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Physics
Higher level
Paper 2

Thursday 28 April 2022 (morning)

Candidate session number

2 hours 15 minutes

Instructions to candidates
y Write your session number in the boxes above.
y Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
y Answer all questions.
y Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.
y A calculator is required for this paper.

m
y A clean copy of the physics data booklet is required for this paper.
y The maximum mark for this examination paper is [90 marks].

co
s.
er
ap
s tp
pa
ib

2222 – 6508
23 pages © International Baccalaureate Organization 2022

24EP01
 –2– 2222 – 6508

Answer all questions. Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.

1. A student uses a load to pull a box up a ramp inclined at 30°. A string of constant length
and negligible mass connects the box to the load that falls vertically. The string passes
over a pulley that runs on a frictionless axle. Friction acts between the base of the box and
the ramp. Air resistance is negligible.

pulley

load at
3.5 kg box

↓G
&

1.5 kg
XFy
0.95 m
floor 30°

m
The load has a mass of 3.5 kg and is initially 0.95 m above the floor. The mass of the box is 1.5 kg.

co
The load is released and accelerates downwards.

(a) Outline two differences between the momentum of the box and the momentum of
s.
the load at the same instant. [2]
er

..........................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . direction
ap

dy,
·

..............................................................

dif magnitude
..........................................................................
·
tp

..........................................................................
s
pa

(b) The vertical acceleration of the load downwards is 2.4 m s-2.

ib

Calculate the tension in the string. [2]

..........................................................................
. . . . . .G-
. . . Tzma
.................................................................
. . . . . . . . .-r
mg . . . . . . ma
...........................................................
-

. . . . . . . . .i . . . . . 3.5(9.81-2.4)
. . . . . . . . . . .a)
mig . . . . . . Nv26N
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9
=

.........................
= -
=

(This question continues on the following page)

24EP02
 –3– 2222 – 6508

(Question 1 continued)

(c) Show that the speed of the load when it hits the floor is about 2.1 m s-1. [2]

..........................................................................
vezas
..........................................................................
. . . . . . . . . 2a)
. . . . . . . . . . . .21V . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.13m/)-2.1m/S
. . . . . . . . . . 22.40.95 ..............................
-
= =

..........................................................................

(d) After the load has hit the floor, the box travels a further 0.35 m along the ramp before
coming to rest. Determine the average frictional force between the box and the surface
of the ramp. [4]

..............I
............................................................

m
-x
I-2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ma
·zves
......................................................
+

co
-
..........................................................................
-

. . . . . Ma-Gx
. . . . . . .- ..............................................................
s.
->
. . . . . . . . . . . . .SM30.9.81
. . . . . . . . . . . . .1.5.6.3-1.5 ................................................
er
N
. . . . . . . . . .-. . 2.1
..............................................................
ap

..........................................................................
..........................................................................
s tp
pa

(This question continues on page 5)

ib

Turn over
24EP03
 –4– 2222 – 6508

m
co
s.
er
Please do not write on this page.
ap

Answers written on this page

will not be marked.
s tp
pa
ib

24EP04
 –5– 2222 – 6508

(Question 1 continued)

(e) The student then makes the ramp horizontal and applies a constant horizontal force
to the box. The force is just large enough to start the box moving. The force continues
to be applied after the box begins to move.

constant force

Explain, with reference to the frictional force acting, why the box accelerates once
it has started to move. [3]

..........................................................................

m
. . . . . . .F- Fg-
a
. . . . . . . . . . .m.
........................................................
. . . . . . . . .dimamic
. . . . . .estatic

co
...........................................................

Fys<FI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .d
..........................................................
s.
2) -

. . . . <. .F-Ed
. . . Fs
. . . . . . . . . .F .......................................................
er
..........................................................................
ap
s tp
pa
ib

Turn over
24EP05
 –6– 2222 – 6508

2. Cold milk enters a small sterilizing unit and flows over an electrical heating element.

heating
element
milk in milk out

The temperature of the milk is raised from 11 °C to 84 °C. A mass of 55 g of milk enters
the sterilizing unit every second.

Specific heat capacity of milk = 3.9 kJ kg-1 K-1

(a) Estimate the power input to the heating element. State an appropriate unit

m
for your answer. [2]

co
. . . . . . . . . . . . . fan
. . . . pe E) . . . . . . . .PzEzQ
. . . . . . 1S ...........................................
s.
..........................................................................
. . . . . .Q2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.15-2.
. . . . .m20T2 3.9.104.7321686]
..................................................
er

..........................................................................
ap

(b) Outline whether your answer to (a) is likely to overestimate or underestimate

tp

the power input. [2]

s
pa

..........................................................................
. . . . . . . . .understimate
.................................................................
. . . . . calculations
ib

. . . . . on
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .an . . . . . .ideal
. . . . . . .case, really
. . . . . . . . . . . . .then's
. . . . . . . . .in ..............
. . . . . .Ploss
. . . . . . .due . . . thermal
. . . . .to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . loss
energy prequered
. . . . . . . . . .more
as
.........................

