Doosti Et Al

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\plain\pard\sl-198 \li4 \ri3923 \expndtw-3 \f10 \fs18 African Journal of Biotech
nology Vol. 10(59), pp. 12762-12765, 3 October, 2011
\plain\par
\pard\sl-206 \li4 \ri5590 \expndtw-3 \f10 \fs18 Available online at http://www.a
cademicjournals.org/AJB
\plain\par
\pard\sl-206 \li4 \ri6509 \expndtw-5 \f10 \fs18 ISSN 1684-5315 2011 Academic Jou
rnal
\plain\par
\sl-256\fs26\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-278 \li4 \ri6493 \expndtw-4 \i
\f10 \fs27 Full Length Research Paper
\plain\par
\pard\sl-684 \li42 \ri71 \expndtw-4 \b \f10 \fs39 Fraud identification in fishme
al using polymerase chain
\plain\par
\pard\sl-460 \li1938 \ri3588 \fi2001 \expndtw-11 \b \f10 \fs39 reaction (PCR)
\plain\par
\sl-267\fs27\par\pard\pard\sl-240 \li1084 \ri1781 \fi854 \expndtw-3 \b \f10 \fs2
4 Abbas Doosti*, Pejman Abbasi and Sadegh Ghorbani-Dalini
\plain\par
\sl-260\fs26\par\pard\pard\sl-201 \li4 \ri1009 \fi1080 \expndtw-3 \f10 \fs20 Bio
technology Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahreko
rd, Iran.
\plain\par
\sl-211\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-158 \li364 \ri4060 \fi4104 \expndtw-2 \f10 \fs15 A
ccepted 28 June, 2011
\plain\par
\sl-177\fs18\par\pard\pard\sl-230 \li364 \ri391 \expndtw-1 \b \f10 \fs20 Fishmea
l is an important commercial product that is obtained by processing the bones an
d whole fish.
\plain\expndtw0 \b \f10 \fs20 It can be of great importance to enhance the feedi
ng during the fattening of animals in poultry and
\plain\expndtw0 \b \f10 \fs20 livestock. Detection of adulteration in fishmeal w
ith other meats is important for livestock and poultry
\plain\expndtw0 \b \f10 \fs20 production, and their health. The aim of this stud
y was to identify fraud and adulteration in fishmeal
\plain\expndtw0 \b \f10 \fs20 products using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tec
hnique in Iran. Fishmeal samples of 124 were
\plain\expndtw0 \b \f10 \fs20 collected from manufacturers and examined for pres
ence of poultry and ruminants meats. Total DNA
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li364 \ri395 \expndtw0 \b \f10 \fs20 was extracted from fishmeal s
amples and PCR was performed for gene amplification of meat species.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li364 \ri391 \expndtw-1 \b \f10 \fs20 Out of 124 fishmeal products
examined 9 (7.25%), 4 (3.22%) and 16 (12.9%) samples contaminated with
\plain\expndtw-1 \b \f10 \fs20 bovine, sheep and chicken, respectively. These fi
ndings showed few adulterations in used fishmeal in
\plain\expndtw0 \b \f10 \fs20 Iran. The PCR is an effective and rapid technique
with high accuracy that can be used to detect and
\plain\expndtw-4 \b \f10 \fs20 prevent fishmeal adulterations.
\plain\par
\sl-259\fs26\par\pard\pard\sl-201 \li364 \ri5977 \expndtw-3 \b \f10 \fs20 Key wo
rds:\b0 Fishmeal, adulteration, PCR.
\plain\par
\sl-249\fs25\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-201 \li4 \ri9158 \expndtw-7 \b \f1
0 \fs20 INTRODUCTION
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5120\colsr427\colno2\colw5151
\plain\sl-230\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri4 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 Fishmeal
is a commercial product made of fish, bones
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 and fish processed offal. It is a good source of esse
ntial
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 amino acids, vitamins, phospholipids, fatty acids and
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 energy (Farajollahi et al., 2009). Fishmeal can be ma
de
\plain\expndtw3 \f10 \fs20 from almost any type of seafood but is generally
\plain\expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 manufactured from wild-caught and small marine fish
that
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 contain a high percentage of bones and oil, and usual
ly
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 deemed not suitable for direct human consumption
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 (Farajollahi et al., 2009). Most fishmeal and fish oi
l is
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 manufactured from anchovies, sardines, capelin and
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 sand eels, and some of the fisheries that target thes
e
\plain\expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 species are considered to be well-managed (Bellagamb
a
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li4 \ri3604 \expndtw-6 \f10 \fs20 et al., 2003).
