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‫آﺯﻣﻮن ﻫﺎی ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ و ﺗﺎﻟﯿﻔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍه ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯ ﯾﻮﺳﻒ ﺯﺍده ﺑﺮی‬

‫ﻫﺎدی ﺟﻬﺎﻧﺸﺎﻫﯽ‬

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(1203) & - (1201) &, ' - (1106) &' ( ) * ( +

1. Symptoms of the illness include a high temperature and a(n) ………

dry cough.
1) effective 2) persistent 3) respected 4) considerate

2. You can protect the floor with ………sheets of newspaper if you

want to paint the walls.
1) mediating 2) restricting 3) overlapping 4) approaching

3. Modern examples of this type of weaving for Persian carpets in the

region show little ……… from traditional patterns.
1) deviation 2) relevance 3) application 4) permanence

4. The road ……… the highway a mile from here – you can’t miss the
signs for it.
1) intersects 2) interferes 3) intervenes 4) intercepts

5. The love and support of his family ……… him during his time in
prison and made him feel less desperate there.
1) resolved 2) sustained 3) assumed 4) determined

6. Anita had a(n) ……… arrangement with her brother – each would
take care of the other’s children if the need arose.
1) adjacent 2) coherent 3) analogous 4) reciprocal

7. Despite some doubts by the experts, the ……… of this painting to

Rembrandt had never been questioned.
1) attribution 2) simulation 3) association 4) specification

8. You had better not ……… the car unlocked in this area – not even for
a minute.
1) left 2) leave 3) to leave 4) leaving
9. He is studying mathematics so as ……… for higher salary.
1) to qualify 2) qualifying 3) qualification 4) he qualifies

10. No sooner had he drunk the coffee ……… he began to feel drowsy.
1) that 2) when 3) than 4) which

2 3 1 1 2 4 1 2 1 3
 14

«2 » -1
. ,- ./ 0 ( 1 2+ 3 4 5 & 67
Effective Successful < :9 : ; (1
Persistent Chronic )( :, - (2
Respected Honorable =4 > :) >? (3
Considerate Thoughtful @ >? : A"7 (4

«3» -2
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.( & I ) ; A0 ?
Mediate Intervene J4 ; K ( :J4 ; B (1
Restrict Confine J4 ; 4( ? :J4 ; L? (2
Overlap Lap ,>0 B M 6C ( :J & N (3
Approach Move toward J & 4- :J (4

«1» -3
C UV ' ; (T( <+) Q ? : RS , 4 CP 0 4 0 O , ' J C
. C4 J . >
Deviation Divergence T( <+ : ( W; :Q ? (1
Relevance Connection U>! ( :@ X+ :Y (2
Application Implementation 3 :=4 <> :Z (3
Permanence Stability ) (4 :T X9 : N (4

«1» -4
J$ { C C * +} 6]7 ! , &\ ; [SM = B- : * 4 =4 3
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Interfere Disturb J & 6" - :J4 ; V /4 (2
Intervene Intercede J4 ; 4 N :J4 ; */ (3
Intercept Stop J & 5] " :,>0 B !; *3 (4
15 85/12/9-

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Assume Presume ,>& U :,>& N :J4 ; c 0 (3
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«4» -6
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!" .4 ; C /
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«1» -7
X & R , g X! { f } :J & ; Y + {4 3 } C 4 + ( & ' / 4 3(
.4 = . >0 B M Z 4 -B C
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Association Relationship U> N :@ X+ (3
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«2 » -8
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. =4 T d 5k0 n1 d
 16

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to qualify be eligible J & Y & 3 ( :J4 ; N U>! &

so as ' k 5k0 >! so as to do something @ = M 3+ : %

. to be V "

«3» -10
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.4 4 4( U>!/ b !" : & P= M $ p?

,>0 B ) k ( … No sooner … than … @ = M: %

. C4 q U 4 ; ' k *d 07 n X R+ ; ;

' =4 <> T d 4 No sooner … than … @ = M 3+ : %

.4 & =4 ($ 5 0 ' 5XM ( ; 5k0) 5k0 >! :- * 3 > 4 No sooner

No sooner had he drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy.

OR

He had no sooner drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy.

 ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫این صفحات طبق صحبت با ناشر محترم‪،‬‬
‫حذف گردیده و تنها در نسخه چاپی قابل‬
‫مشاهده است‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
163 90/11/27 -
(1273) - ! - (1148) 3 - (1260) ) : ! ) 50 -d T !
(1293) HSE - (1119) ^nE ) 06 - (1276) IT ! - (1253) 9 !
(1351) !& E - (1288) 3 - (1255 >1286) +b ! - (1279) €8 C !
(1327 >1326 >1325 > 1323>1324 >1322 >1314) ( ) B6 ! - (1310) C @ H 1 , !
(1422) 0K T - (1361) :‚) b - (1359) C IC)•b - (1350) WR ) !& N
>1202 >1146 >1140 >1139 >1138 >1137 >1127 >1125 >1123 >1110 >1109 >1103 ) C 0& 6 )
>1290 >1289 >1287 >1285 >1266 >1262 >1256 >1218 >1217 >1216 >1215 >1209 >1205
(1501 >1419>1420 >1418 >1416 >1409>1411>1414 >1403 >1361 >1356 >1353>1320>1292

1. Ancient alchemists believed that it was possible to ……… lead into

gold.
1) mingle 2) direct 3) transfer 4) transmute
2. Dan always beats me at chess because he develops such an ………
game plan that I can never predict his next move.
1) eventual 2) ambiguous 3) elaborate 4) objective
3. His election as President represented the ……… of his career.
1) summit 2) motivation 3) triangle 4) periphery
4. She found the job frustrating, and felt she wasn’t ……… anything
there.
1) flourishing 2) accomplishing 3) evolving 4) satisfying
5. Britain’s ……… over its colonies was threatened once nationalist
sentiment began to spread around the world.
1) hegemony 2) preference 3) compromise 4) independence
6. He ……… all of his success to his mother’s undying encouragement.
1) interprets 2) converts 3) attributes 4) results
7. You can ……… the flavor of most dishes with the careful use of
herbs.
1) initiate 2) impress 3) precede 4) enhance
8. The pirate Blackbeard had a reputation for being a harsh ………
man.
1) reliable 2) ruthless 3) perpetual 4) prevalent
9. Being a direct relative of the deceased, her claim to the estate was
……… .
1) prominent 2) profound 3) legitimate 4) reckless
10. There are more than thirty species of rattlesnakes, varying in length
from 20 inches to six feet and also varying in ……… of venom.
1) domination 2) detection 3) conquest 4) toxicity

