?
&.1,%*! F '(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!
!*" )/ $%.% !/
?
% ,+ .
(=. , R
./" -!" (!)7 "')" "4"%=#!"R -!" %*'," #'(!" (! 2'/0%,'//!#!/% `2'/0%,'//!#!/%
/'*#.-R ($6*.($ !% ($2.,--./%a "'/% 1*," !/ 0'#1%! (./" -. #'($-,".%,'/ () "4"%=#! (!
")*+!,--./0!6-'A.- 0'##!-!#'/%*!-. 2,6)*!
??
&.1,%*! F '(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!
"FH ? .S4SQ
-
(
!
(!-. 1.*%,! !"
!
? !
!#
' "
% ,,
- ) %!# * +, 9 D
& &
A A
J J
% ,/ ! &-0
?
&.1,%*! F '(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!
- $%.% ,/,%,.-R -!" (!)7 A.0" "'/% +,(!" )#'#!/% 'b-!0'/%.0% # "!2!*#!R -!" (!)7
A.0" "!*!#1-,""!/% 6*Q0!;- ')+!*%)*!(!" +.//!" !% =" 5) )/ A.0!"% 1-!,/R '/ .**U%!
"'/ *!#1-,"".6! `2!*#!%)*! (! -. +.//! 0'**!"1'/(./%! ,a !% - '/ 0'##!/0! ; )%,-,"!* "'/
0'/%!/)`')+!*%)*!(!-. +.//!0'**!"1'/(./%!J ,a '*"5)!-!A.0!"% +,(!R '/ 2!*#!-. +.//!
J , !*!#1-,"".6!/!1')**. *!0'##!/0!* 5)!-'*"5)!-!" (!)7 A.0" "!*'/% +,(!"
')" *.11!-'/" 5)! -! "4"%=#! 5)! /')" /')" 1*'1'"'/" (! ")*+!,--!* !"% ($V;
0'##./($ ! 2,6)*! ? *!1*$"!/%! -! 6*.20!% (! 0'##./(! (! 0! "4"%=#! 1.*%,* (! 0!
6*.20!%R /')" 0'/"%*),"'/" - !/"!#A-!(!" $%.%" 1'"",A-!" () "4"%=#! !% !/"!#A-!!"% ($0*,%
1.* -!6*.1&!(!" ",%).%,'/" *!1*$"!/%$ 1.* -. 2,6)*!
` a
` R?a
)( ? )-
` R?a ` R a
& &
` R a
5( 5- ` R?a ` R3a
A A
3
` R a ` R3a ` R3a
% ,2 H % ,4 H
?3
&.1,%*! F '(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!
# C
C
- .)%'#.%!*!1*$"!/%$ %,!/% 0'#1%!()2.,% 5)!F
-. ",%).%,'/ ` R3a 5), 0'**!"1'/( ;)/ $%.% ( .%%!/%!R $%./% ,/"%.A-!R -!" $%.%" ` a !%
` R3a "!*'/% 2)",'//$"
?
&.1,%*! F '(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!
/! 2'," 0!%%! 1*'0$()*! .11-,5)$! ; %')" -!" $%.%" () 6*.1&! (!" ",%).%,'/"R /')"
'A%!/'/" .-'*" -!#'(=-!(4/.#,5)!"),+./% ()"4"%=#!(!" A.0" ;")*+!,--!* +',* 2,6)*! 3 0,
(!""')"
7 ∈ 7? ∈ ?
. 4 :
7 7? 7 Fk@ 7 7? 7 Fk@ 7 7
7∈
7 Fk@ 7? ∈ ? 7 ∈ 7 Fk@
7 Fk@
7 ∈
7 Fk@ 7? ∈ ? 7∈
- 6 ;
7 7? 7 Fk@ 7 7 7 Fk@ 7 7
7 ∈
7 Fk@ 7 ∈ 73 Fk@ 7 ∈ 73 Fk@
7? Fk@
( T U
7 7 73 7∈ 7 73
7 ∈
7 Fk@ 7 Fk@
% ,5
-=- , Y @ Z
?<
&.1,%*! F '(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!
%.% (!($2.,--./0!6-'A.-
(
7 zC
A y7 ∈ s & y7? ∈ s?
.8 48 :8 '
7 7? 7 7? 7 7 (
!
& y7? ∈ s? A y7 ∈ s
& y7 ∈ s
$
& y7 ∈ -8 68 ;8 6
7 7? & y7? ∈ s? 7 7 & y7 ∈ s 7 7
*
A y7 ∈ s A y7 ∈ s .
A y7 ∈ s #y7 ∈ s (
$
(8 T8 U8
7 7 73 & y7 ∈ s 7 73
A y7 ∈ s
A y7 ∈ & y7? ∈ ?
. 4 :
& y7? ∈ ? 7 7? 7 7? 7 7 '
(
A y7 ∈ !
& y7 ∈ & y7? ∈ ?
#y7 ∈ - 6 ; '
7 7?
& y7? ∈ ?
7 7
& y7 ∈
7 7 *
#
A y7 ∈ A y7 ∈ .
#y7 ∈ -
A y7 ∈
( T U
7 7 73 7 73
& y7 ∈
A y7 ∈
A y7 ∈
A y7 ∈
% ,6
@
&.1,%*! F '(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!
- ,/+.*,./% 1')* 0&.5)!"'##!% 0'**!"1'/( ;-. 0'/(,%,'/ 7/ { / 1')* -!" $%.%" ()#'(!
/'*#.- !% 7/ { / 1')* -!" $%.%" ()#'(!($6*.($R !% 0!0, 1')* %')%!" -!" &'*-'6!" .0%,+!"
-!" .22!0%.%,'/" (!" &'*-'6!" 0'**!"1'/(./% ;0&.5)!%*./",%,'/ "'/% /'%$!" (./" - $%.% (!
(!"%,/.%,'/ .1*=" 2*./0&,""!#!/%
-!" $%.%" ,/"%.A-!" /!"'/% 1." *!1*$"!/%$" (./" -!#'(=-!R 1.* !7!#1-!- $%.% 'b-!" $%.1!"
!% 3 .0%,+!" ",#)-%./$#!/%
-!2*./0&,""!#!/% ",#)-%./$ (!(!)7 %*./",%,'/" !"% ")11'"$ 1&4",5)!#!/% 1." 1'"",A-!
% 1(2R
% 1(82S
" 1(2 S
'*"5)! - $+$/!#!/% F8( .**,+! 1!/(./% -. ()*$! -,#,%$! 1.* - ,/%!*+.--! . (!1),"
- .0%,+.%,'/ (!- $%.% `3 a !/ #'(!($6*.($ ')(!1)," - .0%,+.%,'/ (!- $%.% `3a !/ #'(!/'*#.-
')A,!/ ", F8- .**,+!1!/(./% -. ()*$!-,#,%$!1.* - ,/%!*+.--! ; (!1)," - .0%,+.%,'/ (!- $%.% `? a
!/ #'(!($6*.($ ')(!1)," - .0%,+.%,'/ (!- $%.% `?a !/ #'(!/'*#.-
-=. #
. ) %!# * +, % % , ! %#
% ,7 1
&.1,%*! F '(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!
