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H Ni, thng 3 nm 2005

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1 BI 1 - Tng quan ................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Cc ca s trong SPSS ................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Thanh menu {Menu} ........................................................................................................ 3
1.3 Thanh cng c {Toolbars} ................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Thanh tnh trng {Status Bar} ........................................................................................... 3
1.5 Hp thoi {Dialogue box} .................................................................................................. 4
1.5.1 Tn bin v nhn bin trong cc danh sch ca hp thoi .............................................. 5
1.5.2 Cc nt trong hp thoi ................................................................................................. 6
1.5.3 Hp thoi ph ............................................................................................................... 7
1.5.4 La chn bin ............................................................................................................. 7
2 BI 2: I C. tp tin d Iiu ............................................................................................... 10
2.1 Khi ng SPSS ........................................................................................................... 10
2.2 M mt file ..................................................................................................................... 11
3 BI 3: Ca s Data Editor .................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Data View ...................................................................................................................... 14
3.2 Variable View ................................................................................................................. 16
3.2.1 Tn bin .................................................................................................................... 17
3.2.2 Cc thang o ............................................................................................................. 18
3.2.3 Loi bin .................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.4 Nhn bin {Variable Labels} ....................................................................................... 19
3.2.5 Nhn tr s ca bin {Value Labels} .......................................................................... 19
3.2.6 Tr s khuyt thiu {Missing Value} ......................................................................... 20
3.3 Nhp d liu ................................................................................................................. 21
3.4 Hiu nh d liu trong bng Data View ...................................................................... 24
3.4.1 Ct, sao chDp v dn cc tr s ca d liu .............................................................. 24
3.4.2 Chn thm cc i t-ng mi ......................................................................................... 25
3.4.3 Chn mt bin mi ...................................................................................................... 25
3.4.4 Thay i loi d liu ................................................................................................. 26
3.5 Tnh trng lc i t-ng trong Data Editor ....................................................................... 27
4 Bi 4: C. php bin i d Iiu ....................................................................................... 28
4.1 Tnh ton bin {Compute Variable} ............................................................................... 28
4.1.1 Tnh ton bin vi tu chn If Cases .......................................................................... 29
4.1.2 Type&Label {Loi v nhn bin} trong hp thoi Compute Variable ............................ 30
4.2 m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i t-ng ...................................................... 30
4.3 M ho li d liu ............................................................................................................ 32
4.3.1 M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn (khng to thnh bin mi) ....................... 32
4.3.2 M ho thnh bin khc .............................................................................................. 34
5 Bi 5: iu khin fiIe v bin i fiIe ................................................................................ 37
5.1 Sp xp cc i t-ng .................................................................................................... 37
5.2 Chn cc i t-ng {Select Cases} .................................................................................. 38
5.2.1 Select Cases: If ......................................................................................................... 40
5.2.2 Select Cases: Random Sample ................................................................................. 40
5.2.3 Select Cases: Range ................................................................................................. 41
Bi : Lm vi. vi kt xut ................................................................................................ 43
6.1 Ca s Viewer .............................................................................................................. 43
6.1.1 Th hin v du cc kt qu .................................................................................... 44
6.1.2 Di chuyn, sao chDp v xo b cc kt qu ............................................................... 45
7 Bi 8: Frequen.ies {Tn s} ................................................................................................ 47
7.1 Kt xut mu ................................................................................................................ 47
7.2 thu -c cc tn s v cc thng k............................................................................ 49
7.2.1 Frequencies Statistics ................................................................................................ 50
7.2.2 Frequencies Charts ................................................................................................... 51
8 Bi 7: Bng trxoay {pivot tabIe}........................................................................................ 53
8.1 Thao tc i vi mt bng tr .......................................................................................... 53
8.2 Lm vic vi cc trang/lp {Layer} .................................................................................... 58


