-I

-1 l x0
- 0 0

x3
= )g ( x f g f ( x ) = x 2
x
-1( f
0 0/ f ( [ ( ] ; [ {0}) ] ;
(

-2( g -2
0 0/ ( [ g ( ] ; [ {0} ) ] ;
(
-3
)g ( x )f ( x x
102
105
10100
////////////////////// ///////////////////// 0
100
10
105
102
:
x 0 ) f ( x 0 x 0 ) f ( x 0
f 0 x 0
lim f ( x ) = 0
x0
g

f 0
f 0 x 0
0 0 x Df 0 x f ( x)
lim f ( x ) = 0
x 0

* lim f ( x ) = 0 lim f ( x ) = 0
x 0 x 0
lim f ( x ) = 0 lim g ( x ) = 0 * f g 0
x 0 x 0

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* n
a n lim ax = 0 lim a x = 0
x0 x 0

x I lim u ( x ) = 0 I 0 ) f ( x ) u ( x
x 0
lim f ( x ) = 0
x0

}I = ] ; [ {0 0
}x ] ; [ {0 ) f ( x ) u ( x
0 0 x Df 0 x u( x) lim u ( x ) = 0
x0
u( x)
0 0 x Df 0 x ) = inf ( ;
) f ( x) u( x
0 0 x Df 0 x f ( x)
lim f ( x ) = 0
x0

x 1
lim = 0 ; lim x sin = 0
x 0 x + 1 x 0 x
- l x0
f x0
f ( x ) : l x x0
x x0 h 0
h = x x0 f ( x ) l 0
f ( x0 + h ) l 0

f x0
f l x x0 h f ( x0 + h ) l0
h 0
lim f ( x ) = l
x x0

* lim f ( x ) = l lim f ( x0 + h ) = l
x x0 h 0
* lim f ( x ) = l lim f ( x ) l = 0
x x0 x x0
* x0
* lim f ( x ) = l lim f ( x ) l = 0
x x0 x x0

* lim a ( x x0 ) = 0
* n
a n
x x0
2x 1
lim = 9
x 4 x 3

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x I lim u ( x ) = 0 I x0 ) f ( x ) l u ( x
x x0

lim f ( x ) = l
x x0

1
lim 2 + x 2 cos = 2
x0 x

lim f ( x ) = l lim f ( x ) = l
x x0 x x0

-2

-
f x0
f x0
) lim f ( x ) = f ( x0
x x0

(n *
a x ax ) 0 n


x 0 x

f x0 x0 f
x0

x2 1
= ) f ( x x 1
x 1 f
f (1) = 2

f1
-


P x0
) P ( x ) P ( x0 ) = ( x x0 ) Q ( x Q

Q ( x ) an x + an1 x
n n 1
+ ....... + a1 x + a0 Q ( x ) = an x + an1 x
n n 1
+ ....... + a1 x + a0

M ai } i {0;1...; n )Q ( x ) M ( x n + x n1 + ....... + x + 1
x0 1 x x0 + 1 ) = sup ( x0 1 ; x0 + 1 x
)Q ( x ) M ( n + n1 + .... + + 1
) k = M ( n + n 1 + .... + + 1 x x0 Q ( x ) k x x0

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 P ( x ) P ( x0 ) k x x0
lim k x x0 = 0 ) lim P ( x ) = P ( x0
x x0 x x0
P x0
-
3 2 2
x 4x 4x 5 3x 5 x + 2
lim ; lim lim x 2 7 x 2 ; lim 3 x 2 + 4 x 2
x5 x5 x1 x 1 x 2 x1

-
x2 1
f : x 1
x 1
x2 1
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim x + 1 = 2
x1 x1 x 1 x1

x2 1
= )g ( x x 1
1 f } {1 x 1 g
g (1) = 2

g f 1

f x0 l x0
g ( x) = f ( x) x Df
x0 f g
g ( x0 ) = l
x0

f x0
1 3x 2 + 2 x 8
f ( x ) = x sin 2 = ) f ( x
x x+2
x0 = 0 x0 = 2

-3 -
)x 1 ( x + 2
= )f ( x f
x 1
= ) D f ( C f } {1
* f [ ]1; + g g ( x ) = x + 2
lim g ( x ) = lim x + 2 = 3
x1 x1
f 3 1
lim f ( x ) = 3 lim f ( x ) = 3
x1 x 1+
x 1

