--''

1Il .--,---. --,-:1.-

**
A RA 11 I C G RA 51 51 A R - ; Y N 4'A X - 51 A 1) F.1,.
5
,?&S5''
'
I
I
I
1
1
5 l A 1) 14 ASA l I I S I .A A 5'1 l Y !r'A I I
11.1.: N O N I
I
I
C'ON'FENTS
Arabic tcrminoloqlt's q
w
-xlaptxmnoi 1
Syntax .- .
!1 2
'I'tke word ul2s 2
'1 ilt! flfhkll) :l! 3
'
l-kc verb
k.h.2s '
-
4
'r he parf i cl e
w,aaal )
'1 h e se n 4 ence
r txl 1v
..sl h - suulll .- ! - - $$ ... *ko 9 4 . r
L
..
s,< zl= 4
l'he nunnative sentence
.,.l.....w1l .7-,.....0'1 .i1w .. ih 4
T'he verbai sentent'e L
ot-.uliklu!j.t:m:xJl 4
uul'e.y 5
'l'I1e phrase or illcolrlplete sentent'e
uzayLc!l Jalp .. t.v.si.a a.t.c tup 6
1Descriptivtt Phrase
..
11 iwrof
-
g.l 6
2 Ptlssttssl ve Pllrase
oauuus'f!i
.J.l 6
.5 Demonstrative Plprase
ksaun!J.>1p 7
4 N unterlkial Pbrase
u
suaxl i;'atzal149.3 7
5 Indccllnable Phrase
..
ax..x!l x.u J..v 7
Addlt ional ntdles - Qx=l7.1....s k?
tummao l (1
Slgns t'f a nchun - &eCL3 - particle
wiaax-lha
.>i1b >=h.fI woto.'.'.tc 1 1
CAtneral uotes l 2
Persona! pf ontuns
a;t.x.us l
.3
Pretzosil Ilns
at'xjt wyax-!k ! 4
'Lhtpse p a alcles fhal resenpble tlle verb
..huu u tooczl w: I swlh 1 5
Auxjliao' (defective) verbs 7 .- 'mtvt! ltxil l 7
'I'he vowels
wplao'j't 1 9
T'he cases c
u'ftzull ! 9
I.)tl'fcl erlce between Ao .
v..- .
.
z.x arld Jm,.w Lxu R
w.
w....
; l ? 1
l
G () V e 1 'l ) 1 I 1 g 1 ) ( J t I I 1 !; ju
x.s
.
.
f j t.txl . 7fj
.
J..
k -<1.tw i ,J)
m%!.=; '? j
.
.
1u11r.1 74
'
'Iiualp 1 q
' lUxI ; ) . !'
, , ,.
y j y ;
at= l ''?
uJ! l .'I r t.= .
'
b1:1 lhi c % . .xw ; :
; xlt .) ' i .'>
l Ilt'1)()J1jrl s'e rl,iltj; 1) a r: iclt's k 1 t
xj!ysj .j: .- !1 yf, . a . ,
w
1u uuul z 'it
. ) j y! .u y
. w' -%Q J <w tt
)
g.v-u.
a Ib
.,
.
.cx
J 4 j
.
j t. wax=1p-, . ;;
= l-va I
iq r-.xu..
..x ulI .-. . .w 7
ttu
.
>!u '
q)r..I ''.r p I 'F' .. M
'
$ ? Iu . t - - .z.x .
b) xulI '=
..M ..
l ( ).j.sl :kki .hl
.LP
II.1 u
.,.. k
i2 kul y 1 u ,
.,.x ,' ht
1 3 avxu $ t -> ? 1 ,
6 # ')
1 5 tu 1.. . u .J () t
c I k.n .1ij 4 - - . unox ';r )
t
A R A 1.
1 1 ( ''' 1 ' E R N1 1 N ( ) l .0 ( ; I E S 7..s
..
,x) p uo t-w 'kl...o.I
r u'p N t ptln . '
u.ku V erb
.... ..x
I'itl.tIcle
n
su N1 asculjnc
ut.u
-
'
p I enll I1l ne
s.x1
.
.
4 sp Ilgular
tgl llual
. .-
I>ItIr al
Qo
.
1.* --
uo tn
.
,x hl hta rl v't) vv els 1c p'c///?tz/? t//?tlrrlrrp cz/? z 24t
.br.1I:
Jlaul i<-. !
.:.x-)1 ( t 1 11 j) &'( ) &r/t) Is i t> < - I-.
.j
w
.!