B
`"!0'/(!"a `"!0'/(!a B `"!0'/(!a
{ { $1-.0!#!/% (!
{ { 9, 9,f
{ {3 ()*! "!0'/(!
?
F L ( ( . . 4 4 ( ( - - . . L L ( ( . . 4
%(
%.
%-
%(
' 'H *./"2!*% ()*'A'% (!-. 0)+! , ;-. 0)+! V
'A'%
% /8 " H1$$C -
&.1,%*! F '(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!
.=( ,
7* ∈
7* Fk @ 7* Fk @
L 7* ∈ @ 7* ∈ 7* ∈
7* {ft .L -. (-
7* Fk @ 7* { 7* Fk @ 7* { 7* Fk @ 7* {
% /&
&.1,%*! F '(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!
.=- ,
- " .6,% ,0, (! ")*+!,--!* -!" ()*$!" (! %*.,%!#!/% (./" 0&.0)/! (!" 0)+!" ')"
*!#.*5)'/" 5)!R 1.* !7!#1-!R 1')* - '*('//./0!#!/% $%)(,$R /')" 1')+'/" .+',* (!" 1-.5)!"
",#)-%./$#!/% (./" -!" 0)+!" !% ') A,!/ (./" !% !" ",%).%,'/" 1'"",A-!" /')"
0'/(),"!/% ;1*!/(*!)/!&'*-'6!5), ")*+!,--!-. ()*$!(!%*.,%!#!/% (./" 0&.0)/!(!" 0)+!"
"$1.*$#!/% 7% R 7% !% 7% ')" 'A%!/'/" .,/", -!#'(=-!(4/.#,5)!(!" '1$*.%,'/" (!%*.,%!#!/%
*!1*$"!/%$ (./" -. 2,6)*!"),+./%!
7% ∈
L ( -
7%{ft 7% Fk @ 7% { 7% Fk @ 7% {
7% ∈
7% ∈
7% ∈ 7% Fk @
7% ∈
7% Fk @ .
7% { 3
% /+
!/./% 0'#1%!(!" +.-!)*" (!" 0.*.0%$*,"%,5)!" %!0&/,5)!" (!- .%!-,!* ;")*+!,--!*R /')"
($2,/,""'/" -!" #.*6!" (! %'-$*./0! 5)! - '/ 0&!*0&! 1.* -. "),%! ; '1%,#,"!*R !% 0! 1')*
0&.0)/!(!" %Q0&!" ')" 'A%!/'/" .-'*" -!"')" #'(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!*!-.%,2 ;-. ")*+!,--./0!
(!" %Q0&!" (!%*.,%!#!/% (!")*2.0!"
?
&.1,%*! F '(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!
,
?
7% ∈ s
L ( -
7%{ft 7% { f P 7% { f P
7% Fk @
7% ∈ s
7% ∈ s
7% ∈ s 7% Fk @
7% ∈ s
7% Fk @ .
7% { 3f P
7% ∈
L ( -
7%{ft 7% Fk @ 7% { 7% Fk @ 7% {
7% ∈
7% ∈
7% ∈ 7% Fk @
7% ∈
7% Fk @ .
7% { 3
!#.*5)'/" 5)!- !/"!#A-!(!" .*0" 0'**!"1'/( ;%')%!" -!" ",%).%,'/" ,--)"%*$!" 1.* -.
2,6)*! /')" .)*'/" 1')* 0! "')" #'(=-! |? k @ .*0" -'*" -'*"5) '/ 0'/"%*),% -!
#'(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!6-'A.- (!%')% - .%!-,!* -. 0'#1-!7,%$ !"% $+,(!/%!1')* -. -!0%)*!!% -.
-,",A,-,%$ (!" $+'-)%,'/" () "4"%=#! ( 'b -! 0&',7 (! - ')%,- "%.%!2-'N 1')* .#$-,'*!* -.
-,",A,-,%$ !% (,#,/)!* -. 0'#1-!7,%$ 1.* ". "%*)0%)*!&,$*.*0&,5)!
.=. # , ?M
!"4"%=#!6-'A.- 1!)% $+'-)!* (./" -!" %*'," #'(!" (!2'/0%,'//!#!/% - !"% "',% !/
2'/0%,'//!#!/% /'*#.- ", -!" ()*$!" (!" (,22$*!/%!" %Q0&!" _ (! %*./"2!*% !/%*! 1'"%!" !% (!
%*.,%!#!/% (./" %')" -!" 1'"%!" *!"%!/% ,/0-)"!" (./" -!)*" ,/%!*+.--!" *!"1!0%,2" (! A'/
2'/0%,'//!#!/% '*"5)!-. ()*$!(!%*.,%!#!/% ') (!%*./"1'*% . $%$ ($1.""$ .-'*" -!"4"%=#!
A."0)-! +!*" -! 2'/0%,'//!#!/% !/ #'(! ($6*.($ 1!/(./% )/ ,/%!*+.--! (! %'-$*./0! 2,7$
,/%!*+.--!(!%'-$*./0! !"% ($2,/,% !/ 2'/0%,'/ (!- .11-,0.%,'/ !"4"%=#!"!%*')+!(./" )/
$%.% (! ($2.,--./0! ", -! "!),- (! %'-$*./0! !"% ($1.""$R 1')* - )/! .) #',/" (!" %Q0&!"
")*+!,--$!"
%'%.- ( $%.% () "4"%=#! (! ")*+!,--./0! !"% ")1$*,!)* ; |`#fVa *Q0! ; - )%,-,".%,'/ (!"
"%.%!0&.*%"R A."$" ")* -. "%*)0%)*.%,'/ &,$*.*0&,5)!() "$5)!/0!#!/% (!" %Q0&!"R /')" 'A%!/'/"
)/!#'($-,".%,'/ 1-)" 0'/0,"!.+!0#',/" ( $%.%" !0, /')" 1!*#!% (!-'0.-,"!* 2.0,-!#!/% -!
-,!) (! -. 1.//! !% 1.* -. "),%! 2.,*! -! (,.6/'"%,0 .2,/ (! -,#,%!* -. 1*'1.6.%,'/ (! -.
($6*.(.%,'/ 5), 1!)% !/%*.X/!* -. ($2.,--./0! () "4"%=#! . ",#)-.%,'/ (!" #'(!" (!
2'/0%,'//!#!/%R !/ ,/V!0%./% (!" ($2.)%"R "!*. 1*$"!/%$!(./" -!0&.1,%*!
• !"),+,R !/ %!#1" *$!-R (!" #'(!" (!2'/0%,'//!#!/% 5), 0'**!"1'/(!/% .)7 %*'," #'(!"
`/'*#.-R ($6*.($ !% ($2.,--./%a ()"4"%=#!`/'%$ F $%.% 6-'A.- ()#'(!(!2'/0%,'//!#!/%
()"4"%=#!a
B
P
F
? F
(!-. 1.*%,!
!
" !"
?
!
' "
% /,
3
CHAPITRE 4.
D
: .
1*
$
I
= : $
&.1,%*! F "%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
(=( ? ?