(c) Discuss, with reference to the molecules in the liquid, the difference between milk
at 11 °C and milk at 84 °C. [2]

..........................................................................
. . . . . . . .En
. . . .TM
*
. . . . . .&. . . . . .average
e)
. . . . . . . . .speed
=

.........................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................

(This question continues on the following page)

24EP06
 –7– 2222 – 6508

(Question 2 continued)

(d) The milk flows out through an insulated metal pipe. The pipe is at a temperature
of 84 °C. A small section of the insulation has been removed from around the pipe.
-

diagram not to scale

insulation gap in insulation

pipe
milk

0.56 m

(i) State how energy is transferred from the inside of the metal pipe to the outside
of the metal pipe. [1]

m
..........................................................................

co
. . . . . . . . conduction through
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . metal
s. .......................................
er
(ii) The missing section of insulation is 0.56 m long and the external radius of the
pipe is 0.067 m. The emissivity of the pipe surface is 0.40. Determine the energy
lost every second from the pipe surface. Ignore any absorption of radiation by
ap

the pipe surface. [3]

tp

..........................................................................
s

..........................................................................
pa

..........................................................................
..........................................................................
ib

..........................................................................
..........................................................................

(iii) Describe one other method by which significant amounts of energy can be
transferred from the pipe to the surroundings. [2]

..........................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . shot
. . convection . . . . . . .nises
. . . . . . . . . an ..........................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................

Turn over
24EP07
 –8– 2222 – 6508

3. Two loudspeakers A and B are initially equidistant from a microphone M. The frequency and
intensity emitted by A and B are the same. A and B emit sound in phase. A is fixed in position.

B is moved slowly away from M along the line MP. The graph shows the variation with
distance travelled by B of the received intensity at M.

m
co
A

A
s.
intensity
at M
er

⑲
ap

·I
tp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
distance travelled by B / cm
s
pa

(a) Explain why the received intensity varies between maximum and minimum values. [3]

. . . . . . . . . .path
B
. . . . . . move . . . . . . . . . .dif
ib

................................................

superposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .comste
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .distructures unter ...................................
. . . . . . .max path
. . . . . . I . .-. . . . . . . . . . . . .=mx
dif ..............................................

mini-path di . . . . . . +2)*
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -(n ........................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................

(This question continues on the following page)

24EP08
 –9– 2222 – 6508

(Question 3 continued)

(b) State and explain the wavelength of the sound measured at M. [2]

..........................................................................
. . . . .distance peak-peak
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .path
. . . . . . . dif
. . . . 226
. . . . . . am
.......................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................

(c) B is placed at the first minimum. The frequency is then changed until the received
intensity is again at a maximum. -

Show that the lowest frequency at which the intensity maximum can occur is about 3 kHz.
-
-

m
-1
Speed of sound = 340 m s [2]

co
..........................................................................
2 13am
..........................................................................
s.
-- - -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2615Hz-2.6kHzw3K2
.........................................
er
..........................................................................
ap

(d) Loudspeaker A is switched off. Loudspeaker B moves away from M at a speed of 1.5 m s-1
tp

while emitting a frequency of 3.0 kHz.

-
s

Determine the difference between the frequency detected at M and that emitted by B. [2]
pa

(rus(-10(34%)
..........................................................................

ge 2987 Hz -
ib

..........................................................................
..........................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342
2987-
of
3000
-

...........................................
+

Turn over
24EP09
 – 10 – 2222 – 6508

4. A power supply is connected to three resistors P, Q and R of fixed value and to an ideal
voltmeter. A variable resistor S, formed from a solid cylinder of conducting putty, is also
connected in the circuit. Conducting putty is a material that can be moulded so that the
resistance of S can be changed by re-shaping it.

P R

40 Ω 60 Ω
V
Q S

16 Ω

6.0 V

m
The resistance values of P, Q and R are 40 Ω, 16 Ω and 60 Ω respectively. The emf of the
power supply is 6.0 V and its internal resistance is negligible.

(a) Calculate the potential difference across P.

co [2]
s.
..........................................................................
er

..........................................................................
ap

..........................................................................
..........................................................................
s tp

(b) The voltmeter reads zero. Determine the resistance of S. [3]

pa

..........................................................................
ib

..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................

(This question continues on the following page)

24EP10
 – 11 – 2222 – 6508

(Question 4 continued)

(c) All the putty is reshaped into a solid cylinder that is four times longer than the original length.