-
g;1 Sl#1() rt k(z &v cls ( z
-
wnz t 1
-
.:1 ) arlli ( .> na k nel
-gzi ) 1(111!4 %'()vk.tyl s
wtaka /.tJp/?://t2rzp '' z//ztzrrpzz?zlltzyz? ; I'zdrtl/tzlll
bpu '
v
tw .'1 Iett e! vvit h a b'llk6h()t2 ( ' )
.>Q '
u
luz..a A Ie1 tef with a tavhdccd ( . )
y.l.s ''ltibjeot lc.doer
k.
i v.v.x. Ollject 1t!u ()0n wkom t)r wLat the work was done
Jxtr- (ltpverning word ie that word whlch causes / 'rfztz?l ckange in lhe wtlnl/s ftlllowlng It
J-w.x. I he gokerne.d word ie that word in which thc ? 'rtulb change occtlred
.-.
.
,.....21 .
.2.21 I'he active verb ie that verb thc docr of which Ts known / mcntioned
Jxa.1l 3..11 'l'he gassive verb ie that verb the doer of which ls not known / mentioned
ra'k)l .
.$<18 The intransitive verb ie that verb which can be understood without a 2
..
6.m
vsautl.)...11 'I'he transitive verb ie that kerb which cannot be fully understood without a Jaxa.
o
.a.w ,....1 A detinlte noun indicated by an J1 eg J4 - 'I'the huse (a particular / spcclfic house)
z
..
.p.w tux'b
.
% common noun indicated by a ltwzwduw cg XJ g bouse (any house)
taz.za '//JI tlt.x Word with a dhammah on the Iasl letter
.
wpa.u.cx.ua /s.-um21Lht.v Word wltb a lhtth on thc last lettcr
oa.z..xe /.....11 tlu Word with a Atz-jzw// on 1he last Ietter
1
'1'11 E Sl'.N'I'ENf 'E h11 .
.g.1 - kwuzal a..21 - y.'i3! t '.v r
'I 'here a re t wo t 5.' pes t) f se nf ences
A.ta
-.
ze..u et.w ( Ilal selltence wiljtrh has 1 l1e possibility of being true or false
B . tg 1 .t. :I ttu t 1) :1 t sent cn ce w #) icild o es not h ave t he po sslbl1 it y of being tru e or fal se
k
I
A. t,
-
,+,u t!..w is of tw o t y pes :
l . ta
..
z,.u.1lGwmxal 71..11 tllal sentencc wllich begslls witll a noun
!
l 1he second rarl ol' tht sentence tan be a noun or a verb
t i1e first part of the selltelyce is called la.+. ( subject ) t)r <..,11$ ,'...- .!
J
g lhe second part ot-thtz stntence is called a.t.u (prcdicate) or a.z.x.o (the wtlrd giving the
infbrmationl
thc 1.%. is gcncrally uaxo and the
.
...1. gcncrally z
.gu
botil parts ( 1.0.,.. and x.u ) will be z
-v..
..o
cg .LL. c ;)!
:4
-
,.1 i+.x-l2t.w = .'Q + 142+.
N B A benlencc Illay have more t han one a..u...k
!. ' 9 A A '' Z '
eg vs> u
..,z 3+JI

.
a.x ie. .i it.w . 2
.
- + l
.
z+x + p
.
k4=
2.i.
uzuvl! tyl...kl! 1.......11 l I)a( scntellce wllikrll bej;i t)s wltil a 'k el !)
: thc first partof' t hc sentence ls called
w
to or a.%....ua
i. . Il
le second part o l lhe Ken!entze Is called k
.$c ti far %l1 .kl....x an (! will always btl rx..
sz
..
,a
1 eg Q ...l - 1
*
L
.a+x tg.u 71.p . y u + sxi
'
N B 1 n thkt abov c example thc vcrb is an intransitive vcrb (
.
9yll k
.
>.l1! ) ie that vef'b which i '
can be undersl ()oc1 wit hou! a Jaxa.a
l sl# I f tl'e verb ls a transitive verb (
ksa-o, .
.k.., ) le that vcrb which cannot be fully understeod witl,oul a a
.
,.u.
.
:! tlnt'll a a
.
sx.u wlllbe adkled and will l)e va
.
a.z..x..a t c , ,
. '
US ' 2 ' eg z p d11
w
W
L
..
z.x Giu 71.. . ' + qyu + N j.
li.,' X K I t ( qI S F.
1 r ra n s 1a t e,1 i I I I rl t I ltx p 'rtzw/k
,
tt n d a aal 'vsc t h e fol I o'wi ng se'
n 1 ences
l
a azotx rlup b wkwwotw/i c .qJ! aux c.i
1 d a'..u. ; wa k.= wa1 e
u
kp
.
;I-zza t' u.
io u;w .;!
.
1. , .) 2 W h
a t l s t h e d 1Tere! lct? bet w t't'n ( e ) a ntl( f) a t3 ove
l
.