1
1 B 1 Tng quan
SPSS for Windows cung cp mt h thng qun l d liu v phn
tch thng k trong mt mi tr-ng ho, s dng cc trnh n m
t {menu} v cc hp thoi {dialogue box} n gin thc hin
hu ht cc cng vic cho bn. Phn ln cc nhim v c th -c
hon thnh ch bng cch r v nhp chut.
Bn cnh giao din r-nhp chut phn tch thng k, SPSS for
Windows cung cp:
Data Editor {Ca s Hiu nh d Iiu}. Mt h thng dng bng tnh
{worksheet} uyn chuyn nh ngha, nhp, hiu nh, v
th hin d liu.
Viewer {Ca s Viewer}. Ca s Viewer cho php d dng duyt cc kt
qu ca bn, th hin v che giu c th chn lc cc kt xut
{output}, thay i trt t ca cc kt qu, v di chuyn cc bng v
th gia SPSS for Windows v cc trnh ng dng khc
uItidimemtion pivot tabIe {Bng tr a .hiu}. Cc kt qu ca bn s sinh
ng vi cc bng tr a chiu. Khm ph cc bng ca bn bng
cch b tr li cc hng, cc ct, v cc trang/lp {layer}. Bc l cc
pht hin quan trng c th b mt trong cc bo co tiu chun. So
snh cc nhm d dng bng cch chia tch bng ca bn sao cho
mi ln ch c mt nhm -c th hin.
High-revoIution graphi.s { th . phn gii nt .ao}. Cc biu hnh
trn, th ct, biu tn sut, th phn tn c phn gii
cao, mu sc sng ng, cc th ba chiu, v hn th na -c
bao gm nh- l cc tnh nng chun trong SPSS.
Database a..ess {Truy .p d Iiu}. Truy cp d liu t cc c s d liu
bng cch s dng trnh ch dn Database Wizard thay v cc truy
vn SQL phc tp.
Data transformation {Bin i d Iiu}. Tnh nng bin i d liu gip bn
c -c d liu sn sng cho cc b-c phn tch. Bn c th d
dng nhm, b sung, tng hp, trn, chia v chuyn i file, v
hn th na.
2
1.1 Cc ca s trong SPSS
C mt s loi ca s khc nhau trong SPSS:
Data Editor. Ca s ny th hin ni dung ca file d liu. Bn c th
lp mt file d liu mi hoc hiu chnh thay i mt file c
sn vi ca s Data Editor. Ca s Data Editor t ng m ra khi
bn kch hot/khi ng SPSS. Bn ch c th mt file d liu ti
mt thi im m thi (khng th m hn mt file d liu vo cng
mt thi im).
Viewer. Mi kt qu thng k, bng, biu -c th hin trong ca
s Viewer. Bn c th hiu nh kt xut v l-u n s dng
sau ny. Mt ca s Viewer t ng m ra khi bn chy mt th tc
u tin to nn kt xut.
Draft Viewer. Bn c th trnh by kt xut nh- l cc vn bn bnh
th-ng (thay v cc bng tr) trong ca s Draft Viewer.
Pivot TabIe Editor. Kt xut -c trnh by trong cc bng tr c th -c
chnh sa bng nhiu cch vi ca s Pivot Table Editor. Bn c
th hiu nh on vn bn, chuyn i d liu gia hng v ct,
b sung mu, to cc bng a chiu v n hoc hin th mt cch
c chn lc cc kt qu.
Chart Editor. Bn c th chnh sa cc th cht l-ng cao trong cc
ca s chart editor. Bn c th thay i mu, chn loi phng
hoc c ch, chuyn i trc tung vi trc honh, xoay cc th
ba chiu, v thm ch thay c loi th.
Text Output Editor. Cc kt xut dng vn bn khng -c th hin trong
cc bng tr c th -c chnh sa vi ca s Text Output Editor.
Bn c th hiu nh kt xut v thay cc thuc tnh ca phng
ch (dng, loi, mu, c).
Syntax Editor. Bn c th dn cc la chn trong cc hp thoi vo mt
ca s syntax, ni m cc la chn ca bn xut hin d-i dng cc
c php lnh. Bn c th hiu nh cc c php lnh tn dng
cc c tnh c bit ca SPSS khng c sn trong cc hp
thoi. Bn cng c th l-u cc m lnh ny trong mt file s dng
cho nhng cng vic tip theo ca SPSS.
3
S.ript Editor. K thut t ng OLE cho php bn tu bin v t ng
ho nhiu nhim v trong SPSS. S dng ca s Script Editor
lp v hiu nh cc trnh nh c bn.
1.2 Thanh menu {Menu}
#t nhiu nhim v bn mun tin hnh vi SPSS bt u vi vic
la chn cc menu {trnh n}. Tng ca s trong SPSS c cc
menu ring ca n vi cc la chn menu thch hp cho loi ca s
.
Hai menu Analysis v Graphs l c sn i vi mi loi ca s, lm
cho vic to cc kt xut mi rt nhanh chng m khng phi
chuyn i gia cc ca s.
1.3 Thanh cng c {Toolbars}
Tng ca s SPSS c cc thanh cng c ring ca n cho php truy
cp nhanh n cc nhim v thng dng. C mt s ca s c hn
mt thanh cng c.
Hnh 1-2: Thanh cng c vi tr gip ch dn cng c {ToolTip Help}

1.4 Thanh tnh trng {Status Bar}
Thanh tnh trng {status bar} nm y ca tng ca s SPSS
cung cp cc thng tin d-i y:
Command status {Tnh trng Inh}. i vi tng lnh hoc th tc m bn
chy, mt s m cc i t-ng/tr-ng hp {case} ch ra s l-ng cc
i t-ng -c x l. i vi cc th tc i hi phi x l lp, s ln
lp -c th hin.
FiIter status {Tnh trng I.}. Nu bn chn mt mu ngu nhin hoc mt
tp hp ph cc i t-ng phn tch, thng tin Filter on ch ra
rng mt vi nhm i t-ng no ang -c lc v khng phi mi
i t-ng trong tp tin d liu -c -a vo phn tch.
4
eight status {Tnh trng gia quyn}. Thng tin Weight on ch ra rng mt
bin gia quyn ang -c s dng gia quyn cc i t-ng cho
phn tch.
SpIit status {Tnh trng .hia t.h}. Thng tin Split on ch ra rng file d liu
ang -c chia tch thnh mt s nhm phn tch, -c da vo
cc tr s ca mt hoc mt s bin lp nhm/phn t.
1.5 Hp thoi {Dialogue box}
Hu ht cc la chn menu m ra cc hp thoi. Bn s dng hp
thoi la chn cc bin v cc tu chn cho phn tch
Tng hp thoi chnh cho cc th tc thng k v th c mt s
cc b phn c bn
Danh s.h bin ngun. Mt danh sch cc bin trong file d liu lm vic.
Ch c cc loi bin -c php bi cc th tc -c chn mi -c
th hin trong danh sch ngun. Vic ding cc bin chui dng
ngn hay di b hn ch bi rt nhiu th tc.
Danh s.h (ho. .. danh s.h) bin .h. Mt hoc mt vi danh sch th
hin cc bin bn va chn cho phn tch, chng hn nh- danh sch
bin c lp v ph thuc.
Nt n iu khin {Command pushbutton}. Cc nt ch dn ch-ng trnh
thc hin mt tc v, chng hn nh- chy mt th tc, th hin phn
thng tin Tr gip, hoc m ra mt hp thoi con tin hnh cc
la chn c th b sung.
c -c thng tin v cc nt iu khin trong mt hp thoi,
nhp chut phi ln nt .
Hnh 1-5: Cc b phn iu khin hp thoi






Cc nm
nhn hp
thoi
ph
Cc nm
nhn cu
lJnh
Danh
sch
biJn
ch
Danh sch
biJn ngun
5


1.5.1 Tn bin v nhn bin trong .. danh s.h .Na hp thoi
Bn c th th hin hoc l tn bin hoc l nhn bin trong danh
sch ca hp thoi. Do tn bin b hn ch bi 8 k t, nhn bin
th-ng cung cp nhiu thng tin m t bin hn.
iu khin s th hin tn bin hay nhn bin trong danh
sch ca hp thoi, trong Options trong menu Edit bt k loi ca
s no ca SPSS.
nh ngha hoc chnh sa nhn bin, hy nhp p tn
bin trong ca s Data Editor v sau nhp Labels.
i vi d liu nhp t cc ngun c s d liu, tn cc tr-ng -c
s dng lm nhn bin.
i vi nhn bin qu di, ch con tr ln nhn trong danh sch
xem ton b nhn bin .
Nu khng c nhn bin no -c xc nh th tn bin s -c
th hin.




