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Adessse maison : 1 Adessse maison : 2 Adessse maison : 3 Adessse maison : 4 Adessse maison : 5
Fondements des réseaux Rue : Rue-A Rue : Rue-A Rue : Rue-A Rue : Rue-A Rue : Rue-A
Zone : Zone-A Zone : Zone-A Zone : Zone-A Zone : Zone-A Zone : Zone-A
Chapitre 5 Ville : Ville-A Ville : Ville-A Ville : Ville-A Ville : Ville-A Ville : Ville-A
1 2 3 4 5
Adressage IPv4
❖ The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) est une organisation de normalisation
Adresse maison : 1 Adresse maison : 2 Adresse maison : 3 Adresse maison : 4 Adresse maison : 5 responsable de la coordination mondiale des systèmes d'adressage du protocole Internet.
Rue : 10 Rue : 10 Rue : 10 Rue : 10 Rue : 10
Zone : 168 Zone : 168 Zone : 168 Zone : 168 Zone : 168
Ville : 192 Ville : 192 Ville : 192 Ville : 192 Ville : 192
1 2 3 4 5
2 3
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Adressage IP
IANA X = 0 or 1
❖ Une adresse de protocole Internet (adresse IP) est
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
une étiquette numérique attribuée à chaque appareil
RIRs 1st Octet 2nd Octet 3rd Octet 4th Octet
ARIN RIPE connecté à un réseau informatique qui utilise le protocole
LACNIC AFRINIC APNIC Internet pour la communication. 32 bits ( 4 Octets )
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
NIRs ❖ Adresse sur 32 bits , en représentation décimale
pointée, 4 nombres décimaux chacun entre 0 et 255,
X X X X X X X X
LIRs LIRs LIRs séparés par des .
8 bits
4 5
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
128 64 32 16
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
8 bits 8 bits
90 50 150 200
10 – 8 = 2 6–4=2
6 7
The Total Number Of Ipv4 Addresses IPv4 - Address Classes ( Class A )
0 255
1 256
0 Class A 127 128 255
1 256 * 256 = 65,536
1 256 * 256 * 256 = 16,777,216 Numbers start with 0 are reserved ( All networks ). Example :
Numbers start with 127 are reserved ( Loopback ).
100 . 250 . 190 . 200
= 4,294,967,296
8 9
128 Class B 191 192 255 192 Class C 223 224 255
Example : Example :
150 . 1 . 250 . 16 200 . 150 . 4 . 88
128 - 191 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 192 - 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Class B : ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- Class C : ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------------
10 11
IPv4 - Address Classes ( Class D and E ) IPv4 - Address Classes ( Summary )
224 255
0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
224 Class D 239 240 Class E 255
Class A : 1 - 126 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Unicast
Example : Class B :
128 - 191 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Unicast
230 . 1 . 255 . 160
Class C :
Unicast 192 - 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
224 - 239 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Class D : ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- Class D :
Multicast 224 - 239 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Class E :
Example : Reserved 240 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 254
250 . 2 . 21 . 130
❖ 0 is reserved ( All networks ).
240 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 ❖ 127 is reserved ( Loopback ).
Class E : ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------------
❖ 255.255.255.255 is reserved as the IPv4 Broadcast address.
12 13
Computer2
Computer2 10.0.0.2
S: 10.0.0.1
D: 10.0.0.2
10.0.0.2
S: 10.0.0.1 ✓
D: 230.1.1.1
Computer1
10.0.0.1 Computer3
10.0.0.3
S: 10.0.0.1
Switch Computer3 Switch
✓
Computer1
D: 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.1
S: 10.0.0.1
D: 10.0.0.4
Computer4
10.0.0.4
Computer4
10.0.0.4
14 15
IPv4 Broadcast Transmission ( Limited Broadcast Address ) IPv4 Broadcast Transmission ( Directed Broadcast Addresses )
❖ Internet Protocol (IPv4) uses the last IP address of each network or subnet for directed broadcast transmission, in which
❖ Internet Protocol (IPv4) uses IP address 255.255.255.255 ❖ The IP address 255.255.255.255 is limited Broadcast
a packet is sent from a single source to all other hosts on a different network at the same time.
for broadcast transmission, in which a packet is sent from Address because it is never forwarded across a router.