J
I
' 1 '1 l i',13 1.1 RA h4 E O R 1 N( '() M P I .i'.'I'F.S F-N 'INEN f 'E c-ztust ves-g.s- k . ..'- a+o t.t.-
I'hrases a I't! ()1* li h. e t ypes '
l .ucie.uoaal1 wxil
.z1l( Descriptive Phrasej
a ph ra Ke wh e rei n one w( 1I ti d e sc ri bes 1 h e t1l her
t 1ltt desc n b i 11 g wt'rd i s k' al letj am..
t h (' o bj t-.c t bei ng (1esc I 1bed 1 s ca I !ed u-woy
the uw-o
.
r and 'ki.-ax nlu st correspond in
a l 'rzcl/l
b Gender ie mascullne and lkmknine
c Nunlber le slngulaf .dual ancl glural
d Mu 'r(/iJ? afld Nazlnllt.
'
..' z
.,
! e .y .. '
$- 1 1a' t
-
l p- f t.::lt,.i y.i ' Q d ' ' 7 h eg Jxkvl.- p
. j, o .uj am.
u= Aymy u= uyoy Qxo uyx'y
2. xtz.s ..f1kvxsalp ( Possessive Ph rase)
a phrase w hereill 1 he second word ( 4.,11 ....11 . .- - ) owns or gosscsses tile lirst ( ..,1.= - )
thc ....11 ...- - wiI IIzever get a J1(71'a Jtlzr/fve'/
'
).
t he .t,1 ! .-i1 ... - v.,1 11 always be134=8
llte t hzzz// ()1- the at..-- will be according to tl4e ul.ts governing tt
eg -k) '' ' tu- Zaid's book / Btlok of Zaid
-) .v'L.
Wiouw acn
NB 1 Sometimes many .-11.- - / ..sl, .a1.'- . arc fbund in one single pkrasc
ttg wkig''i '' Ju- The door of the nlan's llouse
V1 UQ:XX .41 . - . : V1wil',' wi1 .='
2 . If'a u..... of the wil . - . is hroudlt. 1: should come inlllledhately aller lhe 4+11..,! .- . wIt k aI1 Ji
and the same l 'raab as l hat of tbe ..41. - -.
eg a: I ;.tg1 p v;ta I hc new clotlf of (he house
wi1. -11tkw Q1=i!.'n. wik''-'
3 Ifa ti.um of the .+)1 u-.uuu is brought it should come lmmediately afler 1 ( 4..)1...i$..-- ),
corresponding wilh lt ( .+11uui. -- ) ie in !he four aspects mentioned earLier
*
.,2.1 ..J..J . 'h 3h' The door of the new house Ch! ).et
, ..
u.w + uyor
41 Dton 3G
()
i
S t l M M A It Y
.
wat.x .
N L
word u
..
.
u - -----+ go .a .--..- .> su..
z.t
>u
HR li
3.tdl.s+
L> W w t.a tkw
nleanlngful ta.
t.u u.;s t.- .u .
ax!
rt:to-vk
>
<cb.?
%;lul tt.w pla.
u
AA
ullera nxl :%2 selztc ncz seg
h-vH
IA
u,w > R=. --+ oat: Jy
U
JLJ.-
0a.=1 s. wsy
rncanlnglcss .
.).+.
1.()
! IG N S () F A N ( ) l N :1.0 u .u
- rM
.
> ,p ..f ''
f fA 1t' t t' k f t' tf t) N tl 1)Ii t'h? Lx -,J 1
'
'I' f't' t' k.'t Itg '(1 @' %' a .w .
..
w.w
eg .'kw' JZ t,
.-
o ;. ..
l / ? ? ps 't ' ' ? l t ) Il 1 l ) c Ict .> l I <' t t e r k'!:t V 'k
-
.
.
' ''
l w .;
4 h:r)(lln !; vklt h :1 I'(Jtlrl kl z tl!r iklb
h Dtlal( waa ) I r I cg xLo' v .
rh Plural ( e..w j eg ,I1...J
-
,
.
.
'
. t. .t.> * ' .> .. ..' ,. 7
Q 1. X..l- ( Lur.xo o !'u.
x u ) eg u.v V..7 l al.a k.z.le
8 u 1. - . tt g . al.a w, ' taf .
z .' ,, <,. .'J z
9 -ia..
.sa
eg Ju.!.!.b bjzto'
I( ) ' Q e 'u%. * ' t; ksa B. o .
.: .
..
: A a
1 laa-.ax. eg ukuo (a Iittle man)
> > . ''
9. .
1 2 .., a.v..xw e g v-.. - < ( a 54 ec c a n )
! I (; N S () F A V E RB k
.
yx.il i uo u w
l P 'eceded by .,% ' eg A
.
;..u - ' Li : c
2 Precedcd by
...
; eg 'D'' * ' ' l Ie willsoon go out
3 P r e c e d e d b y ...1
.p
X ' e g k....
* ; ' * ' .
