! "!
# $ %
#!
&#" '"
(' ) "$
"* +,
#( " $ %!# -%
# * "* .* "
) )
* '
& -/ "

! " #$! %&'!#(#)

" )##$
 * + " )##$ "*
, -

! "!
# $ %
#!
&#" '"
(' ) "$
"* +,
#( " $ %!# -%
# * "* .* "
) )
* '
& -/ "

. ! " *" / * .
* * "* * / */ * /
0 / 0 0 * 0 !
* / " !
1
" !

0 " * 2
)##3!
4* " 0 " !

1 " "

! " # $
!% &'( !% &'(
)* (+,, #- % )* (+,, #- %

56 789 (# ()9 9333

& !: ; !
< " ==000! !

! ' %* "! )!* )* %7 % 7* "* *" 9 - "! * " "*

%" %* " %" ) "!"! %* 9* 9 * 9 - * "! '
) - "

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 4 *7 88
 >

2?? @AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!(

9 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! B

) " !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! $
45 7 "* 3
44 -:%" 9 3
48 " 3
4; * " " 3
4< = " 6

8 * !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 9#
85 7 "* 52
84 *7 "! * " * " 52
845 *" "! 55
844 * 5<
88 7 > % 5?
885 - *7 % " 5?
884 . 7 7 > % 50
888 %* 7 7 > % 44
8; "! 82
8 ; 5 82
8 ; 4 " %" * *7 % " 82
8 ; 8 ' "* *- - " 85
8 ; ; ' : 7 " " 84

C !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 88

( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 88

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 8 *7 88
5 2
5@ *" "!*7 " * " ' 55
4@ *" "! " % 54
8@ *" "! *7 %* " %" * % 54
;@ *" "! " *7 %* " % 58
<@ *" "! "!*7 %*9 % 58
?@ *" "! ) "!% % 5;
0@ *" "! *7 " % 5;
3@ *" "! * " % 5<
6@ 9* " * *7 "! * 5<
52@ - *7 % " 5?
55@ "9 - *7 % " 50
54@ 9* " * *7 "! 7 7 > % 53
58@. 7 7 > % %* 7 % " 9 " 6<A 56
5;@ " - " * *7 % " % 42
5<@. 7 7 > % % "* "! 42
5?@. 7 7 > % % <1 *9 9 45
50@# " * ! - ") % $ *7 44
53@# " * ! - ") " " 7 % $ *7 " % 48
56@# " * ! - ") " " 7 % $ *7 "!*7 %*9 % 4;
42@# " * ! - ") " " 7 % $ *7 ) "!% % 4;
45@# " * ! - ") %* * * $ *7 *7 %* " %" * 4<
44@# " * ! - ") %* * * $ *7 " *7 %* " 4<
48@# " * ! - ") %* * * $ *7 ) "!% % 4?
4;@# " * ! - ") %* " %" * 7 %"B " 7 $ *7 *7
%* " %" * % 40
4<@# " * ! - ") !*" " - * $ *7 " % 43
4?@# " * ! - ") * *9 " $ *7 " % 43
40@ " - " * *7 "! -1% *7 * *9 " 46
43@ %* * * " * ! - ") %* " %" * % 82
46@ " %" * *7 % " 85

'
- 5@. 7 7 > % 50
- 4@' % "% - % " 56
- 8@ %" 9" % " " 7 % - % " 44
- ;@' "* *- - " " 85
- <@' "* *- - " 7* " 85

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . ; *7 88
 2?? @
' 5634 * " * " * "* "** "! " " 9 "* "! " * "!
" "* *7 "! " * " ! %** "* )
7* - "! "" *7 ' * % " " * . " '
%** " * *7 7 7" :* " * " * "* * " "! *) *7
" 9 " - *7 % " " %* %" % 5602

! ' " - 9 - - * % *7 7* "* "! " "* !