<
&.1,%*! F "%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
')" .+'/" .11!-$ ,/%!*+.--! (! %'-$*./0! 1')* -. %Q0&! #R 0!-), 5), 0'**!"1'/( .)
2'/0%,'//!#!/% !/ #'(! ($6*.($R /'%$ F B = C#.7 _ C] ] - ($-,#,%! -! *!%.*( %'-$*$ 1')*
*!0!+',* - ,/2'*#.%,'/ (!2,/ (!%Q0&! / !22!%R ,- %,!/% 0'#1%!(!" *!%.*(" 5), 1!)+!/% U%*!()"R
"',% .)7 +,!,--,""!#!/%" (!" #.0&,/!" 1.* !7!#1-!R "',% .)7 ")*0&.*6!"R "',% .)7 1*'A-=#!"
#$0./,5)!" ').)%*!"
'AV!0%,2 (! /'%*! %*.+.,- !"% ( '1%,#,"!* -. -.*6!)* (! 0!% ,/%!*+.--!R 1')* $+,%!* -!
6*./( /'#A*!( .**U%" (!-. 1*'()0%,'/ -'*"5) !--!!"% %*=" 1!%,%!!% !/ #U#!%!#1" $+,%!* (!/!
1." ($%!0%!* (!" ($2.,--./0!" 5), 1!)+!/% 0.)"!* 1.* -. "),%! (!" ($6Q%" .) "4"%=#! (!
1*'()0%,'/
(=- % B 8
3@
&.1,%*! F "%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
+ ` − a
+ ` − a
-'*" =
+ ` − a
, 0= + + + .-'*" /')+!.)m*,n.+!0(M k : {
w 7Mf k 7M f ~M (M
w ", 2`7Mf a o 2`7Ma .-'*" M k Mf 00k 1)," *!%')* !/ w
",/'/ ", 00o 00 .-'*" 00k 00f 1)," *!%')* !/ w
",/'/ ~M k ~M: 00k 1)," *!%')* !/ w
", ~M o h .-'*" "%'1
.+./%.6!(!0!" #$%&'(!" 0!"% 5)!2`7a 1!)% U%*!(,"0'/%,/)!!% /'/ ($*,+.A-! --!
1!*#!% .)"", (!%*')+!* )/ #,/,#)# 6-'A.- 1')* -. 2'/0%,'/ ( '1%,#,".%,'/
'##!/')" - .+'/" +) (./" - )%,-,".%,'/ (!" *$"!.)7 (!9!%*,R /')" .--'/" 1*'0$(!* ;
- !"%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/R 1.* ",#)-.%,'/ .11-,5)$!.)7 (!)7 !7!#1-!" ($V;$%)(,$"
(./" -. 1.*%,!1*$0$(!/%! ')" !71-,0,%'/" %')% ( .A'*( - .-6'*,%&#!)%,-,"$ 1')* - !"%,#.%,'/
(!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
/"),%! /')" 0'/"%*),"'/" -! ') -!" #'(=-!" (4/.#,5)!" *!-.%,2" ; 0&.5)! .0%,+,%$ ()
"4"%=#! (! 1*'()0%,'/R -'*"5) ,- 4 !/ 1-)",!)*" 9')* 0!-. /')" .)*'/" A!"',/ (! ($2,/,* -!"
,/%!*+.--!" (! 2'/0%,'//!#!/% /'*#.- !% (! 2'/0%,'//!#!/% ($6*.($ -'*" 6$/$*.-!#!/%R -!"
+.-!)*" -,#,%!" (!" (,22$*!/%" ,/%!*+.--!" "'/% ($%!*#,/$!" (!-. #./,=*!"),+./%!F
3
&.1,%*! F "%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
')%! -. (,22,0)-%$ *$",(! (./" -! 0&',7 (! -. +.-!)* (! C#.7 (./" )/ 1*!#,!* %!#1"R
!/"),%! -. -.*6!)* (! - ,/%!*+.--! /'%$ F B 5), 0'**!"1'/( .) *!%.*( %'-$*$ 1')* .%%!/(*!
- .**,+$! (! - $+$/!#!/% S2,/ (! %Q0&!T %')% !/ 0'/%,/)./% -. 1*'()0%,'/ !/ #'(! (!
2'/0%,'//!#!/% ($6*.($ ')" 1*'1'"'/" (./" 0!5), "),%R - .-6'*,%&#!( !"%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1"
(! ($%!0%,'/ _ 1*$"!/%$ 1.* -. 2,6)*! ?R 1.* $+.-).%,'/ (!" 1!*2'*#./0!"R 1')* #,/,#,"!* -!
/'#A*! (! 2.)""!" .-.*#!"R #,/,#,"!* -!" %!#1" ( .**U% (! 1*'()0%,'/R %')% !/ -,#,%./% -!"
*,"5)!" ( .00,(!/%" ')($6Q%" .)7 ,/"%.--.%,'/"
$
./" 0!A)%R /')" ($2,/,""'/" -!%.)7 (!0')+!*%)*!/'%$ F ) = .+!0_
$
$ F '#A*!(!($2.,--./0!" ($%!0%$!" _
$ F '#A*!(!($2.)%" ,/V!0%$"
3
&.1,%*! F "%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
@R o ) o @R o ) o @R @ o ) o @R
D'//! #'4!//! #.)+.,"!
% // )
3
&.1,%*! F "%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
? ')
% ( % - % . Q
, C
3 B
Q QQ
= .
= -
= (
, F
," , % "!
)%,- )%,-,"$ F ?M
K K K: @
# !
8
V
% /2 1
3?
&.1,%*! F "%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
-=( 8 ?M
-!/'#A*!(!" $%.%" !"% ,/2,/, !% 5)!-!1."".6!( )/ $%.% .) "),+./% "!2.,% .) 2,- () %!#1" .
B 1!)% *$)/,* ? M ('/% !--!!"% -!1.*!/%
!" 'AV!%" ('/% /')" .)*'/" A!"',/"R (./" -. 1-)1.*% (!" 0."R 1')* 0'/"%*),*! )/
(,.6*.##!"'/% F
(!" FH /'/ 6*.1&,5)!" 5), "'/% -!" -,A!--$" ('//$" .)7 $%.%"R .)7 %*./",%,'/"R .)7
.0%,'/"R .)7 $+$/!#!/%" R 0!" /'#" "'/% .""'0,$" ; (!" +.*,.A-!" #./,1)-$!" 1.* -!
1*'6*.##! ` 2)/0%,'/a "')" V.0!/% !% /! "'/% ('/0 1." (! ",#1-!" $%,5)!%%!" (!
*!0'//.,""./0!
-=- # 8
% /4 !
. , % "! %!% *
./" 0!1.*.6*.1&!R /')" .--'/" .11-,5)!* - .-6'*,%&#!( !"%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!
($%!0%,'/ (!" ($2.,--./0!"R 5)!/')" .+'/" 1*$"!/%$ (./" -. 2,6)*! ? 'AV!0%,2 (!0!" %*.+.)7
(!",#)-.%,'/" 0'/","%!;($%!*#,/!* F
3
&.1,%*! F "%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
')" *!+!/'/" .)7 (!)7 .11-,0.%,'/"R 1')* -!"5)!--!" /')" .+'/" 0'/"%*),% -!" #'(=-!"
