Académique Documents
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Induction Machine
Calculations in Flux2D
ii
Contents
1 Physical properties
Contents
31
Add the data for the first rotor bar region (RB1) 34
iii
Contents
iv
Contents
69
Compute the current and power supply values in each phase 110
Compute the electric quantities for other components 114
Save the results of your computations 115
85
Start PostPro_2D 86
Display the full geometry 88
147
Contents
vi
Contents
Set the parameter variation for the slip: List of values 154
Display the curves and write the values into the review file 169
183
Import and define the drive circuit for Transient Magnetics 190
Contents
vii
Current in the PA coil curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Voltage in the PA coil curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
viii
Contents
Create normal and tangential flux density curves using the airgap path . . . . . . 294
Display the normal component curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Create a spectrum analysis of the normal component curve at t = 0.28 s . . . . . 299
Create curves of mechanical and electrical quantities 302
Create curves of the axis torque, position and angular velocity . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Display the mechanical quantity curves using the data tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Create a spectrum analysis of the second axis torque curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Create curves of voltage and current in circuit components . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Create spectrum analyses of the VAC and PA current curves 320
Close Flux2D
328
329
Page
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Physical properties
To enter the physical properties, use the Preflux 9.2 application, the same application used to
create the geometry and mesh (in previous versions of Flux, a separate application, the Physical
Properties module, Prophy, was used).
Program
Program
Input
Physical properties
Chapter 1
Page
Chapter 1
Page
Input
Project
Program
Input
Look in:
FileName:
Open project...
The induction motor model is displayed:
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 1
Page
Page
Chapter 1
Program
Input
Define this as a steady state AC magnetic problem using the Application menu:
2D domain type
2D plane
Length Unit
MILLIMETER
145
Automatic coefficient
Program
Input
Application
Define
Magnetic
Steady State AC
Magnetic 2D
OK
Your screen should look like the following. Notice that there is a new context symbol,
representing the Physical model context.
Input
Frequency in Hertz
50
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 1
Page
Page
Chapter 1
The Physics commands are available only in the Physics context. The following figure shows the
Physics context selected:
click
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 1
Page
Page
10
Chapter 1
The Physics context includes some of the same icons and commands as the Geometry and Mesh
contexts. Most of the Display and Select icons are the same.
Before we can assign materials we created to the different regions of our model, we must import
them. Use the menu, Physics, Material, Import material.
Program
Input
Physics
Material
Import material
Now scroll to find the two materials you want to import; ALUMINUM and IRON. Select both
with the mouse using the Control key.
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 1
Page
11
12
Chapter 1
Proceed as follows:
Program
Page
Input
Click ALUMINUM
Click IRON + Ctrl
Import
In a Steady state AC Magnetic application, the unknown state variables and the derived physical
quantities - magnetic field strength and magnetic flux density - are supposed to be harmonic
(sinusoidal) time dependent. In reality, if the field computation domain includes nonlinear
magnetic materials, the magnetic field H and the magnetic induction H cannot have sinusoidal
time dependence simultaneously.
To account for this, you can select an "equivalent" B(H) curve for the nonlinear material. If the
model has a current supply, the sinusoidal magnetic field strength model is used. If the model
has a voltage supply, like this one, the sinusoidal magnetic flux density model is used. More
information on this can be found in Volume 2 of the User's Guide.
Double-click on IRON in the data tree to edit the material:
Program
Input
Input
Double-click IRON
Close
If you expand the Materials in the data tree, you will see the two materials now included in the
project.
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 1
Page
13
Page
14
Chapter 1
Before we can assign the components in the circuit we created earlier to the different regions of
our model, we must import the circuit.
To import the circuit we created, click the
Program
If you prefer, choose Physics, Circuit, Import circuit from a CCS file from the menu:
Program
Input
Physics
Circuit
Import circuit from a CCS file
Input
IRON
Comment
nonlinear steel
Magnetic property
The Import circuit dialog appears. Click on the browse file selector
Program
OK
Physical properties
Input
click
Physical properties
Chapter 1
Page
15
Page
16
Chapter 1
The circuit is displayed on the screen. If you expand the data Tree under the Electric Circuit
node, you will see the components from the imported circuit.
Input
Look In:
File Name:
Ind_Motor_Circuit.ccs [your
name]
Open
The circuit file name is transferred to the Import Circuit dialog box.
With the "Edit Array" command in Flux, you can define the resistance of all the circuit resistors
as one time. To edit the resistors in the data tree, first expand the data tree to display the
resistors (under the Electric Circuit node, then under RLC Components). Select R1, R2 and R3
using the mouse and Control key. Next, use the right mouse button to display the context
menu.
Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
click OK
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 1
Page
17
Proceed as follows:
Program
Page
18
Chapter 1
The Edit Inductor dialog appears. In the Modify All column, enter the inductance.
Input
Click R1
Click R2 + Ctrl
Click R3 + Ctrl
Right-click, Edit array
Proceed as follows:
The Edit Resistor dialog appears. In the Modify All column, enter the resistance.
Program
Input
0.0021*4
OK
Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
0.5575*4
Proceed as follows:
Program
OK
Click VAC
Similarly, use the Edit Array command to edit the inductors in the data tree (under the Electric
Circuit node, then under RLC Components). Select L1, L2 and L3 using the mouse and Control
key. Next, use the right mouse button to display the context menu and select "Edit Array."
Physical properties
Input
Right-click, Edit
Physical properties
Chapter 1
Page
19
Page
20
Chapter 1
Now define the other voltage source. With the circuit diagram displayed, you can select and edit
components graphically. Double-click the VBA component, or right-click on it to display the
context menu and select "Edit".
Input
VAC
Comment
Value
380
Phase in degree
Proceed as follows:
Program
OK
Input
Click VBA component
Right-click, Edit
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 1
Page
21
Page
22
Chapter 1
The Edit Stranded Coil dialog appears. In the Modify All column, enter the resistance. The
number of turns in each coil will be defined later.
Proceed as follows:
Defining the VBA voltage source
Program
Input
0.46557*4
OK
Program
Input
VBA
Comment
Value
380
To edit the squirrel cage, select it from the data tree (under the Electric Circuit node, then under
Rotating machine components). Select Q1, then use the right mouse button to display the
context menu and select "Edit".
Phase in degree
-120
Proceed as follows:
OK
Program
Physical properties
Input
Click Q1
Right-click, Edit
Physical properties
Chapter 1
Page
23
Page
24
Chapter 1
New with Flux 9.2 is the existence of Mechanical Sets. Mechanical Sets are used whenever you
want motion in the model (either rotating or translating). Whenever there is motion in the
model, you must define 3 mechanical sets;
Fixed - This defines the parts of the model that do not move
Moving - This defines the parts of the model that move (either rotating or translating)
Compressible - This defines the region between the moving and non-moving parts (and the
displacement regions, in the case of translating motion)
We will first create these mechanical sets. Later, parts of the model will be assigned to these
Mechanical Sets. Select Physics, Mechanical Set and New from the menu.
Program
Input
Physics
Input
Q1
Number of bars
2.5e-6
4e-9
Mechanical set
New
OK
This concludes the definition of the circuit. Click the GeometryFlux2DView tab at the bottom
of the screen to return to the geometric view of the model.
Program
Input
Click GeometryFlux2DView
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 1
Page
25
Page
26
Program
The New Mechanical set dialog appears. Enter the information to create the
MOVING_ROTOR mechanical set.
Second coordinate
Chapter 1
Input
0
Click on "Kinematics" tab
The Kinematics tab opens. Enter the information to define the kinematics, then click OK.
Proceed as follows:
Mechanical Set
Program
Input
moving_rotor
Comment
Program
Input
Type of kinematics
Multi static
Rotation Axis
0.0273
Coordinate system
ROTMAIN
Pivot point
First coordinate
Proceed as follows:
Physical properties
OK
Physical properties
Chapter 1
Page
27
Page
28
Chapter 1
The New Mechanical set dialog closes briefly and then reappears. Enter the information to create
the FIXED_STATOR mechanical set.
The New Mechanical set dialog closes briefly and then reappears. Enter the information to create
the ROTATING_AIRGAP mechanical set.
Proceed as follows:
Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
fixed_stator
Comment
Fixed
OK
Program
Input
rotating_airgap
Comment
Compressible
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 1
Page
29
The New Mechanical set dialog closes briefly and then reappears. Close the dialog by hitting the
Cancel button.
Page
30
Chapter 1
Input
click
Input
Project
Close the Mechanical set dialog
Save
Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
Cancel
Physical properties
Physical properties
Page
Chapter 2
32
Chapter 2
The following figure shows which features of the geometry will be assigned to each named region
face.