* "* "* * " " *9 "! 7 " 7* % *7 * C " *
" '" * *9 -* - 7* " " " %

• ' ! " "! * % " " -

%** *7 7 7" * %* " *) %* %" % " " * * "
582 222 *7 9 ! "*" * )!%! "! "! *7
" * *7 * "* 8 5< *
• ! " " " % *7 % " %* %" "! " - 9 - 7 7 > % !
*9 % "7 > % > "* 2 80 % " 5 222 *9 "! *
5602 "* 4220
• ! < *9 9 7 7 > % )!%! " "! 9 % "
7 > % *9 "! " < > 2 5; % " 5 222 !
7 > % * " ? " *) "! "! * * " "! 7 " *7 "! " -
56021560;
• ! 7 7 > % !9 - % *9 "! "!* ! "! " *7 %" *
! *) % "
• ! :* % *7 % " " " 7 % <2A *7 % " 7* *)
- %* " %" * 7 %" B " 7 5?A %* * * 5<A 9 "! " 79
;3A *7 % " ) "* " " 7 % ! "9 ! !
%* " - " * *7 " " 7 % ! " * " % "* * "*
"!* "
• " " 7 % % " %! %" - *" " 9 %* > % !*
"
• %* " %" ! ! ! 7 7 > % "* %* * * "!
"! % " %* " %" ' % " "* *9 " %
* * :* 7 % * "! *%% % *7 %* * * 7

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . < *7 88
1 INTRODUCTION

! *7 7* "! " * " *7 > "" *7 " "* " "*

%* % * " % %* " 7 9* " 7 * *7
" * " ! 7 " "! *" %" * *7 "! 9* " %* " " *-:%" 9 "! * %
-* " %* " %" * * "* " % *7 " *7 "! * "
"

' 5634 * " * " *

" " 9 "* "!"* "**
" * "! "!
" "* *7 "! " " *
! %** "* )
7* - "! "" *7 ' *' % " " * ! *-:%" 9 *7
"! " "9 ) "* *9 -* - 7* "! % % " * *7 7 " 7* % *7
" * "! *9 * " % %" *7 "! 7 > % *- - " *7
% " "! )* !9 - * - ) "! "! " " *7 %! %* %*
" ' %** " * *7 7 7" :
* " * " * "* *
" "! *) *7 " 9 " - *7 % " " %* %" % 5602 ' "! *
- ") 422; 4220 "! ) :
* " * %* ! 9 - %* '
- ! "% " %* *)@

•
•
•
•
• ! "!
• # $ %
• #!
• &#" '"
• (' ) "$
• "* +, ∗
• #( " $ %!# -%
• # * "* .* "
• ) )
• * '
• & -/ "

* "! - *7 "% " "! " " *7 "! " "! * *

9* 9 7 * 5602 * ) 7* * " *7 "! %* "! ' " - 9 -
- * % *7 7* "* ! * 77 % %! * "* " ** %
%* "* *" " "* %%* " * "! " "! " 7 * "! " - " 9 *7
"% " %*

+ 7* 7 "* !9 - %* " " *9 "! " * * > " * %* "*

"! " "! " %* %" " " "! ' " - 9 7 7* "* -* "
" )!%! ! 9 9 * *9 "! ' "! ' * " * " " "! 7 "
7* % *7 "! " " * " * * *9 -*
- 7* " " " % 9 "! "% % "- 9 "* "! " " " * *7

∗
# " "* %*" ")* ( "! ( " +" " * "! ")*

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . ? *7 88
"! " " "% " ! ' * " 9 7* "! % " 7 > %
" " ) "!% - " *" %* - " * *7 "

! * ") - " "! 4;"! " * *7 "! ' " "* + * ' + (*
* 7 % 4226 "

! * " " * % "! ' " - " 77 " "! " !

" *7 "! %* " * 9 7 7* " * "! " % - " %" 7 *
"! " - = *7 " *7 77 " " % )! * - /*) 9 "!
)!* )* "* %* - 77 " " !* - % 7 - 7* ) %* % *

. "
! ' " "* + * ' + 7* 9 " "* )!%! * " - )
%* ) "! "! "* 9 * )* ) " - & *7 "! " - %* %"
7* "* * % " - " *" * " " 7* "* * "! 7 "* *7
% " 77 " * 9 * )* ) " - 7 * "! 9 " - * )*
! "* - * %* %" " 7* "* %* * % " 7 "*

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 0 *7 88
2 EGIG DATABASE

2.1 Definition
! ' " - %* " 7* "* * % " . " % " "
*7 " " * "! " - 7 * 5602

2.2 Objective
! *-:%" 9 *7 "! ' " - "* %* %" " " * " "* * *7
% " * "* * " * "! 7 " 7* % *7 "! * " *
"* *9 -* - 7* " " " %

2.3 Criteria
! > %" 7* % " "* - %* "! ' " - "! 7* *) @

- ! % " " "* " "*

- ! " 7 7 "! 7* *) %* "* @

* - *7 "
* - * !*
* !9 * " ! ! "! 5< -
* - *% " * " "! 7 % *7 "! " "*

*" "! " ! * " "! " * " - "! "!