4 3 1 2 1 3 4 2 3 4
 164

«4» -1
. & nE Q ; <, 6 0& - - W0 . 0 F . @ 6
The Top 250 Most Difficult SAT Words
Mingle Mix, Blend . & m 6 , >'0M $ (1
Direct Guide, Manage .- 6 C >.- 6 C (2
Transfer Move .- 6 3 >.- - ` W0 (3
Transmute Alter, Change .- - C o, >.- 6 ; <, (4

«3» -2
6 -( (: u b) -0 ( z E. [) ( C- & e R& - B C .-
.5 6 Ib ) K 6 5 , N@ C '
Eventual Ultimate * >' 2$ > ! (1
Ambiguous Equivocal +!b)- >5!< (2
Elaborate Complicated H iN3 >: u b > - 0 (3
Objective Impartial kj > 9F >4 E (4

«1» -3
!" # $ .- I 6 : )- x) RW ( 6 ! 3? . K ) Q M0
Summit Peak, Top + 3 - > +h >x) (1
Motivation Drive, Ambition s G >:N A (2
Triangle Three-sided polygon a+w >r @ (3
Periphery Margin, Edge f G >-) >. b (4

«2 » -4
. $ - N[ƒC 6- 6Z )> 8 : 6 0 2 6)
Flourish Grow .- 6 & (1
Accomplish Achieve, Fulfill .- . b W8 >.- )$ (2
Evolve Develop '08 ; , >.- - r 0 @ (3
Satisfy Gratify, Convince .- 6 - B2 >.- 6 _ (4
 165 90/11/27 -

«1» -5
>- 6 - - B0 ^) & @ + H 6 A C I, K0 0 f+ ,
1000 Most Vocabulary SAT . 8@ h !, -
Hegemony Dominance, Leadership 6 >p 9, >f+ , (1
Preference Priority, Liking 1 >* W, > , (2
Compromise Agreement, Give & Take . 0 : > G1 F >r( (3
Independence Self-sufficiency ( >`nW0 (4

«3» -6
. C- < r - (. b ) i- C• B, I C W8 ,)
1000 Most Vocabulary SAT
Interpret Explain .- 6 C 9& 3 , >.- 6 9, (1
Convert Turn, Change . - @ >.- 6 ; <, (2
Attribute Ascribe ( ) .- - < (3
Result End in .- - 0 >. & e0 (4

«4» -7
. C- I N8 . C @ ( • h- :- 90 Cs 2 0B 5KE , &
Initiate Commence, Begin .- ! - >.- 6 ( j$ (1
Impress Influence Strongly .- - h OP, G, (2
Precede Come before '0& - 1) > .- * W (3
Enhance Intensify, Increase .- 6 - ( >.- g (4

«2 » -8
. & - H !& >- 51 „ ) 'B2 - ;1 -< + - -(-
Reliable Dependable •O >- 0 ; h (1
Ruthless Merciless 5 >51 „ (2
Perpetual Everlasting, Continuous -) 3 > > i - (3
Prevalent Widespread * >d & (4
 166

«3» -9
.- ( h) ^) B { 8… 0 } C -- - I - >- * -N )B 2) . [
1001 Vocabulary Vocabulary for TOEFL IBT
Prominent Conspicuous, Well-known 0 3 >5! (1
Profound Deep 4 ‚ >• (2
Legitimate Lawful, Legal h >^) B (3
Reckless Careless, Headless | n >) b (4

«4» -10
{ | (} ' u C ) H 8 6 , e 20( ` E | ( 6 >- - - 3) A ( @ 30 ( I
. - ^ , C( .- †
Domination Mastery, Government @ [ > R+ (1
Detection Discovery ( &$ >L MB, >DB6 (2
Conquest Defeat, Seizure S08 > <+j (3
Toxicity Quality of being Poisonous .- † (4
 ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫این صفحات طبق صحبت با ناشر محترم‪،‬‬
‫حذف گردیده و تنها در نسخه چاپی قابل‬
‫مشاهده است‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
 ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫این صفحات طبق صحبت با ناشر محترم‪،‬‬
‫حذف گردیده و تنها در نسخه چاپی قابل‬
‫مشاهده است‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
 181 91/11/18 -
(1203) $ - (1267) ! -(1134 ) - (1142)
(1201) $, & - (1207) + - -(1106) $& ' ( ) ' *

1- If you are convicted of hit-and-run driving, your driving privilege

will be……… .
1) interceded 2) revoked 3) manipulated 4) violated
2- Surfing the internet can ……… you with information: that’s why a
web browser comes in handy.
1) pursue 2) elude 3) accost 4) inundate
3- The owner was so ……… he refused to purchase new curtains when
the old ones fell off the window.
1) parsimonious 2) compensatory 3) emphatic 4) discretionary
4- In times of severe ………, companies are often forced to make
massive job cuts in order to survive.
1) integrity 2) stability 3) recession 4) diversification
5- Singh told reporters that he had not seen such human suffering in
any previous natural ……… .
1) habitat 2) recourse 3) perfidy 4) calamity
6- Like many members of the animal kingdom, people will readily lend
a hand to immediate family and relatives. But humans alone extend
……… beyond kin, frequently helping perfect strangers for no
obvious personal gain.
1) patriotism 2) altruism 3) heroism 4) protectionism
7- Repairs would ……… the closure of the bridge for six months.
1) exert 2) endure 3) entail 4) extrapolate
8- Dental caries, the culprit behind the creation of cavities, is the most
……… infectious disease in humans, affecting 97 percent of people
at some point in their lifetime.
1) prevalent 2) haphazard 3) coincident 4) unanimous
9- The exact mechanism by which exercise ……… strength remains
unclear, but its basic principles are understood.
1) penetrates 2) augments 3) propagates 4) inserts
10- I guarantee that you will both have ……… opportunity to express
your opinions during the debate.
1) ample 2) equivocal 3) equable 4) ambivalent