Hnh 1-6: Cc nhn bin -c th hin trong mt hp thoi
6

1.5.2 C. nt trong hp thoi
C 5 nt nhn tiu chun trong hu ht cc hp thoi:
OK. Chy th tc. Sau khi bn chn cc bin nghin cu v chn
bt k cc tu chn b sung no, nhp OK chy th tc. iu
ny cng ng thi ng hp thoi li.
Paste. To c php cu lnh t cc la chn trong hp thoi v dn
c php vo mt ca s c php. Sau bn c tu bin cc cu
lnh vi cc c tnh b sung khng c sn trong hp thoi.
#eset. B chn bt k bin no trong danh sch cc bin -c
chn v thit lp mc nh cho mi tu chn trong hp thoi
v bt k hp thoi ph no.
Can.eI. Xo b bt k thay i no trong thit lp hp thoi k t
ln cui n -c m ra v ng hp thoi li. Trong mi ln lm
vic vi SPSS cc thit lp trong hp thoi l lun tn ti cho n
khi bn thot khi SPSS. Mt hp thoi duy tr mi thit lp m
bn chn cho n khi bn thit lp li. .
HeIp. Nm ny cho bn ca s tr gip dng chun ca hng
Microsoft bao gm cc thng tin v hp thoi hin ti. Bn cng c
th nhn -c cc tr gip trong cc nm iu khin ring trong
tng hp thoi bng cch nhp chut phi ln n.
7
1.5.3 Hp thoi ph
Do hu ht cc th tc u cung cp mt s uyn chuyn ln,
khng phi mi la chn u c th -c bao hm ch trong mt
hp thoi. Hp thoi chnh bao gm cc thng tin ti thiu i hi
chy mt th tc. Cc thit lp b sung -c thc hin trong cc
hp thoi ph.
Trong hp thoi chnh, nm nhn vi ba du chm (.) ng sau tn
ca n ch ra rng mt hp thoi ph s -c xut hin nu bn
nhn chut vo n.
1.5.4 La .hn bin
la chn mt bin, bn ch n gin nhp chut vo n trong
danh sch cc bin ngun v nhp nm mi tn phi nm bn cnh
danh sch cc bin ngun. Nu ch c mt danh sch cc bin
ngun, bn c th nhp p cc bin n chuyn chng t
danh sch ngun sang danh sch ti.
Bn c th chn nhiu bin mt lc:
chn nhiu bin nm k nhau lin tc trong danh sch cc
bin ngun, nhp vo bin u tin v gi phm Shift v nhp
vo bin cui cng.
chn cc bin khng nm k nhau lin tc (nm cch qung)
trong danh sch cc bin ngun, hy s dng ph-ng php
nhp+Ctrl. Chn bin u tin, sau gi phm Ctrl v nhp
bin tip theo, v c th tip tc cho n bin cui cng.
chn mi bin trong danh sch, nhn Ctrl+A
Hnh 1-7: La chn nhiu bin vi k thut Shif t cng vi nhp chut
8




Hnh 1-8: Chn nhiu bin k tip nhau vi k thut Ctrl cng vi nhp
chut

V c -c thng tin v mt bin trong mt danh sch trong mt hp thoi
Nhp chut tri ln mt bin trong mt danh sch chn n
Nhp chut phi bt k ni no trong danh sch
Chn Variable nformation trong menu pop-up
Hnh 1-9: Xem thng tin v bin dng phm chut phi
9

nhn -c thng tin v nm iu khin trong hp thoi
Nhp chut tri ln nm bn mun bit
Chn What's This? Trong menu pop-up.
Mt ca s pop-up th hin thng tin v nm iu khin.
Hnh 1-10: Tr gip dng "What's This?"pop-up bng cch nhp
phm phi chut

10

2 B 2: M Cc tp tin d liu
Cc file d liu c cc nh dng khc nhau, v phn mm ny -c
thit k qun l chng, bao gm:
Cc bng tnh worksheet -c lp trong Execl hoc Lotus
C s d liu -c lp d-i nh dng dBASE v SQL
Cc file dng text ASC vi kiu Tab-deliminated
Cc file trong nh dng SPSS -c lp trong cc h iu hnh
khc
Cc file d liu SYSTAT
2.1 Khi ng SPSS
Trn mn hnh desktop ca Widows nhp vop biu t-ng

Hoc m phm Start, All programs, SPSS for Wndows, SPSS 12.0.1 for Windows

S xut hin ca s SPSS Data Editor v mt hp thoi nh- sau:


11
P #un the tutoriaI: Chy ch-ng
trnh tr gip
P Type in data: Nhp d liu mi
P #un an existing query: Chy mt
truy vn d liu c sn
P Create new query using Database
izard: Lp mt truy vn d liu
s dng Database Wizard
P Open an existing data sour.e: M
file d liu c sn
(Ch : Hp thoi ny ch xut
hin mt ln khi bn khi ng
SPSS)

2.2 M mt file
Nu c sn mt file d liu, bn c th m n bng la chn
P Open an existing data source v nhp vo More Files;
Nu ang trong ca s SPSS Data Editor:
T thanh menu chn
File
Open
Data.
Trong hp thoi Open File, chn file m bn mun m
Nhp Open
Bn cnh cc file -c l-u d-i nh dng ca SPSS, bn c th m cc
file c nh dng ca Excel, Lotus, dBASE, tab-deliminated m
khng cn phi chuyn i chng sang mt nh dng trung gian
hoc nhp cc thng tin nh ngha d liu
V m mt tp tin {file} Excel
Ti ca s SPSS Data Editor, t thanh menu chn
12
File
Open
Data.
Trong hp thoi Open File, chn file m bn mun m
Nhp Open
Trong hp thoi Open File, chn nni l-u gi file (Look in); chn loi file (Files of
type) v sau chn tn file (File name)

Hp thoi Opening Excel Data Source xut hin

Hy chn Worksheet m bn nh m (i vi file c nhiu hn mt
worksheet).
13





14
3 B 3: Ca s Data Editor
Ca s Data Editor cung cp mt ph-ng php ging nh- bng tnh,
thun tin lp v hiu nh cc file d liu. Ca s Data
Editor t ng m khi bn bt u khi ng SPSS.
Ca s Data Editor cung cp hai loi bng xem d liu:
Data view. Th hin tr s d liu thc hoc cc nhn tr s -c xc
nh
VariabIe view. Th hin cc thng tin nh ngha v bin, bao gm
cc nhn bin v nhn tr s bin -c xc nh, loi d liu (v d
nh- dng chui, dng ngy thng, v dng s), thang o (nh danh,
nh hng, hoc t l), v cc tr s khuyt thiu do ng-i
Trong c hai bng, bn c th b sung, v xo cc thng tin -c l-u
cha trong file d liu.
3.1 Data View
Hnh 5-1: Data view
15