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri0 \fi182 \expndtw4 \f10 \fs20 The nutrient composition of f
ishmeal can vary
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 depending on the type and species of fish, the fresh
ness
\plain\expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 of the fish before processing and the processing met
hods
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 (Khatoon et al., 2006). High-quality fishmeal normall
y
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 contains between 60 and 72% crude protein by weight.
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 Fishmeal is a generic term for a nutrient-rich feed
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 ingredient used primarily in diets for domestic anima
ls,
\plain\expndtw-3 \f10 \fs20 sometimes used as a high-quality organic fertilizer
(Shi et
\plain\par
\sl-255\fs25\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-206 \li4 \ri6 \expndtw0 \f10 \
fs18 *Corresponding author. E-mail: biotechshk@yahoo.com. Tel:
\plain\expndtw-4 \f10 \fs18 +98-3813-361001. Fax: +98-3813-361001.
\par
\column
\plain\sl-230\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-230 \li0 \ri31 \expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 al., 200
9). The vitamin content of fishmeal is highly
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 variable and influenced by several factors, such as
origin
\plain\expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 and composition of the fish, meal processing method
and
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 product freshness (Nagase et al., 2009). The lipids i
n
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 fishes can be separated into liquid fish oils and so
lid fats.
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 Although most of the oil usually gets extracted durin
g
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 processing of the fishmeal, the remaining lipid typic
ally
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 represents between 6 and 10% by weight, but can rang
e
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 from 4 to 20% (Cozzolino et al., 2009). Fish lipids a
re
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 highly digestible by all species of animals and are
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 excellent sources of the essential polyunsaturated fa
tty
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 acids (PUFA) in both the omega-3 and omega-6 familie
s
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li0 \ri35 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 of fatty acids. The majority of the
fishmeal produced is
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li0 \ri31 \expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 included in commercial diets for po
ultry, swine, dairy
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 cattle, mink and fish (Farajollahi et al., 2009). Wo
rldwide,
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 millions of tons of fishmeal are produced annually.
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 Contrary to recent popular beliefs, most fishmeal and
oil
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 are produced from sustainable, managed and monitored
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 fish stocks, reducing the possibility of over-fishing
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 (Bellagamba et al., 2003). Approximately 4 to 5 tons
of
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 whole fish are required to produce 1 ton of dry fishm
eal.
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 The quality of fishmeal is often questioned due to
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 adulteration with sheep, bovine and chicken, and it i
s
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li0 \ri35 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 important for economic, safety of p
oultry and ruminants
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li0 \ri38 \expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 (Khatoon et al., 2006). Several met
hods have been
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li0 \ri430 \expndtw-3 \f10 \fs20 developed recently to detect adul
teration in fishmeal.
\par
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}}}
}}\margt580\margb200\margr680\margl860
\plain\pard\sl-222 \li8605 \ri30 \expndtw-6 \f10 \fs20 Doosti et al.
\plain\tx10090 \tab \expndtw-14 \f10 \fs20 12763
\par
\plain\sl-232\fs23\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-168 \li1352 \ri2011 \exp
ndtw-1 \b \f10 \fs16 Table 1.\b0 Species-specific oligonucleotide primers and e
xpected lengths of amplified segments.