2 4 1 3 4 2 3 1 2 1
 182

. «2 » -1
. $ 8 0 9: $ - 8 -7 $ /0 $ 12 34 & 5 ' 6. 1* . $ -
Vocabulary-English in Context ! " !#
Intercede Mediate <. = . > 7<. = ?15 ' ? (1
Revoke Cancel <. = 6@ 7<. = 9: (2
Manipulate Operate <. = = . 7( = &) <. . < 5 (3
Violate Contravene < $ 7<. = &' * ' A)B* (4
. «4» -2
$ = -' = ? :. , 8 7 = D EF G H $ * / . @- ' C-
GRE Vocabulary Builder Interactive Flashcard Book " !# . + 8 0
Pursue Follow <. = - > 7<. = I J . (1
Elude Evade ,/5 K LF 7<. = 5 (2
Accost Speak, Approach < $ .M 7( !* ) <. = J34 (3
Inundate Flood, Overwhelm <. = N J$ 7<. = G 9/ (4
. «1» -3
K. /5 K >& 8 P T8 8K. > < 0 S ' { =} . O 0 P :
SAT Vocabulary Builder Interactive Flashcard Book " !# .. J 7 .
Parsimonious Mean, Stingy O 0 (1
Compensatory Intended to recompense JU (2
Emphatic Firm, Insistent = 7 =* (3
Discretionary Optional, Voluntary /0 7 B/ (4
. «3» -4
K. / - 8?9$ V8 = J ,/5 D W)H 8 = $ 7 . 1/P $. = < & .
*+ ," ! + GRE & '( ) ( % $ " !# . $ (' ? X*)
Integrity Honesty / .7 / (1
Stability Firmness (' * 7 2 7 > (2
Recession Economic decline . 1/P < 3 7. = (3
Diversification Process of becoming varied < $ < - - (4
 183 91/11/18 -

. «4» -5
.. K 7. J [ /$@- X JF XU 5 8 . = , Z , ' = L- < T J0 Y
Habitat Natural environment X JF ?3 7( & (1
Recourse Option, Possibility 8 7K Z (2
Perfidy Treachery ' '. 7 5' 7 0 (3
Calamity Disaster - \ 7 /B 7 J 1 (4

. «2 » -6
. .M < ' C 0 ' K. 0 ? I = 8< 7D . ] & 8
W)H ' 8. X *'_ ( P & * 5 / '. N 8< ^ 5 4 .. 8 0& .
. = = 1BC 1B$ . ` 8 <' { $+ ^E = . 5 } 8 H
Patriotism Nationalism / > ,! (1
Altruism Unselfishness / '. -. 7 & :. 7 / '. N (2
Heroism Bravery $7 )!> (3
Protectionism )0 . D : * & a/ (4

. «3» -7
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Exert Apply, Try hard <. = cE* 7,/ = (1
Endure Undergo <. '+ d * 7,/5 ( M Z) & (2
Entail Involve <. (M)/ 7<. ? $ (3
Extrapolate Guess K + <. = V >e 2 ' & (4
. «1» -8
{ =} 8< . L , *f $ 7 8 -. 0 ( = . )4 WJ 7< . - >
{. = . 0 E/J } . 8. P ij* 3* < $ - & h 2 & ]X . (. & 4 . 97
Prevalent Widespread f $ 7I' / (1
Haphazard by chance P L* 7 <' 7 5. 1* (2
Coincident Concurrent eJb 7< &a8 7< 2/ (3
Unanimous Unified 3/ 7I 2: eL/ (4
 184

. «2 » -9
I4 P kBC 8. V M5 D P 7D * <+ _ * = 2 P. a
. $ l . <+
Penetrate Pierce <. = 0 ' m L (1
Augment Increase <. = G 3: 7<.'M5 7<. . V M5 (2
Propagate Breed, Spread <. = VB> 7<. . C/ 7<.& )P (3
Insert Put <. . P 7,/$ @- (4

. «1» -10
8 0 Kn F . <* 2 < 5= 45 $ '. 8 = a8. , ]* ,
. $.
Ample Enough, Plentiful K. / - 7o 5 7 5 = (1
Equivocal Ambiguous )!> '. 7a!J (2
Equable Calm . 0 7,= 7( + (3
Ambivalent Uncertain qM . 7,p b 7( )X (4
 ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫این صفحات طبق صحبت با ناشر محترم‪،‬‬
‫حذف گردیده و تنها در نسخه چاپی قابل‬
‫مشاهده است‬
‫‪.‬‬
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209

1. The ……… president differs from the past president on healthcare

reform issues.
1) talkative 2) accomplished 3) artificial 4) incumbent
2. The ……… data supports the belief that there has been an increase
in population in the county.
1) nominal 2) demographic 3) practical 4) nocturnal
3. The ……… collected from real estate taxes helped to balance the
town budget.
1) domain 2) remainder 3) revenue 4) assessment
4. We were tired when we reached the ………, but the spectacular view
of the valley below was worth the hike.
1) circumference 2) summit 3) fulcrum 4) nadir
5. The suit had a(n) ……… odor, as if it had been stored in a trunk for a
long time.
1) aged 2) scented 3) musty 4) decrepit
6. The teacher put the crayons on the bottom shelf to make them ………
to the young children.
1) accessible 2) receptive 3) eloquent 4) ambiguous
7. My computer was state-of-the-art when I bought it three years ago,
but now it is ……….
1) current 2) dedicated 3) unnecessary 4) outmoded
8. Visiting all the tea shops in the city, they were on a ……… to find the
perfect cup of tea.
1) surge 2) quest 3) discovery 4) cadence
9. Their conversation was considered playful ……… between two old
friends.
1) antics 2) banter 3) behavior 4) activities
10. He tried to ……… the sinking morale of his friend in the hospital.
1) sustain 2) foster 3) bolster 4) nourish

4 2 3 2 3 1 4 2 2 3
 210

«4» -1
Incumbent Present, Current

«2 » -2
Demographic pertaining to demography

«3» -3
Revenue Income, Taking

«2 » -4
Summit Top, Peak

«3» -5
Musty Stale, Fusty # $ % !" & !"

