CHNG II

CAC KHAI NIM C BAN

I Tp ky t dung trong ngn ng C:
Moi ngn ng lp trnh u c xy dng
ln t mt b ky t nao o. Cac ky t
c nhom theo nhiu cach khac nhau tao
thanh cac t. Cac t c lin kt theo mt
quy tc ng phap nao o tao thanh cac
cu lnh. Mt chng trnh bao gm nhiu cu
lnh va din at mt thun toan giai mt
bai toan nao o.

26 ch cai la tinh ln: A, B, C,...,Z

Ngn ng C c xy dng trn b ky t
26 ch cai la tinh ln: a, b, c,...,z
sau:

10 ch s: 0,1,2,...,9

Cac ky hiu toan hoc: + - * / = ( )

 Ky t gach ni _ (Chu y phn bit vi

du -)

Cac ky hiu c bit khac: . , ; : [ ] { }

? ! \ & | % # $ ...
Du cach (Space)

II Tn
Tn la khai nim rt quan trong, no dung
xac nh cac ai lng khac nhau
trong mt chng trnh. Chung ta co tn
hng, bin, mang, ham, con tro, tn tp,
tn cu truc, tn nhan,...
Tn c t theo quy tc:
Tn la mt day cac ky t ch va s
trong o ky t u tin phai la ch. Khi
vit tn cho phep s dung du _ nh
mt ch
Tn khng c trung vi cac t khoa
cua C
Tn co dai tuy y, tuy nhin ch co 8
ky t
u co ngha

Chu y:
Trong C co s phn bit ch
hoa va ch thng
Thng thng s dung ch hoa
t tn cac hng, dung ch
thng t tn cac ai lng
khac.(Khng bt buc)

III T khoa
T khoa la nhng t co y ngha hoan toan
xac nh, chung thng c s dung
khai bao cac kiu d liu, vit cac toan
t va cac cu lnh.
Cac t khoa ma chung ta thng gp khi lam
vic vi C:
int
if
else

char
float

continue
unsigned

for
do

double

static

hile

struct

goto

switch

break

return

case

long

sizeof

default

IV Mt s chng trnh v du:

V du 1:
#include stdio.h
void main()
{
printf(Welcom to C! \n);
}
V du 2:
#include stdio.h
main()
{
printf(Welcom to C! \n);
return 0;
}

V. Mt s quy tc cn nh khi vit

chng trnh:
Quy tc u tin cn nh la:
Mi cu lnh co th vit trn mt hay nhiu
dong nhng phai c kt thuc bng du;
Quy tc th hai la quy tc v li giai thch:
Cac li giai thch phai t gia du /* va du
*/
Quy tc th 3 la quy tc s dung cac ham
chun.
Khi s dung m ham cn bit no nm trn
tp Header (*.h) va phai dung toan t #include
gn tp o vao chng trnh.
Quy tc th t noi v cu truc cua mt chng
trnh.

VI. Khai bao va toan t gan

Moi bin trc khi s dung u phai khai bao
xac nh kiu cua no. khai bao cac
bin nguyn (Kiu int) ta dung t khao int. i
vi cac bin thc (Kiu float) ta dung t khoa
float.
V du:

int a, b, c; /* Khai bao cac bin a, b, c

thuc kiu int */
float x, y, z; /* Khai bao cac bin x, y, z
thuc kiu float */
Toan t gan co dang:
v=e
trong o v la bin con e co th la bin hay
mt biu thc toan hoc nao o. Tac dung

VII. a kt qua ln man hnh

a kt qua ra man hnh ta dung cu

lnh:
printf(dong iu khin,v1,v2,v3,v4)
Trong o:
v1,v2,v3,... la cac bin ma gia tr cua chung cn
c a ra man hnh.
Dong iu khin la mt hng xu ky t (day ky
t t trong du hai u nhay kep ) bao gm
ba loai:
- Cac ky t cn a nguyn xi ra man hnh

- Ky t iu khin vic chuyn xung u

dong tip theo.
- Cac ky t dung m ta kiu cach a ra
cua cac bin, goi chung la cac c ta.