.J
.w.
A A H e %.$, i I l g o o u t a 1 t e r a w l 1 1 l e
.j (j (j t) . .. ' . , > p ' a '' 4 i rece e y
g..vx u..pw eg c. .zxJ p
p. ..J J y .'' !., -:y.'' 5 ! e
ct e y u...w; uo.w eg c.zi.t .J
t.> It en
w.
'.s....m eg r..z.k
7 I n 1 p e r a t i v e c (.7 Iz 1 rrl a n d ( 1 ) e g ! ...x * ' 1
8 N e a ( i v e c t 1 I ) '! I ) 1 a n d ( ) e g () .z.= '' ' '' *.1* B
.,+'
SIGNS ()F A PARTICI.E a-z=1 ou>
'Fllat wol d whlch has no slgn ofba noun or verb is a part icle (a parl icle has no sign ot- its own)
tllN/u; ?m'a:e sald tiJ 1x: dtusland 1,141ra1 tJhrc.spx.xct 0! thclr lthtrs (.ku) th e au u on ls oue tkus d uai aI1d I'Itlral drt slglks (>1 a Ilotu! alld Ilot a
l l
I'RF.P()S1'l'IONS &o1- 11 uua
-
sv!l
K I'rec t h 1tlv es a .
.
.-
t 0 l l le 11 ot111 1l e r1t c rs 0 n . w'1) lk! 1) B,: I It)e k no w n a s a
.
z.w
-
sx u
.,
.x
N'l/ranl ng E xanlgle
l . - wlt 11 pi!u ucr..;.'f I wrole n Ith the pen f
.
.
'
o 2
u: - t75' ,1()!t'Etll) ) tlltl Fy y .FN)1a1) h
! .uh 1!k e cbv .!c - zraid is like a Iion .
.
,i .-?
4
.
'
-
for .t11 X..S A 11praise ls ror A Ilah 5
A '
5 J - by ( (5a t h ) Z Is' By A l1 al .!
..
> , ,
.. . ,
'
, t) '
.k.a
'
-
sl 11 ce 1
.
JS...:, ' Ioru. 'ulls' t. I J1 clnot see hlm slnce a week
7 'u' - slncc kltkl'h
.J.:: 2at ' l . u; I did not see hlm since four days r
.
u . o
.
8 -x
.i: - bttp,ddes
xexcept zg X. Q ' us JtJ r'htz peoplc came except z'ralcl
w uzr .
4)
.va
'l 2
-
rllany a 9+.
.s
; ox
.kL * ' pt,r K
V
,
J
..
; Ntany a Ieal ned person pluctices on his knowlctlge .1
.
l 0 t.'Jzu - besdes
.
except Uu' 1 .1.1 ' u) YI G L
.
f The people came except Zaid
we .
1 l a - fron'l I li ! A .
.2..Z.J ' lrelul'ned tl'orn t he yourney w: f*w =: o
.
, v
.. - s .
': .
l 2 $.sc - besltles.except uj'
-j Ix wzu'tat :Q l'hc peogle carne except Zaid
l 1 > - i r!
. c t $)a.r d i nq ..TD . h
u.j.r..x? 1
.-( Z.du d ts l !3 t h e IA o t 1 se
o . . y, J zf l 4
.
J - t I (1!11
.
regardlng r
.-,wj.k J .:...1...11 JC The doctor asked about t11 t) pal Ien! %
.
f', . z
I . *3 z p
t
l, .
1 5
w,
lc - o n wa,
.
!.sa ! ws-u.' saatlp 7 he c Iot 11 es afe ( ) n t he chai r
'J-
z
.
.
>
. . L 6
u.
p...L - u p t k h .u ! ' l ! 1 .1 . ''v - 1 1
u.,
ax 11 1 s 1 e p l 1 , 1 l d a w n
l 7 j ! - tlpto lowards ..4.Jt'l a' !cv' - 'u.; i trak zlled upto Madinah
.
'
, y . ...
>
I
$ e 11 t eqce g npl
.J'.jo >k' h ....,a .
'
.,
''
w
u.:xo + Ax H
.-
L
w
zo kttu tux . JG)L ' + Jcb + u;u
NB Tlte a.w o
.,.x + oao.xzp wil! be known as - (connected) lo the a.a dn ieu.x,k41xw and to tke
..
ko in izl.vi 'u...
(as In lhe above example)
t.1)1 2 eZi AQIuy $ t C
F. X E RC l S E
1 l'f anslate. till 1n the i 'rrxl?p and analyse l hc fbllowing sentences
a .== .:.+' ze V'
..J xxuli b z.'... '.11 A v'% 11
c . t. . .11
ux .X1 J.s d % !
n
p uy=.zQl
.y
1s 2.2% wouu
l4
J 'I 11 e ik c .3 11 l ') e a c o n 1 !.3 1 k't e s e 1 1 1.e I 1 c e
k g 1-.1:. up ladw . v')
.)1 .ula. + uwt x.
