Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
A
SSC JE PAPER 1 CUT OFF (OUT OF 200)
Year UR OBC SC ST OH HH EWS
2012 62.25 52.5 47.75 43.5 30 30
2013 78 70.5 66.25 63.5 60 40
2014 93.75 82 75.75 70 69 40
2015 103.75 91.25 88 87.75 78 30
2016 100 92.5 84.5 58.5 72.5 40
2017 117 110.75 101.75 105 91.5 61.75
2018 127.4 122.91 107.61 107.01 97.45 61.61 118.99
2019 123.52 115.93 101.70 102.61 92.24 55.73 112.28
2020 120.02 114.21 99.15 99.15 78.83 48.86 108.14
2022 110.57 107.99 86.36 86.32 80.28 40 89.08
SSC JE PAPER 2 CUT OFF
B
GATE-CIVIL ENGG. CUT OFF
Year UR OBC SC / ST
2011 25 22.5 16.67
2012 33.03 29.73 22.02
2013 27.13 24.42 18.09
2014 26.57 23.91 17.71
2015 27.52 24.77 18.34
2016 25 22.5 16.6
2017 28.7 25.8 19.1
2018 26.9 24.2 17.9
2019 28.2 25.4 18.8
2020 32.9 29.6 21.9
2021 29.20 26.20 19.4
2022 30.4 27.3 20.2
2023 26.6 23.9 17.7
C
SSC JE APPEARED CANDIDATES DETAILS
S.Sorout
For Civil Engineering Exams All Updates, Our New Books ,Test Series
, Important Update Regarding Books, Classes ,Study Materials Join us
Youtube https://www.youtube.com/@civilkigoli
Telegram : https://t.me/CivilKiGOLiOfficials
• Gather study materials: Collect the best study materials, including textbooks,
reference books, previous years’ question papers, and online resources. Make
sure you have access to update and relevant study materials. Write down extra
important data in relevant chapter or in a separate new register.
• Time management: Create a study schedule that allocates sufficient time for
each subject and topic. Set, realistic targets for daily or weekly study, ensuring
you cover the entire syllabus sufficient number of times, before the exam.
• Clear your concept: Focus on building a strong foundation in core subjects.
Understand the fundamental concepts and theories thoroughly. For weak topics,
Practice extra questions.
• First solved previous year question papers: To know the pattern and type of
question, it will help you in identifying the important topics. It will also improve
your time management skills, solved previous year questions atleast 3-4 times.
• Test Series: Take regular mock tests to assess your preparation level and identify
areas where you need improvement. Mock tests will help you understand the
exam environment and manage time effectively during the actual exam.
• Seek Guidance: If you face any difficulties or have doubts, don’t hestiate to
seek guidance from mentors, teachers, or online forums. Joining a coaching
institute or studying in a group can also provide valuable insights and support.
• Stay Healthy: Maintain a healthy lifestyle with proper sleep, exercise, and a
balanced diet. A healthy body and mind will enhance your concentration and
overall performance in the exam.
• Stay Positive and Motivated: Maintain a positive attitude throughout your
preparation journey. Surround yourself with a supportive environment and stay
motivated. Take breaks, indulge in hobbies, exercise, and relax to keep your
mind fresh and focused.
• Revision: Dedicate enough time for regular revision of all the subjects. Revise
formulas, concepts, and important points to enhance your retention and
understanding. You can make your own short notes or refer Civil Booster
handbook.
• Remember, consistent and dedicated effort is the key to crack any competitive
exam. Stay focused, maintain discipline in your study routine, and give your
best in the exam.
Tunnel Engineering 17
It is an engineering structure, artificial gallery, passage or roadway beneath
the ground, under the bed of a stream or through a hill or mountain.
Open cuts:
It is open to sky passage excavated through huge soil mass of obstacle
like hill, run in required direction to connect.
Open cuts are provided up to depth 18m economically, if more than
18m depth.Tunneling is preferred. (60 feet)
For highways, tunneling is preferred to open cut if the depth of open
cut exceeds 15m.
It will require less time & cost for construction as compared to tunnels.
Advantages of tunnel
(a) For carrying public utilities like water, gas, railway lines or roads etc.
(b) Lesser maintenance &operating cost.
(c) Aerial warfare & bombing of cities have given important values to
tunnel.
(d) Cost of hauling is decreased due to lighter grades, possible in tunnels.