a single source to all other hosts on the network at the same
time. Class A Directed Broadcast Addresses : 1 – 126 255 255 255
Class B Directed Broadcast Addresses : 128 - 191 0 - 255 255 255
IP Address : 255 255 255 255 Class C Directed Broadcast Addresses : 192 - 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 255
Computer2
Computer2 192.168.1.2
✓
10.0.0.2
S: 10.0.0.1 ✓ S: 10.0.0.2
D: 192.168.1.255
D: 255.255.255.255
Computer3
Computer3 Router Switch
✓
Computer1 192.168.1.3
Switch
✓
Computer1 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.2
10.0.0.1
✓ Computer4 ✓ Computer4
192.168.1.4
10.0.0.4
16 17
محمود
❖ An Unicast IP address consists of two components: Class A : 1 – 126 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
1. Network ID .
Network ID Host ID
2. Host ID.
Network Prefix
عائلة النجار the same network segment and must use a router to Network Prefix
18 19
Network ID and Host ID ( Class A ) Example : Network ID and Host ID ( Class A )
50. 0 . 0 . 1 80. 0 . 0 . 1
20 21
Class B has
64 * 256 = 16,384
networks 170.1. 0 . 1 150.7. 0 . 1
22 23
Network ID and Host ID ( Class C ) Example : Network ID and Host ID ( Class C )
24 25
Example : Network ID and Host ID ( Class A, B and C ) Network ID and Host ID ( Summary)
Class A Class B
172.16.0.2
10.0.0.2
Class B : 128 – 191 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Network ID Host ID
10.0.0.1 172.16.0.1
64 * 256 = 16,384 Networks 256 * 256 = 65,536 Addresses
192.168.1.1
10.0.0.3
172.16.0.3
Class C
26 27
Network Address, Broadcast Address And Valid Host Address Network Mask and Network Prefix Length
➢ Broadcast Address 192 . 168 . 1 . 255 172 . 16 . 255 . 255 10 . 255 . 255 . 255
( Directed ) :
➢ Total Valid addresses : 256 – 2 = 254 65,536 – 2 = 65,534 16,777,216 – 2 = 16,777,214 Class C : 192 - 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
28 29
Network Mask and Network Prefix Length Network Mask and Network Prefix Length
❖ Network Mask specifies the network and host parts of an IP Class A : 1 – 126 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
address. Mask : Network Prefix Length
255 0 0 0
❖ Also known as a Subnet mask, Netmask or Address mask.
Class B : 128 - 191 Class A Network Mask : 255 0 0 0 / 8
0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
11111111
❖ Network masks are usually represented in either Mask : 255 255 0 0
8 bits
Dotted Quad Notation (for example, 255 . 255 . 255 . 0) or Network Prefix Length
Class C : 192 - 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Prefix notation ( for example, 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 / 24 ).
Mask : 255 255 255 0 Class B Network Mask : 255 255 0 0 / 16
❖ The prefix is simply the network address and the prefix 11111111 11111111
length determines the size of the network portion or the 8 bits 8 bits
172 . 16 . 0 . 1 / 16
subnet portion of an address . Network Prefix Length
30 31
Example : Network Mask and Network Prefix Length IPv4 Link-local Address
Network : 10.0.0.0
Class A Network : 10.0.0.0 / 8 ❖ Link-local Address are the addresses in the range of 169 . 254 . 0 . 0 to 169 . 254 . 255 . 255 or 169 . 254 . 0 . 0 /16 .
Mask : 255.0.0.0
Network ❖ A local host automatically picks up an IP address from this range if it fails to obtain an IP address from a DHCP server.
Network : 172.16.0.0
Class B Network : 172.16.0.0 / 16 Prefix Length ❖ This feature is called Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) .
Mask : 255.255.0.0
Network : 192.168.1.0
Class C Network : 192.168.1.0 / 24 169 . 254 . 236 . 205
Mask : 255.255.255.0
10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 DHCP Server
255.0.0.0
10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/16
255.255.0.0 Switch 192.168.1.1
10.0.0.2 172.16.0.2
10.0.0.1 172.16.0.1
Link Local Addresses Range ( Reserved )
10.0.0.3 192.168.1.1
172.16.0.3 169 254 0 1
➢ Network Address :
Internet
❖ Private IP addresses are used in private networks (LANs) Any organization can use these addresses without approval from the Public IP addresses
Internet Service Provider (ISP), Private IP addresses are not publicly routable on the global internet.
Class A Class B
10 0 0 0 .1 .1
.3
Class A 255 0 0 0 1 16,777,216 .1
10 255 255 255 .3
172 16 0 0 172 . 16 . 0 -255 . 0 – 255
172 . 17 . 0 -255 . 0 - 255
Class B 255 255 0 0 16 65,536 .2 .3
172 . 30 . 0 -255 . 0 - 255
172 31 255 255 172 . 31 . 0 -255 . 0 - 255
34 35
IPv4 Public IP addresses IPv4 Subnetting
❖ It is global addresses that are routed on the Internet, unlike private addresses. And it is used to o access the Internet. ❖ IPv4 Subnetting is the process of splitting a network into ❖ IPv4 Subnetting is done by extending the default
multiple logical networks, known as subnetworks or Network mask with some of the bits from the Host ID
subnets. portion of the address.