31
Chapter 2
Page
33
Page
34
Chapter 2
To add the surface regions, open the New Region Face dialog with the
Program
button
Input
click
If you prefer, choose Physics, Face Region, New from the menu:
Defining material for surface region RB1, for the first rotor bar
Program
Input
Add the data for the first rotor bar region (RB1)
Physics
Face Region
New
Program
Input
RB1
Comment
Type of region
ALUMINUM
Circuit
BAR_1_Q1
Positive orientation for the
current
Click Appearance
Chapter 2
Page
35
36
Chapter 2
Page
Program
Input
Color
Turquoise
Mechanical Set
MOVING_ROTOR
Visibility
Visible
OK
The New Face region dialog closes briefly and then reappears.
Chapter 2
Program
Page
37
Page
38
Chapter 2
Input
OK
RB3
rotor bar 3, aluminum
BAR_3_Q1
OK
RB4
rotor bar 4, aluminum
BAR_4_Q1
OK
RB5
rotor bar 5, aluminum
BAR_5_Q1
OK
RB6
rotor bar 6, aluminum
BAR_6_Q1
OK
RB7
rotor bar 7, aluminum
BAR_7_Q1
OK
Defining material for ROTOR, the face region of the machine rotor
Input
ROTOR
Comment
Type of region
IRON
Click Appearance
Chapter 2
Page
39
The data for the Appearance is displayed. The rotor should be a different color. The following
shows Cyan being selected:
Page
40
Chapter 2
Input
Color
Cyan
Visibility
Visible
Program
Input
Mechanical Set
MOVING_ROTOR
OK
Chapter 2
Page
41
Page
42
Chapter 2
The data for the Appearance is displayed. The air gap should be a different color. The following
shows Yellow being selected:
Input
AIRGAP
Comment
moving airgap
Type of region
Program
Input
Color
Yellow
Visibility
Visible
Click Mechanical Set
Click Appearance
Chapter 2
Page
43
The data for the Mechanical Set appears. Select the Mechanical Set defined earlier as a
"Compressible" mechanical set:
Page
44
Chapter 2
Input
Mechanical Set
ROTATING_AIRGAP
OK
Program
Input
SSA
Comment
plus a, 3 slots
Type of region
<blank>
Positive orientation for the
current
The three regions for the stator slots represent the three coils of the external circuit (one per
phase). In our model, each region will be assigned 3 stator slots.
Number of turns of the
conductor
132
BPA
Chapter 2
Page
45
The data for the Appearance is displayed. The slot should be a different color. The following
shows Red being selected:
Page
46
Chapter 2
The data for the Mechanical Set appears. Since the slots are in the stator, select the Mechanical
Set defined as stationary, FIXED_STATOR.
Program
Input
Program
Input
Color
Red
Mechanical Set
FIXED_STATOR
Visibility
Visible
OK
Add the regions for the other two stator slots. The only difference in the definition of these
slots with the first slot is the Name, Comment, Coil Component and Color. The following table
describes these changes for the remaining stator slots:
Program
Input
SSB
plus b, 3 slots
BPB
Click Appearance
Magenta
OK
Color
Chapter 2
Page
Page
48
Chapter 2
Program
Input
SSC
minus c, 3 slots
BMC
Click Appearance
Yellow
OK
Color
47
Program
Input
STATOR
Comment
Type of region
IRON
Click Appearance
Input
Color
Cyan
Visibility
Visible
Click Mechanical Set
Chapter 2
Page
49
The data for the Mechanical Set appears. Obviously, we will be selecting the Mechanical Set
named FIXED_STATOR
Page
50
Chapter 2
Program
Input
Cancel
Input
Mechanical Set
FIXED_STATOR
OK
Chapter 2
Page
51
Page
52
Chapter 2
For example, the following figure shows the screen after region face RB1 has been assigned.
Next you will assign the region faces to the appropriate geometric faces.
When you select a geometric face to assign it to a surface region, the face will change to a darker
color. In the dialog, the program will display the automatically assigned face number (for the first
rotor bar, the Face number is 2, in our example).
The following figure shows the first rotor bar being selected for assignment to region RB1:
Screen after assigning the first rotor bar to RB1 region face
After you choose the region face name from the menu list, the face you have assigned changes
color again (to white or invisible).
Chapter 2
Page
53
Page
54
Chapter 2
Now begin by assigning the seven rotor bars to their respective surface regions (RB1, RB2, etc.).
The following figure shows which bars are assigned to the rotor bar regions.
If you prefer, choose Geometry, Assign regions to geometric entities, Assign Region to Faces
(completion mode) from the menu.
Program
Input
Geometry
Assign regions to
geometric entities
Assign Region to Faces
(completion mode)
Chapter 2
Page
55
Page
56
Chapter 2
Proceed as follows:
Because the face numbers assigned by FLUX may vary, the figures in the following sequence
show both the model and the dialog, so that you can see which rotor bar face is being selected for
which region. (Your screen may not look exactly like these figures; they are composites created
for your reference.)
Program
Input
List of Faces
Your input into the Assign Region to Face dialog is in the right column, as before.
Face
2 [first rotor bar]
Region Face for Faces
RB1
Input
OK
After you have assigned the first rotor bar, your screen should resemble the following figure.
11 [second rotor bar]
RB2
OK
RB3
OK
Chapter 2
Program
Page
57
Input
Page
58
Program
Chapter 2
Input
RB4
OK
RB7
OK
Chapter 2
Page
59
With all seven bars assigned, your screen should resemble the following figure:
Page
60
Chapter 2
Because the face numbers assigned by FLUX may vary, the figures in the following sequence
show the full screen, so that you can see which slots are being selected.
Your input into the Assign Region to Faces dialog is in the right column, as before.
To select more than one slot at the same time, click the first slot, hold down the
Ctrl key, and then click the second and third slots.
Chapter 2
Page
61
Page
62
Program
Chapter 2
Input
Input
5 [fourth slot] + Ctrl
6 [fifth slot]
7 [sixth slot]
SSC
OK
SSA
OK
With the nine slots assigned your screen should resemble the following figure:
8 [seventh slot]
+ Ctrl
9 [eighth slot]
10 [ninth slot]
SSB
OK
Chapter 2
Page
63
Page
64
Chapter 2
The only face remaining to assign is the airgap. When assigning the last region using "completion
mode", you can use the "Select All" command to select all remaining faces. The following figure
shows the airgap being selected using the "Select All" command:
Program
Input
19 [rotor face]
ROTOR
OK
Input
Selecting the airgap to assign the AIRGAP surface region
Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
Click
17 [stator face]
Select all
STATOR
OK
Chapter 2
Program
Page
65
Page
66
Chapter 2
The surface regions will be displayed in their assigned colors, as shown in the following figure:
Input
18 [airgap face]
AIRGAP
OK
Program
Input
Click
Chapter 2
Page
67
If you prefer, you can select Physics, Check physics from the menu.
Program
Page
68
Chapter 2
Input
Program
Input
Physics
Project
Exit
Check physics
Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
Yes
Page
Chapter 3
70
Chapter 3
If you do not see "Flux2D: Standard", choose Versions, Standard from the menu.
Program
Input
Versions
Standard
69
Chapter 3
Page
71
Page
72
Chapter 3
In the Open dialog, select the problem to be solved and click Open:
To start solving, in the Flux2D Supervisor, in the Solving process folder, double click Direct:
Program
Input
Double click Direct
Chapter 3
Page
73
Page
74
Chapter 3
Program
Input
50
Requested precision
1.e-004
Thermal iterations
Number of iterations
50
Requested precision
1.e-003
Requested precision
1.e-002
Be sure that the Newton-Raphson algorithm is Disabled, as shown in the following figure:
Do not change the initial position of the rotor. Click OK to close this dialog
Program
Input
Disabled
Accuracy definition
Automatic accuracy
Solver type
Priority normal
Program
Input
OK
Apply
Click Apply to verify the options.
Chapter 3
Page
75
Page
76
Chapter 3
When the computation is finished, the Status: computation finished message will be displayed
in the dialog window:
Computation finished
Solving in direct mode may require a relatively long time. You may wish to solve in batch mode:
see below.
Chapter 3
Page
77
Page
78
Chapter 3
In the Open dialog, choose the problem to be solved and click OK:
In the Solver window, click the Options tab to bring it to the front:
Chapter 3
Page
79
Page
80
Chapter 3
To prepare the batch file with the number of iterations and the requested precision, click the
button.
Program
Input
Program
50
Requested precision
1.e-004
Input
click
Do not change the initial position of the rotor. Click OK to close this dialog
Program
Input
OK
Chapter 3
Page
81
You should see the Preparation of batch file completed message in the dialog:
Page
82
Chapter 3
Input
Double click Batch
The batch file has been created. Flux2D has created a file called IND_MOTOR.DIF that will be
used to start the batch job.
Chapter 3
Page
83
In the Batch window, the names of problems with batch files prepared show a "Yes" in the Ready
column, as shown in the following figure.