«1» -6
Accessible Reachable '

«4» -7
Outmoded Old-fashioned '( &(

«2 » -8
Quest Search, Hunt ) *+, - % . % /0.

«2 » -9
Banter Joke, Jest ) 1* 2% 34

«3» -10
Bolster Strengthen, Reinforce ) /5 6

talkative 9( : remainder + 78
circumference ) ( +8 += aged +8 % ;<
scented 2% $ decrepit > % +8 ?+=
playful -@ %4 antic / $+ 2
 ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫این صفحات طبق صحبت با ناشر محترم‪،‬‬
‫حذف گردیده و تنها در نسخه چاپی قابل‬
‫مشاهده است‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
229

1. A good company pension scheme remains a ……… weapon for

attracting staff.
1) durable 2) empirical 3) potent 4) hazardous

2. The government imposed a tax on fuels which ……… to global

warming.
1) constituted 2) attributed 3) contributed 4) recruited

3. Despite our best ………, we couldn't start the car.

1) incorporates 2) perceptions 3) endeavors 4) discernments

4. This meeting will be the first ……… between the party leaders since
the election.
1) beg 2) inherit 3) intend 4) encounter

5. Aid workers were said to have been filled with ……… by the
appalling conditions that the refugees were living in.
1) relinquish 2) dismay 3) distinguish 4) distinct

6. The war, and the ……… fall in trade, have had a devastating effect
on the country.
1) cooperative 2) corresponding 3) corrosive 4) coordinated

7. We are greatly excited by the ……… of training these dentists to

provide for local health needs.
1) prospect 2) sanction 3) ruin 4) precision

8. It's very difficult to ……… yourself into a society whose culture is so

different from your own.
1) exert 2) discern 3) demonstrate 4) integrate

9. This product is ……… in size and with little existing infrastructure.

1) immense 2) mandatory 3) utterly 4) conveniently

10. We are only interested in the parts of the proposals that ……… to
local issues.
1) abstain 2) pertain 3) assert 4) monopolize

3 3 3 4 2 2 1 4 1 2
 230

«3» -1
Potent Powerful, Strong, Cogent V 6' %+
«3» -2
Contribute Donate, Give, Provide ) ( B( ) +K; ) !
«3» -3
Endeavor Attempt, Effort ^ % YA
«4» -4
Encounter Chance Meeting, Confrontation N.( 5% 5%
«2 » -5
Dismay Fear, Shock, Concern 08( < )
«2 » -6
Corresponding Parallel, Similar J+ k B &( > D d '
«1» -7
Prospect Possibilities, Vision, View + ( % T' ( ) %
«4» -8
Integrate Combine, Merge, Unite ) G5 ) , "G5
«1» -9
Immense Huge, Vast, Gigantic G+8 - g L+TV + %
«2 » -10
Pertain Concern, Belong to ) '0 (% ) \ ) )( @

pension @'0K & S 6: hazardous Jv $ $2 8 G05

recruit ) ]( ;' ( refugee B 8 .N
sanction L5 = / F 5 . appalling 'K:%
devastate ) H( 2 ) )( 5% perception B1
ruin ]( N ( ( 5% ( 2 exert ) ) YA
infrastructure /2 5& 5 8 5& monopolize J' 1 M= ( & +' (
) $. ! " #$ % &' 2000
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3 > ?: F 3 @1 15 ) &' % ) N' $ @P > FO . ?
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. F F *= > ?F " Z@ ) X@Y@ ) * JH ) J1 , 9 1
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: $F T $ E P [@ * < > ?T UJ &'
The 1000 Most Common SAT Words Essential Words for the TOEFL
504 Absolutely Essential words Vocabulary for TOEFL IBT
1001 Vocabulary and Spelling Questions …

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Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Eng The Oxford English Dictionary
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary MacMillan English Dictionary
Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary …
) #$ @ ) > 1 , " .9 ) U F @ $T $ ?: ; J1 N.$ ?: ; % . <
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 233

A
abandon leave, give up, renounce
We had to abandon the car and walk the rest of the way. 3
Her natural mother had abandoned her at an early age.

abase degrade, humiliate, belittle

I watched my colleagues abasing themselves before the board of trustees. 1
. ‫د‬ ‫ره ت ﯾ‬ ‫ه ﯾ را در‬ ‫ه ران را دﯾ م در‬

abate become less strong, subside ! "

The rain poured down ( ‫ ) " ! ت رﯾ‬for a while, then abated.
1
The fighting in the area shows no sign of abating.

abhor detest, hate (morally wrong) (& # %# # $%&'

I abhor all forms of racism. 0

I abhor discrimination (# $% ) of any kind.

abide comply, obey, bear, stay ' * +,

He expected everybody to abide by the rules. 1
If there is one thing I cannot abide it is a lack of discipline.

abnormal not normal,unusual, uncommon - + . / 0' . 1

abolish end an activity, scrap, revoke 23 &' 1 &'

I think bullfighting should be abolished. 1

Slavery was abolished in the US in the 19th century (‫)' ن‬.

abound be plentiful, be full of 2 " # " 5# # 4

The forests abound with deer (‫)* زن‬, birds and squirrels (‫ ب‬,-.). 1
Theories abound about how the Earth began.

abridge shorten, trim, crop 6 78 9 7' :

The cassettes have been abridged from the original stories. 1
The publisher thought the dictionary was too long and abridged it.

abroad in or to a foreign country ; <= > : ?4

The books about Harry Potter are popular now, both at home and abroad. 0
There's a rumour abroad that she intends to leave the company.
 234

abrogate repeal, abolish, revoke, cancel # '< @A *, #

Both governments voted to abrogate the treaty. 0
… a proposal to abrogate temporarily the right to strike …

abrupt sudden, unexpected, hasty ?B 4 2 C

The bus came to an abrupt halt (/' ).
0
Our conversation came to an abrupt end when David burst into the room.