(!")*+!,--./0!0'**!"1'/(./%"R ;".+',* 0!--!(!-. "%.%,'/ (!*!#1-,"".6!(!" A.0" !% 0!--!(!
- .%!-,!* (!%*.,%!#!/% (!")*2.0! '%'/" !/0'*!)/!2'," 5)!/')" "'##!" 1.*%," ()#'(=-!(!
0'##./(! "')" 2'*#! (! 6*.20!% 1')* -!" A.0" !% ( )/ '*('//./0!#!/% '1%,#.- 1')* -!
%*.,%!#!/% (!")*2.0!
.=( F
9')* 0!%%! 1*!#,=*! .11-,0.%,'/R /')" .+'/" 1*$"!/%$ 1.* -. 2,6)*! -! #'(=-! (!
")*+!,--./0! !/ )%,-,"./% - ')%,- .)%'#.%! %!#1'*,"$R ( .,--!)*" /')" / .+'/" 1." *!1*$"!/%$
%')%!" -!" (,22$*!/%!" -,.,"'/" (! 1."".6! !/%*! -!" $%.%" () "4"%=#! ; 0.)"! (! -!)* /'#A*!
$-!+$R ,- 4!/ . < .*0" O!"% -. *.,"'/ 1')* -.5)!--!/')" .+'/" 1*'1'"$ - ')%,- "%.%!2-'NR 5)!
/')" !"%,#'/"R A,!/ .(.1%$ ;/'%*!'AV!0%,2 (!")*+!,--./0! . 2,6)*! 1*$"!/%!-!(,.6*.##!
"%.%!0&.*%"R 5), *!1*$"!/%!-!#'(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!(!- .11-,0.%,'/ (!*!#1-,"".6!(!" A.0"
')" *!%*')+'/" (./" 0!%%!2,6)*!R -!" /!)2 $%.%" () "4"%=#!.+!0#',/" ( .*0" !% 1-)"
(!-,",A,-,%$ 1')* ".+',* ;%')% ,/"%./% -. ",%).%,'/ (./" -.5)!--!"!%*')+!/'%*!"4"%=#!
% /5
3<
&.1,%*! F "%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
. (=( # W
∆ `"a ! H ! !
W GX !/ •
@ ?
3R ? ?
@ R ?
R 3 ?
3 @ 3 ?
?3 @
? 3R ? 3
?R3 ? <
R
R ? ?
R 3 ?
@ @ < @ <
% /6 0 -1 J
,/V!0%$"Y! F ? H Z .-.*#!" Y! F ?
($%!0%$!" Y ! F ? Z
! 9 -!" +.-!)*" *!1*$"!/%$!" (./" -!%.A-!.)0, (!"")" 0'**!"1'/(!/% ;(!" +.-!)*" #'4!//!"
(!" (,22$*!/%!" ",#)-.%,'/" *$.-,"$!"
@
&.1,%*! F "%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
, /')" *!1*$"!/%'/" 0!" *$")-%.%" "')" 2'*#!" 6*.1&,5)!"R 1')* ",%)!* -!"!),- '1%,#.- _ 0!5),
0'**!"1'/( .)#,/,#)# (!2.)""!" .-.*#!" %')% !/ ($%!0%./% -!" ($2.,--./0!" ()"4"%=#!
P `"a
% /7 "
.1*=" -!" 0')*A!" (!-. 2,6)*! <R /')" 1')+'/" 0&',",* -. +.-!)* (! "!0'/(!" 0'##!"!),-
(! %'-$*./0! /"),%!R /')" 1.""'/" ; - $%.1! ( $+.-).%,'/ (!" 1!*2'*#./0!" () "4"%=#! (!
")*+!,--./0! 9')* 0!-. /')" .--'/" 2,7!* 0!%%!2'," 0, -!"!),- !% /')" 0&!*0&'/" V)"5) ;5)!--!
+.-!)*R 0! "!),- *!"%! ".%,"2.,"./% !0, !/ $+.-)./% -! %.)7 (! 0')+!*%)*! (! 0! "!),- ')"
2.,"'/" +.*,!* -! *.11'*% P:i !% /')" /'%'/" -! /'#A*! (! 2.)""!" .-.*#!" 1.* *.11'*% .)
/'#A*! (! ($2.)%" ,/V!0%$" ')" 'A%!/'/" -!" *$")-%.%" 1*$"!/%$" "')" 2'*#!" () %.A-!.)
"),+./% F
! F ! F @
?
[GX !/ Y•Z ? ?
H \$ \$
? R R @ @R<
R? <R R @R< A'//!
@ R@@ R 3 @R <
? 3R 3 R @R @
@ R R 3 @R3
? R 3 R@@ @R3
@ R R 3 @R < #'4!//!
? <R@@ R 3 @R ?
@ R 3 R @R
?@ R ?R 3 @R?3
% 28 )
&.1,%*! F "%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
. (=-
% 2& "
#
.1*=" -!" *$")-%.%" ,--)"%*$" 1.* -. 2,6)*!?@R /')" 0'/"%.%'/" 5)!-!"!),- 0.-0)-$ 1')*
-!%!#1" (!"!*+,0!,/,%,.-!#!/% $6.- ;3@ "!0'/(!"R *!"%!".%,"2.,"./% 1')* (!" %Q0&!" ",#,-.,*!"
(! ()*$!" 1')+./% .--!* V)"5) ; )/ *.11'*% (! ?• %')% !/ 6.*(./% )/! A'//! 5).-,%$ (!
")*+!,--./0!`0!5), 0'**!"1'/( ;)/!()*$!(!"!*+,0!#.7,#.-!(!<@ "!0'/(!"a
.=- ?
!%%!.11-,0.%,'/ (,22=*!(!-. 1*$0$(!/%!()2.,% 5) !--!0'/%,!/% 1-)",!)*" .0%,+,%$" 5),
" !7$0)%!/% !/ 1.*.--=-!R -!" %*.,%!#!/%" (./" -!" A.0" .,/", 5)!-!" ($1-.0!#!/%" ()*'A'% !/%*!
-!" (,22$*!/%" 1'"%!" (! %*.,%!#!/% ')" *!#.*5)'/" (./" -! (,.6*.##! *!1*$"!/%$ 1.* -.
2,6)*!? 5)!-!" %Q0&!" (!")*+!,--./0!" (!0&.0)/!(!" .0%,+,%$" "'/% .0%,+!" ",#)-%./$#!/%
!" 0.*.0%$*,"%,5)!" (!- .%!-,!* "'/% *!1*$"!/%$!" (./" -!0&.1,%*! x R ;".+',* -!" ()*$!" (!
%*.,%!#!/% !% -!" ()*$!" (!($1-.0!#!/% ()*'A'% !/%*!-!" (,22$*!/%" 1'"%!"
% 2+
. -=( # W
! H ! !
∆`"a K :X !/ •
@ @ <
@ ?
@< ?
@ R? @
@ 3? 3R? 3
@ < R? 3 <
@ R? @
@? @ 3
@? ? @ ? ?
