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( ), * / 1919 4 [$1Q ./ [ x$L'# H* .= , '7- ,Z
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+ -& . ] 4 O : & ZF / 0 D_ ( Ž 1# J Z7 ( = % > .#;4 M
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1398 % &'( ) 2 "# 49 382
28 $% ! "#
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1398 % &'( ) 2 "# 49 384
# + L/ ./ .= ST O 1321 ~Y 17 - = U % % 8O .(1372 , # $ 2)
Y 6F / / .= ,_ ,2 .«6# = 0 €F › = J 2 * › = + - / $) : 1 * 6#6F
:1385 ' F) P $ 1E 3$_/ 6F S T * / T# 20 ‚_ % Q / R1a
^/"# ;( ,L1M $dB u$- . O 26 .D7F.( .= % Q .m ] .(145
^ / " # * 0 N/ ^ / " # .= / ,( $( ‚ F $$€ * t- * ,P ‚_ * F 6#
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+ $][ZF 6# & ! * AP -& > « T# @- % 67m» .= 6- A# !# S6
. / d„ $!/ * C$P + -0 ( ,( $( ^<
0 1 2./ .=) ,# F = * S6 [ F wm = $L4 w / 8- @# F xLa , 4*
> T# Om * O > ' " 7 g67 1# T# CF * ( =,1# = F xLa ^ !LE
%$1- .6- [$ZA %2* : #./ ,Zm = $!= !# ‚_ 6F [$ZA - ( OF
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./ S6 Y > xP * ./ T# 7 6F ,L # 4 * D/ C$P
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1398 % &'( ) 2 "# 49 386
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1398 % &'( ) 2 "# 49 388
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F M > xP >* * * : Q : .= ^ - f Y .6F, q !Q 8 P $$€
f# / OE ‹7P > / . ] [ZF Y > [D4 F ,7$1) : F > / ./ • M
/ 8$_ ! 2./ ) 15 ^ - f .= / Y @ 1 3N_# %$ !"# . / @ 1 ) %$A$P
$# U* .A$1- Y > xP * .2* A * .m ] . F 6# $P . $F $E
8$_ ! 2./ 6U Y . $F $ E R 4* Y > : 6=u$- F -& ‹$!/
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w 6# / & = = U O 1( ./ * &6$F P %T= .= O J 2 + - (* * %$ *
$!/ ) 15 ^ - f .= / Y @ 1 3N_# %$ ( .6F & $ 8O ^ - f .L!L(
. / &6A# q = ( ^* !4 / 6U Y , ^ - f u$- Y > C$P * / D# )
* [LM > 8 5 ‚/ ,/ h; = [$LQ * j * ( ,1O t= -& = U % ‡,]t * %$ Om
. 4 * Y > (j * ( x$† % )Y -6 /) :6_ # .= ,F @] . / Y + $][ZF ‡[ M
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^ -f Y & 0 P $L$ * + ./ =, $H & F 6i * /, (./
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. /& S T .2* A
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A# ) > + > $!/ ,( $( 3 M * $# % 7= ( ) P./
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-& . !# .= + .ZDF % e .= = M , ` 1a ,H* 6# & / ^* T
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x$L'# * Z Y O7P C_# * & F v _( > + ( : $T( * ^ 2 ) «v _( * * z» .(1372) ,# #Y @# ( P .9
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, / d @ * P / , ' T] ,- A7- F ZU ,F P* [ M * [LM ,( / :.d U .' .(1390) @ * P , / d .10
.q = = F :xLa#YxH , #4 M > ' T]
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.,(* ^ A # * NM ^ A # : O ,$Q ^ $U .(1362) ,$Q + /Y H* .12
: O 1W ' F 61U + *Y ] -,# 7"( * -. F # ,( $( 3 #,]6#> : ' F ,LM6$( .(1385) ,LM ' F .13
.& ]Y
. ) : O .7NL!H : 4 ,( $( ,]6#> :.d U c $ .(1385) 6$1U = F .14
.> DH : O +*6O (n7F -) i H 6DM 31E & F T( % )Y .(1370) : $L * c = F .15
1372 O/) 7( 37$a7] «1320-24 Y 0 D4 , + -C7= * * ,NQ4 :* ,# OE n7E» .(1369) >* O/ ,# $2 .16
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.,L 3# "/ =
393 -a .) > ) 3 @A) Q .) R= ( 30 5 % 34 > ) J
+ ~ # t$/ * +*6O n7F - i H 6DM 31E 1320-1332 ,( = Q/ .(1387) % 6H " ,1$fM .19
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.. !a)
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. (q =
.^ M;2 : O + LOP 7NL( v _( * O9 .(1382) %$!U (* .22
+ $ Om 7 31E 8!$H r g / ,A-*tP :1864-1914 x$L'# * c* .(1371) >* $ & >89 = .23
., ;( q;_# b> Y * ^ A # : O
.& '# : O 32* A .(1388) 61U +* != .24
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. ^ A # ,1LM ^ A # : O ,Z %$!U ,( $( ^ 2 ) .(1368) %$!U ,Z .26
.,1LM : O 3H ( !$/ .(1374) %$!U ,Z .27
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7; 2 (:
33. Abbink, Jon & Tijo Salverda (2013). The Anthropology of Elites: Power, Culture, and the
Complexities of Distinction, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
34. Arendt, Hanna (2004). The Origins of Totalitarianism, New York: Schocken Books.
35. Amir Arjomand, Said (1988). The turban for the crown, New York and Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
36. Le Bon, Gustave (2009). The Crowd: a study of the popular mind, Auckland: The
Floating Press.
37. Bottomore, Tom (1993). Elites and Society, London and New York: Routledge.
38. Surowiecki , James (2005). The Wisdom of Crowds, New York: Anchor Books.