&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV

Configurations gomtriques Portiques

6WUXFWXUHVFRPSRVpHVGHSRUWLTXHV
fiche technique n2



/HVSRUWLTXHVIDFHDX[VWUXFWXUHV
SOXVDQFLHQQHV
3RUWLTXHVjQXGVULJLGHV
6WUXFWXUHV'FRPSRVpHVGH
SOXVLHXUVSRUWLTXHVjQXGVULJLGHV
6WUXFWXUHV'FRPSRVpHVGH
SRUWLTXHVjQXGVULJLGHV
&RQFOXVLRQ

1  3 4 5    
1 &ODVVHPHQW GHV VWUXFWXUHV
3 &RQILJXUDWLRQV JpRPpWULTXHV 
9RLOHV HW GDOOHV
4 &RQILJXUDWLRQV JpRPpWULTXHV 
9RWHV HW FRTXHV
5 /H EpWRQ DUPp SULQFLSHV
PpFDQLTXHV

1      
1 (VWKpWLTXH GHV EpWRQV
,QWURGXFWLRQ
/D SUpVHQWH ILFKH VLQWpUHVVH j OD FRQFHSWLRQ GHV VWUXFWXUHV HQ SRUWLTXHV 6L FHWWH W\SRORJLH VWUXFWXUHOOH HVW
VRXYHQW LOOXVWUpH GDQV OHV FRXUV HQ pFROH GDUFKLWHFWXUH SDU GHV H[HPSOHV UHFRXUDQW DX[ PDWpULDX[ ERLV HW
DFLHUGHQRPEUHX[H[HPSOHVGHSRUWLTXHVHQEpWRQDUPpRXSUpFRQWUDLQWWpPRLJQHQWGHVODUJHVSRVVLELOLWpV
GXEpWRQSRXUUpSRQGUHjFHSULQFLSHVWUXFWXUHO1RXVDERUGRQVODTXHVWLRQGDQVVDJpQpUDOLWpHQHVVD\DQWGH
PRQWUHU OHV GLIIpUHQWV SULQFLSHV TXL FRQGXLVHQW j UpDOLVHU GH WHOOHV VWUXFWXUHV ,O SHXW DUULYHU TXH OHV
H[SOLFDWLRQV GpSDVVHQW TXHOTXH SHX OH FDGUH VWULFW GXQ HQVHLJQHPHQW HQ pFROH GDUFKLWHFWXUH 1RXV DYRQV
FHSHQGDQW GpFLGp GH PDLQWHQLU FHV H[SOLFDWLRQV FDU QRXV SHQVRQV TXHOOHV UHSUpVHQWHQW GHV LQIRUPDWLRQV
XWLOHVGDQVOHFDGUHGXQHQVHLJQHPHQWXWLOLVDQWFHGLGDFWLWLHO

$ L N 3 7 V 
LLOOH  (FROH G$UFKLWHFWXUH
NDQWHV  (FROH G$UFKLWHFWXUH
VDOHQFLHQQHV  3DUNLQJ GH OK{SLWDO

/HVSRUWLTXHVIDFHDX[VWUXFWXUHVSOXVDQFLHQQHV

8Q SRUWLTXH HVW XQH VWUXFWXUH pOpPHQWDLUH FRQVWLWXpH GH GHX[ PRQWDQWV VXSSRUWDQW XQH WUDYHUVH FHV WURLV
pOpPHQWV D\DQW OHXU D[H FRQWHQX GDQV XQ PrPH SODQ 6D IRQFWLRQ VWUXFWXUHOOH HVW GH SRUWHU OHV FKDUJHV TXL
VDSSOLTXHQWVXUOXLHQOHVGpYLDQWYHUVVHVIRQGDWLRQVSRXUJpQpUHUDLQVLXQHVSDFHGpJDJp

'DQV OHV OLPLWHV GH FH GRFXPHQW OHV

PRQWDQWV VHURQW GHV SRWHDX[ HW OD
WUDYHUVH VHUD XQH SRXWUH WRXW pOpPHQW
pWDQW VXSSRVp UpSRQGUH HQ PrPH WHPSV
DX[ VROOLFLWDWLRQV GH IOH[LRQ WUDFWLRQ RX
FRPSUHVVLRQHWFLVDLOOHPHQW

)LJXUH8QSRUWLTXHHVWXQHVWUXFWXUHFRPSRVpHGHGHX[
SRWHDX[HWXQHSRXWUHTXLGpJDJHXQHVSDFHHQWUHFHVWURLV
pOpPHQWVHWOHVRO

8QH VWUXFWXUH FRPSRVpH GH SRUWLTXHV HVW

XQH RVVDWXUH REWHQXH SDU OD UpSpWLWLRQ GH
FHV pOpPHQWV TXL SHUPHW GH FUpHU XQ
HVSDFH DEULWp HW pYHQWXHOOHPHQW GHV
pWDJHV

)LJXUH(QFRPSRVDQWGHVSRUWLTXHVRQREWLHQWGHVHVSDFHV
DEULWpVHWGHVpWDJHV

/D IRQFWLRQ VWUXFWXUHOOH GX SRUWLTXH HVW pJDOH j FHOOH GXQ WULOLWKH RX GXQH DUFKH PDLV OH SULQFLSH GH SRUWpH
GHVSRUWLTXHVGLIIqUHGHFHOXLGHVWULOLWKHVHWGHVDUFKHV&HVGHUQLHUVSHXYHQWGDLOOHXUVrWUHXWLOLVpVSRXUHQ
H[SOLTXHUOHIRQFWLRQQHPHQW

7ULOLWKH

KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP





&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV

&RPPH VRQ QRP OLQGLTXH XQ WULOLWKH )LJXUH  HW )LJXUH  VH FRPSRVH GH WURLV SLHUUHV GHX[ HQ IRUPH GH
PHQKLUVRXGHFRORQQHVVXSSRUWDQWODWURLVLqPHTXLFRQVWLWXHOHOLQWHDX/HVWURLVpOpPHQWVVRQWPLVHQSODFH
SDUVLPSOHFRQWDFWODVWDELOLWpGHOHQVHPEOHpWDQWDVVXUpHSDUODJUDYLWp

)LJXUH7ULOLWKHVGH6WRQHKHQJH:LNLPHGLD
&RPPRQV

)LJXUH8QWULOLWKH/HOLQWHDXGpFKDUJHOHV
IRUFHVH[WpULHXUHVTHWVRQSURSUHSRLGVVXUOHV
FRORQQHVHQPHWWDQWHQMHXHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWVD
UpVLVWDQFHDXFLVDLOOHPHQW/HVIOqFKHVURXJHV
LQGLTXHQWTXDOLWDWLYHPHQWOHVHIIRUWVLQWpULHXUVGH
FRPSUHVVLRQOHVIOqFKHVEOHXHVOHVWUDFWLRQV

/RUVTXH OH WULOLWKH HVW FKDUJp KRUL]RQWDOHPHQW LO UpVLVWH SDU VRQ SRLGV SURSUH JUkFH j OpSDLVVHXU GHV
FRORQQHVXQHpYHQWXHOOHURWDWLRQGHFHOOHVFLHQWUDvQHXQVRXOqYHPHQWGHOHXUVEDU\FHQWUHVHWGXEDU\FHQWUH
GXOLQWHDXHWGRQFXQWUDYDLOGHVFKDUJHVJUDYLWDLUHVTXLV\RSSRVHQW

)LJXUH5pVLVWDQFHGXWULOLWKHDX[IRUFHVKRUL]RQWDOHV/HOLQWHDXHWOHVFRORQQHVVHVRXOqYHQWVRXVOHIIHWGXWUDYDLO
GHVIRUFHVSSDUFRQVpTXHQWOHVIRUFHVDSSOLTXpHVTHWOHVSRLGVSURSUHVGHVWURLVSLHUUHVTXRQSHXWYRLUFRPPH
GHVIRUFHVYHUWLFDOHVGLULJpHVYHUVOHEDVHWDSSOLTXpHVHQ$%HW&IRQWXQWUDYDLOTXLVRSSRVHjFHPRXYHPHQW

$UFKH

8QH DUFKH )LJXUH  HVW XQH VWUXFWXUH TXL SDU VD IRUPH UpDOLVH XQH GHVFHQWH GHV FKDUJHV WHOOH TXH OD
PDWLqUH HVW VROOLFLWpH HQ FRPSUHVVLRQ &RQVWUXLWHV WUDGLWLRQQHOOHPHQW HQ SLHUUH RX HQ EULTXHV FHV VWUXFWXUHV
RQWpYHQWXHOOHPHQWXQHUpVLVWDQFHjODWUDFWLRQWUqVOLPLWpH

)LJXUH$UFGH7LWH5RPH+RZDUG+XGVRQ

/H SULQFLSH GH SRUWpH GH ODUFKH HVW FHOXL GH OD FDWpQDLUH LQYHUVpH  ODUFKH QH URPSW SDV WDQW TXHOOH GRQQH
OLHXjXQHGHVFHQWHGHVFKDUJHVYHUVVHVQDLVVDQFHVODFRXUEHLGpDOHJpQpUpHSDUOHVFHQWUHVGHSUHVVLRQGH
FKDTXHVHFWLRQGHODUFKHD\DQWDORUVOHSURILOLQYHUVpHGXQHFKDvQHWWHVRXPLVHDXPrPHFKDUJHPHQW&HWWH
FDWpQDLUHLQYHUVpHHVWGRQFHQWLqUHPHQWFRQWHQXHHQWUHOLQWUDGRVHWOH[WUDGRVGHODUFKHFDULOHQHVWDLQVL
GHVFHQWUHVGHSUHVVLRQHQFKDTXHVHFWLRQSDUFRQVpTXHQWGHODQRQUpVLVWDQFHjODWUDFWLRQ)LJXUH)LJXUH


)LJXUH0RGpOLVDWLRQSDUXQHFKDvQHWWHGXQHWUDQFKHGXG{PHGH6DLQW3LHUUHGH5RPHSDU3ROHQL2QYRLW

TXHODFKDvQHWWHLQYHUVpHHVWVLWXpHHQWUHOLQWUDGRVHWOH[WUDGRV

/pTXLOLEUHGXQWHOV\VWqPHVRXVFKDUJHVYHUWLFDOHVJpQqUHXQHSRXVVpHDX[QDLVVDQFHVGRQWODYDOHXUHVW

+ 0PD[I
0PD[pWDQWOHPRPHQWPD[LPDOGHVFKDUJHVH[WpULHXUHVSDUUDSSRUWjOXQGHVDSSXLVODFRQGLWLRQGHQRQ
UpVLVWDQFHjODWUDFWLRQLPSOLTXHTXHOHVQDLVVDQFHVQHSHXYHQWrWUHHQFDVWUpHVHWIpWDQWODIOqFKHGLVWDQFH
HQWUHOHVRPPHWGHODUFKHHWODGURLWHUHOLDQWOHVDSSXLVDSULRULLQFRQQXHGHODFKDvQHWWHLGpDOH6LOD
SRXVVpH QH SHXW SDV rWUH UHSULVH SDU OHV DSSXLV OD VWUXFWXUH QH SRXUUD SDV UHVWHU HQ pTXLOLEUH VWDWLTXH
1RWRQVTXHODSRXVVpHSHXWrWUHUHSULVHSDUGHVFkEOHVUHOLDQWOHVDSSXLVFRPPHSDUH[HPSOHGDQVOHFDVGX

KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP





&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV

&1,7

)LJXUH$UFKHQRQUpVLVWDQWjODWUDFWLRQVRXVFKDUJHPHQWYHUWLFDODVWUXFWXUHHWFKDUJHPHQWEOLJQH

IXQLFXODLUHHQURXJHHWUpDFWLRQVDX[DSSXLV

9HUVOHSRUWLTXH

6L RQ UpDOLVH XQH DUFKH DYHF XQ PDWpULDX UpVLVWDQW DXVVL j OD WUDFWLRQ OH VFKpPD VWDWLTXH GH OD FKDvQHWWH
LQYHUVp UHVWH YDODEOH PDLV OD FRQGLWLRQ TXHOOH GRLYH rWUH FRQWHQXH GDQV OH SURILO GH ODUFKH GLVSDUDvW /HV
VHFWLRQV GH ODUFKH UpSRQGURQW DX FKDUJHPHQW DYHF XQ HIIRUW QRUPDO HW XQ PRPHQW IOpFKLVVDQW OH UDSSRUW
HQWUH OH GHX[LqPH HW OH SUHPLHU GRQQDQW OH[FHQWULFLWp GH OD FDWpQDLUH LGpDOH SDU UDSSRUW DX EDU\FHQWUH GH
FKDTXHVHFWLRQ
/D VWUXFWXUH PHW WRXMRXUV HQ SODFH XQH SRXVVpH VXU VHV OLDLVRQV DX[ H[WUpPLWpV PDLV FHOOHVFL SRXUURQW
PDLQWHQDQWrWUHDXVVLELHQGHVHQFDVWUHPHQWVTXHGHVURWXOHVRXGHVDSSXLVVLPSOHV