1 2
Private Addresses
2 2
NAT NAT
36 37
255 0
224 31
223 32
8 1
4 1
7 2
192 63
1
191
2 1 64
6 3
3 2
160 5 4 95
159 96
128 127
38 39
IPv4 Subnetting IPv4 Subnetting
40 41
255 0
240 15
239 16
16 1
224 31
223 15 2 32
208 14 3 47
207 48
13 4
192 63
191 64
12 5
176 79
175 80
11 6
160 95
10 7
159 96
9 8
144 111
143 112
128 127
42 43
IPv4 Subnetting Subnetting Class C Networks – Using The Magic Number
0
2 = 1 net
0 255 Class C : 192 – 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Network ID Host ID
32 * 256 * 256 = 2,097,152 Networks 256 Addresses
1
2 = 2 nets
0 127 128 255 MagicMagic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Number
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2
2 = 4 nets
0 63 64 127 128 191 192 255 192 – 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
3
2 = 8 nets 24 bits ( Network ID )
44 45
1 Network
2 Subnets
( Block )
( Blocks )
46 47
Subnetting Class C Networks – 2 Subnets Example : Class C Subnetting --> 2 Subnets
Magic Number
❖ Subnet the Class C IP Address 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 so that you have 2 subnets.
X
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2 =2 X = 1
Network Address : 192 168 1 0
Default Network Mask 255 255 255 0 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 1st Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 192 . 168 . 1 . 128 2nd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 255
Example : Class C Subnetting --> 2 Subnets Example : Class C Subnetting --> 2 Subnets
192.168.1.3 192.168.1.3
126 Valid 126 Valid
192.168.1.131 IP Address IP Address 192.168.1.131
192 . 168 . 1 . 0 1st Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 192 . 168 . 1 . 128 2nd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 255
1st Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 2nd Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 128
1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 129
128 – 2 = 126
Valid Addresses
Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 126 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 254
Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 255
50 51
Subnetting Class C Networks – 4 Subnets Subnetting Class C Networks – 4 Subnets
Magic Number
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Example : Class C Subnetting --> 4 Subnets Example : Class C Subnetting --> 4 Subnets
❖ Subnet the Class C IP Address 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 so that you have 4 subnets. ❖ Subnet the Class C IP Address 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 so that you have 4 subnets.
X X
2 =4 X = 2 2 =4 X = 2
Network Address : 192 168 1 0 Network Address : 192 168 1 0
Default Mask : 255 255 255 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Default Mask : 255 255 255 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Magic Number 192 = 128 + 64 Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 255 . 192 Magic Number
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
26 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 2 Prefix Length: / 26
192 . 168 . 1 . 0 1st Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 63 192 . 168 . 1 . 64 2nd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 1st Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 63 192 . 168 . 1 . 64 2nd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 127
192 . 168 . 1 . 128 3rd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 191 192 .168 . 1 . 192 4th Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 255 192 . 168 . 1 . 128 3rd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 191 192 .168 . 1 . 192 4th Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 255
1st Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 2nd Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 64 3rd Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 128 4th Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 192
1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 65 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 129 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 193
Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 62 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 126 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 190 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 254
Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 63 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 191 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 255
54 55
Example : Class C Subnetting --> 4 Subnets Subnetting Class C Networks – 8 Subnets
192.168.1.64 / 26
62 Valid
IP Address
192.168.1.66 192.168.1.67
8 Subnets