Cac c ta:
- \n: ky t iu khin vic chuyn dong.
- c ta i vi bin s nguyn:
%[fw]d
Trong o: fw la mt s nguyn xac nh rng ti
thiu danh cho trng ra (s v tr ti thiu trn man
hnh danh cho mt bin kiu int
Khi fw ln hn dai thc t cua trng ra th mt
s khoang trong se c b sung vao bn trai.
V du:
int a;
void main()
{ a=456;
frintf(%6d, a);
getch();
}
Kh chay chng trnh thi trn man hnh co dang:


Khi khng co fw hoc fw nho hn hay bng
dai thc t cua trng ra, th rng trn man
hnh danh cho trng ra se bn dai thc t cua
no.
- i vi bin thc c th dung c ta:
%[fw][.pp]f
Trong o pp la chnh xac. Noi mt cach cu
th hn: trn man hnh sehin ln mt gia tr
thc pp ch s sau du chm thp phn.
Nu pp=0, bin thc c a ra nh mt
s nguyn (khng co du phn cach thp phn)
Nu khng co pp th may se ngm hiu la pp=6
fw la s nguyn xac nh rng ti thiu
trn man hnh danh cho trng ra.
dai thc t cua mt bin thc:
Lv= Lfw + pp +1(v tr danh cho du chm phn
cach thp phn + 1 (v tr danh cho du - nu co)

V du minh hoa
c ta
%d
%d
%5d
%5d
%8.0f
%f
%f
%8.3f
%8.3f
%.3f
%.3f
%.2f

Gia tr cua
bin
-456
456
456
-456
45.78
45.78
-45.78
45.78
-45.7894
45.78
-45.78
0.345

Dang a ra man
hnh
-456
456
456
-456
45
45.780000
-45.78000
45.780
-45.789
45.780
-45.780
0.35

Chu y:
Sau khi oc nhng iu noi trn mt cu
hoi t ra la lam th nao a ra cac
ky t: % \
Cu tra li nh sau:
Khi du % ng ngoai kt cu c
ta th no c xem nh ky t thng
thng ngha la ban thn no c a ra
man hnh (may in hoc a)
i vi cac ky t khac ta dung thm
du \ t trc no. Noi mt cach cu
th hn:
Khi vit \ th du c a ra.

VIII a kt qua ra may in:

Cach thc a kt qua ra may in hoan toan
tng t nh cach a ra man hnh. S khac
nhau ch mt vai chi tit nho nh sau:
Dung lnh:
fprintf thay cho lnh printf
a thm tham s stdprn vao dong iu khin.
Nh vy a kt qua ra may in ta dung cu
lnh:
fprintf(stdprn, dong iu khin, v1,v2,
v3,...,vk)

IX. Vao s liu t ban phm:

a s liu vao t ban phm hai gia tr
kiu int va ba gia tr kiu float co th dung cac
cu lnh sau:
int a, b;
float c, d, e;
scanf(%d%d%f%f%f, &a,&b,&c,&d,&e)
i vi cu lnh scanf cn chu y cac im sau:
Khng dung tn bin nh trong cu lnh
frinf ma dung a ch cua bin. Phep toan:
&bin
cho a ch cua bin
Mi bin ng vi mt c ta. Nh vy
s c ta bng s bin.
Dung c ta %d i vi bin nguyn

Mt cach tng quat cu lnh scanf co

dang:
scanf(t1t2...tk,&v1,&v2,...,&vk);
Trong o:
v1, v2,..., vk la cac bin (kiu int va
kiu float)
t1, t2, ...,tk la cac c ta tng ng
S hoat ng cua cu lnh scanf:Khi
gp lnh nay may se dng i thao
tac vin vao s liu t ban phm.

X Mt vai chng trnh n gian

Chng trnh 1:
Vit chng trnh tnh chu vi va din tch hnh
tron:
void main()
{
float r, c, s;
prinf(Chng trinh tinh chu vi va dien tich hinh tron);
prinf(\n Ban kinh r = );
scanf(%f, &r);
c= 2*r*3.14;
s= r*r*3.14;
printf(\n r = %8.3f \n c = %8.3f \ns = %8.3f, r, c,s);
}

Chng trnh 2:
Vit chng trnh tnh x luy tha y
#include "stdio.h"
#include "math.h"
void main()
{
double pow(); /*khai bao ham pow() kieu double*/
double x, y, z;
printf("Chuong trinh tinh x luy thua y \n");
printf("x = ");
scanf("%lf",&x);
printf("y = ");
scanf("%lf",&y);
z=pow(x,y);/*ham pow la mot ham da co trong math.h*/
printf("\n x = %8.2f\n y = %8.2f\n z = %8.2f", x, y, z);
getch();
}