#t nhiu thuc tnh ca Data View cng ging nh- nhng g -c
tm thy trong cc phn mm s dng bng tnh, (v d nh- Excel).
Tuy nhin cng c mt s s khc bit quan trng:
Cc hng l cc bn ghi/i t-ng/tr-ng hp {case}. Tng hng
a din cho mt i t-ng hoc mt quan st. V d tng ng-i
tr li i vi mt bng hi/phiu iu tra l mt i t-ng.
Cc ct l cc bin. Tng ct i din cho mt bin hoc thuc
tnh -c o c. V d tng mc trong mt bng hi l mt
bin.
Cc cha cc tr s. Tng cha mt tr s ca mt bin cho
mt i t-ng. l s kt hp ca i t-ng v bin. Cc ch
cha cc tr s bin. Khng ging nh- cc phn mm s dng
bng tnh, cc trong Data Editor khng th cha ng cc cng
thc.
File d liu c hnh ch nht. Hai h-ng ca file d liu -c xc
nh bi s l-ng cc i t-ng v s l-ng cc bin. Bn c th
nhp d liu trong bt k no. Nu bn nhp d liu vo mt
16
nm bn ngoi cc -ng bin ca file d liu -c xc nh,
hnh ch nht d liu s -c m rng bao gm bt k mi
hng v mi ct nm gia v cc -ng bin ca file. Khng
c cc "trng rng trong cc -ng bin ca file d liu. i vi
cc bin dng s, cc rng -c chuyn thnh tr s khuyt
thiu h thng. i vi cc bin dng chui, mt du cch vn -c
coi l mt tr s.
3.2 Variable View
Hnh 5-2: Ca s Variable View

Bng Variable View cha ng cc thng tin v cc thuc tnh ca
tng bin trong file d liu. Trong mt bng Data view:
Cc hng l cc bin.
Cc ct l cc thuc tnh ca bin
Bn c th b sung hoc xo cc bin v thay i thuc tnh ca
cc bin, bao gm:
Tn bin {Name}
Loi d liu {Type}
S l-ng con s hoc ch {With}
S l-ng ch s thp phn {Decimals}
17
M t bin/nhn bin {Lable} v nhn tr s bin {Values}
Cc tr s khuyt thiu do ng-i s dng thit lp {Missing}
rng ca ct {Width}
Cn l {Align}
Thang o {Measure}
V th hin hoc nh ngha cc thuc tYnh ca bin
Lm cho ca s Data Editor tr thnh ca s hot ng
Nhp p mt tn bin nh ca ct trong bng Data View,
hoc nhp bng Variable View.
nh ngha mt bin mi, nhp mt tn bin trong bt k
hng rng no
Chn thuc tnh m bn mun nh ngha hoc hiu chnh.
3.2.1 Tn bin
Cc qui tc d-i y -c p dng cho tn bin:
Tn phi bt u bng mt ch. Cc k t cn li c th l bt k
ch no, bt k s no, hoc cc biu t-ng nh- @, #, _, hoc $.
Tn bin khng -c kt thc bng mt du chm.
Trnh dng cc tn bin m kt thc vi mt du gch d-i cn (
trnh xung t vi cc bin -c t ng lp bi mt vi th tc)
di ca tn bin khng v-t qu 8 k t.
Du cch v cc k t c bit (v d nh- !, ?, ', v *) khng -c
s dng
Tng tn bin phi n chic/duy nht; khng -c php trng
lp. Khng -c dng ch hoa t tn bin. Cc tn
NEWVA#, NewVar, v newvar -c xem l ging nhau.
18
3.2.2 C. thang o
Bn c th xc nh thang o d-i dng t l (d liu dng s trn
mt thang khong hoc thang o t l), th bc hoc nh
danh. D liu nh danh hoc th bc c th c dng chui
(ch a, b, c.) hoc dng s.
3.2.3 Loi bin
Variable Type xc nh loi d liu i vi tng bin. Theo mc
nh, mi bin mi -c gi s l dng s. Bn s dng Define
Variable thay i loi d liu. Ni dung ca hp thoi Variable
Type ph thuc vo loi d liu -c thu thp. i vi mt s loi
d liu, c nhng cho rng v s thp phn (Xem v d Hnh
5-4); i vi loi khc bn ch n gin chn mt nh dng t mt
danh sch cun (xem v d hnh 5.4b) cc loi d liu cho tr-c.
Hnh 5-4: Hp thoi Variable Type

Cc loi d liu l dng s {numeric}, du phi {comma}, du chm.
{dot}, ghi ch khoa hc {Scientific notation}, ngy thng {Date}, -la
{Dollar}, tin tu bin {custom currency} v chui {string}.
Hnh 5-4: Hp thoi Variable Type vi dng d liu l ngy thng
19

V nh ngha loi d liu
Nhp nm trong Type i vi bin bn mun nh ngha
Chn loi d liu trong hp thoi Data Type.
3.2.4 Nhn bin {VariabIe LabeIs}
Do tn bin ch c th di 8 k t, cc nhn bin c th di n
256 k t, v nhng nhn m t ny -c th hin trong cc kt xut.
3.2.5 Nhn tr s .Na bin {VaIue LabeIs}
Bn c th ch nh cc nhn m t i vi tng tr s ca bin.
iu ny cc k hu ch nu d liu ca bn s dng cc m dng
s i din cho cc nhm/t khng phi dng s (v d m 1 v
2 cho nam v n). Nh tr s ca bin c th di n 60 k t. Nhn
tr s ca bin khng c sn i vi cc bin dng chui di (cc
bin dng chui di hn 8 k t).
Hnh 5-5: Hp thoi Value Labels