192.168.1.0 / 26 192.168.1.192 / 26
( Blocks )
192.168.1.2 192.168.1.65 192.168.1.194
192.168.1.1 192.168.1.193
Each Subnet
192.168.1.129
192.168.1.3 62 Valid
IP Address
62 Valid 192.168.1.195 Has 32
IP Address
Addresses
192.168.1.130 192.168.1.131
62 Valid
IP Address
192.168.1.128 / 26
56 57
Default Mask 255 255 255 0 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 1st Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 31 192 . 168 . 1 . 32 2nd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 63
Network
Prefix Length / 24 128 + 64 + 32 192 . 168 . 1 . 64 3rd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 95 192 . 168 . 1 . 96 4th Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 127
1st Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 2nd Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 32 3rd Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 64
1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 33 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 65
16 Subnets
Multilayer Switch
4th Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 96 5th Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 128
( Blocks )
1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 97 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 129
VLAN 4 VLAN 5
Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 126 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 158
Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 159
Each Subnet
Has 16
6th Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 160 7th Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 192 8th Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 224
Addresses
1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 161 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 193 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 225
VLAN 6 VLAN 7 VLAN 8
Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 190 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 222 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 254
Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 191 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 223 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 255
24 bits ( Network ID )
28 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 4 Prefix Length : / 28
Default Mask 255 255 255 0 0 1st Subnet 15 16 2nd Subnet 31 32 3rd Subnet 47 48 4th Subnet 63
Network
Prefix Length / 24 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 64 5th Subnet 79 80 6th Subnet 95 96 7th Subnet 111 112 8th Subnet 127
192 . 168 . 1 . 16 192 . 168 . 1 . 80 192 . 168 . 1 . 144 192 . 168 . 1 . 208
192 . 168 . 1 . 17 192 . 168 . 1 . 81 192 . 168 . 1 . 145 192 . 168 . 1 . 209
32 Subnets
2 6 10 14 ( Blocks )
192 . 168 . 1 . 30 192 . 168 . 1 . 94 192 . 168 . 1 . 158 192 . 168 . 1 . 222
192 . 168 . 1 . 31 192 . 168 . 1 . 95 192 . 168 . 1 . 159 192 . 168 . 1 . 223
192 . 168 . 1 . 32 192 . 168 . 1 . 96 192 . 168 . 1 . 160 192 . 168 . 1 . 224
192 . 168 . 1 . 33 192 . 168 . 1 . 97 192 . 168 . 1 . 161 192 . 168 . 1 . 225
Each Subnet
3 7 11 15
192 . 168 . 1 . 46 192 . 168 . 1 . 110 192 . 168 . 1 . 174 192 . 168 . 1 . 238
Has 8
192 . 168 . 1 . 47 192 . 168 . 1 . 111 192 . 168 . 1 . 175 192 . 168 . 1 . 239 Addresses
192 . 168 . 1 . 48 192 . 168 . 1 . 112 192 . 168 . 1 . 176 192 . 168 . 1 . 240
192 . 168 . 1 . 49 192 . 168 . 1 . 113 192 . 168 . 1 . 177 192 . 168 . 1 . 241
4 8 12 16
192 . 168 . 1 . 62 192 . 168 . 1 . 126 192 . 168 . 1 . 190 192 . 168 . 1 . 254
192 . 168 . 1 . 63 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 192 . 168 . 1 . 191 192 . 168 . 1 . 255
64 65
Network
Prefix Length / 24 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8
64 71 72 79 80 87 88 95 96 103 104 111 112 119 120 127
Subnet Mask 255 255 255 248
Subnet 128 135 136 143 144 151 152 159 160 167 168 175 176 183 184 191
/ 29 8+8+8+5
Prefix Length
5
Total Subnets 2 = 32 192 199 200 207 208 215 216 223 224 231 232 239 240 247 248 255
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet
8 Magic Number
66 67
Example : Class C Subnetting --> 32 Subnets Subnetting Class C Networks – 64 Subnets
Magic Number = 8
192 . 168 . 1 . 0 192 . 168 . 1 . 8 192 . 168 . 1 . 16 192 . 168 . 1 . 24 192 . 168 . 1 . 32 192 . 168 . 1 . 40 192 . 168 . 1 . 48 192 . 168 . 1 . 56
192 . 168 . 1 . 1 192 . 168 . 1 . 9 192 . 168 . 1 . 17 192 . 168 . 1 . 25 192 . 168 . 1 . 33 192 . 168 . 1 . 41 192 . 168 . 1 . 49 192 . 168 . 1 . 57
192 . 168 . 1 . 6 192 . 168 . 1 . 14 192 . 168 . 1 . 22 192 . 168 . 1 . 30 192 . 168 . 1 . 38 192 . 168 . 1 . 46 192 . 168 . 1 . 54 192 . 168 . 1 . 62