* f [ ];1 h h ( x ) = x 2
lim h ( x ) = lim x 2 = 3
x1 x1
f -3 1

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 lim f ( x ) = 3 lim f ( x ) = 3
x1 x1
x1

f [ ] x0 ; x0 + 0
a f l x0 [ ] x0 ; x0 + a 0

x0 l x0 lim f ( x ) = l
x x0+

lim f ( x ) = l
x x0
x x0

lim f ( x ) = l lim+ f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = l
x x0 x x0 x x0

f x0
x3 + 2 x
= ) f ( x
x
x0 = 0

f ( x ) = x2 + 4 x + 4 x 2

f ( x ) = 2 x + 2 x x 2
2

x0 = 2


) lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 f x0
x x0+

f x0 ) lim f ( x ) = f ( x0
x x0

f x0 f x0 x0

f ( x ) = x + ax
3
x 1
-1 a f 1
f ( x ) = x + 1 x 1
-2 f x0
1
f ( x ) = x sin x x 0 f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 x 2
x0 = 0 ; x0 = 2 ;
f ( x ) = x 1 x 2
2
f ( x ) = x2 x x0

-4

][ a; b f
f [ ]a; b []a; b
a f ] [ a; b []a; b
b

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 [[ a; b ] ]a; b

] [ a; b
) ) ( b; f ( b ) ) ( a; f ( a
-II +
-1 0 +

1
= )f ( x f
x
-1 C f
-2

x 10100
9 12 100
1010 1010 1010
)f ( x
-3
0 B 0 f [ ( ]B; +[ ) ] ;

-3
0
x B B f ( x ) 0
1 1
x 0 f ( x) x
x
1
=B

0 B 0 x B f ( x )
) f ( x 0 x +
lim f ( x ) = 0
x+

f []a; +
) f ( x 0 x +
lim f ( x ) = 0 0 B 0 x B f ( x)
x+

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 1
k k
) ( k; n *
lim ; =0 lim =0
x+ xn x+ x

2
[ ]a; +
[ x ]a; + lim u ( x ) = 0 lim f ( x ) = 0 )f ( x) u ( x
x+ x+

7
lim
x + 4 x2 + 3
7 7 7 7
lim lim = 0 = 0 2
2
4 x 2 + 3 x 2
x + 4x2 + 3 x + x 2 4x + 3 x
-2 l +

f []a; +
) f ( x l x +
0 B 0 x B f ( x ) l
lim f ( x ) = l
x +

2
x 2
lim = 1
x+ x 2 + 1
-3 l

f [];a
) f ( x l x lim f ( x ) = l
x +
lim f ( x ) = l
x

- f ) lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x
x x+
- f ) lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x
x x+
-III

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 f I x0
lim f ( x ) = l f I l 0
x x0

2
f x0
x J f (x ) l lim f ( x ) = l l 0 J x0 0
x x 0

3
f g I x0
lim f ( x ) = l ' lim g ( x ) = l f g I ' l l
x x0 x x0

4
f g h I x0
lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = l f h g I lim h ( x ) = l
x x0 x x0 x x0

-IV
f g x0
f + g f f g f x0

) lim ( f g )( x ) = lim f ( x ) lim g ( x ) lim ( f + g )( x ) = lim f ( x ) + lim g ( x

x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0

) lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) lim ( f )( x ) = lim f ( x

x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0

lim = )f ( x ) lim f ( x lim f ( x ) 0

x x0 x x0 x x0

) lim f ( x
f x x0
= ) lim ( x lim g ( x ) 0
x x0 g ) lim g ( x x x0
x x 0

x0 = + x0 =
-V

* - x0 x0
* - x0 x0
x0 * - x0
f 1
x0 * - f g x0 g ( x0 ) 0
g g
x0 * - f x0 x0 f
* - f ) x f ( ax + b x0
x0 ) x f ( ax + b

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 x 3x 2 2 3x 2 5 x + 2 x2 x
lim ; lim x + 5 x 2 lim ; lim 2 -1
x 2 x2 x1 x1 x2 1 x3 x + x 6
-2
2
2 x 3x h ( x ) = 2 x x x 1
2
2 x 2 3x + 1
t ( x) = g ( x) = x 1+ x 2
2
f ( x) =
h ( x ) = x + 2 x 1 x2 x
x 2

- VI

x ; sin x x tan x
2 2
x tan x x cos x x sin x -1

lim sin x = 0 lim x = 0 x ; sin x x *
x 0 x 0 2 2
0 x sin( ax + b) 0 x sin x
x
lim cos x = lim1 2sin 2 = 1 *
x 0 x 0 2
0 x cos x
sin x
lim tan x = lim =0
x 0 x 0 cos x
0 x tan x
x0 *
lim sin x = lim sin( x0 + h)
x x0 h 0