Jpuwp J
.!U =
.
px + lssux
.
x l .1 gxk t ' ' 1 ... wq u w ro z h .z.x
. L . < z . .
s . . .'J
eg g h. u ! j k.js ! j m.o .s j
tgxj du . ' + tlcu u;u
s y . e .1 , .
lA I 1 ga.g u ' < ju Hx o
z
r'A .e
4 I f tllere ls a
..
s.x uo.x bel-tlre the a.k....k l hen the a.u:k wiI Iappear fi rst and thc l=. sccond
.
..e e '''
:
<
.,
1.
t)jj 'jNja ttp t.21 .,i
(
.
A .y. ) o h 1 !-au J ! ami ' '
.>k L ' ' Iui .r-u'. r o . a.w
E X E RI- I S E
1T l a n s la t e. ti I I 1 11 t l1e 'railb a nd an al y se lhe fo llowhng sent ences
(t ' L
.ZZ..J io< . M
b t....
.
..
11'S c
ka
c J;kz t=o ol 0.b.1
d ,2 ux . . ' i ! wp .
e -. xt+l i Jx a y.w o .J 1
f <qa telc .$
It)
&; r1!('ILq'e tIJ1(ylq'bI% tcuux ' . 3 ..11 ,Cf
hk lJ l $''i1u'J) .Lj p h 11 st'tl Ns'Itl, t..x. 11 p 11 t'% lllt. I1) eflllllj$ (11r);1 ql k'sllttllltftltls
u
! -
cg ' a'.k>.1 aa ,c.h
tti Zaitl was tronlllltlously wnting
tk i) 'I'h e .x ()f :: is a $2 x; il.w J
w .. .
2. otg - otw - e.=!- ce.u.!- ..0....,.6- u% - cob can be used ln t
.p
L.k= and
..
..1 as well
3 J6J to . r
-
u L - .
.c
A1 L - %T: c a n (e 11 s e d ln 1.'- - tltlt I1t'1 1I1
-
+.
1
.
! J
4 r': to aazd +u2 I)a s a L ()l)1y (11(: &a1.'- - n or
.
-
l). u qAo .
5 t ia u nlust be pleceded by another scntcnce
6 Tbe
w.
.s< of t
..,...!
l ls stllnel ilnes pretixed with aY
. . ' '
'
'
'
cg. u> ti)l mw'u fJI .;&6
7 l t' ( hcre is a a. v-o...x tlefhlre the a.t...k tht'n the
..
,.ta.willappear Grst and (he 1.u4..0 second
eg ..1 - ... utlua!j
k.s
i .L
.. . '
.2 s .. ..
' z (*
-ko) ots e=1. trau) cltb .W u''xg Ju
EXERFISE
l Translate, fillin t he l 'zwtz/.? and analyse thc fbllowing sentences
a lL . .-. .'. uv t>Jl q.eup
b I : . . . ..* Itxax
c .H
.
1
v
p .> a u wi t'lw $ jc .1./
d <2IJj o. tskw .11 ...!JIaJ
e 1
.
.* *11 0.-1
(' uta a1>t6 e.we
g tiuta.o tatlo utu ot6
18
I I I 1'. I ' S.4 .4 1.t w, Io c 'S l
$,.1 i q t i) a t w l,4 k l1 k
. 1) a rlyt's (J 11 ! bt' 1 a st 1 t't l t'r t 1' a .
.
,u .
.1w.h k ttflltt'%i1(1%k 11111t %V k) kk';t''>
1.b =-1.t. .1w l .t.. 1 s $'t)I)),))t)IllN'tl()I)(' Illt'l 'r/pzt/p ls s ht1 $&'n lp 'rlltslplq i7I';i J 1e ... .-a 63 r < - .e k1jE. ua ,
.
.
.
) .). ..
t't:l J> a L'v..p uW..,1 1 x
2 .-i -x.ikv w.1
..
x 1I 1) sonltt wo f'd s t l)e / 'r t Jt ib 1 s s Ilo'kv n by m e an s of aay o !'t he .u.r- .-; 'le s thr 1 ttr :
. ., .zx .
c
6
eg claai .HAI .1. .!
'1*11 E CASES cuh2l- $9
A wold can Lle lI1 any one of four cases
Ig y11zlu. w hen a u..w or ils cor; esponcling ktx!l wi
.zx ( a ) appcars al the end of a word
Ctl cl .L1* l
2 v .- .'Itlt-x when a txu or i(s correspollding tlxlpu
..