"* 7 %" % "" **

' % " * * %" * * 9* 9 > " * %* * " 9 9 %* *

*" %* "! ' " -

2.4 Contents
! ' " - %* " 7* "* -* " :
* * " *
" ) %7 % 7* "* -* " "! % "

" 7* "* 9 * "!% " * %%* "*@

- "
- .
- D *7 %* " %" *
- *7 %* "
- "!*7 %*9
- *7 "
- ( "!%

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 3 *7 88
 %7 % 7* "* -* " % " %* @

- ! %! %" " % *7 "! * )!%! "! % " ! "!

7* "* " -*9
- ! $@
. !* B % % @"! " *7 "! !* "! * > "* 4 %
/* @"! " *7 "! !* "! 4 % "! * > "* "!
" *7 "!
# " @"! " *7 "! !* "! "! "
- ! " % *7 "! % "
" " 7 %
* * *
* " %" * 7 %"B " 7
/*" " - *
* *9 "
"! *)
- ! *%% % * * 1*%% % *7 "*
- ! %* > %
- ' 7* " * * "! ) "! % "! - " %" %* " %"* *) " *
- 7 " " 7* " 7* "*

"* 7* "* * 9 7* "! 9 % @

- " " 7 %@
! %" 9" ! 9 % "! % " * )*
! > " 9* 9 "! % " %!* - *$ % 9 "* * !
! " *" %" 9 % 9
- * * * @
! *% " * " "
! %* * * " 9 % "" " %* * * % % E F
- * " %" * 7 %"B " 7 @
! " *7 7 %" %* " %" * * "
! 7 %" " ! *" "* " 7 )
! " " !" 7 - 7 %"* -
- * *9 "@
! " *7 * *9 " - * * 7 ** 9
- "! *) @
! -1% * " *7 % " * %! * !" " %

2.5 Limits
! ' " -
*9 9 ) *7 "! 9 9 7 " 9 *7 * " *
" 7* '"
" * * "! 9 " - " * *7 % " "
" ) "!% -" * *" *77 "! * - " *7
%* "* ' *"! )* ) "! "! ' " - " * - "* *) "! % "
7 > % *7 ;41 %! * "* *) "! % " 7 > % *7 ) "! ) "!%
*7 5< -" " *" * - "* " %" "! % " 7 > % *7 "! ;41 %! ) "!
) "!% *7 5<

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 6 *7 88
3 ANALYSES AND RESULTS

3.1 Definitions
! *-:%" 9 *7 " " " % "* " " "! 7* "* "* ) %* % * 7 * "!
* "! * "* 7 * )!%!"! "

! " " "% -* " "! 7 " 9 *7 "! " * " -

* % "* %! 7 7 > % "* *- - "

! 7 7 > % % % " - 9 "! - *7 % " - "! * ! '

* " " ")* *7 7 7 > % "! "! %* ! 7 "* "!
*" * *7 "*" " * %" 9 ! *" * 7 - *)

- * "!
"!*7 " * " * %*9 "! " -
* " 1 G H @ %* "! " - !
%* " " "! *7 " * *9 < *7 5 222 '" * "! <
" 5 222 * < 222

- ! "*" " * "! * 7 -*9 % % " 7* "! %* "

"

- ! " " * "! * % % " "

" % * "!*7 %*9 %

' * "* * " 7 " 7* % *9 % " <1 *9 9 ! -

" * % ! <1 *9 9 "! " "! % % "* !9 - 7* *9 "!
< 9* 7* "! - %*

)* " " " % " * "! * " %* 7 % " 9 @

- %* 7% " 9 9 " " *7 9 )!%! "* %

*)* "* " "! " " - %% " 7 * 9 " *7
" ' * % "! *) * "* " "! *9 7
7 > % * 7 % " 9 % % " * "! " "! %* 7 % 9 6<A
' *"! )* %* 7 % " 9 " 6<A "! " "! 6<A *- - " "! " "!
9 *" "! " " * *7 "! 7 7 > % "! " 9
- "! *% *7 *) * !*) "! 77 %" *7 % * '
* ! - % * " * "* " "! %" *7 "!
*7 "! * "! 7 7 > % ! ) - %* "!
7 7 > % *7 77 " %" * ' "% "! 77 %" *7 *
%* * * % * " 9 "! * "

3.2 Trends of the European gas transmission system

' 7* "* " * "! " *7 "! * " * " *" * !*) "!
9* " * *7 "! * -" * " ! 9 %" *7 *
" * " 7 * 5602 "* "! "