)LJXUH$UFKHUpVLVWDQWjODWUDFWLRQVRXVFKDUJHPHQWYHUWLFDODVWUXFWXUHHWFKDUJHPHQWEOLJQHIXQLFXODLUHHQ

URXJHHWUpDFWLRQVDX[DSSXLVGHFHWWHOLJQH

&HW H[HPSOH PRQWUH TXDOLWDWLYHPHQW ORULJLQH GX VFKpPD VWUXFWXUHO GX SRUWLTXH 'HV pOpPHQWV GH VWUXFWXUH
SRXYDQW rWUH IOpFKLV PLV HQ FRQWLQXLWp HQWUH GHX[ EORFDJHV TXL SRXUURQW rWUH GHV URWXOHV RX GHV
HQFDVWUHPHQWVUpDOLVHQWXQHGHVFHQWHGHVFKDUJHVGRQQDQWOLHXjXQHSRXVVpHKRUL]RQWDOHVXUFHVDSSXLV
/H V\VWqPH VHUD GDXWDQW PRLQV IOpFKL TXH VD JpRPpWULH VHUD SURFKH GX IXQLFXODLUH GX FKDUJHPHQW FH TXL
HQWUDvQHSDUDLOOHXUVTXHGHVPRPHQWVIOpFKLVVDQWPD[LPXPVHURQWDWWHQGXVDX[DQJOHVOHIXQLFXODLUHpWDQW
OHSOXVVRXYHQWXQHFRXUEHFRQWLQXH
6LOXQHGHVGHX[H[WUpPLWpVGXSRUWLTXHHVWVLPSOHPHQWDSSX\pHLOQHVHUDSDVSRVVLEOHSRXUODVWUXFWXUHGH
SRXVVHU VXU VRQ VXSSRUW 'X SRLQW GH YXH GX IXQLFXODLUH FHOD LPSOLTXH TXH ODQDORJLH DYHF OD FKDvQHWWH
LQYHUVpHQHSRXUUDSOXVrWUHH[SORLWpH

3RUWLTXHVjQXGVULJLGHV

2Q SDUOH GH QXGV ULJLGHV ORUVTXH OD MRQFWLRQ HQWUH OD SRXWUH HW OH SRWHDX HVW WHOOH TXH OHV URWDWLRQV GH
OH[WUpPLWp GH OXQ VRQW OLpHV DX[ URWDWLRQV GH OH[WUpPLWp GH ODXWUH &HVW W\SLTXHPHQW OH FDV GHV VWUXFWXUHV
HQEpWRQDUPpORUVTXHOHVDUPDWXUHVWUDYHUVHQWOHVQXGVVDQVGpYLHUQLVLQWHUURPSUH

)LJXUH1XGULJLGHGXQHRVVDWXUHHQEpWRQFKDQWLHUGHOpFROHGDUFKLWHFWXUHGH1DQWHV2QREVHUYHODUHSULVH
GHEpWRQQDJHHWODFRQWLQXLWpGHVDUPDWXUHVGXSRWHDXTXLDVVXUHQWODFRQWLQXLWpGHVHIIRUWVDXQXG6
'DUPDLOODFT&KDUGRQQHW

/HQMHX SULQFLSDO GH FHV V\VWqPHV FRQVWUXFWLIV HVW OH FRXSODJH IOH[LRQIOH[LRQ HQWUH PHPEUXUHV FRQFXUUHQWHV
GDQV XQ PrPH QXG FH TXL SHUPHW OD GLVWULEXWLRQ GH OpQHUJLH GH IOH[LRQ GDQV OD VWUXFWXUH HW SDU
FRQVpTXHQWUpGXLWODORFDOLVDWLRQGHVHIIRUWVLQWpULHXUV3DUDLOOHXUVFHPrPHHIIHWGHGLVWULEXWLRQHQWUDvQHXQH
pJDOLVDWLRQGXEHVRLQGHUpVLVWDQFH
2Q DQDO\VH GDERUG OHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV GH FHV VWUXFWXUHV HQ VH OLPLWDQW j GHX[ GLPHQVLRQV SRXU SDVVHU
HQVXLWHDX[VWUXFWXUHVVSDWLDOHV

3RUWLTXHVSODQVjQXGVULJLGHV$FWLRQVYHUWLFDOHV

/DIRQFWLRQSULPDLUHGHWRXWHVWUXFWXUHGXJpQLHFLYLOHVWODUHSULVHGDFWLRQVYHUWLFDOHVFKDUJHVSHUPDQHQWHV
HW GH[SORLWDWLRQ GRULJLQH JUDYLWDLUH FKDUJHV GH QHLJH RQ YD GRQF GDERUG pWXGLHU OH IRQFWLRQQHPHQW GHV
VWUXFWXUHVELGLPHQVLRQQHOOHVHQSRUWLTXHVjQXGVULJLGHVSDUUDSSRUWjFHVDFWLRQV8QGHX[LqPHEHVRLQHVW
OD UHSULVH GDFWLRQV KRUL]RQWDOHV FKDUJHV GH YHQW HW VLVPLTXH HW OD UpSRQVH DX[ HIIHWV GH VHFRQG RUGUH
JpQpUpVSDUOHVDFWLRQVYHUWLFDOHV8QHWURLVLqPHIDPLOOHGHSUREOqPHVHVWOLpHDX[FKDUJHPHQWVWKHUPLTXHV
GRQW OLPSRUWDQFH UHOqYH GH OD QDWXUH K\SHUVWDWLTXH GHV VWUXFWXUHV TXRQ pWXGLH (Q HIIHW OHV YDULDWLRQV
GLPHQVLRQQHOOHV VRXV OHV FKDQJHPHQWV GH WHPSpUDWXUH GXQH SDUWLH GXQH VWUXFWXUH QH JpQqUHQW GHV
FRQWUDLQWHV TXH VL OHV GLODWDWLRQV VRQW EORTXpHV 3DU H[HPSOH XQH SRXWUH VXU GHX[ DSSXLV VLPSOHV SHXW VH
GLODWHU OLEUHPHQW WDQGLV TXXQH SRXWUH EL HQFDVWUpH K\SHUVWDWLTXH GRUGUH  VHUD OH VLqJH GH FRQWUDLQWHV GH
FRPSUHVVLRQVRXVOHIIHWGXQHGLODWDWLRQHPSrFKpH

5DLVRQQHPHQWSRXUXQHSRXWUH

8QHSRXWUHHVWXQpOpPHQWGHVWUXFWXUHTXLFDQDOLVHGHVFKDUJHVYHUWLFDOHVYHUVVHVDSSXLV/HU{OHSULQFLSDO
GHODSRXWUHGDQVXQSRUWLTXHHVWGRQFpYLGHQW3RXUXQHSRXWUHVXUGHX[DSSXLVTXLVXSSRUWHXQFKDUJHPHQW
XQLIRUPpPHQW GLVWULEXp T OH GLDJUDPPH GH PRPHQW IOpFKLVVDQW HVW XQH SDUDEROH D\DQW VRQ PD[LPXP DX


KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP





&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV

PLOLHXGHODSRUWpHOHWYDXWTOFIILFKHEpWRQDUPpSRXUODGpPRQVWUDWLRQ2QVDLWDXVVLTXHFHPRPHQW

HVWOHSOXVJUDQGTXRQSXLVVHDYRLUVXUXQHSRXWUHGHPrPHSRUWpHHWFKDUJpHGHODPrPHPDQLqUHGDQVOHV
GLIIpUHQWHV FRQGLWLRQV GDSSXLV j OH[FOXVLRQ GHV SRUWHjIDX[ HW GHV H[WUpPLWpV OLEUHV /D SRXWUH EL
HQFDVWUpHHVWjORSSRVpFHOOHTXLUpSRQGDXFKDUJHPHQWTDYHFOHSOXVSHWLWPRPHQWjPLSRUWpHVRLWTO
PDLVDYHFGHVPRPHQWVGHQFDVWUHPHQWGHTO
'XSRLQWGHYXHGHVGpSODFHPHQWVODIOqFKHGHODSRXWUHVXUGHX[DSSXLVHVWTO(,VRLWIRLVSOXV
JUDQGHTXHSRXUODSRXWUHELHQFDVWUpH

)LJXUH3RXWUHVXUGHX[DSSXLVHWELHQFDVWUpHVRXVFKDUJHPHQWXQLIRUPHDJpRPpWULHHWFKDUJHPHQWE
GLDJUDPPHGXPRPHQWFFRXUEHpODVWLTXH

2Q HQ GpGXLW TXH OH VFKpPD LVRVWDWLTXH HVW OH PRLQV LQWpUHVVDQW GX SRLQW GH YXH GH OD PLQLPLVDWLRQ GHV
HIIRUWVPD[LPXP&HODQHPSrFKHSDVQRPEUHGHSRQWVGDYRLUXQWDEOLHULVRVWDWLTXHPDLVOHVUDLVRQVVRQW
DORUVjWURXYHUGDQVODPpWKRGHGHFRQVWUXFWLRQODPDvWULVHGHVHIIHWVGXIOXDJHODVLPSOLFLWpGHFRQFHSWLRQ
GHV DSSXLV VLPSOHV SDU UDSSRUW DX[ HQFDVWUHPHQWV HWF &HSHQGDQW XQH SRXWUH K\SHUVWDWLTXH VXSSRUWDQW OH
PrPHFKDUJHPHQWXQLIRUPHHVWVROOLFLWpHGHIDoRQSOXVpJDOHHWDYHFXQPRPHQWPD[LPDOLQIpULHXUHQYDOHXU
DEVROXH&HUpVXOWDWWKpRULTXHVXSSRVHFHSHQGDQWTXHOHVHQFDVWUHPHQWVVRLHQWSDUIDLWHPHQWULJLGHV
(QUpDOLWpOHVOLDLVRQVjOH[WUpPLWpGXQHSRXWUHQHVRQWSDVWRXMRXUVSDUIDLWHV(OOHVVHURQWFDUDFWpULVpHVSDU
GHV UDLGHXUV QRQ LQILQLHV HW HQJHQGUHURQW GRQF GH PRPHQWV DX[ H[WUpPLWpV LQIpULHXUHV DX[ PRPHQWV GXQ
HQFDVWUHPHQWSDUIDLW1RXVUHWURXYRQVDORUVOHVFKpPDPpFDQLTXHGHOD)LJXUHVXUODTXHOOH0HW0VRQW
OHVPRPHQWVTXHSHXYHQWUHSUHQGUHOHVOLDLVRQVQRQSDUIDLWHVDX[H[WUpPLWpV

)LJXUH3RXWUHVXUGHX[DSSXLVDYHFEORFDJHpODVWLTXHGHVURWDWLRQVVRXVFKDUJHPHQWXQLIRUPH

3RUWLTXHVGRXYHUWXUHUHFWDQJXODLUH

3RXU XQH SRXWUH GXQ SRUWLTXH OLpH DX[ H[WUpPLWpV j GHV SRWHDX[ OHV PRPHQWV DX[ H[WUpPLWpV YRQW
GpSHQGUHGXW\SHGHOLDLVRQFKRLVLDLQVLTXHGXUDSSRUWGHVUDLGHXUVGHODSRXWUHHWGHVSRWHDX[&HWWHSRXWUH
VHWURXYHUDGDQVOHFDVGHOD)LJXUHFHVWjGLUHHQWUHODVLWXDWLRQGHODSRXWUHLVRVWDWLTXH0 0
DSULRUL OD PRLQV IDYRUDEOH HW FHOOH GX GRXEOH HQFDVWUHPHQW FHOXLFL QH SRXYDQW rWUH REWHQX TXH FRPPH
FDVOLPLWHDORUVTXHODPLVHHQSODFHGHURWXOHVDX[QXGVHVWUpDOLVDEOH
&HWWH PRELOLVDWLRQ GH 0 HW 0 YD GpSHQGUH GHV UDLGHXUV UHODWLYHV GH OD WUDYHUVH HW GHV SRWHDX[ 3RXU XQ
SRUWLTXH j GHX[ PRQWDQWV )LJXUH  GH PRPHQW ,  HW GH KDXWHXU K HQFDVWUpV j XQH SRXWUH GH PRPHQW
GLQHUWLH, HWGHSRUWpHOODVROXWLRQGpSHQGGXSDUDPqWUHN
$YHF