192 . 168 . 1 . 7 192 . 168 . 1 . 15 192 . 168 . 1 . 23 192 . 168 . 1 . 31 192 . 168 . 1 . 39 192 . 168 . 1 . 47 192 . 168 . 1 . 55 192 . 168 . 1 . 63
64 Subnets
192 . 168 . 1 . 64 192 . 168 . 1 . 72 192 . 168 . 1 . 80 192 . 168 . 1 . 88 192 . 168 . 1 . 96 192 . 168 . 1 . 104 192 . 168 . 1 . 112 192 . 168 . 1 . 120
192 . 168 . 1 . 65 192 . 168 . 1 . 73 192 . 168 . 1 . 81 192 . 168 . 1 . 89 192 . 168 . 1 . 97 192 . 168 . 1 . 105 192 . 168 . 1 . 113 192 . 168 . 1 . 121
( Blocks )
192 . 168 . 1 . 70 192 . 168 . 1 . 78 192 . 168 . 1 . 86 192 . 168 . 1 . 94 192 . 168 . 1 . 102 192 . 168 . 1 . 110 192 . 168 . 1 . 118 192 . 168 . 1 . 126
192 . 168 . 1 . 71 192 . 168 . 1 . 79 192 . 168 . 1 . 87 192 . 168 . 1 . 95 192 . 168 . 1 . 103 192 . 168 . 1 . 111 192 . 168 . 1 . 119 192 . 168 . 1 . 127
192 . 168 . 1 . 128 192 . 168 . 1 . 136 192 . 168 . 1 . 144 192 . 168 . 1 . 152 192 . 168 . 1 . 160 192 . 168 . 1 . 168 192 . 168 . 1 . 176 192 . 168 . 1 . 184
192 . 168 . 1 . 129 192 . 168 . 1 . 137 192 . 168 . 1 . 145 192 . 168 . 1 . 153 192 . 168 . 1 . 161 192 . 168 . 1 . 169 192 . 168 . 1 . 177 192 . 168 . 1 . 185
Each Subnet
Has 4
192 . 168 . 1 . 134 192 . 168 . 1 . 142 192 . 168 . 1 . 150 192 . 168 . 1 . 158 192 . 168 . 1 . 166 192 . 168 . 1 . 174 192 . 168 . 1 . 182 192 . 168 . 1 . 190 Addresses
192 . 168 . 1 . 135 192 . 168 . 1 . 143 192 . 168 . 1 . 151 192 . 168 . 1 . 159 192 . 168 . 1 . 167 192 . 168 . 1 . 175 192 . 168 . 1 . 183 192 . 168 . 1 . 191
192 . 168 . 1 . 192 192 . 168 . 1 . 200 192 . 168 . 1 . 208 192 . 168 . 1 . 216 192 . 168 . 1 . 224 192 . 168 . 1 . 232 192 . 168 . 1 . 240 192 . 168 . 1 . 248
192 . 168 . 1 . 193 192 . 168 . 1 . 201 192 . 168 . 1 . 209 192 . 168 . 1 . 217 192 . 168 . 1 . 225 192 . 168 . 1 . 233 192 . 168 . 1 . 241 192 . 168 . 1 . 249
192 . 168 . 1 . 198 192 . 168 . 1 . 206 192 . 168 . 1 . 214 192 . 168 . 1 . 222 192 . 168 . 1 . 230 192 . 168 . 1 . 238 192 . 168 . 1 . 246 192 . 168 . 1 . 254
192 . 168 . 1 . 199 192 . 168 . 1 . 207 192 . 168 . 1 . 215 192 . 168 . 1 . 223 192 . 168 . 1 . 231 192 . 168 . 1 . 239 192 . 168 . 1 . 247 192 . 168 . 1 . 255
68 69
❖ Is 192 . 168 . 1 . 150 /29 a host address? ❖ Is 192 . 168 . 1 . 150 255 . 255 . 255 . 248 a host address?
Example : Class C Subnetting ( Subnet Address ) Example : Class C Subnetting ( Broadcast Address )
❖ Is 205 . 15 . 16 . 176 255 . 255 . 255 . 240 a subnet address ? ❖ Is 205 . 15 . 16 . 111 255 . 255 . 255 . 240 a broadcast address of a subnet?
Default Mask : 255 255 255 0 Default Mask : 255 255 255 0
4 bits 4 bits
4 4
240 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 Total Subnets = 2 = 16 240 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 Total Subnets = 2 = 16
74 75
Example : Class C Subnetting ( 1st Address ) Subnetting Class B Networks – Using The Magic Number
4
240 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 Total Subnets = 2 = 16 MagicMagic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Number
MagicMagic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Number
76 77
Default Mask 255 255 0 0 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 127 . 255 172 . 16 . 128 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 255 . 255
Network
Prefix Length / 16
1st Subnet Address : 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 2nd Subnet Address : 172 . 16 . 128 . 0
Subnet Mask 255 255 128 0 1st Valid IP Address : 172 . 16 . 0 . 1 1st Valid IP Address : 172 . 16 . 128 . 1
128 * 256 =
Subnet 32,768
Prefix Length / 17 8+8+1
Addresses
Last Valid IP address : 172 . 16 . 127 . 254 Last Valid IP address : 172 . 16 . 255 . 254
1
Total Subnets 2 = 2 Broadcast IP Address : 172 . 16 . 127 . 255 Broadcast IP Address : 172 . 16 . 255 . 255
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 128 = 32,768
78 79
Example : Class B Subnetting - 2 Subnets Example : Class B Subnetting - 2 Subnets
172.16.0.3 172.16.0.3
172.16.128.3 172.16.128.3
172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 127 . 255 172 . 16 . 128 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 255 . 255
80 81
Default Mask 255 255 0 0 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 63 . 255 172 . 16 . 64 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 127 . 255
Network
Prefix Length / 16 128 + 64
172 . 16 . 128 . 0 3rd Subnet 172 . 16 . 191 . 255 172 . 16 . 192 . 0 4th Subnet 172 . 16 . 255 . 255
Subnet Mask 255 255 192 0
Subnet
Prefix Length / 18 8+8+2
2 64 * 256
Total Subnets 2 = 4 = 16,384
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 64 = 16,384
82 83
Subnetting Class B Networks – 8 Subnets Example : Class B Subnetting --> 8 Subnets
Magic Number
❖ Subnet the (Class B) IP Address 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 so that you have 8 subnets.