V nh ngha nhn tr s ca d liu
20
Nhp nm trong Values i vi bin bn mun nh ngha
i vi tng tr s, nhp tr s v nhp mt nhn
Nhp Add nhp nhn tr s.
3.2. Tr s khuyt thiu {issing VaIue}
Missng Value nh ngha cc tr s nh- l khuyt thiu - .Na
ng-i s dng. Thng th-ng chng ta mun bit ti sao thng tin li
b khuyt thiu. V d bn c th phn bit gia tr s khuyt
thiu do mt i t-ng iu tra t chi tr li mt cu hi v tr s
khuyt thiu do cu hi khng p dng i vi ng-i ny. Cc tr
s -c ch nh l khuyt thiu ca ng-i s dng -c nh du
-c SPSS i x c bit trong hu ht cc tnh ton.
Bn c th nhp n 3 tr s khuyt thiu ring bit, mt phm
vi khong cch tr s khuyt thiu hoc mt phm vi cng vi
mt tr s khuyt thiu ring bit.
Cc phm vi c th -c ch nh cho cc bin dng s
Bn khng th nh ngha tr s khuyt thiu cho cc bin
dng chui di (hn 8 k t)
C. tr s khuyt thiu i vi bin dng .hui. Mi d liu dng chui, bao
gm c tr s rng, -c chuyn i thnh cc tr s bnh th-ng
(khng phi l khuyt thiu) tr phi bn nh ngha chng mt cch
trc tip nh- l cc tr s khuyt thiu. nh ngha tr s rng
nh- l tr s khuyt thiu i vi bin dng chui, hy nhp mt du
cch vo mt trong nhng tr-ng i vi Discrete missing values.
Hnh 5-6: Hp thoi Missing Values

21
V nh ngha cc tr s khuyt thiu cho mt bin
Nhp nm trong Missing i vi bin bn mun nh ngha
Nhp cc tr s hay cc phm vi/khong i din cho tr s khuyt
thiu.
p dng cc thuc tYnh nh ngha bin cho cc bin khc
Mt khi bn nh ngha cc thuc tnh cho mt bin, bn c th
sao chp mt hoc mt s thuc tnh v p dng chng cho mt
hoc mt s bin khc.
V p dng cc thuc tYnh nh ngha bin cho cc bin khc
Trong bng Variable View, chn hoc cc c thuc tnh -c
nh ngha m bn mun p dng cho cc bin khc
T thanh menu chn
Edit
Copy
Chn (hoc cc ) m bn mun p dng thuc tnh. Bn c th
chn nhiu bin.
T thanh menu chn
Edit
Paste
Nu bn sao chp thuc tnh cho cc hng rng, cc bin mi -c lp vi vi cc thuc
tnh mc nh cho tt c nh-ng khng phi mc nh cho nhng thuc tnh -c
chn.
3.3 Nhp d liu
Bn c th nhp d liu trc tip t bng Data View trong ca s Data Editor. Bn c
th nhp d liu theo bt k trt t no. Bn c th nhp d liu theo i t-ng hoc
theo bin, hoc theo khu vc -c chn, hoc theo tng
hot ng ( con tr) lun -c lm sng
Tn bin v s ca hng ca hot ng -c th hin gc
cao bn tri ca ca s Data Editor.
22
Khi bn chn mt v nhp mt tr s th n s -c th hin
khoang hiu nh d liu nm trn ca Data Editor
Cc tr s khng -c ghi cho n khi bn nhn Enter hoc chn
khc
nhp bt k g khc mt d liu dng s, tr-c ht phi nh
ngha loi d liu.
Nu bn nhp mt tr s vo mt ct rng, Data Editor t ng to ra
mt bin mi v ch nh mt tn bin.
Hnh 5-7: File d liu lm vic trong Data View










V nhp d liu dng s
Chn mt trong bng DataView
Nhp tr s. Tr s ny -c th hin trong khoang hiu nh d
liu nh ca Data Editor
Nhn Enter hoc chn mt khc ghi tr s ny.
V nhp d liu khng phi dng s