(i) Deduce the resistance of this new cylinder when it has been reshaped. [3]

..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................

m
(ii) Outline, without calculation, the change in the total power dissipated in Q and
the new cylinder after it has been reshaped. [2]

co
..........................................................................
s.
..........................................................................
er
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
ap
s tp
pa
ib

Turn over
24EP11
 – 12 – 2222 – 6508

m
co
s.
er
Please do not write on this page.
ap

Answers written on this page

will not be marked.
s tp
pa
ib

24EP12
 – 13 – 2222 – 6508

5. (a) Describe the quark structure of a baryon. [2]

. . . . . .3. . quarks
..................................................................

baryon
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .m
. . . . . . . 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=

..........................................................................
..........................................................................

(b) The Feynman diagram shows a possible decay of the K+ meson.

u
d
π+
+u u
K s W
+
g d
π+

m
A B
d
π-
co
u
s.
Identify the interactions that are involved at points A and B in this decay. [2]
er

..........................................................................
weak
. . . . At . . . . strange
. . . . . . . . . of
. . . . . decay . . . . . . . . . .antiquark
ap

..........................................
to a and then to it as
. . . . is decay . . . u. . . . . . . . . gluon
. . . . . . . . . . . .of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . strong
-
......................
tp

..........................................................................
s
pa

(c) The K+ meson can decay as

K+ → μ+ + νμ.
ib

State and explain the interaction that is responsible for this decay. [2]

..........................................................................
weak
strongness not
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cons
. . . . . . . . . . .-> .......................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .re
->
. . . .only wreak
. . . . . .in
.................................................
..........................................................................

Turn over
24EP13
 – 14 – 2222 – 6508

6. A mass–spring system oscillates horizontally on a frictionless surface. The mass has an

acceleration a when its displacement from its equilibrium position is x .

The variation of a with x is modelled in two different ways, A and B, by the graphs shown.

a / m s−2
3.0
graph A
2.0
graph B

1.0
i
I
x/m
0
−0.08 −0.04 0.04 0.08
!
−1.0
- -

-
--

−2.0

m
−3.0

(a)
co
Outline two reasons why both models predict that the motion is simple harmonic
when a is small. [2]
s.
er
..........................................................................
displac
..........................................................................
ap

. . . . . . . . . .displs opp
. . . . . . . . . .a . . . . . . . . .directions
. . . in ..........................................
tp

..........................................................................
s
pa

(b) Determine the time period of the system when a is small. [4]
ib

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a
...........................................................
. . . . . we
. . . . . . . . . .E
...........................................................
. . . . . . .we
- m =
Vs 5
...................................................................
..........................................................................
Tee 1.255
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................

(This question continues on the following page)

24EP14
 – 15 – 2222 – 6508

(Question 6 continued)

(c) Outline, without calculation, the change to the time period of the system for the model
represented by graph B when a is large. [2]

..........................................................................
. . . . . gradent
. . . . . . . . . .&. . .escud
. . . . . . . . . . . .1 . TX
-
...........................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................

(d) The graph shows for model A the variation with x of elastic potential energy Ep stored
in the spring.

0.25

m
0.20

co
Ep / J 0.15
0.10
0.05
s.
er
-0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0 0.05 0.10 0.15
x/m
ap
tp

Describe the graph for model B. [2]

s

..........................................................................
pa

..........................................................................
ib

..........................................................................
..........................................................................

Turn over
24EP15
 – 16 – 2222 – 6508

7. Two identical positive point charges X and Y are placed 0.30 m apart on a horizontal line.
O is the point midway between X and Y. The charge on X and the charge on Y is +4.0 μC.

(a) Calculate the electric potential at O. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kQ
. . . . . . . . . . 8.99.109.4.18-6
..................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Uni
2
240
gromichage
->

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.15
...........................
..........................................................................
. . Inomz changes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240.22480kV
.................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................

(b) Sketch, on the axes, the variation of the electric potential V with distance between

m
X and Y. [2]

co
r
V
s.
er
ap
tp

X O Y distance
s
pa
ib

(This question continues on the following page)

24EP16
 – 17 – 2222 – 6508

(Question 7 continued)

(c) A positive charge Z is released from rest 0.010 m from O on the line between X and Y.
Z then begins to oscillate about point O.

X Z O Y

(i) Identify the direction of the resultant force acting on Z as it oscillates. [2]

..........................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .towards
Jonce always
. . . . . . . . . . . .o...............................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................

m
(ii) Deduce whether the motion of Z is simple harmonic. [2]

co
..........................................................................
s.
..........................................................................
er
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
ap
s tp
pa
ib

Turn over
24EP17
 – 18 – 2222 – 6508

m
co
s.
er
Please do not write on this page.
ap

Answers written on this page

will not be marked.
s tp
pa
ib

24EP18
 – 19 – 2222 – 6508

8. Two capacitors C1 and C2 of capacitance 28 μF and 22 μF respectively are connected in

a circuit with a two-way switch and a cell of emf 1.5 V with a negligible internal resistance.
The capacitors are initially uncharged. The switch is then connected to position A.