X
2 =8 X = 3
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Network Address : 172 16 0 0
Default Mask 255 255 0 0 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 31 . 255 172 . 16 . 32 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 63 . 255
Network
Prefix Length / 16 128 + 64 + 32
172 . 16 . 64 . 0 3rd Subnet 172 . 16 . 95 . 255 172 . 16 . 96 . 0 4th Subnet 172 . 16 . 127 . 255
0.0 1st 15.255 16.0 2nd 31.255 32.0 3rd 47.255 48.0 4th 63.255
Default Mask 255 255 0 0
Network
Prefix Length / 16 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8
64.0 5th 79.255 80.0 6th 95.255 96.0 7th 111.255 112.0 8th 127.255
172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 7 . 255 172 . 16 . 8 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 15 . 255 Default Mask 255 255 0 0
Network
Prefix Length / 16 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 + 4
172 . 16 . 16 . 0 3st Subnet 172 . 16 . 23 . 255 172 . 16 . 24 . 0 4nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 31 . 255
172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 3 . 255 172 . 16 . 4 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 7 . 255 Default Mask 255 255 0 0
Network
Prefix Length / 16 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 + 4 + 2
172 . 16 . 8 . 0 3st Subnet 172 . 16 . 11 . 255 172 . 16 . 12 . 0 4nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 15 . 255
Example : Class B Subnetting --> 128 Subnets Subnetting Class B Networks – 256 Subnets
Magic Number
❖ Subnet the (Class B) IP Address 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 so that you have 128 subnets.
X
2 = 128 X = 7
Network Address : 172 16 0 0 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 1 . 255 172 . 16 . 2 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 3 . 255 Default Mask 255 255 0 0
Network
Prefix Length / 16 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
172 . 16 . 4 . 0 3st Subnet 172 . 16 . 5 . 255 172 . 16 . 6 . 0 4nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 7 . 255
172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 0 . 255 172 . 16 . 1 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 1 . 255 Default Mask 255 255 0 0
Network
Prefix Length / 16
172 . 16 . 2 . 0 3st Subnet 172 . 16 . 2 . 255 172 . 16 . 3 . 0 4nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 3 . 255
Example : Subnetting Class B Networks – 512 Subnets Subnetting Class B Networks – 1024 Subnets
Magic Number Magic Number
172 . 16 . 0 . 0
16 bits ( Network ID ) 172 . 16 . 0 . 1 16 bits ( Network ID )
172 . 16 . 0 . 0
256 256
172 . 16 . 0 . 1
16 bits ( Network ID ) MagicMagic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number MagicMagic
Number Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Number
MagicMagic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Number
0
172 . 16 . 0 . 62 172 . 16 . 0 . 64
172 . 16 . 0 . 63
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
172 . 16 . 0 . 1
64
172 16 0 172 . 16 . 0 . 128
172 . 16 . 0 . 126
1 – 126 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
172 . 16 . 0 . 127
172 . 16 . 0 . 129 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits
0 128
172 . 16 . 0 . 190 Network ID
1 172 . 16 . 0 . 192
172 . 16 . 0 . 191 24 bits
. 172 . 16 . 0 . 1
. 192
172 . 16 . 0 . 254
255
172 . 16 . 0 . 255
100 101
Magic Number ❖ Subnet the (Class A) IP Address 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 so that you have 2 subnets.
X
2 =2 X = 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Network Address : 10 0 0 0
1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Subnet Mask : 255 . 128 . 0 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
8 bits
Default Mask 255 0 0 0 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 10 . 127 . 255 . 255 10 . 128 . 0 . 0 2nd Subnet 10 . 255 . 255 . 255
Network
Prefix Length /8
1st Subnet Address : 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 2nd Subnet Address : 10 . 128 . 0 . 0
Subnet Mask 255 128 0 0 1st Valid IP Address : 10 . 0 . 0. 1 1st Valid IP Address : 10 . 128 . 0 . 1
8,388,608
Subnet
Prefix Length /9 8+ 1 Addresses
Last Valid IP address : 10 . 127 . 255 . 254 Last Valid IP address : 10 . 255 . 255 .254
1
Total Subnets 2 = 2 Broadcast IP Address : 10 . 127 . 255 . 255 Broadcast IP Address : 10 . 255 . 255 .255
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 256 * 128 = 8,388,608
102 103
Example : Class A Subnetting --> 2 Subnets Example : Class A Subnetting --> 2 Subnets
10 . 0 . 0 . 0 / 9 10 . 128 . 0 . 0 / 9 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 / 9 10 . 128 . 0 . 0 / 9
Subnet Mask : 255 . 128 . 0 . 0 Subnet Mask : 255 . 128 . 0 . 0
10 . 128 . 0 . 2 10 . 128 . 0 . 2
10 . 0 . 0 . 2 10 . 0 . 0 . 2
10 . 0 . 0 . 1 10 . 128 . 0 . 1 10 . 0 . 0 . 1 10 . 128 . 0 . 1
10 .0 . 0 . 3 10 .0 . 0 . 3
10 . 128 . 0 .3 10 . 128 . 0 .3
10 . 0 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 10 . 127 . 255 . 255 10 . 128 . 0 . 0 2nd Subnet 10 . 255 . 255 . 255
104 105
Magic Number ❖ Subnet the (Class A) IP Address 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 so that you have 4 subnets.