..v
( 1 ) agpears at the end ofa word.
c' e!p I alta.l
1
-
,...21kilt.x when a u
.z...u
i or its corresponding tilxli uo.x ( us ) appcars at (he cnd of a word
t'
eg cl ,!. a l
4 r
.
ze2l tlux when a . '( ' ) appears at the end of a word
cg w..v
-....u p
I ) I F F 62 R E N C E B E 'IAV E E N ,yo v .- ..
.z-+
A N D ... - .u.. .L.ux, : .....a;
'
d s - .. - . -
.
z+ a re used to dcscri be t he uel
.
zs 'of a w'
..
.u tg XJ
X 2 1ha s a The wo! ja
w. - y.u
' 1' ) ) e w o I d s i...,w - t.w.'a - &
.z..,
6 al e u se d t o d e sc ri b ft t h e ue ioc 1o f a k
.
,o e g ''uw a.uw h a s a t..az 11 !
py ' that 1et ter which has a r.j
.
a t.
uexa..a that lel ter which has a ,..v.wi
t hat lctter whicb bas a
.
zx.
a.-.x tka! lctter vz hic h h as a t.z- C
.
sw ll1al let ter w hich has a u..ki ::
.
.,.x,sx ( hat lelle; which has & za...z
a
.
,.u. thal letter which has a ijax
o.w.u that letter which has a at-u,.u
.
j.,..r. tbal Iet ter which has a
.
;e. . r r
1 1 1i !t' vN'k'&'tv 1() l'd t !lIt t$te If1a tt <v s :&'i:Ik c)1 I:' zd 1! 3.tl-:tl Lc 1 c'rlll tv !tr rl rl > t O tl t.qqzirll ye tl 1/ /l Z:J Itz f ( c:l yc ) a T1 tl t 11 t! 1d1t'2r tu'rl hl s t() tlx'-Rz rltyc tlte l'r'tz') (.Pt
%; 1nl fl 11ti tctl,*i ra lllc ( ;rt4 rn r!zxr . ;sa it e '1 () j
l 9
l'able of
.$..xz. .-,.a ( : ,u) In taplklkx Table of
w
sx.e.ka
.
w
.
s...a
( .
.
tu...o) I!1 s p Ii!u
- -
.
(.s. 1 uwa,...x (a.) saw-.e . .e.,u.
-
.tz.. ....1,
t. .m d .. 'k
. b ' -z
wp -/A=d<d -' u'< A ==tL$
.x'..r.> ..y> ' ' .-,Y 'k. 4m . .> A.
- -
t ,
.
,.z ) a-...' !
..,.
w ) -. s.xxa .
.
- u. au u, = ia
Lu. L ' - - 'tc ' . <'
.
z'''o 4
..- .u -- ao ''a3
c....z - - ( . o ;) ' u c I wa. < uwa=
.z= p-uz .uw a
taa-
..
,..o ou
.,,.oa - - u. oa. <...u . J=
u .
PA.- kM.*1 - - W ''.u A.<% = .w= p=
zuuu
.zs ' - Lx Lu. ...l .
.z= 3A :
bu= ' . . . . 'K ' t= '
..w Ioum
.mo zuy UJ
. .
.
.>
-.
4 u j ) > 1 q . ! -.0)... - suaa.
o aw
.s. : yu .-w,
''
y ... , p Q
, - -
( j > lt ' ' ' ' ..M ' uzx' %' > ..24 Co
.M'a 9.u, *-q'Jx 4 At.''fl r
.
Table of w>xxa.
.,.,zgm ( o ,u.) ln u..x.s..ah otx Table of ars.w ( usta) ln u.k...2l ..) . L...
. t. k u 'tc < i
,, ' ' .'
kxak 1e 1 I t a u tc %
.w sxra ' . '+..z= x.
J,
r'A Z1 r+'
..
- rA h 1 Y oz'*4' uxx
s ..
'
z z z
u Li %..,.. u .k zu y- nmlj
uxa u 7 %, t.x . ' i .w ' o .u= '
. < .
*o
v 3 .
. .
': .
> i +'
..
,- -z* --1, -'''
-
%A . x=
.
v u.
z -t , y #'
o. u l .z. . ' al u
.
. 1
.z
.
- >'> A 4
t.s L1 uuta
..
..o
ub'
.z='tx 9 .0 zu .s .