)LJXUH3RUWLTXHjGHX[PRQWDQWVHQFDVWUpV

'DQVFHW\SHGHSRUWLTXHODIOH[LRQHVWWUDQVPLVHGHODSRXWUHDX[SRWHDX[GHIDoRQGDXWDQWSOXVLPSRUWDQWH
TXHNHVWSHWLWFHVWjGLUHGDXWDQWSOXVTXHOHVSRWHDX[VRQWUDLGHVjODIOH[LRQSDUUDSSRUWjODSRXWUH
3RXU XQ FKDUJHPHQW XQLIRUPpPHQW UpSDUWL OH PRPHQW GH IOH[LRQ WHQG OHV ILEUHV H[WpULHXUHV GHV SRWHDX[ j
OHXU WrWH HW OHV ILEUHV LQWpULHXUHV j OHXU EDVH OD VHFWLRQ DX WLHUV GH OD KDXWHXU GH FHV pOpPHQWV QpWDQW SDV
IOpFKLH,QYHUVHPHQWOHPRPHQWPD[LPDOjPLSRUWpHGHODWUDYHUVHHVWGDXWDQWSOXVJUDQGTXHFHOOHFLHVW
UDLGHSDUUDSSRUWDX[SRWHDX[
/D SRVVLELOLWp GH UpSDUWLU OD PDWLqUH HQWUH SRXWUH HW SRWHDX[ RIIUH GHV SRVVLELOLWpV DUFKLWHFWXUDOHV /D 1HXH
1DWLRQDOJDOHULHGH0LHV9DQGHU5RKHj%HUOLQHVWXQH[HPSOHGHVXUGLPHQVLRQQHPHQWGHVSRXWUHVGHWRLWXUH
FHTXLDUpGXLWOHVPRPHQWVIOpFKLVVDQWVGDQVOHVSRWHDX[HWGRQFOHXULPSRUWDQFH
3RXU UHWHQLU OHV RUGUHV GH JUDQGHXU RX GX PRLQV
OHV YDOHXUV OLPLWHV RQ SRXUUD UHWHQLU OHV YDOHXUV
H[WUrPHVGRQQpHVVXUOD)LJXUH

KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP





&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV


)LJXUH3RUWLTXHjGHX[PRQWDQWVHQFDVWUpVGHOD
ILJXUHVRXVFKDUJHPHQWXQLIRUPHGHODSRXWUHD
GLDJUDPPHGXPRPHQWEGLDJUDPPHGHOHIIRUW
WUDQFKDQWFGLDJUDPPHGHOHIIRUWQRUPDO
)LJXUH1HXH1DWLRQDOJDOHULHGH%HUOLQ([HPSOH
GXQHIDoDGHWUqVWUDQVSDUHQWHREWHQXHSDUOH
VXUGLPHQVLRQQHPHQWGHVSRXWUHVGHWRLWXUHFHTXLD
SHUPLVGHUpGXLUHODWDLOOHGHVSRWHDX[GHIDoDGH

6LOHVSRWHDX[VRQWDUWLFXOpVjOHXUVEDVHV)LJXUHOHVUpSDUWLWLRQVGHVHIIRUWVLQWpULHXUVOLPLWHVFKDQJHQW

GDQV OD SRXWUH SDU UDSSRUW DX FDV ELHQFDVWUp )LJXUH  /H PRPHQW HQ SLHG GH SRWHDX[ VDQQXOH
&HSHQGDQWOLQIOXHQFHGXSDUDPqWUHNFKDQJHYRLUILJXUH3RXUREWHQLUXQHUpGXFWLRQGXPRPHQWjPL
WUDYpH RX GH OD IOqFKH pJDOH j FHOOH GX FDV SUpFpGHQW PRQWDQWV HQFDVWUpV j OHXU EDVH LO IDXW GLPLQXHU N
)LJXUH

)LJXUH3RUWLTXHjGHX[PRQWDQWV
URWXOpVVRXVFKDUJHPHQWXQLIRUPHGH
ODSRXWUHDGLDJUDPPHGXPRPHQW
EGLDJUDPPHGHOHIIRUWWUDQFKDQW

FGLDJUDPPHGHOHIIRUWQRUPDO

)LJXUH3RUWLTXHjGHX[PRQWDQWV
URWXOpV

)LJXUH0RPHQWPD[LPXP
HQKDXWHWIOqFKHPD[LPDOH
HQEDVjPLWUDYpHGHOD
SRXWUHSRXUGHVSRUWLTXHVj
GHX[SRWHDX[HQFDVWUpVHQ
EOHXRXURWXOpVHQURXJH
VRXVFKDUJHPHQWXQLIRUPHGH
ODSRXWUH

127(VXUODILJXUH0RPHQWHQKDXWHWIOqFKHHQEDVDXPLOLHXGHODSRXWUHSRXUGHVSRUWLTXHVjGHX[

PRQWDQWV HQFDVWUpV HQ EOHX RX URWXOpV HQ URXJH VRXV FKDUJHPHQW XQLIRUPH GH OD SRXWUH 1RWH] TXRQ
WUDFH GHV YDOHXUV QRUPDOLVpHV FHVWjGLUH TXRQ WUDFH OH UDSSRUW HQWUH OD YDOHXU IRQFWLRQ GH N PRPHQW RX
IOqFKHGDQVODSRXWUHGXSRUWLTXHHWODPrPHYDOHXUPHVXUpHDXPLOLHXGXQHSRXWUHGHPrPHUDLGHXUPDLV
SRVpHVXUGHX[DSSXLVPRPHQWRXIOqFKHDXPLOLHXGHODSRXWUHVXUGHX[DSSXLV
3DUDLOOHXUVOHSDUDPqWUHNQHIDLWTXH[SULPHUODUDLGHXUGHVSRWHDX[HQSURSRUWLRQGHFHOOHGHODSRXWUH&HV
GLDJUDPPHVGRQQHQWGRQFOHIIHWGHODYDULDWLRQGHODUDLGHXUGHVSRWHDX[VXUOHPRPHQWHWVXUODIOqFKHDX
PLOLHXGHODSRXWUHFHOOHFLD\DQWXQHUDLGHXUIL[HSULVHFRPPHUpIpUHQFHSRXUWUDFHUOHVFRXUEHV

3RUWLTXHVjSRWHDX[RXSRXWUHLQFOLQpV

6LODWUDYHUVHHWRXOHVPRQWDQWVVRQWLQFOLQpV)LJXUHXQHLQWHUDFWLRQHQWUHHIIRUWVQRUPDX[TXLQHSHXW

SDVH[LVWHUSRXUGHVFURLVHPHQWVjDQJOHGURLWSUHQGQDLVVDQFHGDQVOHSRUWLTXH

)LJXUH([HPSOHVGHSRUWLTXHVDYHFpOpPHQWVLQFOLQpV

&HWWHLQWHUDFWLRQSHXWHQJHQGUHUGHVpFRQRPLHVGHPDWLqUH/RUVTXHOHFRPSRUWHPHQWGXSRUWLTXHVDSSURFKH
GH FHOXL GXQH DUFKH XQH SDUWLH GH OpQHUJLH pODVWLTXH PLVH HQ MHX SDU OH FKDUJHPHQW HVW JpQpUpH SDU GHV
HIIRUWVQRUPDX[SOXW{WTXHSDUGHVPRPHQWVIOpFKLVVDQWVOHVVHFWLRQVVRQWDORUVpYHQWXHOOHPHQWH[SORLWpHV
SOXVXQLIRUPpPHQW
&HVWOHFDVSDUH[HPSOHGXSRUWLTXHjWUDYHUVHEULVpHV\PpWULTXHDYHFPRQWDQWVURWXOpV

)LJXUH3RUWLTXHjWUDYHUVHEULVpHV\PpWULTXHDYHFPRQWDQWVURWXOpV

KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP





&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV

/HV DOOXUHV GHV PRPHQWV HIIRUWV QRUPDX[ HW HIIRUWV WUDQFKDQWV VRQW GRQQpV VXU OD )LJXUH  SRXU XQ
FKDUJHPHQWYHUWLFDOVXUOHVSRXWUHV'DQVFHSRUWLTXHOHPRPHQWDXSRLQWGHEULVXUHGHODWUDYHUVHGpFURvW
HQ IRQFWLRQ GH I DYHF XQH UpGXFWLRQ SDU UDSSRUW DX SRUWLTXH j DQJOHV GURLWV GDXWDQW SOXV LPSRUWDQWH TXH N
HVWIDLEOHFHVWjGLUHTXHODWUDYHUVHHVWVRXSOHSDUUDSSRUWDX[PRQWDQWV)LJXUHHW)LJXUH2QSHXW
REWHQLUSDUH[HPSOHXQPRPHQWQXOHQFHSRLQWSRXUOHVYDOHXUVGRQQpHVGDQVOHWDEOHDXFLGHVVRXV

)LJXUH3RUWLTXHjWUDYHUVHEULVpHV\PpWULTXHDYHF
PRQWDQWVURWXOpVVRXVFKDUJHPHQWXQLIRUPHGHODSRXWUH
DGLDJUDPPHGXPRPHQWEGLDJUDPPHGHOHIIRUW
WUDQFKDQWFGLDJUDPPHGHOHIIRUWQRUPDO

/HJDLQDpYHQWXHOOHPHQWSRXUFRQWUHSDUWLHXQHDXJPHQWDWLRQGHODSRXVVpHKRUL]RQWDOHDX[URWXOHVHWGRQF
GHV HIIRUWV WUDQFKDQWV SOXV LPSRUWDQWV GDQV OHV SRWHDX[ )LJXUH  /D SRXVVpH GLPLQXH DYHF I GDQV OHV
VWUXFWXUHV D\DQW OD WUDYHUVH SOXV VRXSOH TXH OHV PRQWDQWV PDLV DXJPHQWH GDQV OHV FDV FRQWUDLUHV 2Q SHXW
HQ FRQFOXUH TXH OD W\SRORJLH GX SRUWLTXH j WUDYHUVH EULVpH HVW LQWpUHVVDQWH VL OD UDLGHXU GHV PRQWDQWV HVW
LPSRUWDQWHIDFHjFHOOHGHVSRXWUHV.SRXUIL[HUOHVLGpHV
2Q REVHUYH OD UpGXFWLRQ GX PRPHQW DX
PLOLHX GH OD WUDYHUVH HQ IRQFWLRQ GH OD
IOqFKHGHFHOOHFLSRXUI   RQ REWLHQW OD
UpSRQVH GX SRUWLTXH j DQJOHV GURLWV /HV
FRXOHXUV FRUUHVSRQGHQW j GHV YDOHXUV
GLIIpUHQWHV GH N  OHV FRXUEHV GpJDOH
FRXOHXU LQGLTXHQW OHV IXVHDX[ TXL
VREWLHQQHQW j N IL[p SRXU GLIIpUHQWV
UDSSRUWVOKpJDOjRX


)LJXUH3RUWLTXHjWUDYHUVHEULVpHV\PpWULTXHDYHF
PRQWDQWVURWXOpVFKDUJpXQLIRUPpPHQWVXUODWUDYHUVH
PRPHQWDXSRLQWGHEULVXUHGHODWUDYHUVHHQIRQFWLRQGHOD
IOqFKHGHFHOOHFLXQHIOqFKHQXOOHFRUUHVSRQGjXQHWUDYHUVH
FRQWLQXH/HVFRXOHXUVGpQRWHQWGHVYDOHXUVGLIIpUHQWHVGH
NOHVFRXUEHVGpJDOHFRXOHXULQGLTXHQWOHVIXVHDX[TXL
VREWLHQQHQWjNIL[pSRXUGHVUDSSRUWVOKYDULDEOHVHQWUH
HW

2Q REVHUYH OD YDULDWLRQ GH OD SRXVVpH

KRUL]RQWDOH DX[ URWXOHV HQ IRQFWLRQ GH OD
IOqFKHGHODWUDYHUVHSRXUIRQREWLHQW
OD UpSRQVH GX SRUWLTXH j DQJOHV GURLWV
/HV FRXOHXUV FRUUHVSRQGHQW j GHV YDOHXUV
GLIIpUHQWHV GH N  OHV FRXUEHV GpJDOH
FRXOHXU LQGLTXHQW OHV IXVHDX[ TXL
VREWLHQQHQW j N IL[p SRXU XQ UDSSRUW OK
pJDOjRX