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 52 *7 88
3.2.1 Total length
! "*" "!*7 * " * " ' %* " " % '
4220 "! "*" "! ) 546 056 " 544 5?3 422; ! 9* " * *7 "! "*"
"!*7 "! " !*) 5 * 9 %" * " "%
4 "* 3

140,000

120,000

100,000
Length [km]

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year [-]

5 9 *
5 !*) "! % "! *7 " * " ' )!%! !
7% " " %! "! 560< 5665 5663 4228 4220 ! %! %* *
"* ) - :
* "! ' ' 7 %" "! ' *) %*9 * "! <2A *7 "
" * *

4 * " " "! " "! <152 %! 55150 %!% " "! * " %* *
/*) 9 "! " "* * ) "! " "! 50 %!

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 55 *7 88
 Unknown 5" - 10" 17" - 23" 29" - 35" 41" - 47"
5" 11" - 17" 23" - 29" 35" - 41" 47"
140,000

120,000

100,000
Length [km]

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year [-]

5 )

8 !*) "! " * ) - " "! * 56?;15608 "! *"! %* " %" *
* % * 7% " * % - *- 9 )!%! "! " "! "
* "*
" % - "! 560; I 5638 "! 5665 )!%! * " % -
"! " * %" * *7 ) ' -

Unknown 1954 - 1963 1974 - 1983 1994 - 2003

Before 1954 1964 - 1973 1984 - 1993 After 2004
60,000

40,000
Length [km]

20,000
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

Year [-]

5 8 *

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 54 *7 88
 ;!*) "! " %* " -" * "! *) "! * " %* *
%* " ) "! % 7 % 7* "! "" * 422; * *7 "! " ) "!
*) %* " " % - *- 9 ! * 7* "! "! " * "* *9
"! " %* " "* ) " %! * *
Unknown Bitumen Epoxy
Coal tar Polyethylene Other

140,000

120,000

100,000
Length [km]

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year [-]

5 C *
< !*) "! " * !9 "!*7 %*9 "! 32 % "! " * "
*7 "! ) !9 "! *7 %*9 " "! 32 % ! " % "! " * "
%* "! *7 %*9 * " " *7 7 % " " " 7 % !
% - 7 * "! % *7 "! "!) "! "!*7 %*9 "! 5 "

Unknown 80 - 100 cm Under water

< 80 cm > 100 cm
140,000

120,000

100,000
Length [km]

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

Year [-]

5 ( .

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 58 *7 88
 ? !*) "! " "! * " %* * ) "!% < "* 52 ! *
!*) * " % ) "! * * "* " - " * *7 "! ) "!% %
% " 7* "! J < %

Unknown 5 - 10 mm 15 - 20 mm 25 - 30 mm
5 mm 10 - 15 mm 20 - 25 mm > 30 mm
140,000

120,000

100,000
Length [km]

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year [-]

5 B 0 4

0 * " " "! " "! *7 " * " K<4

K?2 * "! "! " * " ?<A *7 "! "*" ! " % "* ! !
*7 "

Unknown Grade B X46 X56 X65 X80

Grade A X42 X52 X60 X70 Other
140,000

120,000

100,000
Length [km]

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

Year [-]

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 5; *7 88
 3% !*) * % *7 ! ! ) "! " "*
" ?? - -*9

Unknown 16 - 25 bar 36 - 45 bar 56 - 65 bar > 75 bar

< 16 bar 26 - 35 bar 46 - 55 bar 66 - 75 bar
140,000

120,000

100,000
Length [km]

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year [-]

5 $ 6

3.2.2 Exposure
6 !*) "! % *7 "! "*" " * * " 1 G H
* "! * 560214220 "! "*" " * ) 8 5< * ! %
"* "! 1"*1 % - " "! %* " %" * *7 ) "! '
" % " * *7 )* "*

3,500,000

3,000,000

2,500,000
Exposure [km.yr]

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

Year [-]

5 3 . 6

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 5< *7 88
3.3 Failure frequencies analyses
! % % " * *7 7 " % "* "! %* 7 7 > % 7 "*
"! *" * @"! "*" " * "! " " * "! - *7 % "

3.3.1 Number of incidents

' "! ?"! ' * " )!%!%*9 "! * 56021422; "*" *7 5 548 % " )
%* ' "! " "! ;6 % " ) * " - "! ' - )!%!-
"! "*" - *7 % " "* 5 504 7* "! * 560214220 52 !*) "! - *7
% " 55 "! % "9 - *7 % "
"!* ! * * %* - %* ' - " "! " "! - *7
% " % "!* !"! " "! %