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw2510\colsr944\colno2\colw3684\colsr846\coln
o3\colw2713
\plain\sl-257\fs26\par\pard\pard\sl-182 \li1415 \ri0 \expndtw-7 \b \f10 \fs18 Pr
imer name
\plain\par
\sl-225\fs22\par\pard\pard\sl-182 \li1415 \ri583 \expndtw-12 \f10 \fs18 Bovis
\plain\par
\sl-177\fs18\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-182 \li1415 \ri518 \expndtw-13 \f1
0 \fs18 Sheep
\plain\par
\fs18 Chicken
\par
\column
\plain\sl-195\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-263 \li0 \ri1194 \fi902 \expndtw-6 \b \f10 \
fs18 Primer sequence
\plain\par
\pard\sl-263
\plain\par
\pard\sl-244
\plain\par
\pard\sl-355
\plain\par
\pard\sl-249
\plain\par
\pard\sl-355
\plain\par
\pard\sl-244
\li0 \ri172 \expndtw-5 \f10 \fs18 F: 5-GCCATATACTCTCCTTGGTGACA-3

\li0 \ri359 \expndtw-5 \f10 \fs18 R: 5-GTAGGCTTGGGAATAGTACGA-3
\li38 \ri803 \expndtw-5 \f10 \fs18 F: 5-ATGCTGTGGCTATTGTC-3
\li38 \ri302 \expndtw-5 \f10 \fs18 R: 5-CCTAGGCATTTGCTTAATTTTA-3
\li14 \ri0 \expndtw-5 \f10 \fs18 F: 5-GGGACACCCTCCCCCTTAATGACA-3
\li14 \ri249 \expndtw-5 \f10 \fs18 R: 5-GGAGGGCTGGAAGAAGGAGTG-3
\par
\column
\plain\sl-276\fs28\par\pard\pard\sl-182 \li0 \ri1478 \expndtw-7 \b \f10 \fs18 Pr
oduct size
\plain\par
\sl-206\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-182 \li259 \ri1707 \expndtw-10 \f10 \fs18 271 bp
\plain\par
0 \fs18 274 bp
\plain\par
0 \fs18 266 bp
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\plain\sl-204\fs20\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-224 \
li3623 \ri3223 \expndtw-3 \b \f20 \fs22 \cf216 1
\plain\tx4482 \tab \expndtw-3 \b \f20 \fs22 \cf216 2
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw3270\colsr895\colno2\colw530\colsr439\colno
3\colw535\colsr338\colno4\colw4691
\plain\sl-218\fs22\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-216 \li2735 \ri0 \ex
pndtw-10 \b \f20 \fs18 500 bp
\plain\expndtw-10 \b \f20 \fs18 400 bp
\plain\par
\pard\sl-235 \li2735 \ri0 \expndtw-10 \b \f20 \fs18 300 bp
\plain\par
\pard\sl-364 \li2735 \ri0 \expndtw-10 \b \f20 \fs18 200 bp
\plain\par
\sl-257\fs26\par\pard\pard\sl-188 \li2735 \ri0 \expndtw-10 \b \f20 \fs18 100 bp
\par
\column
\plain\sl-211\fs21\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-188 \li0 \ri0 \e
xpndtw-11 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf216 274 bp
\par
\column
\plain\sl-211\fs21\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-188 \li0 \ri0 \e
xpndtw-10 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf216 271 bp
\par
\column
\plain\sl-211\fs21\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-188 \li0 \ri3740
\expndtw-10 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf216 266 bp

\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\plain\sl-94\fs9\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-196
\li2706 \ri2418 \expndtw1 \b \f10 \fs16 Figure 1.\b0 The electrophoresis of PC
R products was generated by
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs16 species-specific oligonucleotide primers. Line 1 is a
100 bp DNA
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs16 ladder (Fermentas, Germany). Lines 2-5 are sheep, bov
ine, and
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs16 chicken amplified fragments, respectively and line 5
is negative
\plain\expndtw-7 \f10 \fs16 control.
\par
\plain\sl-309\fs31\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri2 \expndtw-3 \f1
0 \fs20 Methods have been developed based on electrophoresis,
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 isoelectric focusing, chromatography, DNA hybridizat
ion,
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of fishmeal
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 fraud (Ong et al., 2007). The purpose of this study w
as
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 the molecular detection of the rate of adulteration i
n
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri400 \expndtw-3 \f10 \fs20 fishmeal with poultry and ruminan
ts materials in Iran.
\plain\par
0 \fs16 MATERIALS AND METHODS
\plain\par
\sl-211\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-168 \li4 \ri1909 \expndtw-2 \b \f10 \fs16 Fishmeal
sample and DNA extraction
\plain\par
\sl-187\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-196 \li4 \ri7 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs16 A total of 124
samples of fishmeal were collected and examined for
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs16 presence of poultry and ruminants. Mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA)
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs16 was extracted from fishmeal samples using DNA extract
ion kit
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs16 (Roche applied science, Germany) according to the ma
nufacturer's
\plain\par
\pard\sl-192 \li4 \ri3 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs16 recommendations. The quality of extr
acted DNA was checked on
\plain\par
\pard\sl-196 \li4 \ri7 \expndtw3 \f10 \fs16 agarose gel electrophoresis and quan
titation done by UV\plain\expndtw-3 \f10 \fs16 spectrophotometry.