)LJXUH3RUWLTXHjWUDYHUVHEULVpHV\PpWULTXHDYHF
PRQWDQWVURWXOpVFKDUJpXQLIRUPpPHQWVXUODWUDYHUVH
SRXVVpHKRUL]RQWDOHDX[SLHGVHQIRQFWLRQGHODIOqFKHGHOD
WUDYHUVH9RLUILJXUH

3RUWLTXHVjQXGVULJLGHV$FWLRQVKRUL]RQWDOHV

&DVGXSRUWLTXHVLPSOHSRWHDX[UDLGHVSRXWUHUDLGH
&RPPH QRXV ODYRQV YX LO VpWDEOLW XQH FROODERUDWLRQ HQWUH SRXWUH HW SRWHDX[ TXL SHUPHW OD GLVWULEXWLRQ GHV
HIIHWVVXUOHQVHPEOHGHODVWUXFWXUH
$ODGLIIpUHQFHGXWULOLWKHSUpVHQWpDXGpEXWGXFKDSLWUHGDQVOHSRUWLTXHFHVRQWOHVGpIRUPDWLRQVpODVWLTXHV
TXLVRSSRVHQWDXUHQYHUVHPHQWSOXW{WTXHODIRUFHGHJUDYLWp/DWUDYHUVHMRXHXQU{OHFHQWUDOTXLSHXWrWUH
LOOXVWUpjSDUWLUGXIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGXQSLOLHULVROp)LJXUH
8Q SLOLHU HQFDVWUp j VD IRQGDWLRQ UpSRQG j XQH IRUFH KRUL]RQWDOH DSSOLTXpH j VRQ VRPPHW HQ IOpFKLVVDQW /H
PRPHQWGHIOH[LRQHVWPD[LPDOjODEDVHHWQXODXVRPPHW)LJXUH&HFRPSRUWHPHQWHVWUDGLFDOHPHQW
GLIIpUHQW GH FHOXL GX PRQROLWKH GRQW OD UpVLVWDQFH DX UHQYHUVHPHQW HVW GXH j OHIIHW VWDELOLVDQW GX SRLGV
SURSUH

)LJXUH5pSRQVHVjXQHIRUFHKRUL]RQWDOHGXQSLOLHUD
HWGXQPRQROLWKHEOHSUHPLHUIOpFKLWDORUVTXHOH
GHX[LqPHVHVRXOqYH

)LJXUH'LDJUDPPHGXPRPHQWGDQVXQ
SLOLHUIOpFKL

KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP





&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV

2QSHXWUpDOLVHUXQSRUWLTXHHQH[SORLWDQWFHSULQFLSHpOpPHQWDLUHGHIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGHVSLOLHUVVRXVDFWLRQV
KRUL]RQWDOHVHQDSSX\DQWODWUDYHUVHVXUOHVPRQWDQWV&HVWSDUH[HPSOHOHFDVGHVYLDGXFV)LJXUH
2Q SHXW DXVVL DVVRFLHU OHV PRQWDQWV SDU OH ELDLV GH OD WUDYHUVH HQ DVVXUDQW VLPSOHPHQW OH FRXSODJH HIIRUW
QRUPDOHIIRUW WUDQFKDQW FHVW j GLUH HQ LQWURGXLVDQW GHV URWXOHV DX[ QXGV 'DQV XQ WHO V\VWqPH OD IRUFH
KRUL]RQWDOH VH GLVWULEXH VXU OHV SRWHDX[ TXL UpSRQGHQW HQ VH IOpFKLVVDQW GDQV OHV FRQGLWLRQV GH OH[HPSOH
SUpFpGHQW/DWUDYHUVHHVWVLPSOHPHQWFRPSULPpHHOOHQHVXELWSDVGHIOH[LRQ
3DU DLOOHXUV GDQV FH PrPH V\VWqPH HQ SUpVHQFH GXQ FKDUJHPHQW VXU OD SRXWUH FHOOHFL UpSRQG VDQV
FROODERUDWLRQGHODSDUWGHVPRQWDQWVFRPPHXQHSRXWUHVXUGHX[DSSXLV

)LJXUH'LDJUDPPHGXPRPHQWGDQVXQSRUWLTXHjQXGVURWXOpVDVRXVFKDUJHKRUL]RQWDOHEVXU

FKDUJHPHQWYHUWLFDOXQLIRUPpPHQWGLVWULEXpVXUODSRXWUH

6LDXFRQWUDLUHOHVQXGVVRQWULJLGHVOHVWURLVPHPEUXUHVYRQWFROODERUHUSDUXQHLQWHUDFWLRQIOH[LRQIOH[LRQ
3RXUXQSRUWLTXHDYHFPRQWDQWVHQFDVWUpVFRPPHHQ)LJXUHOHVPRPHQWVjODEDVHSHXYHQWrWUHUpGXLWV
GH PRLWLp SDU OHIIHW FROODERUDQW GH OD WUDYHUVH GDQV OH FDV R FHOOHFL HVW EHDXFRXS SOXV VRXSOH TXH OHV
SRWHDX[FDVOLPLWHN)LJXUH

)LJXUH3RUWLTXHjGHX[PRQWDQWVHQFDVWUpVGHOD
ILJXUHVRXVXQHIRUFHKRUL]RQWDOH)DXQLYHDXGHOD
WUDYHUVHDGLDJUDPPHGXPRPHQWEGLDJUDPPH
GHOHIIRUWWUDQFKDQWFGLDJUDPPHGHOHIIRUW
QRUPDO


)LJXUH0RPHQWVDX[HQFDVWUHPHQWVGXQ
SRUWLTXHjGHX[PRQWDQWVHQFDVWUpVFKDUJpSDUXQH
IRUFHKRUL]RQWDOH)DXQLYHDXGHODWUDYHUVHRQ
REVHUYHOHIIHWFROODERUDQWGHODSRXWUHTXLjOD
OLPLWHGXQHWUDYHUVHLQILQLPHQWULJLGHUpGXLWFHV
PRPHQWVjODPRLWLpGHODYDOHXUVDQVWUDYHUVH
FROODERUDQWH

)LJXUH9LDGXFGH3RQWG2XFKHVXUODXWRURXWH$-DFTXHV0RVVRW

/HV WUDYpHV VRQW VLPSOHPHQW DSSX\pHV VXU OHV SLOLHUV SRXU pYLWHU WRXW HIIRUW LQGXLW SDU DIIDLVVHPHQW RX
URWDWLRQ GHV IRQGDWLRQV HW SDU HIIHWV WKHUPLTXHV &KDTXH SLOLHU HVW XQ SRUWLTXH j GHX[ PRQWDQWV HQFDVWUpV
GRQWODWUDYHUVHHVWGHVVLQpHGHIDoRQjRSWLPLVHUOHIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGHOHQVHPEOHVRXVIRUFHVKRUL]RQWDOHV
GDQVOHSODQGXSRUWLTXHODKDXWHXUGHODWUDYHUVHHVWFKRLVLHHQSURSRUWLRQDXPRPHQWIOpFKLVVDQWLQGXLWSDU
FHVIRUFHV
&H SULQFLSH GH IRQFWLRQQHPHQW SHUPHW GDLOOHXUV OD UpDOLVDWLRQ GH SRUWLTXHV DYHF PRQWDQWV URWXOpV GRQW OD
UpVLVWDQFHDX[DFWLRQVKRUL]RQWDOHVHVWHQWLqUHPHQWDVVXUpHSDUODWUDYHUVH

)LJXUH3RUWLTXHjGHX[PRQWDQWVURWXOpVVRXVXQHIRUFHKRUL]RQWDOH)DXQLYHDXGHODWUDYHUVHDGLDJUDPPHGX
PRPHQWEGLDJUDPPHGHOHIIRUWWUDQFKDQWFGLDJUDPPHGHOHIIRUWQRUPDO

,QIOXHQFH GH OD GpIRUPDELOLWp VWUXFWXUHOOH VXU OD VWDELOLWp GH OpTXLOLEUH VRXV ODFWLRQ GHV IRUFHV
YHUWLFDOHV
/HFRPSRUWHPHQWDX[DFWLRQVKRUL]RQWDOHVGHVGLIIpUHQWVW\SHVGHSRUWLTXHVFRQGLWLRQQHOHXUVWDELOLWpYLVjYLV
GHV SHUWXUEDWLRQV GH OpTXLOLEUH VRXV FKDUJHPHQW YHUWLFDO &HOOHVFL SHXYHQW HQ HIIHW HQWUDvQHU OD SHUWH GH OD
VWDELOLWp GH OD VWUXFWXUH $LQVL XQ V\VWqPH D\DQW XQH PHLOOHXUH UpSRQVH DX[ DFWLRQV KRUL]RQWDOHV VHUD SOXV
VWDEOH YLVjYLV GHV DFWLRQV YHUWLFDOHV 3RXU SUpVHQWHU FHWWH SURSULpWp RQ FRPSDUH OHV GHX[ FDV GX SRUWLTXH
DYHFPRQWDQWVHQFDVWUpVRXURWXOpVVRXVXQFKDUJHPHQWGHIRUFHYHUWLFDOH3DJLVVDQWVXUODWrWHGHVSRWHDX[

)LJXUH3RUWLTXHVpWXGLpVSRXUODQDO\VHGHODVWDELOLWpGHOpTXLOLEUH

1RWRQV GDERUG TXH OLQVWDELOLWp SHXW DYRLU OLHX GH IDoRQ V\PpWULTXH RX QRQ 6L OD GpIRUPpH LQVWDEOH HVW
V\PpWULTXH HW OHV PRQWDQWV HQFDVWUpV OHV QXGV VH GpSODFHQW VXLYDQW XQH YHUWLFDOH /D ORQJXHXU GH

KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP





&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV

IODPEHPHQWGHVSRWHDX[HVWDORUVFRPSULVHHQWUHFHOOHGXQSRWHDXHQFDVWUpHQSLHGHWDUWLFXOpHQWrWHGXQH
SDUWSRXWUHGHUDLGHXUQpJOLJHDEOHSDUUDSSRUWjFHOOHGHVSRWHDX[HWFHOOHGXQSRWHDXELHQFDVWUpGDXWUH
SDUWSRXWUHGHUDLGHXULQILQLHSDUUDSSRUWjFHOOHGHVSRWHDX[

(OK3FU(OK
/H WHUPH GH JDXFKH UHSUpVHQWH OD FKDUJH OLPLWH GH IODPEHPHQW G(XOHU SRXU OH FDV R XQH H[WUpPLWp GX
SRWHDXHVWDUWLFXOpODXWUHHQFDVWUpHFHOXLGHGURLWHSRXUXQSRWHDXELHQFDVWUp
'DQVOHVPrPHVFRQGLWLRQVGHGpIRUPDWLRQVLOHVPRQWDQWVVRQWURWXOpVOHVERUQHVVRQWOHVVXLYDQWHV

(OK3FU(OK
6LODGpIRUPpHHVWDV\PpWULTXHHWOHVPRQWDQWVHQFDVWUpV3FUVHUDFRPSULVHQWUHODYDOHXUFRUUHVSRQGDQWj
XQH SRXWUH FRQVROH G(XOHU SRXWUH GH UDLGHXU QpJOLJHDEOH SDU UDSSRUW j FHOOH GHV SRWHDX[ HW FHOOH GXQH
SRXWUHHQFDVWUpHjXQHH[WUpPLWpHWOLpHjXQHJOLVVLqUHGHODXWUHSRXWUHGHUDLGHXULQILQLHSDUUDSSRUWDX[
SRWHDX[)LJXUH

(OK3FU(OK

&HV FKDUJHV FULWLTXHV VRQW WRXMRXUV LQIpULHXUHV DX[ YDOHXUV GX IODPEHPHQW V\PpWULTXH 6L OHV SLHGV VRQW
URWXOpVOHVERUQHVGHVFHQGHQWGDYDQWDJH