@ ? R? @
@ @ @ 3
@ @
@ @ 3
@ ? ?
% 2, 0 -1 J
,/V!0%$"Y! F ? H Z ($%!0%$!" Y! F ? Z
.-.*#!" Y ! F ? Z
C F
')%!" -!" +.-!)*" *!-.%,+!" .)7 /'#A*!" ( !**!)*" 5), 2,6)*!/% (./" -! %.A-!.) 0,
(!""')" "'/% (!" +.-!)*" #'4!//!" (!" (,22$*!/%" *$")-%.%" (!",#)-.%,'/
! #U#! 5)! 1')* -. 1*!#,=*! .11-,0.%,'/R /')" *!1*$"!/%'/" 0!" *$")-%.%" "')" -.
2'*#!(!0')*A!" ( !**!)*" !0, /')" 1!*#!% (!",%)!* -. +.-!)* ()"!),- (!%'-$*./0!_ 0!5),
0'**!"1'/( .)0'#1*'#," !/%*!-!#',/" 1'"",A-!(!2.)""!" !**!)*" %')% !/ ($%!0%./% %')%!" -!"
($2.,--./0!" 1'"",A-!" ()"4"%=#!;")*+!,--!*
&.1,%*! F "%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
! F ?
! F
?
% 2/ "
.1*=" -!" 0')*A!" (!-. 2,6)*!0, (!"")"R /')" 1')+'/" 0&',",* -. +.-!)* () "!),- (!
%'-$*./0!$6.- ;@R "!0'/(!"
/! 2'," -. +.-!)* () "!),- (! %'-$*./0! '1%,#.-! 'A%!/)R /')" .--'/" 0&!*0&!* -!"
-,#,%!" (! +.-,(,%$ (! 0!%%! +.-!)* 1.* *.11'*% .) %!#1" (! "!*+,0! 9')* 0!-.R /')" 2.,"'/"
+.*,!* -!%!#1" (!"!*+,0!!/ 2,7./% -. +.-!)* ()"!),- ;0!--!0&',",!!% ")11'"$!U%*!'1%,#.-!
')" *!-!+'/" -!" /'#A*!" (!($%!0%,'/"R 5) !--!" "',!/% 2.)""!" ')!22!0%,+!"R -!" *$")-%.%" "'/%
1*$"!/%$" (./" -!%.A-!.)"),+./% F
! F ! F @
?
[GX !/ Y•Z ? ?
H \$ \$
@ @R 3 @R<3
@ < 3R @R< A'//!
? @R? R ? @R<
@ <R 3R @ @R
@ @R R<< @R?<
? R3? <R@@ @R '4!//!
?@ <R 3 R @R ?
?? @ R @ @R
@ R R@ @R .)+.,"!
% 22 )
?
&.1,%*! F "%,#.%,'/ (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
. -=-
')" ($%!*#,/'/" -!%!#1" (!($%!0%,'/ 1')* -!" +.-!)*" *!%!/)!"R ;".+',* -!"!),- (!
%'-$*./0!P k @R "!0'/(!" !% -. ()*$!(!-. %Q0&!(!($1-.0!#!/% ()*'A'% !"% (! "!0'/(!"
4"%=#!!/ #'(!/'*#.-
4"%=#!!/ #'(!($6*.($
4"%=#!($2.,--./%
11.*,%,'/ ($6*.(.%,'/
11.*,%,'/ ($2.,--./0!
( kR " ( k@R?"
!#1" (!($%!0%,'/
% 24 "
9')* -!" *$")-%.%" (!",#)-.%,'/R *!1*$"!/%$" 1.* -. 2,6)*!? R /')" .+'/" *!-!+$ -!" %!#1" (!
*$1'/"!R ( k R " !% ( k@R " /')" .%%,*'/" - .%%!/%,'/ ")* -!2.,% 5)!-'*"5) ,- " .6,% (!" %!#1"
(!"!*+,0!0')*%"R /')" *!/0'/%*'/" (!" 1*'A-=#!" .) /,+!.) (!" %!#1" (!($%!0%,'/ 0, /')"
'A%!/'/" (!)7 %!#1" 1')* -. #U#!%Q0&!5), (!" 2'," 1.""!()",#1-!.)(')A-!
CHAPITRE 5.
"
3
$ K
.
I
3
&.1,%*!? F 11-,0.%,'/ .)7 "4"%=#!" (!1*'()0%,'/
(=( ?
!" #.0&,/!" 1!)+!/% U%*! "1$0,.-,"$!"R ; 0&./6!#!/% ( ')%,-R (!" *'A'%"R (!"
0'/+'4!)*"R (!" 0&.*,'%" (! #./)%!/%,'/R !%0 /! #.0&,/! "1$0,.-,"$! !"% 0'/c)! 1')*
%*.,%!* "1$0,2,5)!#!/% )/! 0.%$6'*,! (! 1*'(),%" . 1.*%,0)-.*,%$ !"% 5)!R (=" - ,/"%./% 'b -!
1*'(),% !"% !/6.6$ (./" -. #.0&,/!R ,- 4")A,% /'*#.-!#!/% )/!%*./"2'*#.%,'/ "./" %!#1" #'*%
V)"5) ; -. "'*%,! .0%,+,%$ ( )/! #.0&,/! ; 0&./6!#!/% ( ')%,- !"% 2.,%! (! 0'#1.6/!" (!
-./0!#!/% .) 0')*" (!"5)!--!" "'/% 1*'(),%!" ")22,".##!/% (!1,=0!" ( )/!*$2$*!/0!('//$!R
1')* 0')+*,* -!" A!"',/" ")* )/!1$*,'(!(!0'/"'##.%,'/ ($%!*#,/$!R .+./% )/ 0&./6!#!/%
( ')%,--.6! .(.1%$ 1')* )/ .)%*! %41! (! 1*'(),%" / *'A'% ,/()"%*,!- !"% 1.* +'0.%,'/ )/
#'4!/ (! 1*'()0%,'/ 1'-4+.-!/%R .(.1%.A-! !% 1*'6*.##.A-! - !"% 0.1.A-! ( !7$0)%!*
1-)",!)*" %Q0&!" ` (! /.%)*! 1." 2'*0$#!/% ,(!/%,5)!a ")* (!" 1*'(),%" 5), "! 1*$"!/%!/%
")00!"",+!#!/% ; "'/ !/%*$! ! %*./"1'*% (!" 0&.*6!" `') 1*'(),%" ') 1,=0!"a " !22!0%)!;
&.1,%*!? F 11-,0.%,'/ .)7 "4"%=#!" (!1*'()0%,'/
! "%'0M.6! !"% *!1*$"!/%$ 1.* )/ !/(*',% *$"!*+$ `A.0"R 1.-!%%!"R !%0a .4./% -.
1'"",A,-,%$ (! 0'/%!/,* )/ /'#A*! -,#,%$ (! 1*'(),%" - 1!*#!% (! 0'/"!*+!* (!" #.%,=*!"R
0'#1'"./%" ') 1*'(),%" 2,/," 1!/(./% )/! 0!*%.,/! ()*$! "./" %*./"2'*#!* -!)*" $%.%" /
1*'(),% !/ 0')*" (! "%'0M.6! !"% !/ .**U% "%*)0%)*!- !" 0.1.0,%$" !% #'4!/" (!"%'0M.6!