Page
84
Chapter 3
Select the problem you wish to solve, e.g., IND_MOTOR, and click the Start button to begin
the computation:
When the problem has finished solving, the Supervisor with the Batch window opens again.
Choose Quit to close the Solver.
The Flux2D Supervisor should remain open. You will analyze the results next.
Page
Chapter 4
86
Chapter 4
Start PostPro_2D
To see your results, from the Flux2D Supervisor, double click the Results button:
85
Start PostPro_2D
Chapter 4
Page
87
From the Open dialogue, choose the problem to analyze and click Open:
Page
88
Chapter 4
Start PostPro_2D
or choose
Chapter 4
Page
89
Page
90
Chapter 4
It is often useful to begin analysis with a display of the equiflux (isovalues) lines. Examining the
equiflux plot is a good way to check if the results are reasonable.
The default display is 11 equiflux lines. To display more lines, click the Results Properties button
or choose Results, Properties from the menu.
Input
Isovalues
Analyzed quantity
Equi flux
Support
Graphic selection
Computing paramters
Quality
Normal
Number
41
Chapter 4
Page
Field
Scaling
91
92
Chapter 4
Input
Uniform
The model is displayed with the phase angle of the sources at the default value, 0 degrees. You
can see how the flux distribution varies with time by changing the phase angle of the sources.
Lets look at the equi flux lines at phase angles of 30 and 60.
OK
The properties dialog will close.
To change the phase angle, open the Phase manager dialog by clicking the
choosing Parameters, Phase from the menu.
Page
button or by
Phase dialog
You can change the phase value by moving the slider, but for a precise value, you will need to
type 30 in the Phase field and press Enter. You should see the slider move to the right, as shown
in the following figure.
Display of equi flux lines over the whole geometry (phase = 0)
Chapter 4
Page
93
In a few seconds, the isovalues display will be updated to show the plot for a phase angle of 30
degrees:
Page
94
Chapter 4
Again, it may take a few seconds for the plot to be updated to show the results at a phase angle of
60 degrees:
Phase = 60
Chapter 4
Page
95
Page
96
Chapter 4
Field
Input
Current group
ROTOR
STATOR
Group name
Notice that the regions you have chosen are displayed in their assigned color on the geometry.
Input
Filter
Region
Objects available
ROTOR
STATOR
Add >
Chapter 4
Page
97
Page
98
Field
Chapter 4
Input
Now use your group to display a color shade plot of the flux density in the rotor and stator.
Quality
Normal
Scaling
Uniform
OK
The properties dialog will close.
Then click the color shade button
Click the Color Shade tab to bring it to the front. In the Color shade dialog, enter or verify the
following:
Field
Input
Color Shade
Analyzed quantity
|Flux density|
Support
Color shade plot of flux density on the rotor and stator (phase = 0)
You may wish to modify the scaling of the color shade to give a better distribution of the
equipotential regions. If so, in the Results, Properties dialog, instead of Uniform scaling, you
may wish to choose Min Max or Each Line.
Computing parameters
Chapter 4
Page
99
Page
100
Chapter 4
The properties dialog will close. In a few seconds you should see the saturation map:
button again to open the
Field
Input
Color Shade
Analyzed quantity
Relative permeability
Support
Computing parameters
Quality
Normal
Scaling
Uniform
OK
Chapter 4
Page
101
Page
102
Chapter 4
Input
Filter
Region
Objects available
RB1
RB2
RB3
RB4
RB5
RB6
RB7
Current group
RB1
RB2
RB3
RB4
RB5
RB6
RB7
Group name
Now display a plot of the power density in the rotor bars. Click the
Results, Properties dialog:
Add >
Click Create to create the group and close the Group manager dialog.
Chapter 4
Page
103
Page
104
Chapter 4
Now display the current density in the first rotor bar only.
Power density
Analyzed quantity
Support
Field
Color Shade
Computing parameters
Quality
Normal
Scaling
Uniform
to
OK
The properties dialog will close. You may need to click the
Chapter 4
Page
105
Page
106
Chapter 4
Properties for current density color shade plot for first rotor bar
One can clearly see the skin depth effect in the rotor bar. The current density is concentrated
near the top of the bar.
Input
Color Shade
Analyzed quantity
|Current density|
Support
RB1
Computing parameters
Quality
Normal
Scaling
Uniform
OK
Chapter 4
Page
107
Page
108
Chapter 4
Begin with a computation of the torque in the airgap. The following figure shows the initial
settings for the computation:
Input
Filter
Regions
Support
AIRGAP
Properties...
Computation manager
Chapter 4
Page
109
When you click the Properties button, the Properties dialog will open:
Page
110
Chapter 4
Click OK to set the properties and close the dialog; you will return to the Computation
manager. Click the Compute button and you will see the results almost instantly:
Airgap torque
Properties for computation of torque in the airgap
Make sure the Computation tab is on top. Then in the Properties dialog, enter the following:
Field
Input
Quantity
Torque
Component
Moment
Add>
Users choice
Torque/Moment
Note that this result is the model motor torque (one pole or of the machine)
even though you selected the AIRGAP region. The torque for the whole machine is
obtained by multiplying this value by four: 4 6.723701= 26.894804
Input
Filter
Electrical components
Support
VAC
Chapter 4
Page
111
Page
112
Chapter 4
Field
Input
Users choice
Torque / Moment
Remove
Input
Quantity
Circuit
Component
Rms voltage
Phase voltage
Rms current
Phase current
Active power
Reactive power
Add >
Click the Properties button and the Properties dialog will open. First, remove the torque from
the Users choice field, as follows:
Users choice
Circuit/Rms voltage
Circuit/Phase voltage
Circuit/Rms current
Circuit/Phase current
Circuit/Active power
Circuit/Reactive power
Chapter 4
Page
113
You should see the following components selected for the computation:
Page
114
Chapter 4
Use these same properties to compute the values for the Phase B-A voltage source, VBA.
Proceed as follows:
Field
Input
Support
VBA
Compute
Click OK and the properties dialogue will close. In the Computation manager, click the
Compute button to see all the results for the voltage source VAC:
Power supply values for voltage source VBA
To calculate the total power of the motor, you can add the Active Power components computed
for the two power supplies. In this case, the total power would be -1.532098E3 + -3.020423E3
or -4.552521KW. The minus sign means the source is providing power to the motor.
Select the component from the drop down list in the Support field (e.g., BPA, BPB, BMC,
etc.)
Click the Compute button.
Chapter 4
Page
115
Page
116
Chapter 4
The results from computations you have performed through the Computation manager are
written into the Review file (displayed at the bottom of the screen).
This file is saved by default as, for instance, Ind_Motor_Hist.txt, but the file will be overwritten
whenever you open this problem again in PostPro_2D.
Therefore, to save these computation results, you must save them to a different file.
To do so, from the View menu choose the Save review file as... command:
To save your review file with the power computation results, proceed as follows:
Field
Input
Save in
File name
Save as type
Chapter 4
Page
117
Page
118
Chapter 4
The cursor will appear either in the shape of a cross with a trailing line
segments) or a drawing compass (for arcs of circles).
Enlarge the bottom of the airgap below the first rotor bar and stator slot:
Position the cursor in the middle of the airgap to see the coordinates (we used X = 58.4).
Then in the Path manager dialog, enter or verify the information as follows:
Field
Path manager
You will be creating an arc of 180 degrees through the center of the airgap (1 electric cycle). To
verify the coordinates for the path, with the Path manager open, move your cursor over the
geometry model.
Input
Name
Discretization
200
[default color]
Graphic section
Arc
Numerical section
New section
Chapter 4
Page
119
When you click the New section button, the Section Editing dialog will open:
Page
120
Chapter 4
Click OK to close the Section Editing dialog. You will see a part of the path displayed in the
airgap:
Input
Section type
Center point
X
Origin point
X
58.4
Length
180
OK
Chapter 4
Page
121
Page
122
Field
Now use the path to create curves of the flux density through the airgap.
First axis
X axis
Chapter 4
Input
Airgap
Second axis
Quantity
Flux density
Components
Magnitude
Third data
Parameter
No parameter
Parameter values
No value
Selection step
Click the Create button to create the curve. It will not be displayed yet on your screen, but you
should see its name added in the field at the bottom of the Curves manager:
Begin with a curve of the magnitude of the flux density. Enter or verify the following:
Field
Input
Curve description
Name
FDMag
[default color]
Set parameters...
Phase (deg)
Chapter 4
Page
123
Page
124
Chapter 4
Now create a similar curve for the direction of the flux density. The 2D Curves manager should
display a new default name for the curve (e.g., C...2) and a new color. You should be able to
change only the name, the color (if you wish), and the component setting, in order to create the
second curve.
For the curve of the flux density direction, enter or verify the following:
Field
Input
Curve description
Name
FDDir
[default color]
Set parameters...