%n
biJn
Khoang hiJu nh d-
liJu
hot
ng
$G.N,a3
23
Nhp p mt tn bin nh ca ct trong bng Data View hoc
nhp bng Variable View
Nhp nm trong Type i vi bin ny
Chn loi d liu trong hp thoi Variable Type.
Nhp OK
Nhp p s ca hng hoc nhp bng Data View
Nhp d liu trong hng i vi bin va mi -c nh ngha.
V s dng nhn ca tr s khi nhp d liu
Nu nhn tr s khng xut hin trong bng Data View, t thanh
menu chn
View
Value Labels
Nhp ln m trong bn mun nhp tr s
Chn mt nhn tr s t danh sch m xung
Tr s -c nhp vo v nhn tr s -c th hin trong .
Ch : iu ny ch lm vic nu bn nh ngha nhn tr s
ca bin.
Cc gii hn v tr s ca d liu
Loi bin v rng ca d liu -c thit lp s qui nh loi d
liu c th nhp vo trong Data View.
Nu bn g mt k t khng -c chp nhn bi loi bin, Data
Editor s pht ra ting ku bp v khng nhp k t vo.
Vi cc bin dng chui, cc k t nm ngoi rng -c nh
ngha s khng -c chp nhn.
Vi cc bin dng s, cc tr s nguyn v-t qu rng vn c th
-c nhp vo, nh-ng Data Editor th hin hoc l ch gii khoa
hc hoc l cc du hoa th trong ch ra rng tr s ny
rng hn rng -c nh ngha. th hin tr s trong ,
24
thay i rng ca bin. (Ch : Thay i rang ca ct
khng nh h-ng n rng ca bin.)
3.4 Hiu Ynh d liu trong bng Data View
Vi Data Editor, bn c th hiu nh tr s ca d liu trong bng
Data View theo nhiu cch. Bn c th:
Thay i tr s ca d liu
Ct, sao chp, v dn cc tr s ca d liu
Thm vo hoc xo cc i t-ng
Thm vo hoc xo cc bin
Thay i trt t ca cc bin
V thay th hoc hiu Ynh mt tr s ca d liu
xo tr s c v nhp mt tr s mi:
Trong bng Data View, nhp p vo . Tr s -c th hin
trong khoang hiu nh d liu.
Hiu nh tr s trc tip t hoc trong khoang hiu nh
d liu.
Nhn Enter (hoc chuyn sang khc) ghi tr s mi.
3.4.1 Ct, sao .hp v dn .. tr s .Na d Iiu
Bn c th ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca tng hoc mt
nhm cc tr s trong Data Editor. Bn c th:
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt sang mt khc.
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt sang mt nhm cc .
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt i t-ng sang cho mt
nhm cc i t-ng.
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt bin sang cho mt nhm
cc bin.
25
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt nhm cc sang cho mt
nhm cc khc.
3.4.2 Chn thm .. i t-ng mi
Nhp d liu vo mt trong mt hng rng s t ng to ra mt
i t-ng mi. Data Editor s chn cc tr s khuyt thiu i vi mi
bin khc cho i t-ng . Nu c bt k hng rng no nm gia
i t-ng mi v cc i t-ng c sn, cc hng rng cng tr
thnh cc i t-ng mi vi cc tr s khuyt thiu h thng i vi
mi bin.
Bn c th chn cc i t-ng mi vo gia cc i t-ng c sn.
V chn mt i t-ng mi gia cc i t-ng c sn
Trong Data View, chn bt k no trong i t-ng (hng) nm d-i
v tr ni m bn mun chn i t-ng mi.
T thanh menu chn
Data
nsert Case
Mt hng mi -c chn vo v mi mi bin ca i t-ng mi ny
u nhn -c tr s khuyt thiu h thng.
3.4.3 Chn mt bin mi
Nhp d liu vo mt ct rng trong bng Data View hoc trong
mt hng rng trong bng Variable View s t ng to ra mt bin
mi vi mt tn bin mc nh (tin t var v mt chui s tun t)
v mt nh dng d liu mc nh (dng s). Data Editor chn tr
s khuyt thiu h thng cho mi i t-ng i vi bin mi ny.
Nu c bt k ct rng no trong bng Data View hoc hng rng
no trong bng Variable View gia bin mi v cc bin c sn,
th nhng ct ny (trong bng Data View) hoc hng ny (trong
bng Variable View) cng tr thnh bin mi vi tr s khuyt thiu
h thng cho mi i t-ng.
V chn mt bin mi gia cc bin c sn
Chn bt k no trong bin bn phi ca (bng Data View) hoc
d-i (ca bng Variable View) v tr m bn mun chn bin mi vo.
26
T thanh menu chn
Data
nsert Variable
Mt hng mi -c chn vo vi tr s khuyt thiu h thng cho
mi i t-ng.
V chuyn mt bin trong Data Editor
Nu bn mun t v tr bin gia hai bin c sn, hy chn
mt bin vo v tr ni bn mun di chuyn bin n
i vi bin bn mun chuyn, nhp tn bin nh ca ct trong
bng Data View hoc s hng trong bng Variable View. Ton b
bin s -c lm ni bt/t sng.
T thanh menu chn
Edit
Cut
Nhp vo tn bin (trong bng Data View) hoc s hng (trong
bng Variable View) ni bn mun di chuyn bin n. Ton b
bin ny s -c m ni bt
T thanh menu chn
Edit
Paste
3.4.4 Thay i Ioi d Iiu
Bn c th thay i loi d liu cho mt bin bt k lc no c s
dng hp thoi Variable Type trong bng Variable View, v Data
Editor s c gng chuyn i cc tr s hin c sang loi mi. Nu
khng th chuyn i -c th tr s khuyt thiu h thng s
-c ch nh. Cc qui tc chuyn i cng ging nh- tr-ng hp
dn tr s vo mt bin c nh dng khc. Nu s thay i trong
nh dng ca d liu c th gy ra cc c t ca tr s khuyt
thiu hoc nhn tr s, Data Editor th hin mt hp cnh bo v
hi nu nh- bn mun tip tc vi vic thay i hay hu b n.
27
3.5 Tnh trng lc i t-ng trong Data Editor
Hnh 5-9: Cc i t-ng -c lc trong Data Editor











Nu bn chn mt tp hp ph cc i t-ng nh-ng khng loi b
nhng i t-ng khng -c chn, nhng i t-ng khng -c chn
-c nh du trong Data Editor vi mt on thng nm cho trong
cc s hng.

Cc i
t-ng b
lac (b
loi
28
4 Bi 4: Cc php bin i d liu
Trong mt tr-ng hp l t-ng, d liu ban u (th) ca bn l thch
hp hon ton cho loi phn tch m bn mun tin hnh, v mi
quan h gia cc bin l hoc tuyn tnh mt cch thch hp
hoc gn nh- trc giao. #t ng tic y l tr-ng hp rt him
c. Cc phn tch s b c th bc l cc trnh t m ho bt tin
hoc cc sai s do m ho, hoc bin i d liu c th b i
hi b l mi quan h thc gia cc bin.
Bn c th thc hin cc php bin i t nhng nhim v n
gin, chng hn nh- thu nh s nhm/t tin hnh phn tch,
hoc phc tp hn nh- to cc bin mi da trn cc ph-ng trnh
phc tp v cc cu lnh/khai bo c iu kin
4.1 TYnh ton bin {Compute Variable}
Th tc Compute Variable tnh ton cc tr s ca mt bin -c
da trn s bin i ca mt bin khc
Bn c th tnh cc tr s cho cc bin dng s hoc dng chui
(cc k t chui c dng s)
Bn c th lp cc bin mi hoc thay th cc tr s ca bin
c. i vi bin mi, bn cng c th ch nh loi bin v nhn
bin.
Bn c th tnh ton cc tr s mt cch c chn lc i vi cc
tp hp con ca d liu da trn cc iu kin l-gic.
Bn c th s dng trn 70 hm lp sn {built-in}, bao gm cc
hm i hc, cc hm thng k, cc hm phn b v cc hm
chui.
V tYnh ton bin
T thanh menu chn
Transform
Compute.
nh tn ca bin ch {target variable}. N c th l mt bin
c hoc mt bin mi s -c b sung vo file d liu lm vic.
29
Xy dng mt biu thc, hoc dn cc b phn vo Numeric
Expression hoc g trc tip vo .
Dn cc hm t danh sch cc hm {Functions} v nhp cc
tham s -c biu th bng cc du hi
Cc hng s dng chui phi -c trong du m ng
ngoc n hoc ngoc kp
Cc hng s dng s phi -c nhp theo nh dng kiu
Hoa K vi du chm (.) l du thp phn.
i vi bin dng chui mi, bn cn phi chn Type&Lable xc
nh loi d liu.
Hnh 6-1: Hp thoi Compute Variable