absence non-attendance, lack " D D. 1

absorb suck up, use up, engross E. #*8 F $
In cold climates, houses need to have walls that will absorb heat. 1
She was totally absorbed in her book.

abstain refrain, avoid, not vote ?& ' - > G&'

Benjamin abstained from wine. 1
Six countries voted for the change, five voted against, and two abstained.

absurd unreasonable, illogical, stupid 5 H * A 2# ID+ J

What an absurd thing to say! 0
So you think I’m a spy? How absurd!

abundant plentiful, copious " " ' 5# 0

abuse misuse, mistreat, insult K& : (4 4 # L# #
He is abusing her authority by getting others to do things for her. 0
Many children suffer racial (0‫اد‬1 ) abuse at school.

abusive insulting, rude, offensive 2 $ C % 'M #< #

He became abusive and his wife was injured in the struggle. 0

accelerate speed up, hasten, quicken %" & ?B

I accelerated to overtake (‫وردن‬3 *‫و‬ 45 *) the bus. 2
Inflation started to accelerate.

accentuate emphasize ,focus attention on 5 $# O '

The photograph seemed to accentuate his large nose. 0
He likes to wear clothes that accentuate his muscular build.

acceptable satisfactory, adequate / DO *# O 7# B P 2

 235

access entrance, admission < Q' :< $ - 24 4

We were denied access to our grandson ( ).
3
We're trying to improve access for disabled visitors.

accession acquisition, succession 2 7 R 8$ / 9H 24 4

... the accession of Spain and Portugal into the European Community…
1926 was the year of Emperor Hirohito's accession to the throne. 1
.‫ د‬4 ‫ ن ا = ا ر ه وه‬.‫ د! ه ر‬: -; " ‫ ل‬. ١٩٢٦

accessory auxiliary, extra, add-on 2L K< A S 8' !T P

Sunglasses ( 453 >- ?) are much more than a fashion accessory. 1

acclaim praise, cheer, public approval 58C8 UB ;

He was acclaimed as a great painter. 1
The booklet ("@ 4 ) has been widely acclaimed by teachers.

acclimate adapt, adjust R W' > B $ VB 5#

Dogs take a while to acclimate to a new home. 0

Daniel is still acclimating himself to his new company.

accolade praise and approval X %# " Y 97' 5 B 2;B 4

She received a Grammy Award, the highest accolade in the music business 1
Her approval was the highest accolade he could have received.

accompany go along with, join, occur with '<! 0B ;' 2

Would you like me to accompany you to your room? 2
The disease is accompanied by sneezing (";A?) and fever (B ).

accomplish fulfill, perform, execute, finish # B 5# "' # "B 4

The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes. 1
The planes accomplished their mission.

accord give, grant, pact, agreement " ' 5' U" Z+

You will not be accorded any special treatment.
On 31 May the two leaders signed a peace accord. 1
The project is completely in accord with ( C5‫ )در ا‬government policy.

accost speak to, approach ^B % ( B C #) D [

He was accosted by a thief, demanding his money or his life. 1
I'm usually accosted by beggars (‫ )و د و * ا‬and drunks as I walk to the station.
 236

account for be responsible, constitute ?P #/ _ ' # 74

They must account for the delay. 2
Excise duties (D 4; E ‫ت‬ ) account for over half the price of Scotch.

accumulate gather, collect, amass > ( '< / , ) ? $

We've accumulated so much rubbish (‫ ت‬: ‫ ت و‬F) over the years.
A thick layer of dust had accumulated in the room. 3
… the accumulation (G , ) of paperwork on her desk …

accurate exact, precise, correct, right 4 ` [ UO

We hope to become more accurate in predicting earthquakes. 2
The cutter is accurate to within ½ a millimeter.

accuse charge with, blame for !C ' KL '

"It wasn't my fault." "Don't worry, I'm not accusing you." 4
The professor stands accused of stealing his student's ideas.

achieve attain, reach, accomplish b "B 4 1

acknowledge admit, accept, concede UB 9 B
You must acknowledge the truth of her argument. 0
The government acknowledged that the tax was unfair.

acquaint make familiar, make known : M >4 & M

You need to acquaint yourself with the house style. 1
I need to acquaint myself with the new regulations.

acquire purchase, obtain, gain > b B>

I was wearing a newly/recently acquired jacket. 2
She has acquired an email address and a site on the Worldwide Web.

acquisition act of acquiring, purchase B> 4 / 9H c;

The acquisition of data has helped our research enormously. 1
The Art Society is holding an exhibition of recent acquisitions.

acquit declare innocent, carry out K Q 2# > 5# 5T D

The jury acquitted him of murder. 1
I thought that he acquitted himself admirably in today's meeting.

acrimony bitterness, anger !;> Q 278

The acrimony of the dispute has shocked a lot of people. 1

 237

acute severe, critical, sharp, astute R H % 2 H B

The housing shortage is more acute than first thought. 0
Young children have a particularly acute sense of smell.

ad hoc not planned Y > 2" - # : ; -%B 5' #

The discussions were on an ad hoc basis.( H 0I‫" رﯾ‬ J : ‫از‬ K- )
1
… An ad hoc committee … (.L.‫ا‬ ! ‫ د‬,‫ ر اﯾ‬M- >‫ ﯾ‬N 5 0‫ا‬ " ‫ ص‬F 0‫"ا‬4 )

adapt adjust, acclimatize, adjustment E DZ <4 U"

We had to adapt our plans to fit Jack's timetable. 1
The store's slow adaption to shoppers' changing tastes spelled its doom.

addict become dependent on 5" > 0'

My nephew ( ‫ اه زاد‬F ‫ ) ادرزاد ﯾ‬is a complete video game addict. 0
… a drug/heroin addict…

adequate sufficient, satisfactory, up to 2" B( H : && 2P

I didn't have adequate time to prepare. 3

This office is perfectly adequate for my needs.