Phase (deg)
First axis
X axis
Airgap
Second axis
Quantity
Flux density
Components
Direction
Third data
Parameter
No parameter
Field
Input
Parameter values
No value
Name
FDNorm
Selection step
[default color]
Click the Create button to create the flux density direction curve. Again, you will not see the
curve yet.
Path
Set parameters...
Phase (deg)
First axis
X axis
Airgap
Second axis
Quantity
Flux density
Chapter 4
Page
125
Page
126
Chapter 4
Field
Input
Components
Normal component
Third axis
Parameter
No parameter
Parameter values
No value
Selection step
Field
Input
Name
FDTang
[default color]
Set parameters...
Click the Create button to create the normal component curve. Remember, the curve will not be
displayed.
Phase (deg)
X axis
First axis
Airgap
Second axis
Quantity
Flux density
Components
Tangent component
Third axis
Parameter
No parameter
Parameter values
No value
Selection step
Chapter 4
Page
127
Page
128
Chapter 4
Now display the flux density magnitude and direction curves together. To create a superimposed
display of these two curves, proceed as follows.
Click the
button to open a new (blank) curves sheet. Right click on the curve sheet and
open the properties dialog.
Field
Input
Curves filter
Computation
Curves available
FDMag
FDDir
Add >
Displayed curves
FDMag
FDDir
Chapter 4
Page
129
Page
130
Chapter 4
Click OK to close the dialog. You should see the two curves, flux density magnitude and
direction, superimposed:
Input
Display
Superimposed
Gradations
On
X Axis
Range
Automatic
Scale
linear
Y Axis
Range
Stretched
Scale
linear
Chapter 4
Page
131
Page
132
Chapter 4
Follow the same steps to create a superimposed display of the normal and tangential components
of the flux density. The figures below show the settings to select and superimpose these curves:
Chapter 4
Page
133
Page
134
Chapter 4
Field
Input
[check if desired]
Name
Spec_FDNorm
[default color]
Click the
button to create and display the spectrum and the normal component curve:
Spectrum manager
Input
Analyzed curve
FDNorm
Between
and
183.468994
Full cycle
One can observe important 5th, 13th, 15th, 17th and 19th harmonics.
Spectrum
Harmonics number
30
Spectrum scale
Linear
Chapter 4
Page
135
To clarify the spectrum display, you can change its properties. Right click on the legend of the
spectrum and choose Properties from the context menu:
Page
136
Chapter 4
In the properties dialog, you can change the legend text, the form of the curve, the line width and
color. Change the settings as you wish (for example, our spectrum uses a line width of 3).
Chapter 4
Page
137
Page
138
Chapter 4
Once you have created both curves, superimpose them for a display like the following:
The movement of the peaks of the magnetic flux density curve can be seen clearly following the
movement of the power supply traveling wave.
Chapter 4
Page
139
Page
140
Chapter 4
Field
Input
Name
Bar1
Discretization
50
[default color]
Graphic section
Segment
Chapter 4
Page
141
Now, instead of entering coordinates, however, you can just draw the path through the rotor bar,
as shown in the following figure.
Page
142
Chapter 4
You should see a line through the bar as shown in the following figure.
Then in the Path manager, click the Create button to create the path.
icon:
Click a point at the left edge in the middle of the bars outline for the starting point, and drag the
cursor to draw a line through the center of the bar. Click again to end the line.
Chapter 4
Page
143
Page
144
Chapter 4
Again, when you click the Create button, the curve will be added but not displayed.
Open a new blank curves sheet and superimpose the curves for a display like the following:
Input
Curve description
Name
Bar1_IDensM
[default colot]
First axis
X axis
Bar1
Second axis
Quantity
Current density
Components
Magnitude
Create
Click the Create button to create the curve. (Remember, the curve will not be displayed.)
Now modify the settings to create a curve of the current density/phase. You should be able to
enter only a new name, a new color (if you wish), and then select the Phase component to
create the new curve.
Enter or verify the following:
Field
The outer end of the rotor bar has a higher current density than the inner end because of the skin
effect.
Input
Curve description
Name
Bar1_IDensP
[default color]
First axis
X axis
Bar1
Second axis
Quantity
Current density
Components
Phase
Create
Chapter 4
Page
145
Chapter 5
This concludes our magnetodynamic analysis of the induction motor at rated slip. To save the
analysis supports (groups, paths, etc.) and the curves you have created, proceed as follows.
When you are ready, click the Save button
Closing PostPro_2D
1483 rpm
1459 rpm (rated speed)
1432 rpm
1166 rpm
351 rpm
0 rpm (locked rotor).
Slip in %
Slip value
100
351
76.6
0.766
1166
22.27
0.22267
1432
4.53
0.04533
1459
2.73
0.02733
1500
0.1e-3
147
Page
148
Chapter 5
Open SOLVER_2D
Chapter 5
Page
149
In the Flux Supervisor, in the Solving process folder, double click Direct:
Starting SOLVER_2D
Page
150
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Page
Because we will use the original magnetodynamic problem to initialize another computation, save
the original problem under a new name. Choose Save as... from the menu:
Click the
151
In the Save as... dialog, enter a new name for the parameterized problem (we used
IND_MOTOR_SLIP):
Page
152
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Page
153
Then select Slip. You should see Slip: value of the slip at the top of the dialog on the right.
is
Page
154
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Page
155
Because we know the values of the slip we want to use (values that correspond to motor
operation at different speeds), you can enter those specific values (0, 0.0273, etc.) using the List
of values dialog.
Click the List of values button at the right of the parameters dialog. The List of values dialog will
open:
Note also that there is now a red bullet next to the Slip parameter and others in the data tree.
This indicates that parameter varying information has been defined.
To see the exact values that will be used in the computation, click the Display button. The Values
display dialog will open:
Input
Limit 1
1e-4
Limit 2
Data
When you enter the values in the Data field, be sure to enter exactly 1 space
between values.
Notice that the required number of computations is 6, one for each value you entered. Click OK
to close the Values display dialog.
After you have entered the last value, click OK to close the List of values dialog.
Page
156
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Page
157
button to close the parametrisation tools. A dialog like the following will
Click Yes to save your parameter data and return to the solver.
When the solution is finished, close the solver by choosing File, Exit from the menu:
The following dialog appears. Do not change the initial position of the rotor. Click OK.
Page
158
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Page
159
In the Open dialog, choose the problem to be analyzed and click Open:
Now use the postprocessor to analyze the results from your parametric computation.
Page
160
Chapter 5
PostPro_2D will open with a display of the model geometry at the default slip value:
Chapter 5
Page
161
Begin with a curve of the torque vs. slip values. Open the 2D Curves manager with the
button, or choose Computation, 2D curves manager... from the menu:
Page
162
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Page
163
Input
Curve description
Name
Torque_Slip
[default color]
Now create curves for other power values. The 2D curve manager should still be open.
The following figure shows the settings to create a curve of the active power vs. slip in voltage
source VAC:
Parameter
Set parameters
Phase (deg)
First axis
X axis
Slip
Parameter values
[select all]
Selection step
Second axis
Quantity
Torque
Components
Moment
Third data
Support
AIRGAP
Click the Create button to create the curve (remember, you will not see the curve displayed yet).
Page
164
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Page
165
Click Create to create the curve. Then create a curve of the active power in the VBA voltage
source:
Input
Curve description
Name
ActPowrVAC
[default color]
Set parameters
Phase (deg)
First axis
X axis
Slip
Parameter values
[select all]
Selection step
Second axis
Quantity
Circuit
Components
Active power
Third data
Support
VAC
You should be able just to enter a new name (and color, if you wish), select VBA as the support
and then click Create to create the curve. Enter or verify the following:
Field
Input
Curve description
Name
ActPowrVBA
[default color]
Set parameters
Phase (deg)
First axis
X axis
Slip
Parameter values
[select all]
Page
166
Chapter 5
Field
Input
Selection step
Chapter 5
Input
Curve description
Quantity
Circuit
Name
RmsVAC
Components
Active power
[default color]
Third data
Support
167
Second axis
Page
Parameter
VBA
Set parameters
Phase (deg)
First axis
Finally, create a set of curves of the current in the voltage sources. The 2D curves manager
should still be open:
X axis
Slip
Parameter values
[select all]
Selection step
Second axis
Quantity
Circuit
Components
Rms current
Third data
Support
VAC
Settings for curve of phase current vs. slip in voltage source VAC
Page
168
Chapter 5
Click Create to create the curve. The 2D curves manager should still be open.
Chapter 5
Page
169
Input
Curve description
Name
RmsVBA
[default color]
Set parameters
Phase (deg)
First axis
X axis
Slip
Parameter values
[select all]
Selection step
Second axis
Quantity
Circuit
Components
Rms current
Settings for curve of phase current vs. slip in voltage source VBA
Third data
Support
VBA
Click Create to create the curve. Then close the 2D curves manager.
Display the curves and write the values into the review file
Now display the curves, check the values and write them into the review file.