,/2-)!/0!/% 0'/",($*.A-!#!/% -!" 1!*2'*#./0!" ( )/ "4"%=#! (! 1*'()0%,'/ !" "%'0M"
1!*#!%%!/% (!1*'%$6!* -!"4"%=#!(!1*'()0%,'/ (!" 1&$/'#=/!" .-$.%',*!" 5), "!1*'(),"!/%
")* -!#.*0&$ !% (!*$6)-.*,"!* -!" 2-)7 !% -!" 0&.*6!"
(=-
<
&.1,%*!? F 11-,0.%,'/ .)7 "4"%=#!" (!1*'()0%,'/
./" -. -,%%$*.%)*!R (,+!*" %41!" ( .%!-,!*" (!1*'()0%,'/ '/% $%$ ,/%*'(),%" FY <?Z
.a % F
./" 0!%41!( .%!-,!*R 0&.5)!1,=0!(',% 'A-,6.%',*!#!/% 1.""!* ")* %')%!" -!" #.0&,/!"
(!-. -,6/!(!1*'()0%,'/ !" #.0&,/!" $%./% "$1.*$!" 1.* (!" "%'0M" ,/%!*#$(,.,*!" !0, !/
1-)" (!" "%'0M" ( !/%*$!!% (!"'*%,!R 0'##!-!#'/%*!-. 2,6)*!
,( (- ,- -. ,.
% 25 '
Aa % F F
,( ,- ,. "
"
/
/
% 26 '
0a % F F
! %41! (! "4"%=#! !"% *!/0'/%*$ 1.* !7!#1-! (./" - ,/()"%*,! .)%'#'A,-! !"
0.**'""!*,!" "'/% 1!,/%!" !% "$0&$!" 0'#1-=%!"R 0!"% ; (,*! .+!0 -!" 1'*%,=*!"R -! 0'22*! !% -!
0.1'% 9.* -. "),%!R 1')* (!" ,#1$*.%,2" (! 1*'()0%,+,%$ !% ( .00!"",A,-,%$R -!" 1'*%,=*!" "'/%
"$1.*$!" (! -. 0.,""! !% "'/% $5),1$!" ")* )/! -,6/! 1.*.--=-! !%%! "$1.*.%,'/ !"% )/
($".""!#A-.6! / 1')**. %*')+!* (,22$*!/%!" +.*,./%!"R 0'##!,/(,5)$!1.* -. 2,6)*!?@
<@
&.1,%*!? F 11-,0.%,'/ .)7 "4"%=#!" (!1*'()0%,'/
,( @ ,- @ ,.
% 27 '
- !7,"%! .)"", ( .)%*! %41! (! "%*)0%)*!" 0'#A,/.,"'/" (! 0!--!" 5)! /')" +!/'/" (!
1*$"!/%!* !" .%!-,!*" 5), *$.-,"!/% (!" '1$*.%,'/" (! %*./"2'*#.%,'/" !/ 1.*.--=-! ') (!
"4/0&*'/,".%,'/R %!--!" 5)!(!" (,+!*6!/0!" "%'0M #.0&,/!')(!" 0'/+!*6!/0!" #.0&,/!"%'0M
% 48 '
<
&.1,%*!? F 11-,0.%,'/ .)7 "4"%=#!" (!1*'()0%,'/
-=( '
9')* 2.,*! 0! %*.+.,-R /')" (!+'/" 0&',",* (!" 1.*.#=%*!" (! -. #.0&,/!R %!-" 5)! -!
%!#1" ( )",/.6!R -!%!#1" (!1*$1.*.%,'/R !%0 /')" ,/V!0%'/" (!2.c'/ .-$.%',*!(!" ($2.)%"R
.) /,+!.) (!" %!#1" ( )",/.6!R !% /')" 0'#1.*'/" -!)* /'#A*! ; 0!-), (!" ($2.,--./0!"
($%!0%$!" 1.* -!"4"%=#!(!")*+!,--./0! . (,22$*!/0!!/%*!0!" (!)7 /'#A*!" 0'**!"1'/( .)
/'#A*!(!2.)""!" .-.*#!" `A."0)-!#!/% ")00!"",2 #'(!/'*#.-R ($6*.($ 1)," *!%')* .)#'(!
/'*#.- !0*,%=*!( $+.-).%,'/R 0'##!/')" - .+'/" +) (./" -!" 0&.1,%*!" !% R 0'/","%!;
%'-$*!* )/ *!%.*( 1')* - .**,+$ (! - $+$/!#!/% ,/(,5)./% -. 2,/ ( !7$0)%,'/ (! - '1$*.%,'/
( )",/.6! /2,/R /')" 1*'0$('/" ; - '1%,#,".%,'/ () %!#1" (! ($%!0%,'/ (!" ($2.,--./0!" !/
0&',",""./% -. +.-!)* '1%,#.-!(!-. %'-$*./0!/'%$!FP !% 0!1')* 0&.5)!'1$*.%,'/ ()"4"%=#!
(!1*'()0%,'/
<
&.1,%*!? F 11-,0.%,'/ .)7 "4"%=#!" (!1*'()0%,'/
-=-
'AV!0%,2 (!0!" ",#)-.%,'/" $%./% (!($%!*#,/!* -!($-., '1%,#.- 5)!- '/ 1!)% %'-$*!*
1')* *!0!+',* -! ",6/.- ,/(,5)./% -. 2,/ ( !7$0)%,'/ ( )/! %.0&! ( )",/.6!R !% 0!0, ($-,#,%!
- ,/"%./% .) (!-;()5)!- -!"4"%=#!1!)% U%*!0'/",($*$ !/ $%.% (!($2.,--./0!
')" .+'/" 0&',", -!" 0.*.0%$*,"%,5)!" "),+./%!"R .2,/ (!($%!*#,/!* -. +.-!)* '1%,#.-!
()"!),- (!%'-$*./0!F
!#1" ( )",/.6!R /'%$ i k ?@ "!0'/(!"
$-., (!%'-$*./0!R /'%$ P +.*,./% (!@ ; @ "!0'/(!"
>)./%,%$ (!1,=0!" ;- !/%*$!()"4"%=#!F @@ 1,=0!"
- -=(
<
&.1,%*!? F 11-,0.%,'/ .)7 "4"%=#!" (!1*'()0%,'/
)
[GX ! F ! F ! F
[ X ^ ? H 8
? ? @
@ @ @
? ? @
? ? @
< ? ?@
@
? ?
< 3
@
?
3 @ ?
?
? 3
@ ?
< < @
?@ 3
? @ ?@ @ @
?@ 3
@
? <
@
?3
?@ 3
?
?
<
?? <
? @
?
?? @ ??
@ @ ? @ ?
@
% 4+ 0 -)
1.*%,* (! 0! %.A-!.)R /')" .+'/" %*.0$ -!" 0')*A!" (! -. 2,6)*! ? 5), ,--)"%*!/%
- ,/2-)!/0!()*.11'*% P:i ")* -!/'#A*!(!" .-.*#!" 5) !--!" "',!/% 2.)""!" ')!22!0%,+!"
