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Internal combustion Engines: Carburetor, Fuel injection

CI vs. SI Engines
SI engines draw fuel and air into the cylinder.
 Fuel must be injected into the cylinder at the desired time ofcombustion in CI engines.

Air intake is throttled to the SI engine no throttling in CIengines.

Compression ratios must be high enough to cause autoignitionin CI engines (CI:12 to 24), compressed to pressur

Upper compression ratio in SI engines is limited by the auto ignition temperature (SI: 8 to 12).
Flame front in SI engines smooth and controlled.

CI combustion is rapid and uncontrolled at the beginning.

The valve timing in both CI and SI are similar.

Dr. Primal Fernando

wpd@pdn.ac.lk
Ph: (081) 2393608
1 2

Comparison of SI and CI Engines

Typical Brake Thermal Efficiencies of CI and SI Engines
3 4
5 6

Four Stroke & Two stroke SI

Engines
7 8

Four Stroke & Two Stroke CI Engines

Diesel engine (CI)
The liquid fuel jet atomizes into drops and entrains air;
evaporatesfuel vapor mixes with airair temperature andpressure are above the fuels ignition point. After a short d
At full load air fuel ratio is 20: 1
9 10

Diesel fuelinjection system consists of

THE DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
1. Injection pump
2. Delivery pipes
3. Fuel injector nozzles
Injection Pump usually mechanical drive
Belts and rollers not good, use gears and chains
Note spill line from injector, pump, separator
11 12

Timingsets
Timingsets
Gearsets
Camandcrankrotateinoppositedirections
Noisyifnotfreeofburrs
Helicalandspurcutgears
Timingchains
Singleanddoubleroller
Tensioners
13 14

Fuel Injection Systems

General Characteristics
Pump runs at engine speed
Controls Quantity ANDtiming of injection
Max fuel limited by smokelimit
Timing varies with load andspeed
Timing accurate to 1o crankangle
How does timing vary with load?
Ignition delay is SHORTER (higherdensity) BUT:
Although ignition delay is shorted,still need more advance to ensure allfuel is burnt during stroke
At max load fuel variance amongcylinders should be less than 3%otherwise power limited by smokyexhaust of richest cyl.
15 16

A pump aint so simple! Valvetrains

OHV(overheadvalve)
PushrodconfigurationManyreciprocatingparts
HighervalvespringpressurerequiredCompactenginesizecomparedtoOHC
18

Valvetrains
Valvetrains
OHC(overheadcam)
Fewerreciprocatingparts
ReducedvalvespringpressurerequiredHigherRPMcapability
Cylinderheadassembliesaretaller

Cam-in-head
NopushrodsUserockerarms

Valve Locations
Combustion process: stratified charge
jet guided wall guided inlet air guided
21 22

Charge Stratification
Combustion Chamber Designs
23 24

Combustion Chamber Design

Combustion Chamber Design
25 26

Combustion Chamber Design

Combustion Chamber Design
27 28

Combustion Chamber Design

CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Cooling
1. Direct Aircooling
2. Indirect Aircooling (Liquid Cooling)
3. Low Heat Rejection (Semiadiabatic) engine.
29 30

Coolingsystemoperation
Coolingsystemoperation
Engineheatistransfered...
throughwallsofthecombustionchambers
throughthewallsofcylindersCoolantflows...
toupperradiatorhose
throughradiator
towaterpump
throughenginewaterjackets
throughthermostat
backtoradiator
Fansincreaseairflowthroughradiator
Hydraulicfanclutches
Hydraulicfansconsume6to8HP
Electricfans
Coolant(ethyleneglycol)
50/50mixtureincreasesboilingpointto227F
pressurizingsystemto15PSIincreasesto265F
Coolant(propyleneglycol)
Lessprotectionatthesametemperatures
Lesstoxic
31 32
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elayauto ignition starts.

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