60

50
Number of incidents [-]

40

30

20

10
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year [-]

5 9# "

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 5? *7 88
 1,200

1,000
Number of incidents [-]

800

600

400

200
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year [-]

5 99 . "

3.3.2 Primary failure frequencies

! 7 7 > % "! " *7 "! - *7 % " 55 ) "! *
9 - "! %* * "*" " * 6 * "! * "
"! - *7 % " 9 * * "! "*" " *

' ! %* "! 7 7 > % *7 77 " * "! "*" *

560214220 "! * %* * "* "! ?"! ' * " 56021422; "! * *7 "! "<
422814220 "! 7

! 7 7 > % *7 "! * 9 - 5
* 6 *
" D&E
D4 !* E 1 *D9### 4 !* E
560214220 5 504 8 5< 52 2 80
56021422; 5 548 4 00 52? 2 ;2
422814220 33 2 ?4 52 2 5;
4220 5; 2 58 52 2 55

" 9 * 1
*- 9" * "! " "! 7 7 > % 2 80 *9 "! " * 560214220
!" *) "! "! 7 7 > % *7 2 ;2 * " "! * *7 56021422; ?"! '
* "

! 7 7 > % *9 "! " 79 2 5; 7* 422814220 * "! *7 "!

7 7 > % *9 "! " * !*) "! *9 7 " 7* % *9
% " * "! 7 7 > % *9 "! " 2 55 7* 4220 !" *)
"! "! 7 7 > % *7 2 5; % % " *9 "! "< 422814220

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 50 *7 88
 54 58 !*) "! 9* " * *7 "! 7 7 > % *9 "! "
* 7* "! "79 ) "! %* 7 % " 9 " 6<A

54
" "! " "
%" * *7 "! *9 9 7 7 > % "! <
9 *9 7 7 > % ! 7 7 > % *9 "! " *
% 7 *
2 30 % " 5 222 5602 "* 2 80 % " 5 222 4220
! < *9 9 7 7 > % % - 7 %"* *7 ? 2 3? 7* "!
* 56021560; "* 2 5; 7* "! * 4228 1 4220

Primary failure frequency: average

Primary failure frequency: 5 year moving average
1
0.9
Frequency per 1000 km.yr

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year [-]

5 9) . * 1

58 !*) "! %* 7 % " 9 7* "! 7 7 > %

%* 7 % " 9 " % " " "* %%* " ( "! " "! " "! * "!
"! %* 7 % " 9 1 "! "! " "! % " " % 7 "! > " " *7
7* "* % * % % " %* 7 % " 9 "! * "* "* ! 9
*) " -"* ! "* "! " "! " - " * *7 "! 7 7 > % 7* *)
.* * L )

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 53 *7 88
 Primary failure frequency: average
Primary failure frequency: 5 year moving average
1.4

1.2
Frequency per 1000 km.yr

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year [-]

5 98 * 1 . 3(F

' 4220 "! 7 7 > % *9 "! " * ) 2 80 % " 5 222

) "! 6<A %* 7 % " 9 *7 M 2 24 ! 7 7 > % *9 "! " 79
4220 ) 2 5; % " 5 222 ) "! 6<A %* 7 % " 9 *7 M 2 28

*7 % "% 9 !" "* )!%! % 77* " !* - 7*% ' % "

!9 - %" * "* 77 "% " - 4

9
. % " G
AH
" " 7 % ;6 ?
* " %" * 7 %" B& " 7 5? <
* * * 5< ;
* *9 " 08
/*"1" - * ;?
"! *) ?0

" ) "*

" " 7 % " "! :

* % *7 % " *

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 56 *7 88
 60

50

40
Percentage %

30

20

10

0
External Corrosion Constr. Hot tap Ground Other /
interf. defect / made by movem. Unknown
Mat. error
Failure
Cause

5 9C "

5< !*) "! 7 7 > % % 7* "! " *

External interference Hot tap made by error

Corrosion Ground movement
Construction defect / Material failure Other and unknown
0.6
Frequency per 1000 km.yr

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

Year [-]

5 9( * 1 , * -

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 42 *7 88
 5? !*) "! 7 7 > % % 7* "! < *9 9
7* %!