Display the torque-slip curve
button.
Page
170
Chapter 5
Then right click anywhere on the blank curves sheet to open the context menu, and choose
Properties from the menu:
Chapter 5
Page
171
In the Curves properties dialog, first select and add the torque-slip curve:
Torque-Slip curve
Right click on the legend of the curve to open the context menu, and then choose Values, Write
in review file:
Page
172
Chapter 5
You should see all the values in the Review file, as shown in the following figure:
Chapter 5
Page
173
In the Properties dialog, select and add the two active power curves, then select the Display tab:
Next display the input power (active power) curves for the voltage sources.
Open a new curves sheet with the
button.
Right click on the sheet and choose Properties from the context menu.
Choosing active power curves to display
Page
174
Chapter 5
With the Display tab in front, make the following selections to superimpose the curves:
Chapter 5
Page
175
To calculate the input power for the machine, add the active power values for both voltage
sources. For example, in the figure above, you can see the cursor placed near the reference value
for the slip, and the two active power figures, -1449.45and -2925.145.
The sum of these is the input power at rated slip, or -1449.45+ -2925.145 = -4374.595 Watts.
(Note that the value is negative because power is being supplied to the machine.)
Write the values for each curve into the Review file. Right click on the legend of each curve to
open the context menu. Choose Values, and Write in review file.
Page
176
Chapter 5
The following figures show the active power values for the voltage sources:
Chapter 5
Page
177
In the Properties dialog, select and add the voltage source current curves, then select the Display
tab:
Page
178
Chapter 5
With the Display tab in front, make the following selections to superimpose the curves:
Chapter 5
Page
179
Page
180
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Page
181
This file can then be opened in a word processor or spreadsheet application. Here, for instance, is
the Torque-Slip curve as reproduced from the Review file imported into a spreadsheet
application:
In the Save as dialog, choose the directory, enter a file name, and click Save:
Closing PostPro_2D
Saving curve values in review file
Page
Chapter 6
184
Chapter 6
In the Flux Supervisor, in the Construction folder, double click Geometry & Physics:
Physical properties
The physical properties are defined as described in Chapter 5, except for three main differences:
183
Physical properties
Chapter 6
Page
185
Page
186
Chapter 6
Input
Look in:
FileName:
Open
You can open an existing project either with the toolbar icon or the menu.
To open a new Flux project, click the
Prompt
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 6
Page
187
Page
188
Program
Chapter 6
Input
Project
Save as
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 6
Page
189
Page
190
Chapter 6
Program
Input
Program
Save In:
File Name:
Ind_Motor_1459[your name]
Input
Application
Define
Magnetic
Save
Transient Magnetic 2D
Input
Application
Delete current application
Program
Input
2D domain type
2D plane
Length Unit
MILLIMETER
145
OK
Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
Yes
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 6
Page
191
Page
192
Chapter 6
Input
Click VAC
Right-click, Edit
The dialog to set the voltage supply appears. The definition of the voltage sources for a transient
magnetic problem with constant speed requires a sinusoidal waveform.
Program
Input
Model - Value
380*SQRT(2)*SIN(2*PI*50*TIME+(PI/2))
OK
The phase for voltage source VAC is 90 degrees because the Transient magnetic formulation uses
a SINE variation, whereas the Magnetodynamic formulation (used earlier) uses COSINE
variation. By setting the phase at 90 degrees, we make sure the transient problem is compatible
with the magnetodynamic problem, which we will use to initialize the computation and thus
reach the steady state faster. The phase for voltage source VBA is thus -120 + 90 = -30 degrees.
To define a sinusoidal voltage source with Flux 9.2, you use a formula of the form:
RMSVoltage * SQRT(2) * SIN(2 * PI * Frequency * TIME + PhaseShift)
where you specify the RMSVoltage (v) and Frequency (Hz) and PhaseShift (radians).
For this model, the RMSVoltage is 380v and the Frequency is 50Hz. For the VAC voltage
source, the phase will be PI/2 (90 degrees). For the VBA voltage source, the phase will be -PI/6
(-30 degrees).
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 6
Page
193
Now edit the VBA voltage source using the data tree (double-click VBA or right-click and select
"Edit"):
Page
194
Chapter 6
Input
Click RB1
Program
Input
Model - Value
380*SQRT(2)*SIN(2*PI*50*TIME-(PI/6))
OK
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 6
Page
195
Proceed as follows:
Program
Page
196
Chapter 6
Similarly, assign circuit components BAR_2_Q1 to BAR_7_Q1 to face regions RB2 to RB7.
When you have completed, click OK to accept these changes.
Input
Transientmagnet
Subtypes
Modify all
Now assign each rotor bar region to its corresponding conductor in the squirrel cage component
of the circuit. First, assign circuit component BAR_1_Q1 to face region RB1:
Completed changing the rotor bars for Transient Magnetic
Input
Proceed as follows:
Program
Click ROTOR
Input
Transientmagnet
Subtypes
Solid conductor region
type_circuit
Sub types
Circuit
Associated solid conductor (RB1)
BAR_1_Q1
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 6
Page
197
The Edit Face Region dialog appears. First, change the rotor and stator magnetic type to be a
"Magnetic non conducting region" by changing the "Modify all" column:
Page
198
Chapter 6
Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
Transientmagnet
Subtypes
Magnetic non conducting region
Material
Modify all
IRON
Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
Transientmagnet
Subtypes
Modify all
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 6
Page
199
200
Chapter 6
Proceed as follows:
Expand the stator slot regions in the data tree (under Physics, Regions, Face region), then use
the Edit Array command to change all the stator slot regions at once. To select all the stator
slots, select the first one, then, while holding the Shift key, select the last rotor slot:
Program
Page
Program
Input
Transientmagnet
Subtypes
Input
Modify all
Now set the number of turns in the coils in the stator slots:
Click SSA
Click SSC + Shift
Right-click, Edit array
The Edit Face Region dialog appears. First, change the stator slot magnetic type to be a "Coil
conductor region" by changing the "Modify all" column:
Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
132
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 6
Page
201
Now assign each stator slot face region with a stranded coil component from the circuit. First
assign the BPA stranded coil to the SSA face region:
Page
202
Chapter 6
Input
Click AIRGAP
Right-click, Edit
Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
BPA
Similarly, assign circuit components BPB and BMC to face regions SSB and SSC. When you
have completed, click OK to accept these changes:
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 6
Page
203
The edit AIRGAP dialog appears. Verify that "Air or vacuum region" is selected, then hit OK:
Page
204
Chapter 6
Input
Click MOVING_ROTOR
Right-click, Edit
Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
2D Transient Magnetic
Type of region
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 6
Page
205
The dialog to edit the mechanical set appears. There are no changes needed with this initial view.
Click on the "Kinematics" tab to access the parameters associated with movement.
Page
206
Chapter 6
Input
Type of kinematics
Imposed Speed
Velocity (rpm)
1459
Physical properties
Physical properties
Chapter 6
Page
207
Page
208
Chapter 6
Program
Input
Program
Input
Type of load
Type of load
Moment of inertia
Moment of inertia
Friction coefficient
proportional to the square
speed
Friction coefficient
proportional to the square
speed
Physical properties
OK
Physical properties
Chapter 6
Page
209
Page
210
Chapter 6
Now that all physical attributes have been assigned to our model, we should have Flux check it
before proceeding to solving.
Select the
Program
Input
Click
Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
Yes
Transient startup
The transient startup feature of Flux2D enables you to use a solution from one problem as the
initial time step of a transient problem. The necessary conditions are the same finite element
mesh (number of nodes, elements and regions), the same number of electric components (but
not necessarily the same circuit), and the same number of mechanical equations (motion or not).
Make sure your transient problem and your magnetodynamic problem are both in your working
directory.
Input
Project
Exit
Physical properties
Transient startup
Chapter 6
Page
211
From the Flux Supervisor, in the Solving process folder, double click Transient Startup:
Page
212
Chapter 6
Input
Problem name
IND_MOTOR_1459
IND_MOTOR
Transient startup
Transient startup
Chapter 6
Page
213
Page
214
Chapter 6
In the Open dialog, choose the problem to solve (e.g., IND_MOTOR_1459) and click Open:
The computation in the transient magnetic formulation involves solving the problem at different
points in time. Thus, we will have to specify a time step to define the points in time at which the
computation will be carried out. The computation continues until either the maximum number
of time steps or the time limit specified is reached. We will also have to enter all the other
information we specified in the magnetodynamic calculation.
Dq
6 ( speed in rpm)
Chapter 6
Page
215
Click Yes to close the dialog. Then the time data dialog will open:
Page
216
Field
Chapter 6
Input
When you have entered the time data, click OK to close the dialog.
At the bottom of the Solver window, you should see the problem name (e.g.,
IND_MOTOR_1459) and the message Preparation of the batch computation finished.