\plain\par
0 \fs16 Gene amplification
\plain\par
\sl-187\fs19\par\pard\pard\sl-196 \li4 \ri3 \expndtw2 \f10 \fs16 Species-specifi
c oligonucleotide primers were used for gene
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs16 amplification (Luo et al., 2008). These primers and a
mplification
\par
\column
\plain\sl-307\fs31\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-196 \li0 \ri38 \expndtw2 \f1
0 \fs16 fragment length are shown in Table 1. Species-specific DNA
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs16 segments of bovis, sheep and chicken were used for am
plification
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs16 and detection of animal derived materials in fishmeal
samples. PCR
\plain\par
\pard\sl-192 \li0 \ri36 \expndtw1 \f10 \fs16 amplification was carried out in a
total volume of 25 l in 0.5 ml
\plain\par
\pard\sl-196 \li0 \ri39 \expndtw1 \f10 \fs16 tubes containing 1 g of mtDNA, 1 M of
each primers, 2 mM
\plain\par
\pard\sl-203 \li0 \ri38 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs16 Mgcl\dn3 \fs11 2\dn0 \fs16 , 200 M d
NTP, 2.5 l of 10 PCR buffer and 1 unit of\i Taq
\plain\par
\pard\sl-190 \li0 \ri1043 \expndtw-1 \f10 \fs16 DNA polymerase (Roche applied sc
ience, Germany).
\plain\par
\pard\sl-192 \li0 \ri34 \fi182 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs16 PCR involved an initial dena
turation at 94C for 5 min; followed
\plain\par
\pard\sl-196 \li0 \ri41 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs16 by 30 cycles at 94C for 1 min, annea
ling at 63C for beef, 59C for
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs16 sheep and 69C for chicken, and extension at 72C for 1 m
in; and a
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs16 final extension at 72C for 6 min was done at the end o
f the
\plain\par
\pard\sl-192 \li0 \ri38 \expndtw2 \f10 \fs16 amplification. The PCR amplificatio
n products (10 l) were
\plain\par
\pard\sl-196 \li0 \ri41 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs16 subjected to electrophoresis in a 1
% agarose gel in 1 TBE buffer
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs16 at 80 V for 30 min, stained with ethidium bromide, an
d images were
\plain\par
\pard\sl-192 \li0 \ri39 \expndtw1 \f10 \fs16 obtained in UVIdoc gel documentatio
n systems (UK). The PCR
\plain\par
\pard\sl-196 \li0 \ri41 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs16 products were identified by 100 bp
DNA size marker (Fermentas,
\plain\expndtw-6 \f10 \fs16 Germany).
\plain\par
0 \fs20 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
\plain\par
\sl-258\fs26\par\pard\pard\sl-230 \li0 \ri38 \expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 Amplification
with species-specific oligonucleotide
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 primers revealed a 271, 274, and 266 bp from bovine,
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li0 \ri37 \expndtw-3 \f10 \fs20 sheep and chicken genomic DNA, res
pectively (Figure 1).
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li0 \ri38 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 DNA extraction of fish, poultry, be
ef and pork were used
\par
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3fafda2bf902ff00888eff00e0a9bff4ac7fedff00ff00831fda2bff00a0068ff888effe0a9bff00
4ac7fedfff00f831fda2bffa006803fafda2bf902ff888effe0a9bff004ac7fedfff00f831fda2bf
fa0068ff00888eff00e0a9bff4ac7fedff00ff00831fda2bff00a006803fafda2bf902ff00888eff
00e0a9bff4ac7fedff00ff00831fda2bff00a0068ff888effe0a9bff004ac7fedfff00f831fda2bf
fa006803fafda2bf902ff888effe0a9bff004ac7fedfff00f831fda2bffa0068ff00888eff00e0a9
bff4ac7fedff00ff00831fda2bff00a006803fafda2bf902ff00888eff00e0a9bff4ac7fedff00ff
00831fda2bff00a0068ff888effe0a9bff004ac7fedfff00f831fda2bffa006803fafda2bf902ff8
88effe0a9bff004ac7fedfff00f831fda2bffa0068ff00888eff00e0a9bff4ac7fedff00ff00831f
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ff00f831fda2bffa0068ff00888eff00e0a9bff4ac7fedff00ff00831fda2bff00a006803fafda2b
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2bff00a0068ff888effe0a9bff004ac7fedfff00f831fda2bffa006803fafda2bf902ff888effe0a
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a006803fafda2bf902ff00888eff00e0a9bff4ac7fedff00ff00831fda2bff00a006bfa3efd82bf6
8ff8a7fb5bfec9df0a7f684f8d7fb31fc40fd8dfe26fc40ff84ebfe126fd9bfe2949e2397c77f0e7
fe114f893e31f0468dfdbb278b3e1ffc2ef1037fc25fe1ff000de95e3cd33fb43c09a16347f1469e
b6bfda7642db58d4003ebfa28a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800a2
8a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2803ffd9
}}}
\plain\pard\sl-222 \li4 \ri7312 \expndtw-14 \f10 \fs20 12764
\plain\tx1003 \tab \expndtw-5 \f10 \fs20 Afr. J. Biotechnol.