External interference Hot tap made by error

Moving average primary failure frequency (5 year)

Corrosion Ground movement

Construction defect / Material failure Other and unknown
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year [-]

5 9B * 1 ,(&* . . -

5< 5? " " "! % 7 7

> % *9 "! ! ! -
"* " %! * * % 9 * " %! ) %" * %* "* * "* 1
%" * *9 *% 7* 9 "* " %" *

7 "! % *7 " " 7 % %* % " *% " 7 7 > %

*9 "! * 560214220 % "* 2 53 % " 5 222 )! "! <1 *9
9 ! 9 *77 " * 2 52 % " 5 222 % 5660 ' % "
" " 7 % * % *) " " 7 % "!
% *7 % " ) "!;3A *7 % " *9 "! "<

"! *9 " "! 9 "* *7 " " 7 % %* - *-" "! * ! *

" " 7* % " *7 "! % " * *7 * 1% " 7* "!
%" 9" *7 " " 7 )* %" % 7* " * B %" * % ) "!
*) %* " %"* "* ) *7 "! "! " *7 " " 7 %

' ! "! "* ! - ") "! % "! $ 50 " "

"! - ") "! % "! " *7 % " " *7 $ *7

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 45 *7 88
 Unknown Pinhole/crack Hole Rupture

Frequency per 1000 km .yr 0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
External Corrosion Constr. Hot tap Ground Other /
interf. defect / made by movem. Unknown
Mat. error
Failure
Cause

5 9 " 0 G 4

50 !*) " " 7 % * *9 " "! % * " "* %

"

' - 8 *9 9 ) 9 *7 "! :
* %" 9" % % " )!%! "*
" " 7 % % "

%" 9" . % " G

AH
83
* )* 6
. - %)* 6
% " 6
)* 3

" 8 . 6 "*

3.3.3 Secondary failure frequencies

! %* 7 7 > % % % " - 9 "! - *7 % " - "
" * . " " * 7* "! * " "* *
" % * * *7 %* " %" * %

! % % " * *7 %* 7 7 > % " "* * " " "! 7 % *7

N " L " "! *7 %*9 "% * "! % %* > % *7
"! % "

! " % * "* " 1 %" * " * "% ) *

7 % "! 7 7 > % ! " -* " "! " *" %* %" "! " -
"! "! 7 % % *" - " " "! * "

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 44 *7 88
 * "! % "! %* 7 7 > % !9 - % % " %%* "* "!
7* *) " @
- " " 7 " % @ "!
*7 "! "! "! *7 %*9 "! )
"!%
- * * * @"! *7 %* " %" * "! " *7 %* " "! ) "!%
- * " %" * 7 %"B " 7 @ "! *7 %* " %" *
- /*" " - * @"! " *7 "!
- * *9 "@"! " *7 "!
- "! *) @ %

* * *9 " *"! * *) % *"! * 9 " %* "*

* "

3.3.3.1 Relationship between external interference, size of leak and design parameter
53 "* 42 !*) "! " * ! - ") "! %* > % *7 "! % " % -
" " 7 % "! " *7 "! "! "!*7 %*9 "! ) "!%
"!* !"! ! " " " " - *" % "! " "! "
%* " "!* ! * > " " " 9 %* "* - ") " !9 - "

Unknown Pinhole/crack Hole Rupture

0.6

0.5
Frequency per 1000 km.yr

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
5 5-10 11-17 17-23 23-29 29-35 35-41 41-47 47
Diameter class [inches]

5 9$ " 0 6 / G 4

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 48 *7 88
 Unknown Pinhole/crack Hole Rupture
Frequency per 1000 km.yr 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
< 80 80-100 > 100
Cover class [cm]

5 93 " 0 6 / G 4
.

Unknown Pinhole/crack Hole Rupture

0.6

0.5
Frequency per 1000 km.yr

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 > 30
Nominal wall thickness [mm]

5 )# " 0 6 / G 4 0
4
* "! 7 * %* % * % - ) ! 7 " %* % * "! "
" * 9 - "* " " 7 % "! "
! % - - "! 7 %" "! " " % - * !**
* )* "! ! %* * "! " "! " % *7" *)
"* "! ) "!%

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 4; *7 88
 42 %* - ) "! ? %* 7 "! " "! ) "!% % *7 21< <152
"! * " %* * '" % *- "! " "! * *7 "! <152 ) "!%
% "! "! * *7 "! 21< % 9 "! "! 7 7 > % *7 "! 21<
% %! ! ! "! "! " *7 "! <152 % )!%! * " " "! " )
"!% 77 %" 9 *" %" 9 " " " 7 %

3.3.3.2 Relationship between corrosion, size of leak and design parameter

45 !*) "! "* ! - ") "! $ *7 "! % " % - %* * * "!
*7 %* " %" * *7 "! "! " *7 %* " "! ) "!%