4.1.1 Tnh ton bin vi tu .hn If Cases
Hp thoi f Cases cho php bn p dng php chuyn i d liu
i vi cc nhm cc i t-ng -c chn lc, c s dng cc biu thc
iu kin. Mt biu thc iu kin tr li mt tr s ng hay sai
hoc khuyt thiu cho tng i t-ng.
Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l true {ng}, php
bin i -c p dng cho i t-ng
Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l false {sai} hoc
missing {khuyt thiu}, php bin i khng -c p dng cho
i t-ng
30
Hu ht cc biu thc iu kin s dng mt hoc mt s
trong 6 du quan h (<, >, <= (nh hn v bng), >= (bng v ln
hn), = v ~= (khc)) trn bng tnh ton.
Cc biu thc iu kin c th bao hm cc tn bin, cc hng
s, cc php ton s hc, cc hm s v hm khc, cc bin l-
gc v cc thao tc c iu kin khc
4.1.2 Type&LabeI {Loi v nhn bin} trong hp thoi Compute VariabIe
Theo mc nh cc bin mi c dng s. tnh ton mt bin
dng chui bn phi xc nh loi d liu v rng
LabeI. Nhn bin l khng bt buc phi nh ngha, v c th di
n 120 k t. Bn c th nhp mt nhn bin hoc s dng 110
k t u tin ca biu thc tnh ton nh- l nhn bin.
Type. Cc bin -c tnh ton c th l dng s hoc dng chui (ch
ci kiu con s). Cc bin dng chui khng th -c ding trong cc
php tnh ton.
Hnh 6-2: Hp thoi loi v nhn bin trong th tc Compute Variable

4.2 Vm s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i t-ng
Hp thoi ny to nn mt bin m s ln xy ra ca cng tr s
hoc cc tr s trong mt danh sch cc bin cho tng i t-ng. V
d mt cuc iu tra c th bao gm mt danh sch cc tp ch vi
hp nh du c/khng ch ra xem loi tp ch no m tng i
t-ng iu tra c. Bn c th m s cu tr li c cho tng i
t-ng iu tra to ra mt bin mi cha ng tng s tp ch
-c c.
Hnh 6-3: m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i t-ng
31

m s ln cc tr s xy ra trong cc i t-ng
T thanh menu chn
Transform
Count.
Chn mt hay hn mt bin cng loi (dng s hoc dng chui)
Nhp Define Variable v xc nh loi tr s hoc cc tr s no s -c
m.
Khng bt buc, bn c th nh ngha mt tp hp con cc i
t-ng m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s.
Hp thoi f Cases xc nh cc tp hp con ging nh- -c m t
trong phn Compute Variable.
Vm cc tr s trong cc i t-ng: Cc tr s cn m
Tr s ca bin ch (trong hp thoi chnh) -c tng thm 1 cho
mi ln khi mt trong nhng bin -c la chn tho mn mt c
t trong Value to Count. Nu mt i t-ng tho mn mt s m t
i vi bt k bin no, bin ch -c tng mt s ln t-ng ng
i vi bin .
Cc c t v tr s c th bao gm cc tr s ring bit, cc tr
s khuyt thiu (h thng hoc ng-i s dng), v cc phm vi
{range}. Cc phm vi bao gm cc im cui ca chng v bt k tr
s khuyt thiu ca ng-i s dng c ln ri vo trong phm vi
.
32
Hnh 6-4: Hp thoi cc tr s cn m

4.3 M ho li d liu
Bn c th bin i tr s d liu bng cch m ho li chng
4.3.1 ho Ii d Iiu ngay trong bin . sn (khng to thnh bin mi)
M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn {#ecode into Same
Variable} gn li cc tr s ca bin ang c hoc ct gim bt cc
phm vi ca cc tr s ang c vo cc tr s mi
Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s v dng chui. Nu bn chn
nhiu bin, chng phi c cng loi. Bn khng th m ho cc bin
dng chui v dng s cng vi nhau.
Hnh 6-7: Hp thoi Recode into Same Variables

33
V m ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn
T thanh menu chn
Transform
#ecode
nto Same Variables.
Chn cc bin m bn mun m ho, Nu bn chn nhiu bin,
chng phi c cng dng (chui hoc s)
Nhp vo Old and New Values v nh r cch m ho li tr s.
Mt cch tu chn, bn c th chn mt nhm cc i t-ng m
ho
Hp thoi f Cases xc nh mt nhm cc i t-ng cng ging
nh- -c m t trong mc tnh ton bin {Compute Variable}
Hp thoi Recode into Same Values: Old and NewValues
Bn c th xc nh cc tr s m ho trong hp thoi ny. Mi
ch nh v tr s phi cng loi d liu (dng s hay dng chui)
ging nh- ca cc bin -c chn trong hp thoi chnh.
OId VaIue. Tr s (hoc cc tr s) b m ho. Bn c th m ho cc
tr s n, mt phm vi cc tr s v cc tr s khuyt thiu. Cc tr
s khuyt thiu h thng v cc phm vi khng th -c chn i vi
cc bin dng chui bi v khng c khi nim no p dng cho cc
bin dng chui. Cc phm vi bao gm cc im cui ca chng v
mi tr s khuyt thiu ca ng-i s dng nm trong phm vi ny.
New VaIue. Tr s n m trong n tng tr s c hoc phm vi ca
cc tr s -c m ho. Bn c th nhp mt tr s hoc ch nh
tr s khuyt thiu h thng.
OId->New. Danh sch cc tr s s -c s dng m ho bin (hoc
cc bin). Bn c th b sung, thay i hoc loi b cc tr s ny
ra khi danh sch. Danh sch -c t ng sp xp, da trn cc tr
s c, s dng trt t sau: cc tr s n, cc tr s khuyt thiu,
cc phm vi v mi tr s khc. Nu bn thay i mt tr s trong
danh sch, th tc s t ng sp xp li danh sch, nu cn thit,
duy tr trt t ny.
Hnh 6-8: Hp thoi Old and New Values
34

4.3.2 ho thnh bin kh.
Th tc #ecode into Different Variables gn li cc tr s ca cc bin
c sn hoc cc phm vi ca cc tr s c sn vo cc tr s mi
ca mt bin mi. V d bn c th m ho l-ng nm ca i t-ng
iu tra vo mt bin mi c cc tr s l l-ng nm nh-ng chia theo
khong.
Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s v dng chui
Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s sang dng chui v ng-c li
Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng phi c cng loi bin. Bn
khng th cng mt lc m ho li c bin dng s ln bin dng
chui -c.
Hnh 6-9: Hp thoi Recode into Different Variables
35

