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fo"k; izos'k
1-1 ckS ) /keZ n'kZ u % ,d ifjp; %
ckS ) /keZ dk iz k nq H kkZ o Hkkjro"kZ dh ifo= /kjk ij gq v k A
Hkkjr Hkw f e ij fofHkUu nk'kZ f ud lEiz n k;ks a dk mn; gqvk] ftues a
ckS ) /keZ n'kZ u dk viuk fo'ks " k egÙo gS A leLr txr~ dks
vius Kku ls vkyksf dr djus okys Kku ds egklkxj Hkxoku~ cq )
us bl ifo= /keZ dk mins' k fn;k A rFkkxr cq ) us bldk mins' k
ex/k es a cks y h tkus okyh tulkekU; dh Hkk"kk ¼ikfy½ es a fn;k A
vusd vkMEcjks a ] deZ d k.Mks a ls ihfM+ r turk ds fy, ;g vR;Ur
ljy] lgt rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ks a ds vuq d w y Fkk A lE;d~ lEcq )
pkgrs rks vU; Hkk"kk es a /keks Z i ns ' k dj ldrs Fks ] ijUrq os turk
ds fy, loZ x z k á rFkk iz R ;s d ukxfjd dks ftldk ykHk gks ] ,s l s
/keZ dh LFkkiuk pkgrs Fks A ftlls yks x O;FkZ ds vkMEcjks a ls
cpdj okLrfod Kku dks iz k Ir dj lds a A
1-1-1 ckS) /keZ n'kZ u dk mn~ H ko ,oa fodkl %
Hkxoku~ cq ) dk tUe bZ ñ iw ñ 563 es a 'kkD;ks a dh jkt/kkuh
dfiyoLrq ds fudV yq f Ecuh uked ou es a gq v k A 1 buds firk dk
uke 'kq ) ks n u rFkk ekrk dk uke egkek;k Fkk A tuJq f r ds
vuq l kj buds cpiu ds le; gh ;g Hkfo";ok.kh gq b Z Fkh fd ;fn
;g jks x h] o` ) ] laU ;klh ,oa e` r O;fDr dks ns[ k ys x k rks ml
1932&35½ A vla x ] egk;kulw = kya d kj ¼is fjl] 1907½ ;ks x kpkj Hkw f e
'kkL= ¼va ' kr% iz d kf'kr] dydÙkk] 1957½] olq c U/kq ]
foKfIrek=rkflf) ¼is fjl] 1925½] fn³~ u kx] U;k;izo s ' k ¼cM+ k S n k]
1930½ /keZ d hfrZ ] ize k.kokfrZ d ¼bykgkckn] 1944] iVuk] 1953] jks e ]
1960½] U;k;fcUnq ¼pkS [ kEck la ñ lhñ( iVuk] 1955½ 'kkfUrns o]
cks f /kp;kZ o rkj ¼njHka x k] 1960½] f'k{kkleq P p; ¼ihVlZ c xZ ] 1902½]
'kkUrjf{kr] rÙola x zg ¼dey'khy dh if×tdk ds lkFk] cM+ k S n k
1926½ A f'k{kkleq P p; es a yxHkx 100 lw = xz U Fkks a dk ukeks Y ys [ k
iz k Ir gks r k gS A
1-2-3 egk;ku oS i q Y ;lw= %
egk;ku lw = ks a ea s dq N xz U Fk ,s l s gS a ftudk fo'ks " k :i ls
vknj gS A budh la [ ;k ukS gS a A us i ky ckS ) lEiz n k; es a iz k ekf.kd
/keZ ' kkL=h; bu xz U Fkks a dk fo'ks " k egÙo gS vkS j bUgs a J)k dh
n` f "V ls ns [ kk tkrk gS A bues a iz R ;s d xz U Fk LorU= :i es a oS i q Y ;
'kkL= ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A ;gka oS i q Y ; dk rkRi;Z foLrkj
;k foLr` r :i gS A bu xz U Fkks a ds fy;s oSi q Y ; 'kCn dk iz ; ks x
gh bl lEiz n k; ds xz U Fkks a es a muds cgq f oLr` r :i es a gks u s dh
lw p uk ns r k gS A us i ky es a ;s xz U Fk /kkfeZ d Hkkouk ls iw T ; gS a A
bu xz U Fkks a es a Hkh xz U FkkpZ u ds fy;s fo'ks " k vkxz g fd;k x;k gS ] ;s
xz U Fk bl iz d kj gS a & ¼1½ v"Vlkgflz d k iz K kikjferk] ¼2½
l)eZ i q . Mjhd] ¼3½ yfyrfoLrj] ¼4½ ya d korkj] ¼5½ lq o .kZ i z H kkl]
¼6½ x.MO;w g ] ¼7½ rFkkxrxq ád] ¼8½ lekf/kjkt] ¼9½ n'kHkw f ed
;k n'kHkw f e'oj A us i ky es a bUgs a uo /keZ ds uke ls iq d kjrs gS a A
18