3FU(OK
(Q FRQFOXVLRQ OHV GLIIpUHQWV W\SHV GH IODPEHPHQW QRQ V\PpWULTXHV GHV SRUWLTXHV VRQW FDUDFWpULVpV SDU XQH
FKDUJHFULWLTXHSOXVIDLEOHTXHOHVIODPEHPHQWVV\PpWULTXHVHWVRQWGRQFjFUDLQGUHGDYDQWDJH,OVHQVXLW
TXHSRXUDVVXUHUODVWDELOLWpGHOpTXLOLEUHGHVSRUWLTXHVLOIDXWDYDQWWRXWVDVVXUHUGHODTXDOLWpGHVpOpPHQWV
TXL JDUDQWLVVHQW OD UpSRQVH VRXV OHV DFWLRQV KRUL]RQWDOHV OHV QXGV PRQWDQWVWUDYHUVH HW OD UDLGHXU HQ
IOH[LRQ GH FHV WURLV PHPEUXUHV HW PHWWUH pYHQWXHOOHPHQW HQ SODFH GHV V\VWqPHV DX[LOLDLUHV GH
FRQWUHYHQWHPHQWKRUL]RQWDO6LOHFRQWUHYHQWHPHQWHVWLQGLVSHQVDEOHSRXUDVVXUHUODVWDELOLWpGHVVWUXFWXUHV
RQ YRLW LFL TXH GDQV OH FDV GHV SRUWLTXHV VD SHUIRUPDQFH HVW DXVVL OLpH j VD FDSDFLWp j PLQLPLVHU OHV
GpIRUPDWLRQVVWUXFWXUHOOHVGRQWRQYLHQWGHYRLUOHVFRQVpTXHQFHVHQWHUPHGHIODPEHPHQW

)LJXUH&RPSDUDLVRQGHVPRGHVGHIODPEHPHQWSRXUGHVSRUWLTXHVV\PpWULTXHVFKDUJpVV\PpWULTXHPHQW&KDUJH
FULWLTXHVDQVGLPHQVLRQVS 3FUK(,HQIRQFWLRQGXSDUDPqWUHNTXLUHSUpVHQWHOHUDSSRUWGHVUDLGHXUVGHVSRWHDX[
HWGHODSRXWUH

$FWLRQVWKHUPLTXHV
8QSRUWLTXHHVWXQHVWUXFWXUHK\SHUVWDWLTXHGHGHJUpXQVLOHVPRQWDQWVVRQWURWXOpVHQSLHGVHWHQFDVWUpVj
ODWUDYHUVHRXHQFDVWUpVHQSLHGVHWURWXOpVVXUODWUDYHUVHGHGHJUpWURLVVLOVVRQWHQFDVWUpVHQSLHGVHWVXU
ODWUDYHUVH
/HVFKDQJHPHQWVGHWHPSpUDWXUHHQJHQGUHQWGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWKHUPLTXHVGDQVOHVpOpPHQWVGXSRUWLTXH HW
FHGDXWDQWSOXVTXHOHGHJUpGK\SHUVWDWLFLWpHVWpOHYp
/H SOXV VRXYHQW RQ IDLW HQ VRUWH TXH OHV VROOLFLWDWLRQV WKHUPLTXHV UHVWHQW QpJOLJHDEOHV YLVjYLV GH FHOOHV
JpQpUpHVSDUOHVHIIRUWVH[WpULHXUVHQGRQQDQWGHVGLPHQVLRQVDSSURSULpHVjODVWUXFWXUHRXHQFKRLVLVVDQW
GHV V\VWqPHV FRQVWUXFWLIV TXL SHUPHWWHQW GH OHV pOLPLQHU SDU OH MHX GH GLODWDWLRQV DXWRULVpHV HQ FHUWDLQV
HQGURLWV GH OD VWUXFWXUH /H FDV GRVVDWXUHV H[SUHVVpPHQW UHQIRUFpHV SRXU UpSRQGUH DX[ HIIHWV WKHUPLTXHV
HVWUDUH
8QSUHPLHUFDVGpWXGHHVWFHOXLGHVYLDGXFVSRXUOHVTXHOVOHVSLOHVVRQWDVVLPLOpHVDXSRWHDX[GXQSRUWLTXH
PXOWLWUDYpHHWOHWDEOLHUjXQHSRXWUHUHOLDQWFHVSRWHDX[HQWUHHX[/DVWUXFWXUHTXLVpWHQGSDUIRLVVXUXQH
WUqVJUDQGHORQJXHXUQHSHXWUpSRQGUHDX[FKDQJHPHQWVGHWHPSpUDWXUHTXHQVHGLODWDQWRXVHFRQWUDFWDQW
'H SOXV GHV WDVVHPHQWV GLIIpUHQWLHOV GHV DSSXLV VRQW LQpYLWDEOHV FRPSWH WHQX GX JUDQG QRPEUH GDSSXLV HW
GHV GLIIpUHQFHV GH FRPSRUWHPHQWV GX VRO VXU GHV JUDQGHV pWHQGXHV 3RXU UpSRQGUH j FHV TXHVWLRQV OHV
WUDYHUVHV VRQW GpVROLGDULVpHV GHV SLOHV GH VRUWH TXH FKDFXQH SXLVVH VH GLODWHU VDQV DIIHFWHU OH PRXYHPHQW
GHVHVYRLVLQHVQLHQJHQGUHUGHIIRUWVVXUOHVSLOLHUV$ODWrWHGHVSLOLHUVRQWURXYHGRQFGHVDSSXLVVLPSOHV
SRXUOHVSRXWUHVUpDOLVpVGHQRVMRXUVSDUGHVEORFVGHQpRSUqQHIUHWWpV
3OXVUDUHPHQWOHWDEOLHUHVWVROLGDLUHGHSOXVLHXUVSLOLHUV'DQVFHFDVRQWURXYHGHX[W\SHVGHVROXWLRQV
/HVMRLQWVGHGLODWDWLRQVRQWVLWXpVHQWUDYpH/DVWUXFWXUHHVWXQHMX[WDSRVLWLRQGHSRUWLTXHVDYHFGpERUGV
HQHQFRUEHOOHPHQWUHOLpVHQWUHHX[SDUGHVSRXWUHVLVRVWDWLTXHVVXUDSSXLVVLPSOHVVROXWLRQGLWHGDSSXLjOD
*HUEHU)LJXUHD
 /D SRXWUH HVW FRQWLQXH VXU SOXVLHXUV DSSXLV 3RXU OLPLWHU OHV ORQJXHXUV GX WDEOLHU XQ MRLQW GH GLODWDWLRQ
LQWHUPpGLDLUHHVWQpFHVVDLUH)LJXUHF&HWWHVROXWLRQHVWDVVH]UDUH

)LJXUH7\SHVGHWUDYpHGLVFRQWLQXHD*HUEHUEVFKpPDTXDOLWDWLIGXGLDJUDPPHGXPRPHQWVRXV

FKDUJHPHQWXQLIRUPHFDYHFDSSXLVXUSLOLHUGVFKpPDTXDOLWDWLIGXGLDJUDPPHGXPRPHQWVRXVFKDUJHPHQW
XQLIRUPH

/DSUHPLqUHVROXWLRQDODYDQWDJHGHSRXYRLUDEVRUEHUVDQVLQFRQYpQLHQWVPDMHXUVGHVWDVVHPHQWVGDSSXLV
(OOH HVW GRQF DSSURSULpH SRXU GHV LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV GH SOXV JUDQGHV GLPHQVLRQV /D FRQILJXUDWLRQ GX VHFRQG
W\SH HVW DSSURSULpH DX[ SHWLWHV GLPHQVLRQV HW D ODYDQWDJH GXQH PHLOOHXUH FROODERUDWLRQ GH OD WUDYHUVH j OD
UHSULVH GHV HIIRUWV KRUL]RQWDX[ SOXVLHXUV SLOLHUV VH WURXYHQW DORUV HQ FROODERUDWLRQ FH TXL SUpVHQWH SDU
H[HPSOHXQDYDQWDJHHQ]RQHVLVPLTXH
8QGHX[LqPHFDVGpWXGHHVWGRQQpSDUOHVRVVDWXUHVGHVEkWLPHQWVjXQRXSOXVLHXUVpWDJHV1RUPDOHPHQW

KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP





&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV

GDQV FH FDV RQ pYLWH TXH OHV DFWLRQV WKHUPLTXHV SXLVVHQW JpQpUHU GHV HIIRUWV LPSRUWDQWV HQ OLPLWDQW OD
GLVWDQFHHQWUHMRLQWVGHGLODWDWLRQGHVEkWLPHQWVjPHQYLURQ
3RXUXQpOpPHQWHQEpWRQFRQWLQXGHPGHORQJXHXUOHFRHIILFLHQWGHGLODWDWLRQWKHUPLTXHGXEpWRQpWDQW
GHPP&RQDXQDOORQJHPHQWGHPP&VRLW PP SRXU XQ pFDUW GH WHPSpUDWXUH GH 
& /D FRQWUDLQWH TXL DSSDUDvW GDQV XQH SLqFH VL HOOH QH SHXW SDV VH GLODWHU HVW DORUV GH  03D HQ
FRQVLGpUDQWXQPRGXOHG<RXQJGH*3D


&HWWH YDOHXU QRQ QpJOLJHDEOH HVW GX PrPH RUGUH GH JUDQGHXU TXH OHV FRQWUDLQWHV HQJHQGUpHV SDU OH
FKDUJHPHQW PpFDQLTXH %LHQ VU OD UpDOLWp HVW XQ SHX PRLQV VpYqUH SRXU OH EpWRQ FDU OH EkWLPHQW QHVW
MDPDLVFRPSOqWHPHQWLQGpIRUPDEOH
/LQWURGXFWLRQ GH SDOpHV RX QR\DX[ GH FRQWUHYHQWHPHQW GDQV OHV RVVDWXUHV SRXU OD UHSULVH GHV DFWLRQV
KRUL]RQWDOHVLQWHUDJLWDYHFODUpSRQVHWKHUPLTXHGHODVWUXFWXUH/HVpOpPHQWVGHFRQWUHYHQWHPHQWOLPLWHQWOD
SRVVLELOLWpGHVSLqFHVGHVHGLODWHURXVHUpWUDFWHUHWSDUFRQVpTXHQWHQJHQGUHQWGHVFRQWUDLQWHVGRULJLQH
WKHUPLTXHHQUpGXLVDQWOHIILFDFLWpGHVMRLQWVGHGLODWDWLRQ3RXUpYLWHUFHSUREOqPHRQSODFHQRUPDOHPHQWOHV
SDOpHV GH FRQWUHYHQWHPHQW OH PRLQV SUqV SRVVLEOH GHV MRLQWV FHVW j GLUH SOXW{W HQ PLOLHX GH UDQJpH TXDX[
H[WUpPLWpV

6WUXFWXUHV'FRPSRVpHVGHSOXVLHXUVSRUWLTXHVjQXGVULJLGHV

&DVGXSRUWLTXHPXOWLSOH

/DGMRQFWLRQGHSOXVLHXUVSRUWLTXHVVXUXQPrPHSODQSHUPHWODUpDOLVDWLRQGXQHVWUXFWXUHpOpPHQWDLUHEDVpH
VXUOHVPrPHVSURSULpWpV'XSRLQWGHYXHGHODWHQXHGHVFKDUJHVYHUWLFDOHVRQDXQHWUDYpHPXOWLSOHOD
FRQWLQXLWp GX PRPHQW IOpFKLVVDQW DX WUDYHUV GHV QXGV SHUPHW OD UHGLVWULEXWLRQ GH OpQHUJLH GH IOH[LRQ HW
FRQGXLW HQ JpQpUDO j XQH pFRQRPLH GH PDWLqUH 'X SRLQW GH YXH GHV DFWLRQV KRUL]RQWDOHV OD UpSRQVH GH OD
VWUXFWXUH SHXW rWUH PRGLILpH HQ MRXDQW VXU OHVSDFHPHQW GHV SRWHDX[ 3RXU GHV SRWHDX[ pJDOHPHQW HVSDFpV
RQ D DXVVL GHV WUDYpHV pJDOHV  OD UDLGHXU GHV PRQWDQWV VHUD GRQF D SULRUL pJDOH HW LO HQ VHUD DXVVL SRXU OD
UDLGHXU GHV SRXWUHV 'DQV XQ WHO V\VWqPH WRXV OHV SRUWLTXHV UHSUHQQHQW OD PrPH IUDFWLRQ GH OD FKDUJH
KRUL]RQWDOHDSSOLTXpH)LJXUHD6LRQLQWURGXLWGDQVOHV\VWqPHXQHWUDYpHGHSRUWpHUpGXLWH)LJXUHE
GHIDoRQTXHVDUDLGHXUGRPLQHVXUFHOOHGHVSRWHDX[FHVWjGLUHTXH, ODXJPHQWHSXLVTXHOGLPLQXHOH
SRUWLTXHDLQVLFRQVWLWXpDXUDXQHSOXVJUDQGHUDLGHXUYLVjYLVGHVDFWLRQVKRUL]RQWDOHVHWPHWWUDGRQFHQMHX
XQH SOXV JUDQGH SDUWLH GH OpQHUJLH pODVWLTXH WRWDOH &H SRUWLTXH IRQFWLRQQHUD SDU FRQVpTXHQW FRPPH XQH
SDOpHVWDELOLVDQWOHQVHPEOH

