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PAR
Bruno BUGGlANl
DEA en informatique de l'Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble
de nationalite franaise
Lausanne, EPFL
1995
Rsum
-n- .
Increased consumer needs force utilities to work with smaller and smaller security
margins, leading to increased risks of technical incidents. Such incidents may lead to
partial or total blackout of the power network, making it primordial to master its
behaviour.
Computational times already achieved with sequential simulators could be up to 25
times slower than we need for strict real-the management. Moreover, studies whch
imply power systems with 2000 buses are more and more under consideration for future
European East-West connections. Nowadays, such studies will need too much
computational t h e .
The project "PAralllisme de la Stabilit transitoire des Rseaux ELectrique"(PASREL),
aims to reduce power systems simulation times for transient stability studies by using
paralielism.
This thesis deals with the study and the development of a parallel portable adaptative
and evolutive simulator for real-time transient stability analysis of power systems. This
simulator will enable its use by students training in power system behaviour, by
dispatchers training in modem management of power systems and as a decision tool in
dispatching centres.
After a study of the state of the art, we tried to analyse mathematical methods well
suited to Our application. From this analysis we deduced that the resolution of a
complex symmetric linear system, of dimension equal to the dimension of the power
system, was the unique part of Our application which is not intrinsically parallel.
The theoretical analysis was followed by a study of sequential performances of
mathematical methods which enabled us to isolate potentially interesting methods: close
enough to the best sequential method (LU factorisation with sparsity oriented ordering)
and with an important paralielism potential.
The PASREl simulator was designed according to a layered structure in order to
answer to the evolutivity constraint. Each layer only depends on its sublayer according
to its functionalities. An intemal modification of a layer does not introduce any change
in any other part of PASREL.
To fulfil the adaptativity constraint, PASREL layers are based on standards (C-ANSI,
UMX, PVM).
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The distributed aspect was achieved using the SPMD mode1 (Single Program Multiple
Data). It allows the user to defme, at the tirne of execution, the sites which wiil be
involved in computations. This distribution was implemented at the lowest level in order
to obtain optimal performances.
The approach initially proposed was based on a "Metacomputingnarchitecture
(computer network) and not on a true parallel computer. Tests of mathematicai methods
have shown that communication times rendered this approach totally inefficient. Even
optimisations, such as reducing the number of messages (mapping) and overlapping of
computation and communication, did not succeed. Regarding these studies, the
"Metacomputing" approach was abandoned, at Ieast in a version which uses a standard
communication network and not a dedicated one.
In the case of a true parallel computer, tests on the EPFL's CRAY T3D have shown the
inefficiency of classicai linear solvers for Our application. Either methods generate too
many communications, or do not require enough computation to justify massive
parallelism. Even if a method saves time versus its sequential version, it is still slower
than the best sequential method.
A distributed adaptavive and evolutive simulator, for the transient stability analysis of
Chapitre 1 Introduction
1.1. Gnralits sur les rseaux d'nergie lectrique ............................ 1
1.2. L'analyse d'un rseau d'nergie lectrique ..................................... 5
1.3. Problme du "calcul" du comportement d'un rseau ..................... 8
1.4. Objectif de 1'etude .......................................................................... 11
@
Lesbranches ............................................................................................ 18
2.2.2.
Lescharges ............................................................................................. 19
Les gnratrices........................................................................................ 20
2.2.3.
2.3.2.
2.3.3.
2.3.4.
2.3.5.
2.3.6.
Matrice Y+
Y + machines
................................................................. 28
2.4.3.
-Mn-
......................................................................67
4.1.2.
87
30
Conclusion .............................................................................................100
........................................................ 101
103
110
110
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Conclusion .............................................................................................115
Conclusion .............................................................................................151
Chapitre 7 Conclusions
Simulateur distribu ............................................................................. 171
Simulateur volutif ............................................................................... 172
Simulateur adaptatif ............................................................................. 173
Simulateur performant ......................................................................... 173
Directions de recherche futures .......................................................... 175
Bibliographie
Annexe A:
Annexe B:
Annexe C:
Annexe D:
Annexe E:
Annexe F:
Curriculum vitae