Classification of Tunnels
Based upon Purpose Based upon construction Based on Position or
material Alignment
Traffic Conveyance
Railway Tunnel in Saddle or
Hydro Electric hard Rock Base tunnel
Pedestrain power tunnel
Tunnel in Quick Off spur tunnel
Highway Sewer tunnel Sand or loose sand Spiral tunnel
Water supply
tunnel Open cut tunnel Slope tunnel
Tunnel Engineering 707
According to Alignment
(a) OFF - Spur Tunnels
Short length tunnels to negotiate minor local obstacles, is very
high projections on the way, which cannot be followed with
permitted
(b) Slope Tunnels:
Tunnel constructed in steep hills for economic and safe opera-
tions of roads and railways.
(c) Saddle or Base Tunnels:-
Tunnel constructed in the valleys along the natural slope till slope
does not exceed ruling gradient
(d) Spiral Tunnels:
Tunnel provided in narrow valley in the form of loops in the inte-
rior of mountain so as to increase length of tunnel to avoid steep
sloper
Shape of the tunnel
D 2D
5D
D
1 .2
2D
1.2
5D
D D D
1 in 24 1 in 24 D D
(a) ‘D’ Section (b) Rectangular © Circular (d) Egg. Shaped (e) Horse-shoe
Section Section section section
(i) In Rock tunnels: It is suitable for subway/Navigation channel.
(ii) Egg shaped section is used in sewers as it maintains required self
cleansing velocity. It provide least crosectional area at bottom.
(iii) Rectangular section is suitable only in case of hard rocks.
(iv) Circular section: It is most suitable for sewer & water carriage. It
is best suited for materials without cohesion (Quick sands) where the
pressure acts normal to the line of profile.
(v) Horse shoe shape is best suited for traffic purposes. It is most popular
for tunnel.
It is suitable for soft rock but difficult to construct.
708 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)
These have advantage of hoisting out the materials easily from the
tunnel.
2. Side shafts :-
These are shifted on one side of centre-line.
A transverse gallery or a pilot tunnel or passage is required for
connecting it with main tunnel.
The turning of machinery at sharp curve of the gallery is the greatest
drawback of this shaft.
According to alignment
1. Vertical shafts:
Laid in vertical direction only as they easy to construct and cheap.
2. Inclined shafts :-
For small depth, inclined shaft with suitable gradient of 45o or less
are constructed to achieve removal of muck by gravity.
According to time of filling material
1. Permanent shafts:
These are left open even after construction of tunnel and helps in
providing ventilation.
2. Temporary shafts:
The shaft to be excavated can be refilled if its sole purpose is to
get information is called temporary shafts.
They are located in valley.
Mainly provided for the supply of construction material and for the
removal of muck.
Protection round shaft opening:
It is usual to construct 900 mm high wall around the edge of the shaft
opening, to form a protective fencing.
This prevents surface water flowing down the shaft.
Tunnel Engineering 711
Drilling Equipments
Percussion Drills Fusion piercing Abrasion Drills
Drills Breaks Produces mixture Grinds rock
rock by impact of oxygen & flux due to
due to repeated blows bearing fuel like as abrasive effect
Tripod drill for kerosene at the end Can drill upto
very hard rock of blow pipe 100 m.
Blasting
It is the operation perform to loosen rock so that it may be excavated or
removed from its existing position.
Methods of Tunneling
In Hard Rock In soft Rock
Without Timber With timber
Cantilever car dump
Linear plate method Austrian method
Full face method Fore poling method
Shield method
Heading and Needle beam method
bench method Compressed air
tunneling Belgian method
Drift method
Army method
English method
German method
American method
A B
Heading
D C
Drill Holes
Bench
(a) In hard rock
(b) In soft rock requiring support
Heading and benching method
This method involves the drilling of the top portion in advance of bottom
portion.
If rock is hard & self-supporting, the top heading advances ahead by
one round over the bottom, so that heading & benching follow each
other.
If rock is badly broken, the top heading will need support & bench will
afford platform for this, in such case heading is excavation & supported
to the full length or part length before benching started.
For full face method excavation is divided into 3 sections & the first
operation in this method relates to excavation being done along the
perimeter.
Heading is always ahead of benching by convenient length & formed
by excavating full width above spraining line.
In one blast, one Heading & one Benching are blasted with few
seconds time lag.
Less quantity of explosive required as compared to full face method.
714 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)
Ventilation in tunnel
Natural Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation
Due to the difference in inside Exhausting Blowing Combination of
& outside temperature Blowing & exhausting
Tunnel
Air tight
value
Fan Fan
Ventilation in tunnels