<
&.1,%*!? F 11-,0.%,'/ .)7 "4"%=#!" (!1*'()0%,'/
@ ! F
8
! F
! F
?@ ?
H
! F
@ ?
a
B @
@
@ ! F
?
a (
@
@ @
∆ _`
% 4, 0 -
.1*=" -!" 0')*A!" (!-. 2,6)*! R /')" 0'/"%.%'/" 5)!-'*"5)!-!"!),- P !"% 1!%,% `,0,
(! - '*(*! (! R "!0'/(!"a /')" .)*'/" )/ /'#A*! %*=" ,#1'*%./% (! 2.)""!" .-.*#!"R 0!0,
0'**!"1'/( ")* -! 6*.1&! ; -. e'/! ) (!-; () 1',/% ( ,/%!*"!0%,'/ !/%*! -!" 0')*A!" 5),
*!1*$"!/%!/% ")00!"",+!#!/% -! /'#A*! (! 2.)""!" .-.*#!" !% 0!-), (!" ($2.,--./0!"R /')"
1')+'/" 0&',",* )/ 0'#1*'#," 5), /')" "!#A-! .(.1%$ .) %41! () "4"%=#! (! 1*'()0%,'/ ;
")*+!,--!* 9')* 0!% !7!#1-!R /')" 0&',",""'/" -!"!),- P k ?"R 5), 0'**!"1'/( .) #,/,#)# (!
-. 0')*A!5), *!1*$"!/%!-. "'##!(!" ($2.,--./0!" !% (!" 2.)""!" .-.*#!"
- -=. ?
')" .--'/" #.,/%!/./% 0&!*0&!* -!" -,#,%!" !/%*! -!"5)!--!" -! "!),- 0.-0)-$ *!"%!*.
.11-,0.A-! 9')* 0!-. /')" .--'/" 2.,*! +.*,!* -! %!#1" (! "!*+,0! %')% !/ 6.*(./% -! "!),- (!
%'-$*./0! 0.-0)-$ 1*$0$(!##!/% !% 0&',", $6.- ; ? "!0'/(!" !0, . $%$ .11-,5)$ ; -. #U#!
-,6/!(!1*'()0%,'/ (!%41!"$*,!1*$"!/%$!.)($A)% (!0!1.*.6*.1&! ')" 'A%!/'/" .-'*" -!"
<?
&.1,%*!? F 11-,0.%,'/ .)7 "4"%=#!" (!1*'()0%,'/
! F ! F @
? ?
[GX !/ Y•Z H \$ \$
? R R 3 @R<
@ R <R 3 @R<
? <R 3 ?R @R <
@ R 3 R@@ @R @
? R R 3 @R3
@ @R R@@ @R3
? R@@ <R @R <
@ R@@ 3R 3 @R ?
? R@@ R 3 @R
?@ R@@ ?R @R?3
% 4/ 0 -)
R # _=`
R@
@R
@R
@R
@R
∆/ δ _^ `
@R@
@ @ @ @ @ ?@ @
% 42 0
<
'/0-)",'/ 6$/$*.-!
'AV!0%,2()%*.+.,-1*$"!/%$(./"0!#$#',*!!"%(!($+!-'11!*)/!/')+!--!.11*'0&!
(! ")*+!,--./0! (!""4"%=#!"; $+$/!#!/%"(,"0*!%" 9')*.%%!,/(*! 0!%'AV!0%,2R/')" .+'/"
1*'1'"$)/!.11*'0&!A."$!")*-.")*+!,--./0!()%!#1"(!"!*+,0!
<3
'/0-)",'/6$/$*.-!
*$2$*!/0!5),/$0!"",%!-.0'//.,""./0!;1*,'*,(!%')%!"-!"",%).%,'/",/%!*(,%!"()"4"%=#!
')".+'/"0'/"%*),%-!#'(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!6-'A.-1')*-!1*!#,!*!7!#1-!R!%/')"
/')""'##!"*!/() 0'#1%!( )/ 1*'A-=#!.) /,+!.) (!-!71-'",'/ () /'#A*!( .*0"R!/%*!
-!" (,22$*!/%" $%.%" !7,"%
./%"')" -!" %*'," #'(!" (! 2'/0%,'//!#!/% ! 0! 2.,%/')" .+'/"
)%,-,"$ )/ ')%,-"%*)0%)*!-.(.1%$ ; -. (!"0*,1%,'/ !%-. ",#)-.%,'/ (!""4"%=#!"; $+$/!#!/%
(,"0*!%"_0!"% 8 ? M ')".+'/"+) ")*-! (!)7,=#! !7!#1-!R5) ; 1.*%,*(! -.
0'##./(!"')"2'*#!( '*('//./0!#!/%!%#.-6*$-.0'#1-!7,%$()"4"%=#!`)/.%!-,!*.4./%
1-)",!)*" .0%,+,%$" !/ 1.*.--=-!"aR-. #'($-,".%,'/ .+!0 0!%')%,-!"%1-)" "')1-! !%1*.%,5)!
')".+'/"#,"!/ \)+*!-!#'(=-!(!")*+!,--./0!0'**!"1'/(./%R!/ 1.""./%1.*-!#'(=-!
(4/.#,5)! (!"(,22$*!/%!"1.*%,!"5),0'#1'"!/%-! "4"%=#! ! (!)7,=#! ')%,-1*$"!/%! -.
"'-)%,'/ .)7 1*'A-=#!" ( !71-'",'/ () /'#A*! ( .*0 "')-!+$ !/ )%,-,"./% -!" .)%'#.%!"
%!#1'*,"$" *Q0! ; ". "%*)0%)*! &,$*.*0&,5)! 0!%')%,-R1*$"!/%! )/! 6*./(! -,",A,-,%$ !%*!"%!
A,!/.(.1%$1')*-.2'/0%,'/(!(,.6/'"%,0
!" 1!*"1!0%,+!" 5)! /')" !/+,".6!'/" 1')* /'%*! %*.+.,- (! *!0&!*0&! "'/% -!"
"),+./%!"F
<
'/0-)",'/6$/$*.-!
/!1!*"1!0%,+!,##$(,.%!1')*-.0'/%,/).%,'/ () %*.+.,-(!*!0&!*0&!1*$"!/%$(./"
0!#$#',*!!"%-.*!0&!*0&!( .-6'*,%&#!"( '1%,#,".%,'/1-)".(.1%$".)70.-0)-"(!""!),- "
(! %'-$*./0!R.,/",5) )/! #$%&'(! 6$/$*,5)! 1')*-! 0.-0)-(! 0!""!),-"!/ 2'/0%,'/ (!"
%!#1"(!"!*+,0!!%:')!/2'/0%,'/()%41!()"4"%=#!(!1*'()0%,'/;")*+!,--!* !1-)"R-!
($+!-'11!#!/%,/2'*#.%,5)!(!-.#$%&'(!(!0.-0)-(!""!),-"(!%'-$*./0!*!/(*.,%#',/"
.*() 0! 0.-0)- ')" /')" '*,!/%'/" +!*" -. #,"! !/ \)+*! ( )/ 1*'6*.##! 1!*#!%%./%
-'A%!/%,'/ (!" "!),-" (! %'-$*./0! !% -$+.-).%,'/ (!" 1!*2'*#./0!" () "4"%=#! (!