' .. ' J' ' ' '
> ul ' x' L
x
'
rb
.
rw-'e # a'm >> ux
tat:' L, i Lo--r 'x'* - < ' Qb
.Z..LX wny. %=
w
pl wu
.
z- J N LX Na= ' uw
- L i ** U ' ': l w
. ..ea..>'- u -,.b. J .w> .-= 3
..
uz a x x t u 1
.
a..o u r.l m -t-
.>. o ab > : mx a k=.
e q am D' L 1
uk u u Ju ( . - '.1 ,c kx ) eak. .ja a.o
%.)14 ..N 1Jy x vk a (. ?a p1 i1s fk kod 1*111 d't' QR e t.hhhrd1 uhl a:1 $ r.;(l T a 5 .1 =. %S hltil %v CAJIJ f 411113 % t%i'in '% A T tli l * I%N! U l s . (111 k' Ji % nf ' IQ . a.IIL )
D)
I'a1)Ie (')f''
-
a.xa,
t o u ) II sx-lhk1 tx tlll s Is ltltl n d II1t v% () !a.$ >.s
1 .pxl' 1.- .J u 2 .ii t wo N u '
.tJ . ha u tc o a. a.x I
UJ 1,.1 Ia vots s.,- t,..u
aw
'
a>, <
s.+1 cslu Jtz- z. v u !'o
tp tkoja wuic aws, .-.b
z y'
.
p'
u.p Jloia wsu .u,s sm
.
:. p ' .;. : y
.
z ...all woto =.y. w
.
:1 aala awtx
.
p> ...la
1.)-1 t.s ia' tx $a. J.,.la
.
o .a.= >
u1 g. ' ' Ia = t. ..o -k. * .w=
l clala U-..LX u'.-
.
:- ..1!
; .. .
l ... i t.xs '; wtx .' ..
.j< c.s.u u .1 m .
.r , . z .y s
..
/2 uJJIU a-wtx J-.B r=.
') .t; la' ..1s..s. u.;u.y. a ot).s. wxl.j
r
.
; h
u! ula 1.'J.u oz-b.: yu j..x a q.t r
.
.q a y s r .. jy ,y y.jtj y( y y. y rr j jy sa.-jj jg 4a.
t jz q 1 > .zi-l 1%1 F1 1 11 t? L k t 1 / ?? t t
t.
,xJ! tlul ,ha.x. - .,x u,x ta..,-)l .uu) *.,)1 .-.t. . -ut -. willalwavs be ua.w
$ .-- l' ' - tllat
osu wzto
..
.
.
.sx... wlltch sl'netlmes agpears at the bcglllfling ot' a sentencc wilhotft .'fl '
.
; tan
o . ..m.= a
eal'lier wol'd tllat 11 reftal s to ) 'The senlcnte allel 11 kzia! Ilies such a .- .-
, re .' .4 -' '
t.g .9 u a.l c.d
'-) -) .
t-ut) ''t ' > ' tlaal jxa.
.
:ts .,...w wiaich sometilnes appears at the beginmng of a sentcnce wjthout a (an
aej- . v &x-
earjer word t hat lt rcfers t 0) The sent ence after 11clarities such a
..
.+....
J. ' . Z * tg G W u +1
aal.kl ' ' l ' ' lhal
t- . - which aggetu s bctwcen a , 'a .- and .
z.-...u lbr clnphasls
aee a
z s # . .
, : j
eg 1.-, asap
E X E R ( 'I S E'
l I'ranslal e li1l ln lhe l 'rwz/p and azlalystt tbtt fchllo:vlng sentences,polnl lng ou! a1) lhtt dhtlmeerb as well as lheil
t ,/,7 t:Sk r) kl Il. pz z pf l r
z .,. z ''
a wua k
.
p ru otuih' b z
c .0= uzwa d Jkt a :+1.0 <ul
'7 zj
I '11 i'. 1 ' 8.4.4 B O l'''I' I I E V ,1
.
R I f ) t ' S 'I 'Y P F.S O F .HI.'' 15.0
1 Ijt N f ) t ' N'S
' -'
'
I t h, :1 1 r 1 () l 1Tl k&/l1 i k; 8 tl ta t) s J t k y t t' I) kt v&'1 : 1,il 1) 3J ( ) t- l 11 (, i
.
tL.J 1-ai a. ( -. 1. ) . . .
! J 3 o
k jz .w. o
Q . 7- $.l x' u
..c
'
.j t.il I tl 1a l 11 otp n w hlc 11 .
.? ;1 d s w'1 t 11a
.
, ( 1'
ks 1) rtx'ed ed lny a h.kJ-
w .t'= . . r
. u....
eg pa ...z
-
t .. ' . ' >''
a
-
,.a.! .:2:: . l.t,-...
xyk t' () s c sIx (1() ulls vN'I1Icll ar t' Iktlt 1I1 titelr clirzlliatltl v'e tk)I n, (
-
...-...
)
.'
'
j'
..
.. .p . a ! t r>z ''.. q
.
.
1 lley are .wi cl
j..w e ..z.* JJ
- . k/''i ' '-!- llylt rlttll) &vllicll
trIlti s vsatll a,1 z .--:J h -,2 tlp ( ) 0.s= .r-u'y
-
.
o wc
t'g SX..!X
m
'
wz.a 1:..L <z,1 t l ,alI;4Ju 11whicl) erlds :q
.jt h a a preeeded l7y a kzl.
b'lalh.
k'st tkli
?Nt) (1 1) I y.I t, t
.l
.