)LJXUH3RUWLTXHVPXOWLSOHVDYHFWUDYpHVpJDOHVDHWDYHFWUDYpHLQWHUPpGLDLUHSOXVSHWLWHTXHOHVWUDYpHVGH
ULYHE'DQVOHFDVFODVWDELOLVDWLRQODWpUDOHHVWHQWLqUHPHQWJpQpUpHSDUODWUDYpHFHQWUDOH

&DVGHVpWDJHVPXOWLSOHV

/D VXSHUSRVLWLRQ GH SRUWLTXHV JpQqUH XQH VWUXFWXUH pWDJpH /D UHSULVH GHV DFWLRQV YHUWLFDOHV HW KRUL]RQWDOHV
GDQVOpWDJHFRXUDQWVHWURXYHOpJqUHPHQWPRGLILpHSDUUDSSRUWDXFDVGXSRUWLTXHVLPSOH
3RXU H[SOLTXHU OH FKDQJHPHQW SUHQRQV OH FDV GXQ FDGUH IHUPp GRQW OD WUDYHUVH VXSpULHXUH HVW FKDUJpH
XQLIRUPpPHQWYHUWLFDOHPHQWHWVXSSRUWpHSDUGHVIRUFHVYHUWLFDOHVVXUOHVPRQWDQWVDXQLYHDXGHODWUDYHUVH
LQIpULHXUH

)LJXUH&DGUHIHUPpFKDUJpXQLIRUPpPHQWVXUODWUDYHUVHVXSpULHXUHHWVXSSRUWpVXUOHVPRQWDQWVDXQLYHDXGHOD
WUDYHUVHLQIpULHXUH

/HVFDOFXOVPRQWUHQWTXHOHFDGUHIHUPp)LJXUHDXQFRPSRUWHPHQWLQWHUPpGLDLUHHQWUHOHSRUWLTXH DYHF

PRQWDQWVHQFDVWUpVHWFHOXLDYHFPRQWDQWVURWXOpV)LJXUH&HWHIIHWGpSHQGGHODUDLGHXUGHODWUDYHUVH
LQIpULHXUHVXSSRVpHLFLpJDOHjFHOOHGHODWUDYHUVHVXSpULHXUH

KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP





&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV

)LJXUH&DGUHDGLDJUDPPHGXPRPHQWEGLDJUDPPHGHOHIIRUWWUDQFKDQWFGLDJUDPPHGHOHIIRUWQRUPDO

(Q SDUWLFXOLHU RQ YRLW TXH OH FKDUJHPHQW GXQH WUDYHUVH HQWUDvQH OD IOH[LRQ RSSRVpH GH ODXWUH DYHF XQH
UpGXFWLRQGHGXPRPHQWWUDQVPLVSDUOHVPRQWDQWV/HPRPHQWPD[LPXPHQWUDYpHSRXUXQFKDUJHPHQW
XQLIRUPHVXUOHVWUDYHUVHVGpSHQGDXVVLGHODYDOHXUGHODUDLGHXUUHODWLYHN)LJXUH,OHQHVWGHPrPH
SRXUOHVPRPHQWVDX[DQJOHVGXFDGUH)LJXUH


)LJXUH&RPSDUDLVRQGXPRPHQWDXPLOLHXGHOD
WUDYpHVXSpULHXUHGDQVOHFDGUHIHUPpYHUWHW
GDQVOHVSRUWLTXHVDYHFPRQWDQWVHQFDVWUpVURXJH
HWURWXOpVEOHX2QYRLWTXHODSUHPLqUHVWUXFWXUHD
XQFRPSRUWHPHQWLQWHUPpGLDLUHHQWUHOHVGHX[
DXWUHV

)LJXUH'LPLQXWLRQUHODWLYHGXPRPHQWjPL
SRUWpHSRXUXQFDGUHFKDUJpHSDUODPrPHFKDUJH
UpSDUWLHYHUWLFDOHVXUOHVGHX[WUDYpHV/DFRXUEH
WHQGYHUV]pURORUVTXHN

)LJXUH0RPHQWDX[QXGVGHODWUDYpHVXSpULHXUHSRXUXQFDGUHFKDUJpVXUODVHXOHWUDYpHVXSpULHXUHRX
pJDOHPHQWVXUOHVGHX[WUDYpHVSDUXQFKDUJHPHQWXQLIRUPpPHQWGLVWULEXpYHUWLFDO/HVGHX[FRXUEHVWHQGHQWj
]pURORUVTXHN

3RXU H[SOLTXHU OH FRPSRUWHPHQW GX FDGUH IHUPp YLVjYLV GXQ FKDUJHPHQW KRUL]RQWDO DX QLYHDX GHV
WUDYHUVHV )LJXUH  LO VXIILW GH YRLU TXH j FDXVH GH OD V\PpWULH GX SUREOqPH OHV PRQWDQWV VHURQW IOpFKLV
FRPPHVLLOVpWDLHQWURWXOpVDXFHQWUH,OVHQVXLWTXHLQGpSHQGDPPHQWGHODUDLGHXUUHODWLYHHQWUHPRQWDQWV
HWWUDYHUVHVjFRQGLWLRQVTXHOHVPRQWDQWVVRLHQWpJDX[HWOHVWUDYHUVHVDXVVLOHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVVRQWFHOOHV
GXQSRUWLTXHDYHFPRQWDQWVURWXOpVGHKDXWHXUPRLWLpVRXVOHPrPHFKDUJHPHQW)LJXUH

)LJXUH&DGUHIHUPpFKDUJpDXQLYHDXGHV
WUDYHUVHVSDUGHX[IRUFHVKRUL]RQWDOHVRSSRVpHV

)LJXUH&DGUHGHILJXUHSpUFHGHQWHDUpGXFWLRQ
GXSUREOqPHjFHOXLGXSRUWLTXHDYHFPRQWDQWV
URWXOpVEGLDJUDPPHGXPRPHQWFGLDJUDPPH
GHOHIIRUWWUDQFKDQWGGLDJUDPPHGHOHIIRUW
QRUPDO

&HWH[HPSOHQRXVPRQWUHTXHODUpSDUWLWLRQGHVDFWLRQVKRUL]RQWDOHVVXUXQV\VWqPHGHSRUWLTXHVVXSHUSRVpV
QH GpSHQG GH OD UDLGHXU UHODWLYH HQWUH SRXWUHV HW SRWHDX[ TXH GXQH IDoRQ VHFRQGDLUH j FRQGLWLRQ TXH FHV
pOpPHQWVVRLHQWFDSDEOHVGHUHSUHQGUHOHVHIIRUWVLGpDX[GXV\VWqPHLVRVWDWLTXH
,OH[LVWHGRQFGHX[FRQFHSWLRQVGLIIpUHQWHVGHODVWUXFWXUHpOpPHQWDLUHREWHQXHSDUVXSHUSRVLWLRQPXOWLSOHGH
SRUWLTXHV
WUDYHUVHVQRQFROODERUDQWHVjODVWDELOLWpKRUL]RQWDOH
WUDYHUVHVFROODERUDQWHV
'DQV OH SUHPLHU FDV OH V\VWqPH QHVW VWDELOLVp TXH SDU OD UDLGHXU HQ IOH[LRQ GHV SRWHDX[ OHV SRXWUHV pWDQW
URWXOpHV DX[ H[WUpPLWpV ,O VDJLW GXQ VFKpPD TXL QH SHXW QRUPDOHPHQW rWUH XWLOLVp TXHQ SUpVHQFH GDXWUHV
V\VWqPHVGHVWDELOLVDWLRQRXSRXUGHWUqVIDLEOHVFKDUJHVKRUL]RQWDOHV

)LJXUH([HPSOHVGpWDJHVQRQFROODERUDQWVSRXUOHFRQWUHYHQWHPHQW

'DQV OH GHX[LqPH FDV GHV SRUWLTXHV j QXGV ULJLGHV VRQW VXSHUSRVpV LQGpSHQGDPPHQW GX UDSSRUW GHV
UDLGHXUV HQWUH SRXWUHV HW SRWHDX[ PDLV HQ IRQFWLRQ GX UDSSRUW GH OHXUV ORQJXHXUV OD VWUXFWXUH VHUD

KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP





&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV

FRQWUHYHQWpH SDU HIIHW GH FDGUH IHUPp j WRXV OHV pWDJHV PHWWDQW HIILFDFHPHQW HQ SODFH XQH LQWHUDFWLRQ
IOH[LRQIOH[LRQHQWUHSRXWUHVHWSRWHDX[3RXUXQHKDXWHXUWRWDOHGRQQpHOHPRPHQWPD[LPDOVHUpGXLWDORUV
HQSURSRUWLRQGXQRPEUHGpWDJHVFROODERUDQWV

)LJXUH([HPSOHVGpWDJHVFROODERUDQWVSRXUOH
FRQWUHYHQWHPHQW

)LJXUH([SOLFDWLRQGHODUpGXFWLRQGX
PRPHQWPD[LPDOHQIRQFWLRQGXQRPEUHGH
QLYHDX[FROODERUDQWVGDQVOHVH[HPSOHVGHOD
ILJXUHSUpFpGHQWH

3DOpHVGHFRQWUHYHQWHPHQW

/DGMRQFWLRQ HW OD VXSHUSRVLWLRQ GH SRUWLTXHV JpQqUH XQH VWUXFWXUH pOpPHQWDLUH ELGLPHQVLRQQHOOH TXL UpSRQG
DX[ FKDUJHV YHUWLFDOHV HW KRUL]RQWDOHV )LJXUH  8Q H[HPSOH HVW GRQQp )LJXUH  SRXU OH SDUNLQJ GH
9DOHQFLHQQHV

)LJXUH2VVDWXUHSODQHFRPSRVpHGHSRUWLTXHV

)LJXUH3DUNLQJj9DOHQFLHQQHV2QREVHUYHOD
VWUXFWXUHREWHQXHSDUDGMRQFWLRQHWVXSHUSRVLWLRQGH
SRUWLTXHV$JHQFH+XEHUWHW5R\

/D UHSULVH GHV DFWLRQV KRUL]RQWDOHV GH WHOOHV FRQVWUXFWLRQV SRXUUD rWUH GLIIXVH VXU WRXWH OD VWUXFWXUH RX
FRQFHQWUpH VXU XQH WUDYpH GH FKDTXH QLYHDX 'DQV FH GHUQLHU FDV XQ QRPEUH OLPLWp GH EDLHV VHUYLUD DX
FRQWUHYHQWHPHQW 3RXU FKDTXH QLYHDX RQ FRQoRLW XQH WUDYpH FDSDEOH GH OLQWHUDFWLRQ IOH[LRQIOH[LRQ
QpFHVVDLUH DX IRQFWLRQQHPHQW j FDGUH IHUPp )LJXUH D /D SDOpH GH FRQWUHYHQWHPHQW IRQFWLRQQHUD DORUV
FRPPHXQSLOLHULVROpHOOHSRXUUDpYHQWXHOOHPHQWrWUHUHPSODFpHSDUXQYRLOH)LJXUHE

)LJXUH([HPSOHVGRVVDWXUHVSODQHVFRQWUHYHQWpHVSDUSDOpHVDYHFpWDJHVQRQFROODERUDQWVDSDOpHUpDOLVpHV
SDUSRUWLTXHVESDUYRLOHV

'DQVXQHGHX[LqPHVROXWLRQRQGHVVLQHHQSpULSKpULHGHORVVDWXUHXQFDGUHjOpFKHOOHGHWRXWHODVWUXFWXUH
2QREWLHQWDLQVLXQVFKpPDFRQIRUPHjOD)LJXUH