In the Definition of time data dialog, enter or verify the information to prepare the batch file as
follows:
Field
Input
Restarting mode
5e-4
120
Chapter 6
Page
217
Page
218
Chapter 6
In the Batch dialog, the names of problems with batch files prepared will be marked "Yes" in the
Ready column, as shown in the following figure.
Select the problem you wish to solve, e.g., IND_MOTOR_1459, and click the Start button to
begin the batch computation:
Flux2D has created a file called IND_MOTOR_1459.DIF that will be used to run the batch
computation.
Chapter 6
Page
219
When the computation is finished, the Supervisor with the Batch window will open again.
Choose Quit to close the Solver.
Page
220
Chapter 6
Start PostPro_2D
To see your results, from the Flux2D Supervisor, double click the Results button:
Now you can see the transient magnetic results at 1459 rpm.
Chapter 6
Page
221
In the Open dialog, choose the problem to analyze and click Open:
Page
222
Chapter 6
PostPro_2D will open with the model at the initial time step:
Chapter 6
Page
223
In the Parameters dialog, click on the Values field and scroll down to choose 0.05:
Page
224
Chapter 6
You will see the full model displayed, as shown in the following figure:
Close the Parameters manager with the
button. You should see the model with the first
rotor bar beneath the last stator slot, as shown in the following figure:
Chapter 6
Page
225
226
Chapter 6
The default display for isovalues lines, you may recall, is 11 equiflux lines. To display more lines,
click the Results properties button
Page
Make sure the Isovalues tab is on top and the Analyzed quantity is Equi flux. Change the
number of lines to 41, and click OK to close the properties dialog.
Chapter 6
Page
227
In a few seconds, the isovalues display will be updated to show the plot at the new time step:
Page
228
Chapter 6
Enlarge the area around the bottom of the airgap, below the first rotor bar and stator slot:
If you wish, you can display other physical quantities at any time step, as we did for the
magnetodynamic solution (in Chapter 5). However, we will show the analysis only for quantities
that are original to the constant speed problem.
We are interested in the flux density through the airgap and its harmonics (time and spatial).
Create a path through the airgap
For the flux density analysis, begin by creating a path through the airgap using the Path Manager,
as you did in Chapter 4; see page 117 for information on how to create a path.
Chapter 6
Page
229
Page
230
Chapter 6
Field
Input
Section type
Center point
Field
Input
Name
Discretization
200
[default color]
58.4
Graphic section
Arc
Numerical section
New section
Origin point
Length
180
Chapter 6
Page
231
Click OK to close the Section Editing dialog. You will see part of the path displayed in the
airgap:
Page
232
Chapter 6
Now use the path to create curves of the flux density through the airgap.
The 2D Curves manager is shown in the following figure:
Settings to create a curve of the normal component of the flux density through the airgap
Begin with a curve of the normal component of the flux density. In the 2D Curves manager,
enter or verify the following:
Field
Input
Curve description
Name
FDNorm
[default color]
First axis
X axis
Airgap
Second axis
Chapter 6
Page
Field
233
Input
Quantity
Flux density
Components
Normal component
Page
234
Chapter 6
Superimpose the normal and tangential flux density curves (see page 127 for detailed instructions
to superimpose the curves). Use the Automatic setting for the Y axis. Your display should
resemble the following:
Third data
Parameter
Time
Parameter values
0.055
Selection step
Click the Create button to create the curve. (Remember, it will not be displayed on the screen.)
The 2D Curves manager should still be open. Create a curve of the tangential component of the
flux density. You should be able to enter a new name, choose a color, choose Tangential
component and create the curve.
Enter or verify the following:
Field
Input
Curve description
Name
FDTang
[default color]
Path
First axis
X axis
Airgap
Second axis
Quantity
Flux density
Components
Tangential component
Third data
Parameter
Time
Parameter values
0.055
Selection step
Chapter 6
Page
235
Page
236
Field
Next, create a spectrum analysis of the normal component curve. Open the Spectrum manager
Spectrum
with the
button.
Chapter 6
Input
Harmonics number
30
Spectrum scale
Linear
Name
Spec_FDNorm
[default color]
Click the
button to create and display the spectrum (with the normal component curve):
Spectrum manager
Input
Analyzed curve
FDNorm
Between
and
183.468994
Full cycle
Notice the 13th, 15th, 17th and 19th harmonics. If you want to change the spectrum display, see
page 135.
Chapter 6
Page
237
Display and save the values of the spectrum analysis in the Review file. Right click on the legend
of the spectrum and choose Values, Write in review file:
Page
238
Chapter 6
The values will be written in the Review file. You will probably have to resize the Review file
window in order to see all the values:
Chapter 6
Page
239
Page
240
Field
Chapter 6
Input
Parameter values
Selection step
Second axis
Open the 2D Curves manager again with the
button.
Quantity
Mechanics
Components
Axis torque
Click Create to create the curve (it will not be displayed yet).
Voltage in VAC curve
Keep the 2D Curves manager open and create the other curves now. You should be able to create
them simply by entering appropriate names, choosing the display colors (as desired), and
selecting the analyzed quantities, components, and supports.
Input
Curve description
Name
AxisTorque
[default color]
First axis
X axis
Time
Chapter 6
Page
241
For a curve of the voltage in the VAC voltage source, enter or verify the following:
Field
Input
Page
242
Field
Selection step
Chapter 6
Input
1
Second axis
Curve description
Name
VoltVAC
Quantity
Circuit
[default color]
Components
Current
Parameter
Third data
Support
First axis
X axis
Time
Parameter values
Selection step
VAC
Create
Next, create a curve of the current in the PA coil component. Enter the name, a new color (if
desired, and choose PA as the support, as follows:
Second axis
Quantity
Circuit
Field
Components
Voltage
Curve description
Third data
Support
VAC
Input
Name
CurrentPA
[default color]
Create
Parameter
Set parameters
Phase (deg)
Change the name and the component selection for a VAC current curve. Enter or verify the
following:
Field
Input
Curve description
First axis
X axis
Time
Parameter values
0.0395 - 0.0595
Selection step
Name
CurrentVAC
[default color]
Quantity
Circuit
Parameter
Components
Current
First axis
Third data
X axis
Time
Parameter values
0.0395 - 0.0595
Second axis
Support
BPA
Create
Chapter 6
Page
243
Input
Curve description
Name
[default color]
244
Field
For a curve of the voltage in the PA coil, enter a name, choose a new color if desired, and change
the component to voltage, as follows:
Field
Page
VoltPA
[new color, if desired]
Parameter
Chapter 6
Input
Parameter values
0.0395 - 0.0595
Selection step
Second axis
Quantity
Circuit
Components
Voltage
Third data
Support
BAR_1_Q1
Create
First axis
X axis
Time
Parameter values
0.0395 - 0.0595
Selection step
Finally, create a curve of the current in the first rotor bar. Enter the name, a new color (if
desired), and choose current as the component, as follows:
Second axis
Quantity
Circuit
Components
Voltage
Third data
Support
BPA
Field
Input
Curve description
Name
CurrentBar1
[default color]
Create
First axis
Voltage in the first rotor bar curve
Now, create a curve of the voltage in the first rotor bar. Enter the name, a new color (if desired),
and choose Bar1 as the support, as follows:
Field
Input
Curve description
Name
VoltBar1
[default color]
First axis
X axis
Time
X axis
Time
Parameter values
0.0395 - 0.0595
Selection step
Second axis
Quantity
Circuit
Components
Current
Third data
Support
BAR_1_Q1
Click Create to create the curve. Remember, using the Create button creates but does not
display the curve.
Chapter 6
Page
245
button.
Page
246
Chapter 6
Spectrum analyses
Field
Input
Now create spectrum analyses of the axis torque, VAC curent, PA current and Bar40 current.
Analyzed curve
AxisTorque
Between
Open the 2D Spectrum manager with the
manager... from the menu:
38.5E-3
and
59.499999E-3
Full cycle
Spectrum
Harmonics number
15
Spectrum scale
Linear
[check if desired]
Name
Spec_AxisTorq
[default color]
Click the create button to create the spectrum analysis; it will not be displayed but you should
see its name added to the field at the bottom of the dialog:
Chapter 6
Page
247
Page
248
Field
Then, with the Spectrum manager still open, create a spectrum analysis for the VAC current.
Spectrum
Input
Analyzed curve
CurrentVAC
Between
38.5E-3
and
59.499999E-3
Full cycle
Chapter 6
Input
Harmonics number
15
Spectrum scale
Linear
[check if desired]
Name
Spec_CurrPA
[default color]
Finally, create a spectrum analysis of the current in the first rotor bar (Bar1).