\par
\plain\sl-276\fs28\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-168 \li1804 \ri1912 \exp
ndtw-1 \b \f10 \fs16 Table 2.\b0 The range of poultry and ruminants derived mat
erials in fishmeal samples in Iran.
\par
\plain\sl-257\fs26\par\pard\pard\sl-182 \li2399 \ri0 \expndtw-4 \b \f10 \fs18 Po
ultry and ruminants derived material
\plain\par
\pard\sl-278 \li3791 \ri1254 \expndtw-10 \f10 \fs18 Bovine
\plain\par
\pard\sl-249 \li3810 \ri1271 \expndtw-13 \f10 \fs18 Sheep
\plain\par
\pard\sl-244 \li2399 \ri1211 \fi1344 \expndtw-9 \f10 \fs18 Chicken
\plain\par
\pard\sl-249 \li2399 \ri1326 \fi1468 \expndtw-12 \f10 \fs18 Total
\par
\column
\plain\sl-200\fs20\par\pard\pard\sl-259 \li0 \ri1899 \expndtw-5 \b \f10 \fs18 Fi
shmeal samples (%)
\plain\par
\pard\sl-259 \li633 \ri2465 \expndtw-8 \f10 \fs18 9 (7.25)
\plain\par
\pard\sl-249 \li633 \ri2465 \expndtw-8 \f10 \fs18 4 (3.22)
\plain\par
\pard\sl-244 \li532 \ri2422 \fi47 \expndtw-7 \f10 \fs18 16 (12.9)
\plain\par
\pard\sl-249 \li0 \ri2374 \fi532 \expndtw-7 \f10 \fs18 23 (18.54)
\par
\plain\sl-85\fs9\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri8 \expndtw0 \f
10 \fs20 for positive controls and were also run for each reaction
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 to ensure products obtained were of the correct size.
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 Tubes contained all mixture reaction without DNA was
\plain\expndtw-4 \f10 \fs20 used as negative controls.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri4 \fi182 \expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 PCR reactions for 124 samples
of fishmeal were
\plain\expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 denoted, 23 samples (18.54%) contaminated with poult
ry
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 and ruminants residuals. Out of 124 fishmeal products
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li4 \ri5 \expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 examined 9 (7.25%), 4 (3.22%) and 1
6 (12.9%) samples
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri7 \expndtw4 \f10 \fs20 contaminated with bovine, sheep and
chicken,
\plain\expndtw-6 \f10 \fs20 respectively.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri2 \fi182 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 Some samples were mixed with
two or three bovine,
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 sheep and chicken residuals. The detail of the range
of
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 poultry and ruminants derived material in fishmeal
\plain\expndtw-3 \f10 \fs20 samples of Iran is shown in Table 2.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri4 \fi182 \expndtw3 \f10 \fs20 Fishmeal is one of the import
ant widely known
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 commercial products. It is also widely used as a food
\plain\expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 source for variety of purposes such as poultry, pigs
, cattle
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 and sheep (Cozzolino et al., 2009). The world-wide
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 supply of fishmeal is presently stable at several mil
lion
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li4 \ri7 \expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 tons a year. Detection of adulterati
on and quality of
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri4 \expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 fishmeal is important for health of
livestock, animal
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 nutrition and economic (Nagase et al., 2009). In add
ition,
\plain\expndtw3 \f10 \fs20 determination of the species of origin of the meat
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 components in fishmeal products is an important task
in
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 food hygiene, food codex, food control and veterinary
\plain\expndtw0
s
\plain\expndtw0
h
\plain\expndtw3
\plain\expndtw0
f
\plain\expndtw0
\f10 \fs20 forensic medicine (Ayaz et al., 2006). Several method

\f10 \fs20 have been developed to identify fishmeal content. Eac
\f10 \fs20 method has advantages and disadvantages. The
\f10 \fs20 conventional methodology used for the determination o
\f10 \fs20 species origin in fishmeal and meat products had been
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li4 \ri2 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 predominantly based on immunosorbent
assay (ELISA),
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri2 \expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 immunochemical and electrophorectic
analysis of protein.