Unknown Pinhole/crack Hole Rupture

0.25
Frequency per 1000 km.yr

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
Before 1954- 1964- 1974- 1984- 1994- After
1954 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2004
Year of construction

5 )9 " 0 / G 4 *

Unknown Pinhole/crack Hole Rupture

0.12

0.1
Frequency per 1000 km.yr

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
Coal tar Bitumen Polyethylene Epoxy Other
Type of coating

5 )) " 0 / G 4 *

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 4< *7 88
 Unknown Pinhole/crack Hole Rupture
0.12

0.1
Frequency per 1000 km.yr

0.08

0.05

0.02

0
5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 > 30
Nominal wall thickness [mm]

5 )8 " 0 / G 4 0 4
* * * ! - "7 "! "! * " %* * % *7 % " 5<A " *7
45 "* 48 !*) "! " %* * * *7" " $ !* % % )! 9
7 ) !* ) *- 9 * * " *%% * )!%! ) %* " %"
- 7* 56<; ! " ) % - " %* * * *7 7* "! " * " "*
*7 %* *9

45 " " "! - ") "! *7 %* " %" * *7 "! "! 7

7 > % )! 44 !*) "! " * - ") "! " *7 %* " "! 7
7 > % * "! 7 " % - %* % "! " "! * ) "!
-" %* " %* " !9 ! ! 7 7 > % *9 "! )!* * %*9 - "!
" - ! 77 %" *7 %*9 !8 ;

* * * ! * * *7 " * " * *7 "! * * * " % " *7

"! ) "!% - " "! "! "! %* * ) "! ** "! 7
48 " " ! 7 * " *7 "! %! * > % * * * *
"!% " * - 7* % % " "! 7* ! * %! % "* -
" %" - 7* 7 . *" %" 9 " - *) "* *9 %* "!
*- *7 %* * * %! % "!* % *" %" * %* " ' %" * -
%* * * "* - " %" " "

! %" * *7 %* * * ! 9 - %* - ' @ " %* * * " %* * *

%* * * ) "! *) % + "* 4220 "! " 35A 5<A ;A
%" 9 *7 % " "* %* * *

?3A *7 "! % *7 " %* * * "* "" 9 %%* * * *) %

" %" 9 54A 5<A *7 "! " %* * * % " )! " %* * *
% % ) * - 7* * <A

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 4? *7 88
3.3.3.3 Relationship between construction defect/material failure, size of leak and
year of construction class

4; !*) "! " "! * !9 ! ! 7 7 > % "* %* " %" *

7 %"B " 7 %! * * % *9 " "!* !" "* ! 9 " %
%* " %" * 7 %"B " 7

Unknown Pinhole/crack Hole Rupture

0.2
Frequency per 1000 km.yr

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
Before 1954- 1964- 1974- 1984- 1994- After
1954 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2004
Year of construction

5 )C " 0 = / G
4 *

3.3.3.4 Relationship between hot tap made by error, size of leak and diameter class
! " E
!*" " - * F "! " %* %" * ! - - * "* ! !
" * )!%! ! - %* %" "7 *"!
4< " "! 7 7 > % )!%! !*) "! " "! *7 * % *" * "*
$ *7 !* -" * "* $ *7 !* % ) "! 9
"

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 40 *7 88
 Unknown Pinhole/crack Hole Rupture
0.05

0.04
Frequency per 1000 km.yr

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
5 5-10 11-17 17-23 23-29 29-35 35-41 41-47 47
Diameter class [inches]

5 )( " 0 "* / G 4

3.3.3.5 Ground movement

* *9 " * - 7* 0A *7 "! "*" % " "! " -
4? !*) "! " * ! - ") * *9 " $ *7 " %
* *9 " % " % "! $ * !*) "! " "
* 9 - 7* * *9 " "! " * *9 " "
% " "* "! %7 % *" %! % %* "* *

Unknown Pinhole/crack Hole Rupture

0.05

0.04
Frequency per 1000 km.yr

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
5 5-10 11-17 17-23 23-29 29-35 35-41 41-47 47
Diameter class [inches]

5 )B " 0 . / G 4

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 43 *7 88
 "! 7* "* %* -* " "! % " %" * " * - "* * " * " *
* " " " %* "! -1% *7 E * &*9 "F
!" 77 " -1% *7 * *9 " !9 - "7 !*) 40

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Unknown Dike break Erosion Flood Landslide Mining River Other

5 ) " "& . !