eS = s ; ukFk ds dky vFkkZ r ~ pkS F kh 'krh dk] rFkk nloka ifjorZ ckn
dk vFkkZ r ~ xq I r dky dk gS A
1-2-3-5 x.MO;w g lw = %
phu rFkk frCcr ds f=fiVdks a es a ^cq ) kora l d* lw = ks a dk
mYys [ k egklw = ks a dh lw p h es a iz k Ir gks r k gS A blh lw = ds vk/kkj
ij phu es a 557 ls 589 bZ ñ es a ^vora l d* er dh mRifÙk gq b Z A
tkiku ds ^ds u u* lEiz n k; dk ;g ewy lw = gS A bl xz U Fk dk ew y
la L Ñr es a miyC/k ugha gks r k A ^f'k{kk leq P p;* es a bl xz U Fk ds
vusd m)j.k miyC/k gks r s gS a A bl lw = ds vUr es a ^Hknz p kjh
iz f .k/kku xkFkk* uked 63 nks / kd o` Ù kks a es a ,d euksj e Lrq f r
miyC/k gks r h gS ] ftles a egk;ku ds fl)kUrks a ds vuq l kj cq ) dh
vfHkjke Lrq f r dh xbZ gS A ;g usi kyh ckS ) /keZ ds ukS /keks ± es a
ls ,d gS vkS j bl :i es a ;g la l kj Hkj es a egk;ku ckS ) ks a dk
lekn` r xz U Fk gS A bldk fo"k; gS lq / ku uked lkFkZ o kgiq = dk
cq ) rk ;k cks f /klÙork dh iz k fIr ds fy, vkpkj&ekxZ dh [kks t A 1
1-2-3-6 lekf/kjktlw = %
lekf/kjktlw = vU; lw = xz U Fkks a es a fo'ks " k egÙo j[krk gS A
bldk nw l jk uke ^pUnz i z n hi* lw = Hkh gS A 2 mPpre pkfjf=d ,oa
nk'kZ f ud mins ' kks a ds lekos ' k ls bl xz U Fk dks egk;ku es a cgq r
vknj feyk gS A bles a loZ / keZ lerk dk loZ i zF ke vuqo kn
dnkfpr ßvu~ f'kdkvks a Þ us 148 bZ ñ es a fd;k Fkk A bles a rhu
la x hfr;ks a dk Hkh mYys [ k iz k Ir gks r k gS A bl xz U Fk es a egk;ku ds
1- pkm flvka x &dq v ka x ¼vuq o knd½ phuh ckS ) /keZ dk bfrkgl] i` ñ 85]
yhMjiz S l bykgkckn] la ñ 2013 foñ
35
1- la ñ fuñ 3] i` ñ 50&51
2- lq o .kZ ñ ] 6-1
40
1- vFk [kks Hkxok vk;LeUra vkuUna vkeUrs f l & fl;k [kks iukuUn]
rq E gkda ,oeLl & ^vrhrlRFkq d a ikopua A ufRFk uks uks lRFkk* fr A
u [kks ius r a ] vkuUn] ,oa nV~ B Cca A ;ks oks vkuUn] e;k /kEeks p
fou;ks p ns f lrks i××krks ] lks oks eePp;s u lRFkk A
nhñ fuñ 2] egkifjfuCckulq Ù k] i` ñ 118
2- lq o .kZ ñ ] 2-27&28
3- vkIVs ] la ñ fgñ dks ñ ] i` ñ 538
41
ujd ;ks fu] i'kq & if{k;ks a dh ;ks fu;ks a es a iz s r ] lq j] vlq j vkS j euq ";
dh ;ks f u;ks a es a muds tUe xz g .k ls gh nq % [k 'kkUr gks tkrs gS a
rFkk loZ = lq [ k 'kkfUr dk okrkoj.k gks tkrk gS A 1
muds 'kjhj ds vo;o uotkr f'k'kq ds leku vR;Ur
dks e y rFkk idM+ ^fla g * ds leku rFkk ijkØe gkFkh ds leku
gks r k gS rFkk yEch Hkq t k,a 'kky o` { k ds leku iz r hr gks r h gS A 2
dks e yrk ls ;q D r gks r s gq , Hkh muds 'kjhj ls lw; Z ds leku vfr
rIr fdj.ks a fudyrh jgrh gS a A muds rs t ds le{k vuUr]
lS a d M+ k s a ] gtkjks a iz n s ' kks a ds lw ; Z vkS j pUnz e k fuLrs t ¼rst ghu½ gks
tkrs gS a A 3
iz R ;s d cq ) dk 'kjhj lS a dM+ k s a ] gtkjks a iq . ;ks a ls fufeZ r gS ]
muds vo;o lHkh xq . kks a ls lq ' kks f Hkr gks r s gS a A mudh Hkq t k
eneLr gkFkh ds leku rFkk gkFk 'kq ) ,oa 'kq H k y{k.kks a ls
vya Ñ r gks r s gS a 4 &
iq . ; lglz ' krkfpÙkdk;a loZ x q . ks f Hkjy³~ Ñrxk=e~ A
'kkS . Mxts U nz f uHka ftuckgq a foeylq y {k.kef.MrgLre~ «