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 Electrophoresis requires several hours and presents
low
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 reproducibility (Ballin et al., 2009). Additionally,
through
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 the acquisition of sequence data, DNA can potentially
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 provide more information than type of protein content
,
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 due to the degeneracy of the genetic code and the
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 presence of many non-coding regions (Partis et al.,
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 2000). DNA hybridization (Wintero et al., 1990) and
PCR
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 methods (Chikuni et al., 1994) have been used for the
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 identification of meats and fishmeal products. PCR is
a
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li4 \ri5 \expndtw3 \f10 \fs20 helpful technique for fishmeal and m
eat species
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri7 \expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 identification. The present study i
s focused on the use of
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 PCR technique for a rapid detection and identificatio
n of
\plain\expndtw-3 \f10 \fs20 meat species in fishmeal products of companies in Ir
an.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri5 \fi182 \expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 The results of this study sho
wed good evidence for
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 molecular markers linked to genetic identification of
\plain\expndtw-7 \f10 \fs20 beef's, sheep's, and chicken's meat in fishmeal prod
ucts.
\par
\column
\plain\sl-85\fs9\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-230 \li0 \ri38 \expndtw-1
\f10 \fs20 In current study from a total of 124 fishmeal samples, 23
\plain\expndtw3 \f10 \fs20 samples (18.54%) contaminated with poultry and
\plain\expndtw-3 \f10 \fs20 ruminants derived materials. The ranges of bovine, s
heep
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 and chicken meats in fishmeal samples are 7.25, 3.22
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 and 12.9%, respectively. In Iran beef and sheep meats
\plain\expndtw3 \f10 \fs20 are abundant and cheaper than other meats, and
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 indicating the possibility of adulteration of compani
es for
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li0 \ri3130 \expndtw-6 \f10 \fs20 economic reasons.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li0 \ri34 \fi182 \expndtw3 \f10 \fs20 There are many studies for m
eat and fishmeal
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 adulterations. Hsieh et al. (1995) reported that beef
or
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 lamb meat was found to be the contaminating species i
n
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 ground turkey sold in retail markets. The reasons for
\plain\expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 substituting more expensive meat such as beef and la
mb
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 with cheaper meat such as poultry include the use of
the
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 unmarketable trimmings from expensive meats and
\plain\expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 improper cleaning of the grinder between each change
of
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 meat species prior to grinding (Hsieh et al., 1995).
Meyer
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 et al. (1994) detected 0.5% pork in beef using the d
uplex
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 PCR technique. Their results revealed that PCR was t
he
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li0 \ri30 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 method of choice for identifying me
at species in muscle
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li0 \ri34 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 foods. Furthermore, Meyer et al. (1
995) detected 0.01%
\plain\expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 soy protein in processed meat products using the nes
ted\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 PCR technique. Partis et al. (2000) detected 1% pork
in
\plain\expndtw3 \f10 \fs20 beef using RFLP, whereas Hopwood et al. (1999)
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 detected 1% chicken in lamb using PCR. Bellagamba et
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 al. (2003) detected mammalian and poultry adulteratio
n
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 in fish meals and their results showed 0.125% beef,
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 0.125% sheep, 0.125% pig, 0.125% chicken and 0.5%
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 goat. The study of Aida et al. (2005) in Malaysia sh
owed
\plain\expndtw-3 \f10 \fs20 PCR-RFLP is a potentially reliable technique for det
ection
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li0 \ri34 \expndtw4 \f10 \fs20 of pig meat and fat from other anim
als for Halal
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li0 \ri38 \expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 authentication. Khatoon et al. (20
06) in Pakistan assayed
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 184 samples of fishmeal for proximate composition,
\plain\expndtw4 \f10 \fs20 pepsin digestibility, salt, acid insoluble ash and
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 chromium. The results of their study showed a variati
on
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 in nutrient composition among samples. An inverse
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 relationship was observed between fat, ash, pepsin
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 digestibility, chromium and crude protein contents of
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 fishmeal. All the samples were adulterated with sligh
tly
\plain\expndtw3 \f10 \fs20 higher levels of sand and salt than recommended
\plain\expndtw-4 \f10 \fs20 (Khatoon et al., 2006).