= lim[sin x0 cosh + sinh cos x0 ]

h 0
= sin x0 cos 0 + sin 0cos x0 = sin x0
x0 x sin x

x cos x x sin x

+ k / k x tan x
2

x cos(ax + b) x sin( ax + b)
x tan( ax + b)
-2
sin x
lim
x 0 x

1 1 1
x 0 x ; sin x x tan x
tan x x sin x 2 2
sin x sin x sin x sin x
cos x 1
x tan x x sin x
sin x
lim = 1 0 sin x x lim cos x = 1
x 0 x x 0
*

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 2
x x
2sin 2 sin
lim
1 cos x
= lim 2 = lim 1 2 =1

x 0 x2 x 0 x2 2 x 2
x 0
2
tan x sin x 1
lim = lim =1 *
x 0 x x 0 x cos x

1 cos x 1 tan x sin x
lim = lim =1 lim =1
x 0 x2 2 x 0 x x 0 x

tan ax sin ax
lim =1 lim =1
x0 ax x0 ax

2
sin x sin x sin 3x sin 3 x cos 2 x
lim lim lim lim ; lim
x 1 + sin x
x 0 sin 3 x 2 x 0 4 x x 0 3 x
x 0 3x
2
cos 4 x cos 2 x cos x sin x 1 cos 2 x tan 3x
lim lim lim lim
x 0 sin 4 x + sin 2 x x 0 x x 0 sin 2 x
x
4 x
4
-VII
x0 + -1
-2
1
x 10100 1010
9
1010
12
1010
100
f ( x) =
x
f ( x) C f -1

( )

. 0 f *
lim f ( x ) = + ( A
x 0
0) ( 0) (x D f ) 0 x f ( x) A

. x0 f
lim f ( x ) = + lim f ( x0 + h ) = +
x x0 h0

. x0 f
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = +
x x0 x x0

k k +*
lim = + ; lim = + n *
; k
x 0 xn x 0 x
+ + -2

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 * f [. ]a; +
lim f ( x ) = + ( A )0 ( B 0 ) x D f x ) B f (x A
x +

lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = +
x + x +

) lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x
x x +

) f ( x ) u ( x lim u ( x ) = + lim f ( x ) = + * x , I
x x 0 x x 0
* x f ( x ) u ( x ) , I lim u ( x ) = lim f ( x ) =
x x 0 x x 0
+ x 0 x 0
( )0 [ ]x 0 ; x 0 I [ ]a; + [ ]; a [ ]x 0 ; x 0 +
-VIII
f . g
x 0 x 0 x 0 + :

-
f + g g f

+ + l 0 l
l 0 l
+ + +

+
-
f g g f

l + l 0 l
l l 0 l
+ 0
0
+ + +
+
+
:
f f
x f

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 -
f g f

g

0 + l
0 l
l 0+ l l 0

l 0 l l 0

0 0
+ +

+
l l l 0 +
l l l 0

- f
f f

+ +

-IX
-1
n
* lim x = + n
x+
n
n lim x = + -
x
- n lim x n =
x

1 *
lim n
=0 n
x x
-2
f ( x ) = an x + an1 x
n n 1
+ ....... + a1 x + a0
a a1 a0
f ( x ) = an x n 1 + n1 + ....... + +
an x an x n1 an x n
a a1 a0
lim 1 + n 1 + ....... + lim f ( x ) = lim an x n n 1
+ n
= 1
x+ x+ x+
a n x an x an x

x +

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5 2 5
lim 4 x + 3x 5 x + 1 = lim 4 x =
x+ x+

lim 3 x + 7 x x + 31 = lim 3x 7 = +
7 3
x x
-3

+ x

5 2 5
4 x + 3 x 5 x + 1 4 x 4 3
lim 2
= lim 2
= lim x =
x+ 3x x + 1 x+ 3 x x+ 3

3 x 7 + 7 x3 x + 31 3 x 7 3
lim 9 2
= lim 9
= lim 2 = 0
x x + 3x 4 x x x x
5 2 5
7 x + 3x 5 x + 1 7x 7
lim 5 4
= lim 5
=
x+ 3x x + 1 x+ 3 x 3


x2 + x 2 x +1
lim ; lim
x1 2 x 2 + x3 x1 x 2 2x 3
2
x+5 2 x x6
lim lim
x1 x +1 x2 x2
3x 2 1 1
lim lim 2 3
x1 x 2 3x + 2 x 0 + x x
x 2 + 2 + 3x
lim x2 2 x lim
x + x+ 2x 1
x+4 2 2 x2 2
lim ; lim
x 0 x2 x x1+ x 1
x+3 4 2 x
lim ; lim
x+ x x+ x +1 4

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