3.3.3.6 Other and unknown causes

! % 7* "! % " * E "! *) F !"
! -1% !" " * " 4<A *7 "! % " ) "! "! % " *

( "! "! * 560214220 42 % " "* !" !9 - %* "! '

" - )!%! " 7 7 > % "* !" > "* 2 22?; % " 5 222

" *7 42 % " % - !" 56 ) !* % % * 5

" !* !" ! * % *7 "* 9
%" * 8 ; 8

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 46 *7 88
3.4 Other analyses

3.4.1 Ageing analysis

' ! 9 " " "! " * ! - ") "! *7 "! "! 7
7> % "* " )! "! * 7 "* %* * * * *7" "! *
% " %* " %" ! 7 % *7 "! *7 "! * "! 7 7 > %
! - " "! " 43

Before 1964 1964-1973 1974-1983 1984-1993 1994-2003 After 2003

0.06

0.05
frequency per 1000 km.yr

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50
age class [year]

5 )$ * , - " 0
*
&

! "

%* " %" ! ! ! 7 7 > % "* %* * * "!

"! % " %* " %" ' % " "* *9 " %
* * :* 7 % * "! *%% % *7 %* * * 7

3.4.2 Detection of incidents

46 !*) "! " -"* *7 "! " *7 " %" * &* " % " " %" - "! -%
) "! * " 83A *7 % " " %"

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 82 *7 88
 Unknown Pinhole/crack Hole Rupture
45
40
Percentage of incidents [% ]

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Unkn Client Staff Contr. Distri Land On Patrol River Public Other
own comp. own. line police
insp.
Type of detection

5 )3

3.4.3 Ignition probability

* " " *" 9 " )!%! * " "! %* > % *7 "! % "
' "! * 560214220 * ; ;A *7 "! %* % " "! ' " -
"
' "* * "! " % *7 * "* * % ! ' " - 9 "!
* * " " "* 9 " "! - ") "* $ - ; " "! "*
*- - " "

$ *7 ' "* *- - " G

AH
. !* 1% % ;
/* 4
# " 58

" C "" 4 *

- < !*) "! " % *7 " 7 * " *

"* " "! 7 * " = " *
* "* - ! !

$ *7 # " ' "* *- - " G

AH
# " OP 5? %! 52
# " Q 5? %! 88

" ( ""

' %7 % ** " "! "* *- - " *7 % - !" " *7 42

"! * 560214220 % - !" 55 " )!%!- "! "*
*- - " *7 "* !" "* <<A

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 85 *7 88
3.4.4 Injuries and fatalities

' 9 * " " "% 7* "* -* " 7 7 > % % *7 % " * *7

"! " % " 7* " " % : 9 7 " " ' "! ' " -
"! 5504 % " *7 )!%!55 % "! : * 7 " "

" " 7 % "! % *7 "! :* " *7 % " ! * " " "! * " % *7
"! 9 % *7 "! " )* ** > " %* " "!
%* "* 9* " "! " 7 %" * *% " * *7

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 84 *7 88
4 CONCLUSIONS

• ' ! " "! * % " " -

*
%* *7 7 7" * %* " *) %* %" % " " * * "
582 222 *7 9 ! "*" * )!%! "! "! *7
" * *7 * "* 8 5< *
• ! " " " % *7 % " %* %" "! " - 9 - 7 7 > % !
*9 % "7 > % > "* 2 80 % " 5 222 *9 "! *
5602 "* 4220
• ! < *9 9 7 7 > % )!%! " "! 9 % "
7 > % *9 "! " < > 2 5; % " 5 222 !
7 > % * " ? " *) "! "! * * " "! 7 " *7 "! " -
56021560;
• ! 7 7 > % !9 - % *9 "! "!* ! "! " *7 %" *
! *) % "
• ! :* % *7 % " " " 7 % <2A *7 % " 7* *)
- %* " %" * 7 %" B " 7 5?A %* * * 5<A 9 "! " 79
;3A *7 % " ) "* " " 7 % ! "9 ! !
%* " - " * *7 " " 7 % ! " * " % "* * "*
"!* "
• " " 7 % % " %! %" - *" " 9 %* > % !*
"
• %* " %" ! ! ! 7 7 > % "* %* * * / "!
"! % " %* " %" ' % " "* *9 " %
* * :* 7 % * "! *%% % *7 %* * * 7

5 REFERENCE

?"! # * " *7 "! * . % " " * 56021422; % - 422<

0"! ' 1 * " ' 23 # 2224

560214220 . 88 *7 88