Spectrum
Enter or verify the following:
Harmonics number
15
Spectrum scale
Linear
Field
Input
[check if desired]
Analyzed curve
CurrentBar1
Name
Spec_CurrVAC
Between
38.5E-3
[default color]
and
59.499999E-3
Create
Full cycle
Input
Analyzed curve
CurrentPA
Between
38.5E-3
and
59.499999E-3
Full cycle
Spectrum
Harmonics number
15
Spectrum scale
Linear
[check if desired]
Name
Spec_CurrBar1
[default color]
Click Create to create the spectrum analysis (remember, it will not be displayed). Then close the
Spectrum manager.
Chapter 6
Page
249
Page
250
Chapter 6
In the Curves properties dialog, make sure the Selection tab is on top.
Now display the curves you have created. Begin with the axis torque curve.
Display the axis torque curve
Click the
Right click anywhere on the sheet to open the context menu, and choose Properties from the
context menu:
Chapter 6
Page
251
Choose the axis torque curve, click Add -->, and then click OK to display the curve:
Page
252
Chapter 6
button.
Then right click on the sheet to open the context menu and choose Properties.
To save the mean values of the axis torque, right click on the curve legend to open the context
menu. Choose Analysis, Write mean values... from the context menu:
In the Properties dialog, make sure the Selection tab is on top, but for the Curves filter, choose
Spectrum:
Chapter 6
Page
253
You will see a list of the available spectrum analyses (and curves):
Page
254
Chapter 6
Save the values of the axis torque spectrum analysis also. Right click on the legend of the
spectrum and choose Values, Write in review file...
Enter or verify the following:
Field
Input
Curves filter
Spectrum
Curves available:
Spec_AxisTorq
AxisTorq_R4
Add -->
Displayed curves:
Spec_AxisTorq
AxisTorq_R4
Chapter 6
Page
255
Page
256
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Page
257
Page
258
Chapter 6
You will see the spectrum analysis, as shown in the following figure:
Then, click the spectrum analysis of the VAC current curve. Right click to open the context
menu and choose Display:
To write the values into the Review file, right click on the legend of the spectrum and choose
Values, Write in review file.
Chapter 6
Page
259
Page
260
Chapter 6
Superimpose the PA voltage and current curves for a display like the following:
Right click on the legend of each curve and write the mean values to the Review file:
Chapter 6
Page
261
Page
262
Chapter 6
The following figure shows the spectrum analysis of the PA current curve:
Chapter 6
Page
263
Page
264
Chapter 6
Superimpose the voltage and current curves for the first rotor bar
Display the spectrum analysis of the current in the first rotor bar
The following figure shows the voltage and current in the first rotor bar (Bar1):
The following figure shows the spectrum analysis of the current in the first rotor bar (Bar1):
These are the mean values for the voltage and current in Bar1:
Chapter 6
Page
265
These are the values for the spectrum analysis of the current in Bar1:
Page
266
Chapter 6
In the Save As dialog, choose the directory, enter a file name, and click Save:
Chapter 6
Page
267
Chapter 7
This concludes our analysis of the transient magnetic problem. We encourage you to explore
other results (curves of other quantities, etc.) as you may wish.
When you are ready, click the Save button
Transient analysis:
electromechanical coupling
In the previous chapter the induction motor was analyzed with motion at a constant speed.
Flux2D can also simulate motion with electromechanical coupling where the rotor motion is
governed by the electromechanical equation. At each time step, Flux2D computes the
electromagnetic torque, solves the electromechanical equation to yield the angular acceleration,
speed and displacement (used to move the rotor).
For dynamic analysis of the induction motor, the time step must be defined. Because external
circuit connections model the power supply, the value of the time step is fixed. Thus, an
appropriate value for the time step will remain valid over the entire range of speeds in the model
(0 rpm to 1500 rpm at synchronous speed). Based on experience, a time step value of 0.5 ms is
the best compromise between accuracy and simulation time. With a time step of 0.5 ms, there is
an angular displacement of 4.5 degrees and 5.4 degrees at 1500 rpm and 1800 rpm, respectively.
Closing PostPro_2D
Physical properties
The physical properties are defined as described in Chapter 6, except for the following
difference:
269
Page
270
Chapter 7
In the Flux Supervisor, in the Construction folder, double click Geometry & Physics:
Chapter 7
Page
271
You can open an existing project either with the toolbar icon or the menu.
Enter or verify the following:
To open a new Flux project, click the
Prompt
Prompt
Input
Look in:
FileName:
Physical properties
Physical properties
Page
272
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Page
Program
273
Input
Project
Save As
Input
Save In:
File Name:
Ind_Motor_Noload[your name]
Save
Physical properties
Physical properties
Page
274
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Page
275
Proceed as follows:
Expand the Mechanical Set node in the data tree (under Physics). Select to edit the
MOVING_ROTOR mechanical set. Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
Click Kinematics tab
Program
Input
Click MOVING_ROTOR
Right-click, Edit
Type of kinematics
Coupled load
Velocity at time t = 0s
Position at time t = 0s
0
Click Internal characteristics
The internal kinematic characteristics appears. Enter the values for the motor:
Physical properties
Physical properties
Page
276
Chapter 7
Proceed as follows:
Chapter 7
Page
277
Proceed as follows:
Program
Input
Program
Input
Type of load
Type of load
Moment of inertia
0.02
Moment of inertia
0.001
Friction coefficient
proportional to the square
speed
Friction coefficient
proportional to the square
speed
OK
Input
Project
Exit
Physical properties
Physical properties
Page
278
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Page
279
In the Open dialog, choose the no load problem and click Open:
Proceed as follows:
Prompt
Input
Yes
In the Flux Supervisor, in the Solving process folder, double click Direct:
Page
280
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Page
In the Solver window, click the Options tab to bring it to the front:
281
In the Definition of time data dialog, enter or verify the information for solving as follows:
Input
15
Requested precision
1.e-003
Field
Input
Restarting mode
New computation
Time values
Initial value of the time step
5e-4
600
Page
282
Field
Chapter 7
Input
Chapter 7
Page
283
Do not change the initial position of the rotor. Click OK to close this dialog. Your screen
should resemble the following as the problem solves.
1
OK
Page
284
Chapter 7
When the solution is finished, the following dialog appears. Click OK to acknowledge it.
Chapter 7
Page
285
Start PostPro_2D
To see your results, from the Flux2D Supervisor, double click the Results button
Next, close the solver by choosing File, Exit from the menu:
Starting Results analysis (PostPro_2D)
Page
286
Chapter 7
In the Open dialog, choose the no load problem to be analyzed and click Open:
Chapter 7
Page
287
Page
288
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Page
289
Make sure the Isovalues tab is on top, enter 41 for the number of lines, and click OK to close the
dialog.
The default display for isovalues lines is 11, as you may recall. To display more lines, click the
Results properties button
Page
290
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Page
291
For the flux density analysis, you need to create a path through the airgap as you did in Chapter
4.
Click the
In a few seconds, the isovalues display will be updated to show the plot at the new time step:
Path manager
Comparing the previous figures, one can see clearly that flux lines are pushed back in the rotor to
the airgap at the startup because there are high induced eddy currents at the top of the rotor bars.
Page
292
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Page
293
Field
Input
Field
Input
Name
Section type
Discretization
200
Center point
[default color]
Graphic section
Arc
Numerical section
New section
Origin point
58.4
Length
180
Click OK to close the Section Editing dialog. You will see the path displayed in the airgap:
In the Path manager, click the
the same time.
Page
294
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Page
Create normal and tangential flux density curves using the airgap path
Field
Input
Now use the path to create curves of the flux density through the airgap.
X axis
Airgap
Second axis
Quantity
Flux density
Components
Normal component
295
Third data
Parameter
Time
Parameter values
0.28
Ctrl + 0.284
Ctrl + 0.288
Selection step
Click the Create button to create the curves. They will not be displayed yet, but they will be
added to the list at the bottom of the Curves manager.
Begin with curves of the normal component of the flux density at three different time steps (or
Parameter values). In the Parameter values list, scroll down to select the first time, 0.28 s, and
then hold down the Ctrl key and scroll down the list to select the other time steps.
The 2D Curves manager should still be open. Create curves of the tangential component of the
flux density at the same time steps. You should be able to enter a new name, choose a new color
(if you wish), choose Tangential component and create the curves.
Input
Curve description
Name
FDNorm
[default color]
First axis
Page
296
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Page
297
Input
Superimpose the three normal flux density curves using the Automatic setting for the Y axis. Your
display should resemble the following:
Curve description
Name
FDTang
[default color]
First axis
X axis
Airgap
Second axis
Quantity
Flux density
Components
Tangential component
Third data
Parameter
Time
Parameter values
0.28
Ctrl + 0.284
Ctrl + 0.288
Selection step
Again, click the Create button to create the curves. Then close the 2D curves manager.
298
Chapter 7
Page
298
Then superimpose the three tangential component curves for a display like the following:
Chapter 7
Page
299
Next, create a spectrum analysis of the first normal component curve. Open the Spectrum manager with
the
button.
