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Nous avons
ASHRAE 62.1-2017
 This file is licensed to John Murray (John9@gmail.com). Publication Date: 6/1/2017
Ventilation and Infiltration ASHRAE Fundamentals 2017
Chap. 16
for business or hobby purposes, which may introduce air contami-
nants not addressed in Standard 62.2; portions of these residences
may require ventilation air as required by Standard 62.1 or indus-
trial guidelines.
Source Control
When considering how much whole-house ventilation should be
supplied, both typical and unusual sources of indoor pollution
should be controlled first to limit the required ventilation rate. This
can be done either by mitigating the source itself or by using local
exhaust to extract contaminants before they can mix into the indoor
environment. Typical sources that should be considered include the
following.
Clothes Dryers and Central Vacuum Systems. Clothes dryer
exhaust is heavily laden with moisture and laundry by-products
such as flammable lint and various gaseous contaminants. Many
moisture problems have been traced to clothes dryers vented
indoors or to attics, crawlspaces, garages, or other inappropriate
locations. Exhaust from clothes dryers, which is typically about
70 L/s, must be vented directly to the outdoors. Similarly, central
vacuum systems must be vented directly outdoors to exhaust the
finer particles that pass through their filters.
Combustion. Water and carbon dioxide are always produced
Licensed for single user. © 2017 ASHRAE, Inc.
during combustion of hydrocarbons in air. Dangerous compounds are
created, as well. All these products of combustion must be vented
directly outdoors, preferably using sealed combustion or direct-vent
equipment. Venting must meet or exceed all applicable codes. For
buildings with naturally aspirated combustion appliances, excessive
depressurization of the building by exhaust systems must be avoided
to eliminate backdrafting. Consider a depressurization safety test,
such as described in ASTM Standard E1998 or CGSB Standard
51.71. Fireplace combustion products should be isolated from the
occupied space using tight-fitting doors and outdoor air intakes, when
necessary. Flues and chimneys must be designed and installed to
disperse combustion products well away from air intakes and opera-
ble windows, for example. Chapter 35 of the 2016 ASHRAE Hand-
book—HVAC Systems and Equipment has more information on
venting systems. Exhaust hoods and fans for ranges and cooktops
must vent outdoors.
Carbon monoxide is one of the most unwelcome indoor con-
taminants, and in significant concentration, poses an imminent
threat to life. It can come from virtually any source of combustion,
including from motorized vehicles and generators (Emmerich et al.
2013). Even combustion appliances that meet manufacturers’ spec-
ifications can interact with the building and emit carbon monoxide.
At least one carbon monoxide alarm meeting safety standards such
as CSA Standard 6.19 should be installed near sleeping areas in
each dwelling, including each unit of multifamily residential build-
ings, that has combustion appliances (e.g., fireplaces, stoves, fur-
naces, water heaters) within the pressure boundary, or has attached
garages or storage sheds. Carbon monoxide alarms also should be
considered for nonresidential buildings: poisonings have occurred
in many building types, including hotels, motels, stores, restaurants,
nursing homes, dormitories, laundromats, and schools.
Garages. Garages and storage spaces often contain many sources
of contaminants. Doors between them and occupied spaces must be
well sealed with gaskets or weatherstripping, including their sills,
and possibly be self closing. Depressurized sections of HVAC sys-
tems for the regularly occupied portions of residences, such as the
systems’ air handlers or return or intake ducts, should not be located
in garages. If such sections must pass through garages, they must be
well sealed and never have registers or grilles installed in the
garages or storage spaces; if such spaces need conditioning, they
must use their own isolated systems. Take care to ensure that there
is a good pressure barrier between the garage and the occupied
16.21
space, typically using an air/moisture retarder such as heavy poly-
ethylene as well as excellent sealing of the door between. Carbon
monoxide sources may be present in garages, so pressure barriers,
fire-rated compartmentation, and ventilation of attached residences
are life-safety measures. Separate ventilation systems that slightly
depressurize attached garages and storage spaces and that exhaust
directly outdoors should be considered, especially when these sup-
port spaces are tightly constructed or are in cold climates. Several
studies (Batterman et al. 2006; Emmerich et al. 2003; Fugler 2004)
of contaminant sources and transport in garages found that, in some
cases, significant fractions of infiltration air enter houses from
attached garages, and that modern residential garages are tighter
than older garages to reduce energy consumption and to improve
comfort; garages were previously assumed to be leaky enough to
avoid many related IAQ problems.
Particulates. The ventilation system should be designed such
that return and any outdoor air is well filtered before passing
through the thermal conditioning components of the HVAC sys-
tem. Pressure drops associated with this filtration must be consid-
ered in the design and installation of the air-handling system.
Particulate filters or air cleaners should have a minimum effi-
ciency of 60% for 3 Pm particles, which is equivalent to a MERV
6 designated filter according to ASHRAE Standard 52.2.
Microbiologicals. Because ventilation can increase the source as
well as removal rates of various air pollutants, it is, at best, moder-
ately effective at reducing exposures to many airborne microbiolog-
icals. Ventilation can, however, be part of the moisture balance that
is critical to retarding fungal growth on surfaces and spores released
into the air, depending on indoor and outdoor conditions.
Radon and Other Soil Gases. Buildings are exposed to gases
and water that migrate through the soil into occupied spaces through
cracks or other leaks. Soil gases vary with time and conditions, and
can contain toxins from pesticides, landfills, fuels, or sewers, but the
highest-profile pollutant in this category is radon and its radioactive-
decay-produced “daughters.” Source control measures, such as dif-
ferential pressure control and ground-to-building airtightening, are
far more effective than ventilation mechanisms at controlling expo-
sure to soil gas in buildings. See Chapter 11 for more information.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). VOCs are ubiquitous in
modern life. Examples of products that emit VOCs include manu-
factured wood products, paints, stains, varnishes, solvents, pesti-
cides, adhesives, wood preservatives, waxes, polishes, cleansers,
lubricants, sealants, dyes, air fresheners, fuels, plastics, copy
machines, printers, tobacco products, perfumes, cooking by-prod-
ucts, and dry-cleaned clothes. Whenever possible, VOCs and other
toxic compounds should be stored outside the occupied space in
loosely constructed or ventilated enclosures such as garden sheds or
detached garages, and away from occupied buildings’ ventilation
intakes and operable windows. When unusual amounts of such
compounds are present, consider using additional ventilation should
be considered (e.g., extra ventilation during and for a while after
construction projects). Reduced-VOC-emitting products are often
available.
Outdoor Air. Outdoor air may at times contain unacceptably
high levels of pollutants, including ozone, pollen, carbon monoxide,
particulate matter, odors, or toxic agents. At such times, it may be
impossible to provide acceptable indoor air quality using solely out-
door air, and increased ventilation rates can actually decrease indoor
air quality. In locations where this problem may be anticipated, pro-
vide automatic or manual controls to allow temporary reduction of
the ventilation rate. If these events are frequent, consider a means to
more effectively clean recirculated air during these times.
Local Exhaust
After source elimination, the single most important source con-
trol mechanism in dwellings is local exhaust. Kitchens, utility