A B

1.5 V
28 μF 22 μF
C1 C2

(a) Show that the charge stored on C1 is about 0.04 mC. [1]

. . . . . . . . 9.1.5242.10
c.V
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20.04m2
-
-

. . . .a
=

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010
=

m
.........................
..........................................................................

co
s.
(b) The switch is moved to position B.
er
(i) Calculate the energy transferred from capacitor C1. [4]
ap

..........................................................................
. . . . Ei
=
CV- (20.10-3)
......................................................................
.

1S
3.15.10-]
=
tp

..........................................................................
28
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250MC
s

CT 22
+

. . . .= . . . . . . . . . . 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pa

42.10
ve.
. . . 0.84
-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.10
. . . . . . . . 12 ........................................
=
-

..........................................................................
t.(28.10-6.0.042 9.9.10-5
ib

. . .Ej
-

.......................................................................

22.18]
-
. . . . -E
. . . . . . 3.2.10
=

. . . . . . . .=
. . . . . . . . . . . .9.9.10 ............................................

(ii) Explain why the energy gained by capacitor C2 differs from your answer in (b)(i). [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . cost . . . . . thermal
. . . . . . . as .................................................
energy energy
..........................................................................

(This question continues on the following page)

Turn over
24EP19
 – 20 – 2222 – 6508

(Question 8 continued)

(c) A cell is now connected by a switch to a coil X. A second coil Y of cross-sectional area
6.4 cm2 with 5 turns is looped around coil X and connected to an ideal voltmeter.
coil X

coil Y

m
(i) The switch is closed at time t = 0 . Explain how the voltmeter reading varies after

co
the switch is closed. s. [2]

..........................................................................
er
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
ap

..........................................................................
s tp
pa

(This question continues on the following page)

ib

24EP20
 – 21 – 2222 – 6508

(Question 8 continued)

The graph shows the variation with t of the magnetic flux density B in coil Y.

B / mT
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

m
t / ms

co
(ii) Determine the average emf induced across coil Y in the first 3.0 ms.
s. [3]

..........................................................................
. . . .2 N
er
-

......................................................................
..........................................................................
ap

-4 36.4.10 4 48.10 2
- - -

. . .A. . . . .7. .5.10

. .B
. . . . . . . . . . . . .a
- =
..................................................
-

..........................................................................
tp

. . . . .2
-

544-7 200. 10-4 - 8.10-30

.....................................................................
-
s
pa
ib

Turn over
24EP21
 – 22 – 2222 – 6508

9. Potassium-40 ( 40
19 K ) decays by two processes.

The first process is that of beta-minus (β-) decay to form a calcium (Ca) nuclide.

(a) Write down the equation for this decay. [2]

-Ca ti
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +re
..............................................

(b) Potassium-40 decays by a second process to argon-40. This decay accounts for-
11 %
of the total decay of the potassium-40.

Rocks can be dated by measuring the quantity of argon-40 gas trapped in them. One
rock sample contains 340 μmol of potassium-40 and 12 μmol of argon-40.
-

(i) Show that the initial quantity of potassium-40 in the rock sample was about
450 μmol. [2]

m
co
. . .An
. . .12 . . . . . . . . . ki
. . . . . . . . . .11% .....................................................
. . . . . . . . . . .=
. . . . 1.100 . . . . . 109
......................................................
s.
11
..........................................................................
. . . . . . . =449
er
. . . . . . . .109
. . . . . +. . .340 . . . . . . . . lumol
...........................................
ap

(ii) The half-life of potassium-40 is 1.3 × 109 years. Estimate the age of the
-
tp

rock sample. [3]

s

..........................................................................
340
pa

450.
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
zes)
ib

. . . . . . . .2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..........................................................................
-) 0.4
. . . . . . . . . . . .X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=

..........................................................................
. . . . . . .20.4.1.3.109
= 0.52.10 years
...................................................................

(This question continues on the following page)

24EP22
 – 23 – 2222 – 6508

(Question 9 continued)

(c) Outline how the decay constant of potassium-40 was determined in the laboratory for
a pure sample of the nuclide. [3]

. . . . determin . . . . . . . .stans
of
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n ..............................................
. . . . .deforme
................A .....................................................
. . . . . .A. . . . RN
. . . . . use =
...........................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................

m
co
s.
er
ap
s tp
pa
ib

References:

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2022

24EP23
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co
s.
er
Please do not write on this page.
ap

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s tp
pa
ib

24EP24