adherence support, devotion, coherence - &DB 2 &D d D ; : >

He was noted for his strict adherence to the rules.
He was a strong adherent of monetarism. 1
( -‫ﯾ‬ D, J‫ ه‬G5‫ ا‬0‫ د‬S4'‫ ا‬L. . ‫ ﯾ‬D;‫ رﯾ‬4 :P Q )

adjacent near, next, adjoining $ ! 2LB % 2A H

They lived in a house adjacent to the railway. 6

adjust adapt, tune, modify, alter @ ! f& U"

If the chair is too high you can adjust it to suit you.
It took a few seconds for her eyes to adjust to the darkness. 4
It just needs a few minor adjustments (0‫ ز* ر‬. ‫ ق و‬%A ‫)ا‬.

admiration respect, approval, esteem 2( ،K H

Her house was the admiration of everyone. 1
My admiration for that woman grows daily.

admission accept, admittance, entrance 5B 5&B% B :< $ g B

Her silence was taken as an admission of guilt/defeat.
Her condition required frequent hospital admissions. 1
How much do they charge for admission?
 ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫این صفحات طبق صحبت با ناشر محترم‪،‬‬
‫حذف گردیده و تنها در نسخه چاپی قابل‬
‫مشاهده است‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
 336

J
jagged rough and with sharp points
The broken bottle's jagged edge gashed (‫ ) ﯾ ن‬their fingers. 0
… the jagged rocks of St. Savior’s Point …

jail prison, imprison, lock up

The financier was released from jail last week. 1
Watson was jailed for tax evasion (‫ت‬ ‫) ار از دا‬.

jargon specialized language, slang !"#$ %&'

… medical jargon that the layman ( ‫ ) دم د‬cannot understand … 0
Keep it simple and avoid the use of jargon.

jealous (of) envious, suspicious, protective ( $ ) * + ,- ' * .

He had always been very jealous of his brother's good looks. 0

He was talking to Nina to make me jealous.

jeopardize threaten, endanger, imperil - /! 0 1' 23! /! $

She knew that by failing her exams she could jeopardize her whole future. 0
His health has been jeopardized by poor nutrition ( ‫) ﯾ‬.

jolly cheerful, happy, cheery 4 56 ! 4 7 6 0

judgement verdict, assessment, acumen 89 + : 3 7 ;+ <-
It's too soon to make a judgment about what the outcome will be. 1
Don't rush to judgment without examining the evidence.

judicious wise, sensible, prudent $ ? 35' + $ @- A =>

Judicious planning now can prevent problems later. 1
We should make judicious use of the resources available to us.

jumper sweater, pullover 2 37F EB ; C D 7

… a red woolly jumper … 1

juncture point (in time), phase, period = G 1 H> : 5 + ! '

It is difficult to say at this juncture whether this upturn can be sustained. 1
Negotiations between the countries reached a critical juncture.
337

justice fairness, validity, judge ;+ <- =5# I % =G A

Everything will be done to bring those responsible to justice. 1
The role of the courts is to dispense justice fairly to everyone.

justify give reasons for, explain J&7 B $K

I can't really justify taking another day off work. 1
The situation was grave ( ، ) enough to justify further investigation.

juvenile young, childish, teenage K K

She criticized his juvenile behavior at the party. 0
… a juvenile sense of humor …

K
keen eager, sharp, acute, anxious L . M 3C' ) + >
I have keen ( ) eyesight.
With her keen mind and good business sense, she soon became noticed. 0
They were very keen (‫" ق‬# ) to start work as soon as possible.

keg barrel, cash, vat ! $9C 0

kin relatives, family + C> ! J3. +

We'll have to notify the next of kin (%‫( ' ر & دﯾ‬ ) of his death.
1
If other kin live nearby they also will be visited.

knee joint in the middle of the leg 0

knit make clothes, unite, unify, join &37 !) K 3 23

My grandmother taught me how to knit. 1

The broken bone should begin to knit (together) in a few days.

L
lack (of) absence, shortage, be without 236 8 N 3 O A

The case was dismissed for lack of evidence. 6

Alex's real problem is that he lacks confidence.
 338

laconic brief, concise, taciturn, terse * K' I 8

His laconic reply suggested a lack of interest in the topic. 1
“She left,” said Pascoe laconically.

launch set in motion, start, commence Q+ 6 23! 0

lapse failure, gap, expire, decline 6 < ' "- $E# ) SG R
… a lapse (*+& ‫د و‬-. /) of concentration …
He turned up again after a lapse ( 01 ) of two years. 0
Your booking (2 0 ‫ )رزرو‬will automatically lapse unless you confirm it.

lasting enduring, abiding, durable C 4? > B O+

… a lasting, happy marriage … 1
The reforms will bring lasting benefits.

latent dormant, hidden $3TU U B ,> V

The virus remains latent in the body for many years. 1
We're trying to bring out the latent artistic talents.

laugh chuckle, joke &. &G !

Many people only laughed at these stories. 0
I couldn't stop laughing when I saw what he was wearing.

lead guide, cause, induce 6 W' => +:

I think we've chosen the right person to lead the expedition (3 ‫ ا ا‬4 ‫ ه‬، 67). 0
He said differences over foreign policy had led him to resign (‫ دادن‬68"7‫)ا‬.

leading chief, main, major + C B 2> 8U' E# 1

lecturer speaker, college teacher > &7 L '
… a senior lecturer in surgery at Leeds University … 2
They lectured their children about the importance of honesty.

ledger (account) book, record book (: . ) 2 1' 3

… the total balance of the purchases ledger … 1
The first entries in his sales ledger are expected next year.

legacy bequest, inheritance, effect $ CB [ ' ' [

My grandmother died and unexpectedly left me a small legacy. 1
The Greeks have a rich legacy of literature.
339

legal lawful, legitimate, judicial A + A 6 \? - -

The amount of alcohol in his blood exceeded the legal limit. 1
a legal obligation/requirement

legend myth, saga, celebrity ' > $ + UC' $ . $7 0

legitimate legal, rightful, lawful, valid ] + =7 Q+ C' + -
The army must give power back to the legitimate government. 1
Most scientists believe it is legitimate to use animals in medical research.

lend borrow, loan, add to $ ^ O+ 0-

If you need a coat I can lend you one/lend one to you. 1
The smile lent his face a certain boyish charm.