X
2 =4 X = 2
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Network Address : 10 0 0 0
1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Subnet Mask : 255 . 192 . 0 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
8 bits
Default Mask 255 0 0 0 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 10 . 63 . 255 .255 10 . 64 . 0 . 0 2nd Subnet 10 . 127 . 255 . 255
Network
Prefix Length /8 128 + 64
10 . 128 . 0 . 0 3rd Subnet 10 . 191 . 255 . 255 10 . 192 . 0 . 0 4th Subnet 10 . 255 . 255 . 255
2 10 . 0 . 0. 1 10 . 64 . 0. 1 10 .128. 0. 1 10 . 192 . 0. 1
Total Subnets 2 = 4 4,194,304
10 . 63 . 255 .254 10 . 127 . 255 . 254 10 . 191 . 255 . 254 10 . 255 . 255 . 254
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 256 * 64 = 4,194,304 10 . 63 . 255 .255 10 . 127 . 255 . 255 10 . 191 . 255 . 255 10 . 255 . 255 . 255
106 107
Subnetting Class A Networks – 8 Subnets Example : Class A Subnetting --> 8 Subnets
Magic Number ❖ Subnet the (Class A) IP Address 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 so that you have 8 subnets.
X
2 =8 X = 3
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Network Address : 10 0 0 0
1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Subnet Mask : 255 . 224 . 0 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
8 bits
Default Mask 255 0 0 0 10.0.0.0 1st Subnet 10.31.255.255 10.32.0.0 2nd Subnet 10.63.255.255
Network
Prefix Length /8 128 + 64 + 32
10.64.0.0 3rd Subnet 10.95.255.255 10.96.0.0 4th Subnet 10.127.255.255
❖ Subnet the (Class A) IP Address 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 so that you have 8 subnets. Magic Number
X
2 =8 X = 3
Network Address : 10 0 0 0 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0
Subnet Mask : 255 . 224 . 0 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0 1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits 8 bits
Network ID Network ID
Subnetting Class A Networks – 128 Subnets Subnetting Class A Networks – 256 Subnets
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0 1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits 8 bits
Network ID Network ID
❖ Subnet the (Class A) IP Address 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 so that you have 256 subnets. Magic Number
X
2 = 256 X = 8
Network Address : 10 0 0 0 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 – 126 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0
Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 0 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits
9 bits
Prefix Length : / 16 Network ID
10 . 0 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 10 . 0 . 255 . 255 10 . 1 . 0 . 0 2nd Subnet 10 . 1 . 255 . 255 Default Mask 255 0 0 0
Network
Prefix Length /8 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
10 . 2 . 0 . 0 3st Subnet 10 . 2 . 255 . 255 10 . 3 . 0 . 0 4nd Subnet 10 . 3 . 255 . 255
Example : Subnetting Class A Networks – 512 Subnets Subnetting Class A Networks – 65,536 Subnets
10 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 1 – 126 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits 8 bits
10 . 0 . 0 . 0
9 bits 16 bits
Network ID Network ID
10 . 0 . 0 . 1
Magic Number
❖ Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) is a technique ❖ VLSM divides an IP address space into subnets and
that allows network administrators to divide an IP allocating it according to the individual need on a network.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
address space into subnets of different sizes.