Input
Analyzed curve
FDNorm
Between
and
183.468994
Full cycle
Spectrum
Page
300
Chapter 7
Field
Input
Harmonics number
Page
301
To display the spectrum values in the Review file, right click on the spectrum legend and
choose Values, Write in review file...
30
Spectrum scale
Linear
Name
Spec_FDNorm
[default color]
Click the
Chapter 7
button to create and display the spectrum (with the normal component curve):
You may need to use the slider to see them all, but you should see the values in the Review file at
the bottom of the PostPro_2D window:
Notice the 5th, 13th, 17th, and 19th harmonics. See page 135 if you want to modify the spectrum
display.
Page
302
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Field
Page
303
Input
Parameter values
[select all]
Selection step
Second axis
Open the 2D Curves manager again with the
button.
Quantity
Mechanics
Components
Axis torque
Click the Create button to create the curve (remember, it will not be displayed).
Create a curve of the position by changing the name, color (if desired), and the component, as
follows:
Field
Input
Curve description
Name
Position
[default color]
First axis
X axis
Parameter values
[select all]
Selection step
Second axis
Time
Input
Quantity
Mechanics
Components
Position
Create
Curve description
Name
AxisTorq
[default color]
First axis
X axis
Time
Page
304
Chapter 7
Then, create a curve of the angular velocity by entering the name, choosing a new color, and the
component, as follows:
Field
Chapter 7
Page
305
Finally, create a curve of the axis torque over only the last 40 time steps, from 0.28s to 0.3 s.
Enter the name, choose a color as you wish, change the Parameter values (to select only the last
time steps), and change the component to axis torque.
Input
Curve description
Name
AngVel
[default color]
First axis
X axis
Time
Parameter values
[select all]
Selection step
Second axis
Quantity
Mechanics
Components
Angular velocity
Create
Settings for curve of axis torque at the end of the cycle (t = 0.28 - 0.3 s)
Input
Curve description
Name
AxisTorq_F
[default color]
First axis
X axis
Time
Parameter values
0.28 - 0.3
Selection step
Second axis
Page
306
Field
Chapter 7
Mechanics
Components
Axis torque
Page
307
You will see the axis torque curve, as shown in the following figure:
Input
Quantity
Chapter 7
Again, click the Create button to create the curve. You may have to scroll down to see them, but
you should see the curves listed at the bottom of the 2D Curves manager:
Now display the axis torque, position and angular velocity curves using the data tree. Click the
to 2D_Curves to expand the list.
next
Then click on the Axis torque curve, right click to open the context menu and choose Display:
Page
308
Chapter 7
Similarly, from the data tree, you can display the position curve:
Page
309
Chapter 7
Page
310
Chapter 7
And finally, the second axis torque curve (for the last 40 time steps) should resemble the
following figure:
Chapter 7
Page
311
For a spectrum analysis of the second axis torque curve, open the Spectrum manager with the
button:
Save the mean values of the second axis torque curve. Right click on the legend of the curve,
and from the context menu, choose Analysis, Write mean values:
Page
312
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Click the
Field
Input
Analyzed curve
AxisTorq_F
Between
0.28
and
0.3
Full cycle
Page
313
button to create and display the spectrum analysis at the same time:
Spectrum
Harmonics number
15
Spectrum scale
Linear
Name
Spec_ATF
[default color]
To display the spectrum values in the Review file, right click on the legend of the spectrum, and
from the context menu choose Values, Write in review file.
Page
314
Chapter 7
To see all the values, you will probably need to enlarge the Review file area of the PostPro_2D
window. You should see the values as shown in the following figure:
Chapter 7
Page
315
Now create curves of the voltage and current in the voltage sources, the PA coil, and the first rotor bar.
Choose a time interval of the last 40 time steps, from 0.28 - 0.3 s.
Open the 2D Curves manager again with the
button:
Input
Curve description
Name
VoltVAC
[default color]
First axis
X axis
Parameter values
Time
0.28 - 0.3
Page
316
Field
Selection step
Chapter 7
Input
1
Second axis
Chapter 7
Page
Then change the name, color, and support to create a PA current curve:
Field
Input
Curve description
Quantity
Circuit
Name
CurrentPA
Components
Voltage
[default color]
Third data
Support
Parameter
VAC
First axis
Create
X axis
Change the name, color, and component to create a VAC current curve:
Field
Input
Curve description
Name
CurrentVAC
[default color]
Time
Parameter values
0.28 - 0.3
Selection step
Second axis
Quantity
Circuit
Components
Current
Third data
Support
First axis
X axis
BPA
Create
Time
Parameter values
0.28 - 0.3
Selection step
Second axis
Input
Curve description
Quantity
Circuit
Name
VoltPA
Components
Current
[default color]
Third data
Support
317
Parameter
VAC
First axis
Create
X axis
Time
Parameter values
0.28 - 0.3
Selection step
Second axis
Page
318
Field
Chapter 7
Circuit
Components
Voltage
Field
319
Input
Curve description
Third data
Support
Page
Finally, change the name, color and component for a curve of the current in the first rotor bar
(Bar1):
Input
Quantity
Chapter 7
BPA
Name
CurrentBar1
Create
[default color]
Then change the name, color, and support for a curve of the voltage in the first rotor bar (Bar1):
Field
Input
X axis
Curve description
Name
VoltBar1
[default color]
First axis
X axis
First axis
Time
Parameter values
0.28 - 0.3
Selection step
Second axis
Quantity
Circuit
Components
Current
Third data
Time
Parameter values
0.28 - 0.3
Selection step
Support
BAR_1_Q1
Once again, click Create to create the curve. Then close the 2D curves manager.
Second axis
Quantity
Circuit
Components
Voltage
Third data
Support
BAR_1_Q1
Create
Page
320
Chapter 7
button.
Chapter 7
Field
Harmonics number
Page
321
Input
15
Spectrum scale
Linear
Name
Spec_CurrVAC
[default color]
Input
Analyzed curve
CurrentPA
Between
0.28
and
0.3
Full cycle
Spectrum
Harmonics number
Spectrum manager, analysis of VAC current curve
Input
Analyzed curve
CurrentVAC
Between
0.28
and
0.3
Full cycle
15
Spectrum scale
Linear
Name
Spec_CurrPA
[default color]
Click Create to create the analysis. Close the Spectrum manager with the
button.
Spectrum
Page
322
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Page
323
We know you cant stand the suspense any longer, so take a few moments now to admire the
curves youve created.
First, superimpose the VAC voltage and current curves (use Stretched for the Y-axis) for a
display like the following:
Next, superimpose the PA voltage and current curves. Your display should resemble the
following:
Right click on the legend of each curve and write the mean values to the Review file:
Page
324
Chapter 7
Again, right click on the legend of each curve and write the mean values to the Review file:
Next, superimpose the voltage and current curves for the first rotor bar:
Chapter 7
Page
325
Display the spectrum analyses using the curves list in the data tree
Finally, display the spectrum analyses for the VAC current and the PA current, using the curves list in the
data tree. Hold down the Shift key and select the spectrum and its curve. Right click and then choose
Display:
Page
326
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Page
327
The spectrum analysis of the PA current curve is shown in the following figure:
Page
328
Chapter 7
In the Save As dialog, choose a directory, enter a name for your file, and click Save:
Chapter 7
Page
329
Closing PostPro_2D
Close Flux2D
You will return to the Flux2D Supervisor. Close Flux2D by choosing File, Quit:
Closing Flux2D
This concludes our analysis of the no load problem. We encourage you to explore other results
(curves of other quantities, color shade plots, etc.) on your own as you wish.
When you are ready, click the Save button
Close Flux2D
332
Index
Index
A
B
Active power (input power) curves for voltage sources
parameterized problem illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
. . . . . . . . . . . 285 - 327
screen illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
331
333
Index
. . . . . . . . . . 223
334
Index
335
Index
illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
336
Index
Display the curves and write the values into the review file
parameterized problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
337
Index
338
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Index
illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Mono-parametric computation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
N
No load model open in PostPro_2D
illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
339
Index
340
Index
P
R
PA voltage and current curves superimposed
no load startup problem, illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Review file
log of results (magnetodynamic problem) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Path manager
illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Phase dialog
magnetodynamics problem (screen illustration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Phase manager
magnetodynamic problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
341
Index
342
Index
illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
screen illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Spectrum display
changing properties of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Start PostPro_2D
for the magnetodynamic problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 - 87
Spectrum analyses
transient magnetic-constant speed problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
343
Index
Start PROPHY
344
Index
2D Curves manager
2D Curves manager
parameterized problem settings for torque-speed curve . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
U
Use SOLVER_2D to parameterize the speed and slip . . . . 147 - 155
V
VAC voltage and current curves superimposed
no load startup problem, illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Torque-Slip curve
Transient startup
initialization of constant speed problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 - 212
345
Index
W
Writing curve values to review file
parameterized problem illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171