lessen reduce, decrease, diminish 4+ 23 > _ 68

The years have lessened the gap in age between us. 0
Exercise lessens the risk of heart disease.

liability responsibility, debts, burden = E - O 3G > U1

Tenants have legal liability for any damage they cause. 0
The business has liabilities of £2 million.

limber lithe, nimble, flexible O + 6 6 8! = E - "/1 '

I have to practice to keep myself limber. 0

linger wait, stay, remain ' 23 > + 4? 0

linguistic semantic, of language > 1' 7 6 $ $3. +
… a child's linguistic development … 1
I'm particularly interested in the linguistic development of young children.

literal word-for-word, verbatim `TG =5 E# 1' $ E $ $ E

The literal meaning of 'television' is 'seeing from a distance’.
A trade war is not a war in the literal sense. 1
They were responsible for literally ( 0/ 389‫ وا‬:8 ) millions of deaths.

literature writings, publications ;> C ; 1

loom emerge, appear, impend H> + I C' 6 > B
Suddenly a mountain loomed up in front of them.
0
An economic crisis ( ‫"; د‬9‫ ) < ان ا‬is looming on the horizon.( 7‫ع ا‬-9- ‫ ﯾ>ا‬9)
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‫‪.‬‬
‫این صفحات طبق صحبت با ناشر محترم‪،‬‬
‫حذف گردیده و تنها در نسخه چاپی قابل‬
‫مشاهده است‬
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vortex whirlwind, whirlpool * j *

I was sucked into (ِ‫ ف‬Y ‫ ن‬Q E #/) a vortex of despair. 0
We were caught in a vortex of water.

vulnerable in danger, in peril, exposed to ...~0 1' /! 0 1' >gB , 7F

He was very vulnerable after his divorce. 2
The fort ( 809 ،‫ )دژ‬was vulnerable to attack from the north.

W
wail howl, bawl, cry $G > 6 0
wage payment, salary M $ G]
We were struggling to get better wages. 1
He earns a good wage, because he works for a fair employer.

wanton deliberate, malicious _ 7 + + 6 (: A) z 3.* 0

warden superintendent, caretaker > 7 UJ i =7 B 7 0
warily cautiously, vigilantly 3 :+ $ 6 $ ? 35'
They walk warily down the street, terrified of being caught. 1
He approached it warily, stopping often to look about him and listen.

wasp a thin black & yellow insect 0

weary tired, exhausted, tire, bore $3.! ' a. $3.!
She was weary from years of housework. 1
As the day wore on (‫ ن‬Q ~7), we wearied of the journey.

weave create, knit, interlace 8 23 23! 7

He weaves colorful, cinematic plots (‫" ن‬7‫)دا‬. 0
This type of wool is woven into fabric which will make jackets.

weird very strange, uncanny '' 1G M ! ,> V + , WA

They sell all sorts of weird and wonderful (=very strange) products. 0
My little brother acts weird sometimes.

welfare support, well-being, comfort _> 7F ; 17 $ ! : U9

Most of the people in this neighborhood are on welfare (=need to help). 5
Our only concern is the children's welfare.
415

well-disposed friendly toward a person or idea ; `+ > A >gB j ! L .

I did not feel particularly well-disposed towards him. 1
The company is well disposed to the idea of partnership.

wharf quay, pier *JG

Tied the rowboat (3‫روﯾ‬ ‫ ﯾ‬9) up at the wharf. 0

wheat a cereal plant O *

Wheat is a staple (301‫ )ا‬crop for millions of people across the world. 1

whirl rotate, circle, wheel > * !f

He whirled the sword ( # Q) around his head. 0
He stepped out into the night and the whirling snow (‫ران‬- ،3&‫دورا‬ /B ‫) ف‬.

wholesale selling of goods in large scale A 6+ A

Is that price retail (3Q‫ و‬E‫ ) د‬or wholesale? 0
This company will not be successful until there are wholesale changes.

widespread general, universal, common 4 6 UK 3.* 4+ 3' ƒ>

There are reports of widespread flooding in northern France. 6
There was widespread support for the war.

wisdom sagacity, knowledge, sense J ) w!

p
She has gained a lot of wisdom over the years. 1
You can always expect a few words of wisdom from Dave.

withdraw remove, retire, disclaim T+ C ,A 7

His rival withdrew from the race on the second lap (E‫)دور‬. 1
The newspaper has agreed to withdraw its allegations ( ‫)اد‬.

withhold hold back, refuse to give + o> $ > <'

Ian was accused of withholding vital information from the police. 1
She withheld her rent until the landlord agreed to have the repairs done.

within inside, in less than, inwardly + ; ' + a!

We could hear sounds coming from within his apartment. 2
We should have the test results back within 24 hour.
 416

withstand resist, endure, stand up to ' B +F j ='+ '

This fabric ( @‫ ) ر‬can withstand steam and high temperatures. 2

Constantinople withstood the eastern invaders (G H ).

witness see, attest to, testimony, proof ' 6 * ; U6

Several residents claim to have witnessed the attack. 1

… the memorial service was witness to the wide circle of his interests …

witty humorous, amusing, funny $> \ ? z 6 * $Gg 0

wobble rock, teeter, tremble 3.7 > G ! 9 (G

The pile of bricks ( ~/ ، E‫د‬- ) wobbled and fell. 0

Tom stopped, wobbling from the weight of his load.

woo tempt, persuade, entice . ‰' V 23T>

Supermarkets are trying to woo customers by cutting prices.
The party (‫ ب‬B) has been trying to woo the voters with promises of 0
electoral reform.

worthwhile valuable, useful, beneficial 6 )

We decided to give the money to a worthwhile cause (=one that helps people). 0
Extra lighting would make a worthwhile contribution to road safety.

wound injury, cut, injure, hurt, harm 6 O+ %' + m+ W' = K 8!

The new crisis ((N# ‫ ) < ان و‬has opened old wounds.