")*+!,--./0!
<<
$2$*!/0!"A,A-,'6*.1&,5)!"
@@
$2$*!/0!"A,A-,'6*.1&,5)!"
@
$2$*!/0!"A,A-,'6*.1&,5)!"
Y <Z E S !*")/!.11*'0&!6-'A.-!(!")*+!,--./0!(!""4"%=#!";
$+$/!#!/%"(,"0*!%"TR R 9 R '- R/w R11< @ R.//$! <<
Y <<Z 9 R S %.A,-,".%,'/ '1%,#.-! (!" "4"%=#!" ; $+$/!#!/%" (,"0*!%" ;
"%*)0%)*! +!0%'*,!--!F .11-,0.%,'/ ; -. "$0)*,%$ '1$*.%,'//!--! (!" "4"%=#!" (!
1*'()0%,'/ T &="!(!('0%'*.%R.//$! <<<
Y <Z RS /%$6*.%,'/ (!" 1'-,%,5)!" (! #.,/%!/./0! (./" -!" "4"%=#!" (!
1*'()0%,'/#./)2.0%)*,!*"T &="!(!('0%'*.%(!- 9 R.//$! <<
Y @Z RS ")*-."4/%&="!(!-.0'##./(!(!""4"%=#!";$+$/!#!/%"(,"0*!%"
%!#1'*,"$"T%&="!(!('0%'*.%R.//$! @@
Y <Z ^ D ^ S )*+!,--./0! (!" %!#1" (! "!*+,0! ( )/! -,6/! "$*,!T
.11'*%,/%!*/!/w<
Y @Z R^ D ^R D S '1%,#,".%,'/ (!"%!#1"(!
($%!0%,'/ (./"-. ")*+!,--./0! (!""4"%=#!"(! 1*'()0%,'/ T '/%*$.-R0'/6*="
6$/,!,/()"%*,!--! @@
Y <Z E RS )*+!,--./0! !% ,.6/'"%,0 !/ -,6/! (./"-!".%!-,!*"
2-!7,A-!" (! -,/()"%*,! #./)2.0%)*,=*!T &="! (! ('0%'*.%(! -)/,+!*",%$ (!"
0,!/0!"!% !0&/,5)!"(! ,--!R/'+ <<
Y @@Z R RS )1!*+,",'/R")*+!,--./0! ( .%!-,!*"(! 2.A*,0.%,'/ T
.11'*%" R.//$! @@@
Y <Z S $%&'(!"!%')%,-"1')*-.+$*,2,0.%,'/ "4#A'-,5)!(!""4"%=#!"
%!#1'*,"$"T9&(%&!","R 9 R.//$! <<
Y^ <3Z ^ R S *0&,%!0%)*! (! )*+!,--./0! '##./(! 1')* -!" "4"%=#!" ;
$+$/!#!/%"(,"0*!%"0'#1-!7!" T%&="!(!('0%'*.%R.//$! <<3
Y^J <?Z ^J S ,.6/'"%,0 (!" ($2.,--./0!"TR %*.,%$ (!" /')+!--!"
%!0&/'-'6,!""$*,!(,.6/'"%,0!%#.,/%!/./0! (,%,'/ !*#=" <<?
@
! A)%(! -. %&="! !"%(! ($+!-'11!*)/! /')+!-- ! .11*'0&! (! ")*+!,- -./0! (!""4"%=#!";
$+$/!#!/%" (,"0*!%" . #$%&'(! 1*'1'"$! !"%A."$! ")* -. ")*+!, --
./0! () %!#1" (! "!*+, 0! !/
)%,-,"./%-.)%'#.%!% !#1'*, "$0'##!')%,-(!#'($-,".%,'/
9.*% ./% ( )/ "4"%=#! 0'##./($R -! 1*!#,!* 'AV!0%, 2 !"% -. ")*+!,- -./0! (!" (,22$*!/% !"
.0% ,+,%$"(!0!"4"%=#!.2, /( .#$-,'*!*".(,"1'/,A,- ,%$ !0,"!% *.(), %1.*-.#,/,#,".%, '/()/'#A*!
( .**U%"5),1$/.-,"!/%-.1*'()0% ,'/R!/"),+./%!/% !#1"*$!-R-$%.%(!2'/0% ,'//!#!/%(!"(,22$*!/%"
0.1% !)*"()"4"%=#! ,/",1')*0&.5)!% Q0&!R-.")*+!,- -./0!()%!#1"$0')-$!/% *!(!)7$+$/!#!/%"
`-,/"%./%'b-.0'##./(!.('//$-'*(*!(!($#.**!*)/!% Q0&!!%-, /"%./%'b - !0.1% !)*,/(,5)!- .
2,/( !7$0)% ,'/(!-.% Q0&!a1!*#!%(!($%!0% !*.)1-)% [%( $+!/% )!--!"($2., --./0!" .(!)7,=#!1&."!
0'**!"1'/(.)(,.6/'"%, 05),0'/", "%!!/-.($%!*#,/.% ,'/(!"0.)"!"()1*'A-=#!'A"!*+$
s)"5) ; 1*$"!/%-!" .11*'0&!" (! ")*+!,- -./0! )% ,-
,"!/%)/ #'(=-! (! *$2$*!/0! A."$ ")*- .
0'//.,""./0!;1*,'*,(!% ')%!"- !"",%).%
,'/", /%!*(,%!"()"4"%=#! !#'(=-!(!")*+!,- -./0!1*'1'"$
1*$"!/% !)/ *$!-.+./%.6! / !22!%R-.($%!0%, '/ ( $+!/%)!- -!"($2.,- -./0!"/!/$0!"", %!1.")/!- ,"%!
!7&.)"%,+!(!%')%!"-!"($2., --
./0!"1'"",A-!"()"4"% =#! /2'/0%,'/(!- .0.% $6'*,!()"4"%=#!(!
1*'()0%, '/ !%(!-. /.%)*!(!"% Q0&!"; ")*+!, --!*/')",/%*'(),"'/")/! %'-$*./0!")*-. ()*$! (!- .
%Q0&!;")*+!,- -!* ,/",R-./'% ,'/ (!2'/0% ,'//!#!/%!/ O#'(!($6*.($ !"%,/%*'(), %! ) (!-;(!
0!% %! %'-$*./0!R-! "4"% =#! "!*. !22!0% ,+!#!/%(./" )/ $%.%(! O($2.,- -./0! ,22$*!/%" !7!#1-!"
,--)"%*!/%-.($#.*0&!1*'1'"$! -"1!*#!%% !/%(!#'/%*!*-.1), ""./0!( )/!%!- -!.11*'0&! !1-)"R
)/.-6'*, %&#!1!*#!%%./%-!0.-0)-()"!),-'1%,#.-(!% '-$*./0!!"%1*'1'"$R.,/",5)!-$+.-).%,'/(!"
1!*2'*#./0!"()"4"%=#!(!")*+!, --
./0!