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li0 \ri34 \fi182 \expndtw-3 \f10 \fs20 Shally et al. used multiple
x PCR technique for detection
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li0 \ri37 \expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 of meat species via tracing of cyt
ochrome b gene (Jain et
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 al., 2007). Ong et al. (2007) used three restriction
\plain\expndtw4 \f10 \fs20 enzymes in PCR-RFLP using the mitochondrial
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 cytochrome b region to establish a differential diagn

osis
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 which detect and discriminate between three meat
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 species and they showed this technique can be applied
\par
{\shp
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108067204fb03012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a00ffd9
}}}
\plain\pard\sl-222 \li8605 \ri30 \expndtw-6 \f10 \fs20 Doosti et al.
\plain\tx10090 \tab \expndtw-14 \f10 \fs20 12765
\par
\plain\sl-211\fs21\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri5 \expndtw0
\f10 \fs20 to food authentication for the identification of different
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 species of animals in food products. Luo et al. (2008
)
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li4 \ri1 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 showed the application of a PCR for
detection of beef,
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri7 \expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 sheep, pig and chicken derived mate
rials in feedstuff and
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 indicated that high sensitivity and specificity of PC
R
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 technique with a minimum detection level of 0.1%. Sh
i et
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 al. (2009) showed the feasibility of visible and near
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) method for t
he
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 detection of fishmeal adulteration with vegetable mea
l.
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 The results of this study showed that the NIRS could
be
\plain\expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 used as a method to detect the existence and the con
tent
\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 of soybean meal in fishmeal. Nagase et al. (2009)

\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 showed authentication of flying-fish-meal content of
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 processed food using PCR-RFLP. They distinguished
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li4 \ri7 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 between flying fishes and the other
fishes by combining
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri7 \expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 amplified DNA fragments with univers
ally designed
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li4 \ri7 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 primers and digesting the PCR produc
ts with\i Afa\i0 I and
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri2118 \expndtw-4 \i \f10 \fs20 Mfe\i0 I restriction endonucl
eases.
\plain\par
0 \fs20 Conclusion
\plain\par
\sl-234\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri2 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 In Iran, fishme
al is being used as a major animal protein
\plain\expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 source and the results of current study suggested th
at full
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 screening of fishmeal samples will help to increase t
he
\plain\par
\pard\sl-225 \li4 \ri2584 \expndtw-4 \f10 \fs20 standard of animal feeds.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri4 \fi182 \expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 This study was performed at f
irst time for molecular
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 detection of adulteration in fishmeal used in Iran. T
he
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 current study confirms previous findings and showed
low
\plain\expndtw-1 \f10 \fs20 adulteration in used fishmeal in Iran. Since, the re
sults of
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 this study might be useful for prevention and control
of
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 adulterated and fraud in fishmeal products used in da
iry
\plain\expndtw1 \f10 \fs20 and poultry industry. So, molecular methods such as
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 PCR were suggested as an effective, rapid, reliable a
nd
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 sensitive technique for the detection of adulteration
in
\plain\expndtw-3 \f10 \fs20 fishmeal products used in dairy and poultry industry
.
\plain\par
0 \fs20 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
\par
\column
\plain\sl-216\fs22\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-182 \li0 \ri43 \expndtw2
\f10 \fs15 Chikuni K, Tabata T, Kosugiyama M, Monma M, Saito M (1994).
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li182 \ri35 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 Polymerase chain reaction assay f
or detection of sheep and goat
\plain\expndtw-2 \f10 \fs15 meats. Meat Sci., 37: 337-345.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-187 \li0 \ri43 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 Cozzolino D, Restaino E, La Manna A

, Fernandez E, Fassio A (2009).