.1 1i? ta. -uz..l !l ts.
.
.,.11 CJ ta. f-')k :1 r ) () It)
l s
.
sw..xl i.
., x.u 1 a ).1 d u
.. i-...za i
..
....b
.
x,
5
1
.. -
1 ''
o .as p, .
u wsa.
.
.z .
..)
.e.
- .
p.
? ! 1 I J
.
.a. kua ; ..z; 9
.
u
z 1 - b*
.u a.k -
.
,...
u . a - -!xl.ko t.l o
.
k.k
. u . t ri a
u . o =
--
1 num n . l!
.
P..L.I 1x.a.awli
.uax - '.. : x,..
3 xjL.x d0. . *: tx ,
u=$ - Jkx g ,. 24
4 a
-
..,xxtt a.
,s u..w k- h. ixu e u
. .L. . ' ; aai - - a
,. .z
.- o .= . .
u.
5 z
.
,-:ul t=.al atu-vl
a when watuz,.a tfy all: *
noun hesldes the
..,+... w a 1
ks al
-s
i rt
.w - uul .u4ls - JJS.L o
az.
b w hcrl .-st.m to
.
,+... us hiddell hldden llldden
k.,
.1 ,t. -
w
e
i axlo -
..,
L ou
.
z.
hen 1:0! oh-
.r..- t....y .
....u .
..
..-.L G
.
$ .tx - *u1 i - L u, c w
- . .
:-: a x o.m
t) e-xal ' 1 . %
s)!..>$. -E I hidden hidden hidden 'Ac
.tx - )1c .::.e1 - 'zta: s vox k.ce
..i'* o
k.d
7 . ' 1 $1 lkldden kldden hidden
Uu
'
.
y. .Lw - V .n axtis - uu' .< oouo
g akut1 .yt hltlden u
..
.
u hldden w
yt:1!.u.
-
''
...11uqia -
usxtilu co
-
t.u
u.
e r'
u o
*'l7,e of will drop when
.
.t....x to an: notln bessdes the a.s..o. qs eg
. .oi
-
s.l y .s, .>.x';u r e
1 I
>M1)lJl) f'v'pA e ,)1 4) Lx .. -..11 / t. il t'ltw 17 x aI!)j)I(,
1M. > .>=
i ;
u.
p ) 1 .$- j - s - Vx o ,' u x - sezl.w a c u l s . $./x ' a. ..
1 t J , ta I( T ) 1 J t s ) 1k < 'J h( t t? 11 1) 1 ... - pJ- h...'.l l . L. . ...s.1 1ww l J..1 Iw u.
') . > .. -
l 1'ak.j1 mas ) ix.Lbt Iem ) !- t.w - J - $.,.a*: .tx - > .:st1 - Vpyw zvzy . ' ' v J
( .! t l ul. ..1)
! k--
' k--' i
-- ' 1 ! - t.js..o ) L.y
l :! 1 t.xzle..
-
411 ! us u' .z' w. - ...- uzl - jl, .ux s - jo zuz.u: o.e. r
.,
1 3 t.k.a 4 ' ..k1 !......!1 - e -' - - ''>- - * ' t. - - * 1 - > ? os p. u3 :x . kx e & ' osa'.ux cno - wrol..l 0oo.
..q.w.- . .x.x.= u oaazm .,a .w. -eo yxo u'kaa2. .u.-x-a o.,
.
..-c ...e o- y-o w-...-uu 0..,.
l 5 alas o . us -, ky -. J #a .tx - du 'uk,lu--
e
la - w)u uau .00....
.
. c < ' .
l t' ptoliab-ktl I hidden us '- J ? .1M -* * -' l - * # L. kxze -u,x. cwl u > -zx c, o .z.
( r-l-. t i1 fw q .! l ..-i 1..- 1 l)
''
. y . .'' w'# *
.p
# - m as Orllrlnally k/aa1 ' ''
t h e . t I 1 ' r 1 I ) s l ) e c a k ) s e o l ' ti t.uo 1 ' > 't....
* '
-
u.
ksama
-
chal3ge (he a to a ks and juin tile ! w.t) ts according 1t7 the m/rphological 't y'oxu ) rule when a a and a c<
alhpears ttlhiel iler and !he firsl is ';u-w : thcn cllarbge the a lo a ks. a 'join 1he ( wo ts - r!z7.)b
.
.
-
and change the
cllwtmmult before the *a' into a kavrah. . -' ' * *
,.
,
* * * > .
F' ' ' * > '' > * > '' '
- %v a s t) rl hq,14a1ly ' '* > - - - - -- - - ( Lp :1 )
.
-
b..'.%
.
,- .. t
.
r1. tll