10 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits
Network ID 16 bits
30 Hosts
10 . 0 . 0 . 0
10 . 0 . 0 . 1 30 Hosts
255 255 255 192 11 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 255 255 255 224 11 27 43 59
12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 12 28 44 60
13 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 13 29 45 61
14 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 14 30 46 62
15 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 15 31 47 63
124 125
2 18 2
3 19 3
255 255 255 240 255 255 255 248 4
4 20
5 21 5
6 22 6
7 23 7
8 24 8
192 168 1 16 9 25
192 168 1 8 9
10 26 10
126 127
VLSM Example 1 : Class C VLSM Example 1 : Class C
4
192 168 1 0
0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240
192 168 1 XXXXXXXX 255 255 255 252 /30
1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 241
0 255 255 255 252 /30 4 20 36 52 68 84 100 116 132 148 164 180 196 212 228 244
5 21 37 53 69 85 101 117 133 149 165 181 197 213 229 245
192 168 1 0 1
6 22 38 54 70 86 102 118 134 150 166 182 198 214 230 246
2 192 168 1 8 7 23 39 55 71 87 103 119 135 151 167 183 199 215 231 247
3
255 255 255 252 8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 136 152 168 184 200 216 232 248
4 255 255 255 248 /29 9 25 41 57 73 89 105 121 137 153 169 185 201 217 233 249
5
10 26 42 58 74 90 106 122 138 154 170 186 202 218 234 250
6 192 168 1 16 11 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 139 155 171 187 203 219 235 251
7
12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 140 156 172 188 204 220 236 252
255 255 255 240 /28
192 168 1 4 13 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 141 157 173 189 205 221 237 253
14 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 142 158 174 191 206 222 238 254
192 168 1 32
15 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191 207 223 239 255
255 255 255 252
255 255 255 224 /27
.10
192.168.1.8 / 29
255
3 7 255.255.255.248
0 4
16 6 Hosts
8 15 .9
255.255.255.252 /30 31
255.255.255.252 /30 32 192.168.1.0 / 30 .17 .18
192.168.1.16 / 28
255.255.255.248 /29 255.255.255.252 .2
.33 255.255.255.240
255.255.255.240 /28
14 Hosts
255.255.255.224 /27 2 Hosts
.1
.34 192.168.1.32 / 27
63
.5 255.255.255.224
255.255.255.192 /26 64 2 Hosts
30 Hosts
255.255.255.128 /25
.6
192.168.1.4 / 30 .65 .66
255.255.255.252 192.168.1.64 / 26
255.255.255.192
.129 62 Hosts
130 131
VLSM Example 2 : Class C VLSM Example 2 : Class C
128
255 255 255 192 11 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 255 255 255 224 11 27 43 59
12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 12 28 44 60
13 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 13 29 45 61
14 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 14 30 46 62
15 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 15 31 47 63
134 135
VLSM Example 2 : Class C VLSM Example 2 : Class C
255 0
192 168 1 0
0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240
31
255 255 255 224 /27 1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 241
30 Hosts 32
2 18 34 50 66 82 98 114 130 146 162 178 194 210 226 242
255.255.255.224 /27
3 19 35 50 67 83 99 115 131 147 163 179 195 211 227 243
192 168 1 32 4 20 36 52 68 84 100 116 132 148 164 180 196 212 228 244
5 21 37 53 69 85 101 117 133 149 165 181 197 213 229 245 30 Hosts
255 255 255 224 /27 6 22 38 54 70 86 102 118 134 150 166 182 198 214 230 246
255.255.255.224 /27
7 23 39 55 71 87 103 119 135 151 167 183 199 215 231 247
63
126 Hosts
8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 136 152 168 184 200 216 232 248 64
9 25 41 57 73 89 105 121 137 153 169 185 201 217 233 249 255.255.255.192 /26
192 168 1 64
10 26 42 58 74 90 106 122 138 154 170 186 202 218 234 250
62 Hosts
255 255 255 192 /26 11 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 139 155 171 187 203 219 235 251
255.255.255.128 /25
12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 140 156 172 188 204 220 236 252
13 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 141 157 173 189 205 221 237 253
14 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 142 158 174 191 206 222 238 254
192 168 1 128 15 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191 207 223 239 255
136 137
192.168.1.64 / 27 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 127 . 255 172 . 16 . 128 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 255 . 255
.65 255.255.255.192
.129 .66
62 Hosts 255 . 255 . 128 . 0 / 17 255 . 255 . 128 . 0 / 17
192.168.1.128 / 25
255.255.255.128
.130 126 Hosts
138 139
VLSM Example 3 : Class B VLSM Example 3 : Class B
Magic Number Magic Number
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
255 . 255 . 128 . 0 / 17 255 . 255 . 128 . 0 / 17 255 . 255 . 192 . 0 / 18 255 . 255 . 128 . 0 / 18
255 . 255 . 192 . 0 / 18 255 . 255 . 128 . 0 / 18 255 . 255 . 224 . 0 / 19 255 . 255 . 224 . 0 / 19
140 141
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
172 16 X X X X X X X X 0 - 255
8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
16 bits ( Network ID )
8,192 8,192
172.16.0.0/19 172.16.32.0/19
16,384
172.16.0.0/18 172.16.64.0/18
32,768
172.16.0.0/17 172.16.128.0/17
172.16.0.0/16
142