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li182 \ri34 \expndtw1 \f10 \fs15 Usefulness of near infrared refl
ectance (NIR) spectroscopy and
\plain\expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 chemometrics to discriminate between fishmeal, meat m
eal and soya
\plain\par
\pard\sl-187 \li182 \ri1529 \expndtw-1 \f10 \fs15 meal samples. Cien. Inv. Agr.,
36(2): 209-214.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li0 \ri38 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 Farajollahi H, Aslaminejad AA, Nass
iry MR, Sekhavati MH, Mahdavi1
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li182 \ri34 \expndtw1 \f10 \fs15 M, Javadmanesh A (2009). Developm
ent and use of quantitative
\plain\par
\pard\sl-187 \li182 \ri35 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 competitive PCR assay for detecti
on of poultry DNA in fish meal. J.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li182 \ri2532 \expndtw-2 \f10 \fs15 Anim. Feed. Sci., 18: 733-742.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li0 \ri38 \expndtw-1 \f10 \fs15 Hopwood AJ, Fairbrother KS, Lockle
y AK, Bardsley RG (1999). An actin
\plain\par
\pard\sl-187 \li182 \ri34 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 gene-related polymerase chain rea
ction (PCR) test for identification
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li182 \ri1162 \expndtw-1 \f10 \fs15 of chicken in meat mixtures. M
eat Sci., 53: 227-231.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li0 \ri42 \expndtw2 \f10 \fs15 Hsieh YHP, Woodward BB, Ho SH (1995
). Detection of species
\plain\par
\pard\sl-187 \li182 \ri34 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 substitution in raw and cooked me
ats using immunoassays. J. Food
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li182 \ri3283 \expndtw-3 \f10 \fs15 Prot., 58: 555-559.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li0 \ri43 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 Jain S, Brahmbhait MN, Rank DN, Jos
hi CG, Solank JV (2007). Use of
\plain\par
\pard\sl-187 \li182 \ri33 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 cytochrome b gene variability in
detecting meat species by multiplex
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li182 \ri1378 \expndtw-1 \f10 \fs15 PCR assay. Indian J. Anim. Sci
., 77(9): 880-888.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li0 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 Khatoon S, NQ Hanif, Malik N (2006)
. Status of fish meal available for
\plain\par
\pard\sl-187 \li0 \ri1106 \fi182 \expndtw-1 \f10 \fs15 poultry rations in Pakist
an. Pak. Vet. J., 26(2): 97-98.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li0 \ri43 \expndtw3 \f10 \fs15 Luo J, Wang J, Bu D, Li D, Wang L,
Wei H, Zhou L (2008).
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li182 \ri35 \expndtw1 \f10 \fs15 Development and application of a
PCR approach for detection of
\plain\par
\pard\sl-187 \li182 \ri35 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 beef, sheep, pig, and chicken der
ived materials in feedstuff. Agr. Sci.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li182 \ri2873 \expndtw-2 \f10 \fs15 China, 7(10): 1260-1266.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li0 \ri39 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 Meyer R, Candrian U, Luthy J (1994)
. Detection of pork in heated meat
\plain\par
\pard\sl-187 \li182 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 products by the polymerase chain
reaction. J. AOAC Int., 77: 617\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li182 \ri4195 \expndtw-12 \f10 \fs15 622.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li0 \ri43 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 Meyer R, Hofelein C, Luthy J, Candr
ian U (1995). Polymerase chain
\plain\par
\pard\sl-187 \li182 \ri34 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 reaction-restriction fragment len
gth polymorphism analysis: A simple
\plain\par
\pard\sl-182 \li182 \ri36 \expndtw1 \f10 \fs15 method for species identification
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\par
\plain\pard\sl-225 \li4 \ri0 \expndtw-2 \f10 \fs20 The authors thank the all sta
ff of Biotechnology Research
\plain\par
\pard\sl-230 \li4 \ri0 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs20 Center of Islamic Azad University of
Shahrekord Branch
\plain\expndtw-3 \f10 \fs20 in Iran for their sincere support.
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\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone}

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\f10 \fs20 forensic medicine (Ayaz et al., 2006). Several method

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\plain\expndtw2 \f10 \fs20 of soybean meal in fishmeal. Nagase et al. (2009)

\pard\sl-187 \li0 \ri43 \expndtw0 \f10 \fs15 Cozzolino D, Restaino E, La Manna A

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