)LJXUH2VVDWXUHSODQHDYHFIRQFWLRQQHPHQWHQFDGUHIHUPpUpDOLVpSDUSRUWLTXHV

eWDJHVHWEDLHVPXOWLSOHV

/HVpOpPHQWVGHFRQFHSWLRQSUpVHQWpVGDQVOHVSDUDJUDSKHVSUpFpGHQWVVDSSOLTXHQWHQJpQpUDOTXHOTXHVRLW
OHQRPEUHGpWDJHVHWGHWUDYpHVTXLFRPSRVHQWORVVDWXUHELGLPHQVLRQQHOOHjQXGVULJLGHV
2QUHPDUTXHOHFDVSDUWLFXOLHUGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVHQSRQWTXLUpDOLVHQWXQIUDQFKLVVHPHQWjOpFKHOOHGHOD
FRQVWUXFWLRQ HQWLqUH )LJXUH  'DQV FHWWH FRQFHSWLRQ XQ pWDJH HVW UHQIRUFp SRXU JpQpUHU XQH SRXWUH GH
W\SH9LHUHQGHHOOHVDXWUHVpWDJHVpWDQWVXSSRUWpVSDUOpWDJHUHQIRUFp6LOpWDJHSRUWHXUHVWSODFpHQEDV
OHVPHPEUXUHVGHVDXWUHVpWDJHVVHURQWFRPSULPpHVHOOHVVHURQWWHQGXHVVLOHVWSODFpHQKDXWFRPPHSRXU
OHPLQLVWqUHGHVILQDQFHV)LJXUH

KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP





&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV

)LJXUH2VVDWXUHSODQHDYHFIRQFWLRQQHPHQWHQ
SRQWDVWUXFWXUHSRUWpHSRVpHEVWUXFWXUHSRUWpH
VXVSHQGXH

)LJXUH0LQLVWqUHGHVILQDQFHV3DULV$UFKLWHFWHV
3DXO&KHPHWRYHW%RUMD+XLGREUR
)UDQFKLVVHPHQWGXTXDLSDUXQHWUDYpHSULQFLSDOHHQ
WUHLOOLVKWWSZZZSDULVDUFKLWHFWXUHLQIR

6WUXFWXUHV'FRPSRVpHVGHSRUWLTXHVjQXGVULJLGHV

2Q SHXW JpQpUHU XQH VWUXFWXUH WULGLPHQVLRQQHOOH SDU GHV SRUWLTXHV VRLW HQ MX[WDSRVDQW GHV RVVDWXUHV
ELGLPHQVLRQQHOOHV H[WUXVLRQ KRUL]RQWDOH GXQ pOpPHQW ' VRLW HQ FURLVDQW GHV V\VWqPHV ELGLPHQVLRQQHOV
RUWKRJRQDX[RXTXDVLRUWKRJRQDX[

)LJXUH*pQpUDWLRQGRVVDWXUHV'jSDUWLUGRVVDWXUHV'DH[WUXVLRQEFURLVHPHQW

'HX[TXHVWLRQVVHSRVHQWDORUV
OHSULQFLSHGHSRUWpH
OHFRQWUHYHQWHPHQW
'XSRLQWGHYXHGHODSRUWpHOHVV\VWqPHVWULGLPHQVLRQQHOVSHXYHQWSRUWHUGDQVXQHVHXOHGLUHFWLRQ)LJXUH
D RX GDQV GHX[ GLUHFWLRQV )LJXUH E 9LVjYLV GX FRQWUHYHQWHPHQW LO QHVW SDV QpFHVVDLUH TXH WRXWH
ORVVDWXUHELGLPHQVLRQQHOOHGXV\VWqPHVRLWLQGpSHQGDPPHQWFDSDEOHGHUHSUHQGUHHIILFDFHPHQWGHVHIIRUWV
KRUL]RQWDX[FDUOHVSODQFKHUVTXLUHOLHQWOHVSRUWLTXHVSHXYHQWWUDQVPHWWUHXQHIIRUWKRUL]RQWDOGXQHWUDYpH
jODXWUH(QUHYDQFKHODPRGpOLVDWLRQWULGLPHQVLRQQHOOHPRQWUHTXLOIDXWWHQLUFRPSWHGHVHIIHWVGHWRUVLRQ
GXVDX[HIIRUWVKRUL]RQWDX[

&KHPLQHPHQWGHVDFWLRQVYHUWLFDOHV

&HV RVVDWXUHV HQ SRUWLTXHV PXOWLSOHV VXSSRUWHQW GHV SODQFKHUV /D GHVFHQWH GH FKDUJHV HVW IRQFWLRQ GX
SULQFLSHGHSRUWpHGHVSODQFKHUV
3ODQFKHUVXQLGLUHFWLRQQHOV
6L OD VWUXFWXUH ' VH FRPSRVH VLPSOHPHQW GRVVDWXUHV ' QRQ UHOLpHV SDU GHV SRXWUHV OHV SODQFKHUV VHURQW
DSSX\pVGDQVXQHVHXOHGLUHFWLRQHQWUHRVVDWXUHV'&HV\VWqPHFRQVWUXFWLISHXWrWUHPLVHQSODFHDYHFGHV
SODQFKHUV HQ EpWRQ DUPp RX HQ EpWRQ DUPp SUpFRQWUDLQW FRQGXLVDQW JpQpUDOHPHQW j XQ V\VWqPH
WULGLPHQVLRQQHODYHFGHVHVSDFHPHQWVGLIIpUHQWVGDQVOHVGHX[GLUHFWLRQVGXSODQ/DSRUWpHGHVSRXWUHVGHV
SRUWLTXHVHVWHQIDLWQRUPDOHPHQWSOXVLPSRUWDQWHTXHFHOOHGHVSODQFKHUVTXLOHVUHOLHQW
/HV UDSSRUWV HQWUH FRWpV GHV SODQFKHUV SRXUURQW rWUH JpUpV SOXV OLEUHPHQW SDU OD PLVH HQ SODFH GH SRXWUHV
VHFRQGDLUHVVROLYHVDXSUL[pYHQWXHOOHPHQWGXQHUHWRPEpHSOXVLPSRUWDQWHYRLU)LJXUH
3RXU SRXYRLU DXJPHQWHU OD GLVWDQFH HQWUH SRUWLTXHV OH UHFRXUV j GHV SODQFKHUV SUpFRQWUDLQWV HVW XQH
VROXWLRQ (Q )UDQFH OD WHFKQRORJLH GX SODQFKHU DOYpRODLUH HVW WUqV UpSDQGXH )LFKH EpWRQ SUpFRQWUDLQW (OOH
SHUPHWGDWWHLQGUHGHVSRUWpHVMXVTXjPHQYLURQ/DVROXWLRQGHVSODQFKHUVSUpFRQWUDLQWVSDUSRVW WHQVLRQ
HVWpJDOHPHQWSRVVLEOHPDLVVRQFRWODOLPLWHDX[VWUXFWXUHVSDUWLFXOLqUHV

)LJXUH6FKpPDVGHSULQFLSHGXQSODQFKHUjGDOOHVSOHLQHVDDYHFGDOOHVDOYpRODLUHVSUpFRQWUDLQWHVEHW

GDOOHVQHUYXUpHVDYHFSRXWUHVVHFRQGDLUHVF

/DUpSRQVHGDQVOHXUSODQGHFHVSODQFKHUVHQWDQWTXpOpPHQWVKRUL]RQWDX[GHFRQWUHYHQWHPHQWHVWOLPLWpH
FDU OHV SODQFKHUV RX OHV VROLYHV QH FUpHQW SDV SRUWLTXH GDQV OH VHQV RUWKRJRQDO DX[ SRXWUHV PDvWUHVVHV ,OV
VRQW SDU FRQWUH WUqV XWLOHV SRXU XQLIRUPLVHU OD IOH[LRQ GHV SRUWLTXHV SDU HIIHW GH GLDSKUDJPH TXDVL
LQGpIRUPDEOH
3ODQFKHUVDYHFJULOOHGHSRXWUHV
6LOH[LVWHGHX[IDPLOOHVGHSRXWUHVTXDVLRUWKRJRQDOHVVHFURLVDQWjFKDTXHpWDJHODUpSDUWLWLRQGHVSRWHDX[
GDQVOHVGHX[GLUHFWLRQVGXSODQSRXUUDrWUHXQLIRUPH

)LJXUH6FKpPDVGHSULQFLSHGXQSODQFKHUVXUJULOOHGHSRXWUHV

KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP





&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV

6LOHVSODQFKHUVSRUWHQWGDQVXQHVHXOHGLUHFWLRQFHODLPSOLTXHXQHGLIIpUHQWLDWLRQGHVU{OHVGHVSRXWUHVYLV
jYLV GH OD UHSULVH GHV DFWLRQV YHUWLFDOHV PDvWUHVVHV VXSSRUWDQW OHV SODQFKHUV HW VHFRQGDLUHV UHOLDQW
VLPSOHPHQWOHVSRWHDX[GDQVODGLUHFWLRQGHVSODQFKHUV&HSHQGDQWGDQVXQHWHOOHFRQILJXUDWLRQLOHVWSOXV
pFRQRPLTXH GH IDLUH SRUWHU OHV SODQFKHUV VXU  F{WpV FDU OHV  GLUHFWLRQV GH SODQFKHU SDUWLFLSHQW
PpFDQLTXHPHQW j OD IOH[LRQ GDQV O(XURFRGH LO IDXW SRXU HQYLVDJHU FH IRQFWLRQQHPHQW TXH OH UDSSRUW GHV
ORQJXHXUVGHVSRUWpHVGXSODQFKHUVRLWFRPSULVHQWUHHW'DQVFHFDVGHILJXUHOHVSRXWUHVSULQFLSDOHV
RQWOHPrPHU{OHGDQVOHVGLUHFWLRQV'HSOXVODUpSRQVHDX[DFWLRQVKRUL]RQWDOHVVHUDPHLOOHXUHTXHGDQV
OHFDVSUpFpGHQW&HWWHVROXWLRQHVWGRQFjSUpIpUHUHQSUpVHQFHGDFWLRQVKRUL]RQWDOHVLPSRUWDQWHV
'DQV WRXV OHV FDV OD TXHVWLRQ GH OD UHSULVH GHV DFWLRQV H[FHQWUpHV HVW LPSRUWDQWH SRXU OHV SRXWUHV GH ULYH
6XUFHOOHVFLODFWLRQGHWRUVLRQGXQpYHQWXHOSODQFKHUGXFRWpLQWpULHXUQHVWHQHIIHWSDVpTXLOLEUpHSDUXQH
DFWLRQGXFRWpRSSRVp
3ODQFKHUVVDQVSRXWUHV
/HVSODQFKHUVSHXYHQWrWUHFRQVWUXLWVFRPPHGHGDOOHVQRUPDOHPHQWFDUUpHVRXUHFWDQJXODLUHVVXSSRUWpHV
HQOHXUSpULSKpULH/DVWUXFWXUHGDQVVRQHQVHPEOHVHFRPSRVHDORUVGHSRWHDX[HWGDOOHVVDQVSRXWUHV2Q
SDUOHDORUVGHSODQFKHUVFKDPSLJQRQ

)LJXUH6FKpPDGHSULQFLSHGXQSODQFKHUFKDPSLJQRQ

/DUHSULVHGHVHIIRUWVWUDQFKDQWVDXGURLWGHVSRWHDX[SHXWSDUIRLVGHPDQGHUODPLVHHQSODFHGHFKDSLWHDX[
TXL GLPLQXHQW OHV FRQWUDLQWHV GH FRPSUHVVLRQ H[HUFpHV SDU OHV SRWHDX[ VXU OD GDOOH HW pYLWHQW OH
SRLQoRQQHPHQWGHFHOOHFL/HIIHWVWDELOLVDWHXUGHODWUDYHUVHGHVSRUWLTXHVYLVjYLVGHVDFWLRQVKRUL]RQWDOHV
QH SHXW SDV rWUH DVVXUp SDU OD GDOOH FHV VWUXFWXUHV QH VRQW GRQF SDV DSWHV j OD UHSULVH GH FHV DFWLRQV HW
GHPDQGHQW GHV V\VWqPHV GH FRQWUHYHQWHPHQW DGpTXDWV 8QH VROXWLRQ HQYLVDJHDEOH HVW GH FRPSWHU VXU
OHQFDVWUHPHQWGHVSRWHDX[HQSLHG