1
The police chief was badly wounded in the explosion.

wrap swathe, package, dress warmly 6 B+ {B M -

She wrapped (‫ دن‬/ : "' ) the present and tied it with ribbon (‫)رو ن‬.
1
She wrapped the baby in a blanket (E :& Q- @‫ و ر‬-" ).

wrath extreme anger, rage 8C! > 6 ,<V

The people feared the wrath of God. 0

wrest wrench, snatch, grab, bend +F ( f $ •-

They are fighting to wrest control of the party from the old leaders. 0
He wrested the letter from my grasp ( # ،?:@).
417

wretch poor creature, villain ;v + ;s =.B { =&

Can the poor wretch’s corpse tell us anything? 0
He was a lonely, miserable ( U ) wretch.

Y
yield(1) produce, bear, profit, gain + 7 $W 3 G
Such investments ( ‫ ار‬L ‫ ﯾ‬7) yield direct cash returns. 0
Shareholders ( ‫ م داره‬H7) are expecting a higher yield this year.

yield(2) surrender, submit, give in to ? a ' I@! 23 >gB 68 E.

He yielded to the demands of his partners.
Finally she yielded to temptation (‫ا‬-c‫ ا‬، 7-7‫ )و‬and helped herself to a 0
large slice ( N ، '9) of cake.

Z
zealous fervent, ardent, excited, fervid ! ; K+4 W' >
The council was extremely zealous in the application of the regulations. 1
No one was more zealous than Neil in supporting the proposal.

zenith peak, highest point, climax \ $K + $E- $K 2> s N+

In the 1860s, Tolstoy was at the zenith of his achievement ( + - ). 1
The Roman Empire reached its zenith around the year 100.
 ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫این صفحات طبق صحبت با ناشر محترم‪،‬‬
‫حذف گردیده و تنها در نسخه چاپی قابل‬
‫مشاهده است‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
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421

Affirmative/Negative/Question Use
$ % #
! " #
Form: infinitive
! " always, every …, never,
Simple A: He speaks. . # $#%&' (% " ) normally, often, seldom,
Present N: He does not speak. -./ ) & + , &" sometimes, usually
Q: Does he speak? . 2 2%&' (% " ) 0 1' if sentences type I (If
) " 2" 2 3 4#% 5 6 7&8 I talk, …)

Form: (am/is/are) +infinitive +ing

.7&$; ) 8 9 5 :
Present A: He is speaking. at the moment, just, just
" >?@ 2 < ) " =
Progressive N: He is not speaking. now, Listen!, Look!,
. 2%&' (%
Q: Is he speaking? now, right now
. # 5 65 A 5 B) " .-/
.
Form: infinitive+ed or irregular
! " $6C yesterday, 2 minutes
Simple Past A: He spoke. . # $#%&' (% ") ago, in 1990, the other
N: He did not speak. day, last Friday
. 2 2%&' (% " ) 0 1'
Q: Did he speak? if sentence type II (If
. $! D 0 .-/ & .-/
. I talked, …)
From: (was/were)+ infinitive+ ing 5 & E2 %F " $6C G?@ .-/
A: He was speaking. . #
Past Progressive N: He was not speaking.
. #5 : 7 % " when, while, as long as
Q: Was he speaking? 5 6 HI 0 ) 4#% J E2 $6C )
. 6 . #
 ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫این صفحات طبق صحبت با ناشر محترم‪،‬‬
‫حذف گردیده و تنها در نسخه چاپی قابل‬
‫مشاهده است‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
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425

Form:
would+ have/has+ past participle

Conditional " ;2 G?@ X ) &" ) " if sentences type III

A: He would have spoken.
Perfect . 6"5 6X J - %6 `%; 5 B $6C (If I had seen that, I would
N: He would not have spoken.
$%& Q: Would he have spoken? J%# (%2 F 6 5 $# % have helped.)

. #5
Form:
would+ have/has+ been+ infinitive+ ing

A: He would have been

Conditional [ " # $6C 5 B 2 - 5 $# %
Perfect speaking.
N: He would not have been 82 % -$# X-/ R -2 ) " [
Progressive . %6 5 $#
speaking.
$%& X-/ J E2 %F " & "
Q: Would he have been
speaking? . & -2 (%3 F 6) ) W " $@&" A ) "

( " ) # 5 %-2
. %" 5 %-2
 426

&"' ( ) $*(+
Conditional Clauses % If Clauses ) *+ " , - . "/ 0 1
7 1 8% 9% 5 ," 5 -% 2% " ) 34 5 . " " 6 *
) *+ " ? @* " 0 1 . 5 " $ ; " < =: $ *:
:A % . "
: 5 @* 0 )C D .1
Conditional Sentence Type I

Form: if+X/ !+5 # +…+,+X/ !+5 # 5 B+…

%
X/ !+5 # 5 B+…+if+X/ !+5 # +…

< =: H 8% . *" AF ; ) *+ $$ ?3E+ %F %5 " )C D G%

" $%& ?L 6 !; M @*N5 ) *+ * 2I: ," 5 AF " JK" 5 / 5 $ ;
G% / % 3: ) 4 9% " . % " / %F P " .? * O F *1 @*N5
* :
".J " J %O " $S [ 6 " 2 " % "
[ " " % B (% % # 5 2 " "( 6 " % S
(5 B X-$ F 6) . ) N -$ # 6 " 7 %O J $S
If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.
". $# ! 7 %O 2 %/ < R " 7 &' %@# B "
% .7 &' R# B ; " 4,! 7$# " ) 2 %/ 7$# ) " 7 %O [
&' a " [ " . $# ! 7 %O R " 2 %/ 7 ]-I 7 &' R# B
(X-$ 5 B) . $# ! 7 %O 2 %/ R " b B
: 6 %O cC (,) % [ 6%2 F 6[ % &2 0 ) 2% "
I will send her an invitation if I find her address.
: 5 @* 0 / -% %F P
If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.
If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.
If it's sunny, we'll go to the park.
Peter will be sad if Susan leaves.
If you cook dinner, I'll wash the dishes.
 ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫این صفحات طبق صحبت با ناشر محترم‪،‬‬
‫حذف گردیده و تنها در نسخه چاپی قابل‬
‫مشاهده است‬
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‫‪.‬‬
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