&KHPLQHPHQWGHVDFWLRQVKRUL]RQWDOHV

/HVDFWLRQVGXYHQWJpQqUHQWGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVSDUIRLVFRPSOH[HVGDQVOHVVWUXFWXUHV/HXURFRGH(1
GpILQLWDLQVLXQHQVHPEOHGHFDVGHFKDUJHVSRXUOHFDOFXODXYHQWGHVVWUXFWXUHVSRXUHQWHQLUFRPSWH'DQV
FH FKDSLWUH FRQVDFUp DX[ VWUXFWXUHV HQ SRUWLTXHV RQ pWXGLH OHV SULQFLSHV SRXU TXH GH WHOOHV FRQVWUXFWLRQV
VRLHQWFRQoXHVFRQYHQDEOHPHQWSRXUUpVLVWHUDXYHQW'DQVFHWWHYXHDVVH]PDFURVFRSLTXHGXSUREOqPHRQ
pWXGLH OD PLVH HQ IOH[LRQ GH SDUWLHV GH OD VWUXFWXUH VRXV OHV DFWLRQV KRUL]RQWDOHV 0DLV LO QH IDXW SDV RXEOLHU
TXH ELHQ VRXYHQW FHV DFWLRQV QH VRQW SDV SDUDOOqOHV DX[ SODQV SULQFLSDX[ TXDQG LOV H[LVWHQW &HWWH
GLVV\PpWULH GHV DFWLRQV HQJHQGUH GHV VROOLFLWDWLRQV GH WRUVLRQ VXLYDQW XQ D[H YHUWLFDO WRUVLRQ GRQW LO VHUD
DXVVLTXHVWLRQFLGHVVRXV
,O H[LVWH SOXVLHXUV W\SRORJLHV GH VWUXFWXUHV HQ SRUWLTXHV DSWHV j OD UHSULVH GHV HIIRUWV KRUL]RQWDX[ &HV
VWUXFWXUHVSHXYHQWVHGpFRPSRVHUHQ
SDOpHVGHFRQWUHYHQWHPHQWREWHQXHVSDUGHVSRUWLTXHVH[SUHVVpPHQWGHVVLQpVRXSDUGHVYRLOHV
QR\DX[IHUPpVREWHQXVSDUGHVYRLOHVRXSDUGHVVRXVVWUXFWXUHVGHW\SHUpVLOOHRXSRUWLTXHV
GLDSKUDJPHV KRUL]RQWDX[ OH SOXV VRXYHQW OHV SODQFKHUV GX EkWLPHQW TXL DVVXUHQW OD FROODERUDWLRQ GHV
pOpPHQWVGHUHSULVHGHVIRUFHVKRUL]RQWDOHVHWOHXUUHODWLRQDYHFOHUHVWHGHODVWUXFWXUH

6LOHVSDOpHVRXOHVQR\DX[VHFRPSRVHQWGHSRUWLTXHVLOHVWSUpIpUDEOHTXHOHVPRQWDQWVVRLHQWSHXHVSDFpV
WUDYHUVHVFRXUWHV3RXUTXHOHVSODQFKHUVSXLVVHQWDVVXUHUXQU{OHGHUHGLVWULEXWLRQGHVHIIRUWVKRUL]RQWDX[
HWGHUDLGLVVHPHQWGHVHQVHPEOHVGHSDOpHVLOIDXWTXLOVVRLHQWFRQWLQXVGDQVOHVGHX[GLUHFWLRQVGXSODQFH
TXLHVWOHFDVGHSODQFKHUVDYHFXQHGDOOHSOHLQHjFRQGLWLRQTXHFHOOHFLVRLWDUPpHFRUUHFWHPHQW
/HV SRWHDX[ TXL QH IRQW SDV SDUWLH GH SDOpHV GH FRQWUHYHQWHPHQW QH GRLYHQW SDV VXELU GHV VROOLFLWDWLRQV
LPSRUWDQWHV GH WRUVLRQ FDU FHOOHVFL GHPDQGHQW OD PLVH HQ SODFH GDUPDWXUHV VSpFLILTXHV UDUHPHQW
LQWURGXLWHVGDQVFHVpOpPHQWVGHVWUXFWXUH
/HVW\SRORJLHVSRVVLEOHVSRXUODUpDOLVDWLRQGXFRQWUHYHQWHPHQWSDUSDOpHVHWRXQR\DX[VRQW
 RVVDWXUH FRPSRVpH GH SRUWLTXHV FURLVpV VXLYDQW OHV GHX[ GLUHFWLRQV GX SODQ DVVXUDQW SDU HX[ PrPH OD
WHQXHDX[DFWLRQVKRUL]RQWDOHVDYHFSODQFKHUVFROODERUDQWDXFRQWUHYHQWHPHQW
RVVDWXUHLGHQWLTXHDXFDVSUpFpGHQWPDLVDYHFGHVSDOpHVGHUHSULVHGHVIRUFHVKRUL]RQWDOHVGLVSRVpHVHQ
SODQGHIDoRQjUpDOLVHUXQHQVHPEOHFROODERUDQWGHV\VWqPHVRXYHUWV)LJXUH
 RVVDWXUH VDQV SDOpHV PDLV DYHF XQ QR\DX GH FRQWUHYHQWHPHQW LQWpULHXU UpDOLVDQW XQ V\VWqPH IHUPp
UpVLVWDQFHjODWRUVLRQSULPDLUHQRUPDOHPHQWREWHQXHQUpDOLVDQWOHVPXUVGHVHVFDOLHUVHWGHVDVFHQVHXUV
HQEpWRQDUPp)LJXUH
 RVVDWXUH VDQV SDOpHV QL QR\DX[ LQWpULHXU PDLV DYHF XQH VWUXFWXUH HQ IDoDGH GH W\SH  WXEH H[WpULHXU 
FDSDEOHGDVVXUHUODFLUFXODWLRQGHVHIIRUWVKRUL]RQWDX[)LJXUH
RVVDWXUHFRQWUHYHQWpHSDUSOXVLHXUVQR\DX[LQWpULHXUVIRQFWLRQQDQWFRPPHGHVWXEHVHWGRQFUpVLVWDQWVSDU
WRUVLRQSULPDLUHHWIOH[LRQDX[IRUFHVKRUL]RQWDOHV)LJXUH
 RVVDWXUH FRQWUHYHQWpH SDU XQ V\VWqPH GH WXEH H[WpULHXU HQ IDoDGH HW XQ RX SOXVLHXUV V\VWqPHV GH WXEH
LQWpULHXUV REWHQXV JUkFH DX[ QR\DX[ GHV FLUFXODWLRQV YHUWLFDOHV 'DQV FH FDV OH WXEH H[WpULHXU UHSUHQG
HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW OHV HIIHWV GH WRUVLRQ DORUV TXH OHV WXEHV LQWpULHXUV WUDYDLOOHQW j OD IOH[LRQ PDLV SDU OHXU
IRUPHQHVXELVVHQWSDVGHGLVWRUVLRQVSDUDVLWHVGXHVjODWRUVLRQ)LJXUH

KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP





&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV

)LJXUH6FKpPDVGHSULQFLSHGHODVWUXFWXUHSULPDLUHGXQEkWLPHQWFRQWUHYHQWpSDUSDOpHVVpSDUpHV

)LJXUH6FKpPDVGHSULQFLSHGHODVWUXFWXUHSULPDLUHGXQEkWLPHQWDYHFQR\DXGHFRQWUHYHQWHPHQW
LQWpULHXUDHQVHPEOHGHODVWUXFWXUHEYXHGXSUHPLHUQLYHDXGHODSDUWLHVXSSRUWDQWOHVDFWLRQVYHUWLFDOHV
FYXHGHODSDUWLHVXSSRUWDQWOHVDFWLRQVKRUL]RQWDOHVQR\DXGpJDJpHGHVGHUQLHUVQLYHDX[GHORVVDWXUH

)LJXUH6FKpPDVGHSULQFLSHGHODVWUXFWXUHSULPDLUHGXQEkWLPHQWGHW\SHWXEHH[WpULHXUDHQVHPEOH
GHODVWUXFWXUHESDUWLHVXSSRUWDQWOHVDFWLRQVYHUWLFDOHVFSDUWLHVXSSRUWDQWOHVDFWLRQVKRUL]RQWDOHVWXEH
H[WpULHXU

)LJXUH6FKpPDVGHSULQFLSHGHODVWUXFWXUHSULPDLUHGXQEkWLPHQWFRQWUHYHQWpSDUSOXVLHXUVQR\DX[
LQWpULHXUVDHQVHPEOHGHODVWUXFWXUHEYXHGXSUHPLHUQLYHDXGHODSDUWLHVXSSRUWDQWOHVDFWLRQV
YHUWLFDOHVFYXHGHODSDUWLHVXSSRUWDQWOHVDFWLRQVKRUL]RQWDOHVWURLVQR\DX[GpJDJpHGHVGHUQLHUVQLYHDX[
GHORVVDWXUH

)LJXUH6FKpPDVGHSULQFLSHGHODVWUXFWXUHSULPDLUHGXQEkWLPHQWFRQWUHYHQWpSDUWXEHH[WpULHXUHW
LQWpULHXUDHQVHPEOHGHODVWUXFWXUHEYXHGHODSDUWLHVXSSRUWDQWOHVDFWLRQVKRUL]RQWDOHVQR\DX[
LQWpULHXUHWIDoDGHFYXHGHQVHPEOHGHVWURLVIRQFWLRQVSRUWHXVHVGHODVWUXFWXUHWXEHLQWpULHXURVVDWXUH
VXSSRUWDQWOHVFKDUJHVYHUWLFDOHVHWWXEHH[WpULHXU

&RQFOXVLRQ

/HV VWUXFWXUHV EpWRQ DUPp HQ SRUWLTXHV RX FRPPH RQ OH GLW DXVVL  SRWHDX[SRXWUHV  VRQW WUqV UpSDQGXV
GDQV OHV EkWLPHQWV GX WHUWLDLUH GX IDLW GH OD OLEHUWp GDPpQDJHPHQW TXHOOHV HQJHQGUHQW /D IDLEOH HPSULVH
GHVSRUWHXUVYHUWLFDX[DXWRULVHHQHIIHWGHPXOWLSOHVFRPELQDLVRQVGRUJDQLVDWLRQLQWpULHXUHFHTXLFRQYLHQW
VDQV FRQWH[WH DX PDvWUH GRXYUDJH 1RXV DYRQV YX OHV PXOWLSOHV VROXWLRQV SRXU VWDELOLVHU OHV SRUWLTXHV 2Q
UHWURXYH FHV FRPELQDLVRQV GDQV OD WHFKQRORJLH GHV RVVDWXUHV SUpIDEULTXpHV HQ EpWRQ /D UpDOLVDWLRQ
GDUWLFXODWLRQV GDSSXLV VLPSOHV RX GHQFDVWUHPHQWV \ HVW HQ HIIHW DLVpH 3RXU OHV VROXWLRQV HQ EpWRQ DUPp
FRXOpHQSODFHRXSDUWLHOOHPHQWSUpIDEULTXpHVLOHVWHQJpQpUDOWUqVIDFLOHGHIRUPHUXQHQFDVWUHPHQWHQWUH
SRWHDX[HWSRXWUHVHWFHVWFHWWHVROXWLRQTXLHVWVRXYHQWDGRSWpH'HSOXVODUpDOLVDWLRQGpOpPHQWVjLQHUWLH
YDULDEOHVpWDQWOLPLWpHjODUpDOLVDWLRQGXFRIIUDJHLOHVWFRXUDQWTXHGHVSRUWLTXHVIRUWHPHQWVROOLFLWpVVRLHQW
UHQIRUFpV DX[ ]RQHV GH PRPHQWV IOpFKLVVDQW PD[LPXP FH TXL SHXW GDLOOHXUV rWUH PLV j SURILW GDQV XQH
UHFKHUFKHIRUPHOOHSRUWLTXHVGHOpFROHGDUFKLWHFWXUHGH/LOOHSDUH[HPSOH

%,%/,2*5$3+,(
5pP\0RXWHUGH)UDQoRLV)OHXU\&RPSUHQGUHVLPSOHPHQWODUpVLVWDQFHGHVPDWpULDX[/DVWUXFWXUH
SULQFLSHVHWHQMHX[GHODFRQFHSWLRQ(GLWLRQVGX0RQLWHXU3DULV
$QGUp &RLQ  2VVDWXUH GHV EkWLPHQWV  %DVHV GH OD FRQFHSWLRQ GLIIpUHQWHV FDWpJRULHV GRXYUDJHV
pOpPHQWDLUHVDQQH[HVVXUOLVRODWLRQHWODVpFXULWp(\UROOHV3DULV
5HQp:DOWKHU-XOLHQ7UpOHDQL&RQVWUXLUHHQEpWRQV\QWKqVHSRXUDUFKLWHFWHV3UHVVHVSRO\WHFKQLTXHV
HWXQLYHUVLWDLUHVURPDQGHV/DXVDQQHpSXLVp
&RQVWUXLUHDYHFOHVEpWRQVFROOHFWLRQWHFKQLTXHGHFRQFHSWLRQ(GLWLRQVGX0RQLWHXU3DULV

KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP





&RQILJXUDWLRQVJpRPpWULTXHV3RUWLTXHV

KWWSZZZH[SORUDWLRQVDUFKLWHFWXUDOHVFRPGDWDQHZILFKH3ULQWBKWP