V m ho li d liu sang bin mi
T thanh menu chn
Transform
#ecode
nto Different Variables.
Chn cc bin m bn mun m ho, Nu bn chn nhiu bin,
chng phi c cng dng (chui hoc s)
Nhp mt tn bin mi cho tng bin v nhp Change.
Nhp Old and New Values v nh r cch m ho li tr s.
Mt cch tu chn, bn c th chn mt nhm cc i t-ng m
ho
Hp thoi Recode into Same Values: Old and NewValues
Bn c th xc nh cc tr s m ho trong hp thoi ny. Mi
ch nh v tr s phi cng loi d liu (dng s hay dng chui)
ging nh- ca cc bin -c chn trong hp thoi chnh.
OId VaIue. Tr s (hoc cc tr s) b m ho. Bn c th m ho cc
tr s n, mt phm vi cc tr s v cc tr s khuyt thiu. Cc tr
s khuyt thiu h thng v cc phm vi khng th -c chn i vi
cc bin dng chui bi v khng c khi nim no p dng cho cc
bin dng chui. Cc phm vi bao gm cc im cui ca chng v
mi tr s khuyt thiu ca ng-i s dng nm trong phm vi ny.
36
New VaIue. Tr s n m trong n tng tr s c hoc phm vi ca
cc tr s -c m ho. Bn c th nhp mt tr s hoc ch nh
tr s khuyt thiu h thng.
OId->New. Danh sch cc tr s s -c s dng m ho bin (hoc
cc bin). Bn c th b sung, thay i hoc loi b cc tr s ny
ra khi danh sch. Danh sch -c t ng sp xp, da trn cc tr
s c, s dng trt t sau: cc tr s n, cc tr s khuyt thiu,
cc phm vi v mi tr s khc. Nu bn thay i mt tr s trong
danh sch, th tc s t ng sp xp li danh sch, nu cn thit,
duy tr trt t ny.
Hnh 6-10: Hp thoi Old and New Values


37
5 Bi 5: iu khin file v bin i file
Cc file d liu khng phi lc no cng -c t chc d-i cc dng l
t-ng cho cc i hi ring bit ca bn. Bn lun cn phi kt hp
cc file d liu sp xp d liu theo mt trt t khc nhau, chn mt
nhm ph cc i t-ng, hoc thay i n v phn tch bng
cch gp cc i t-ng vi nhau. Mt phm vi ln ca kh nng bin
i d liu l c sn, bao gm cc nng lc :
Sp xp d Iiu. Bn c th sp xp d liu do vo tr s ca mt
hoc mt s bin.
Chuyn .. i t-ng v .. bin vi nhau. nh dng file d liu SPSS c
cc hng l cc i t-ng v cc ct l cc bin. i vi cc file trong
trt t ny o ng-c, bn c th chuyn i cc hng v cc
ct v c d liu trong nh dng chnh xc.
Trn .. fiIe. Bn c th trn nhiu file vi nhau. Bn c th kt hp cc
file vi cng bin nh-ng khc i t-ng hoc cng i t-ng nh-ng khc
bin.
Chn .. nhm ph .. i t-ng. Bn c th hn ch cc phn tch ca
mnh trong mt nhm cc i t-ng hoc tin hnh ng thi cc
php phn tch trong cc nhm i t-ng khc nhau.
Gp .hungTng hp d Iiu. Bn c th thay i n v ca php phn
tch bng cch tng hp cc i t-ng vi nhau da tr s ca mt
hoc mt s bin lp nhm.
Gia quyn d Iiu. Gia quyn cc i t-ng phn tch d trn tr s
ca mt bin gia quyn.
5.1 Sp xp cc i t-ng
Hp thoi ny sp xp cc i t-ng (cc hng) ca file d liu da
vo cc tr s ca mt hoc mt s bin sp xp. Bn ca s th
sp xp cc i t-ng theo trt t tng dn hoc gim dn.
Nu bn chn nhiu bin sp xp, cc i t-ng -c sp xp
theo tng bin trong vng tng nhm ca bin ng tr-c trong
danh sch Short by. V d nu bn chn bin gender {gii tnh}
l bin sp xp th nht v minority {thiu s}l bin sp xp
38
th hai, cc i t-ng s -c sp xp theo phn loi thiu s
trong tng loi gii tnh.
i vi cc bin, cc ch in ng tr-c cc ch th-ng ging n
trong trt t sp xp.
Hnh 7-1: Hp thoi Sort Cases

V sp xp cc i t-ng
T thanh menu chn
Data
Sort Cases .
Chn mt hoc mt s bin sp xp.
5.2 Chn cc i t-ng {Select Cases}
Th tc Select Cases cung cp mt s ph-ng php khc nhau
chn mt nhm cc i t-ng da vo cc tiu ch bao gm cc bin
v cc biu thc phc. Bn cng c th chn mt mu ngu nhin
cc i t-ng. Tiu ch dng nh ngha mt nhm c th bao
gm:
Cc tr s bin v cc phm vi/khong bin thin
Cc phm vi ngy thng v thi gian
Cc s hng
Cc biu thc s hc
Cc biu thc l-gc
39
Cc hm
&nseIe.ted Cases. Bn c th lc hoc xo b cc i t-ng khng p
ng tiu chun la chn. Cc i t-ng -c lc vn duy tr trong file
d liu nh-ng b loi ra khi php phn tch. Th tc Select Cases
to ra mt bin lc, filter_$, ch r tnh trng lc. Cc i t-ng
-c chn c tr s 1; cc i t-ng khng -c chn (b lc) c tr
s 0. Cc i t-ng b lc cng -c nh du bng mt du gch
cho qua s hng trong ca s Data Editor. ng tnh trng lc
v bao gm mi i t-ng trong php phn tch ca ban, hy chn
All Cases.
Cc i t-ng b xo b b loi ra khi file d liu v khng th phc
hi li -c nu bn l-u file d liu sau khi xo b cc i t-ng.
Hnh 7-9: Hp thoi Select Cases

V chn mt nhm cc i t-ng
T thanh menu chn:
Data
Select Cases.
Chn mt trong nhng ph-ng php la chn cc i t-ng.
40
nh r cc tiu ch chn cc i t-ng.
5.2.1 SeIe.t Cases: If
Hp thoi ny cho php bn chn cc nhm i t-ng c s dng cc
biu thc iu kin. Mt biu thc iu kin tr li mt tr s true
{ng}, false {sai}, hoc missing {khuyt thiu} cho tng i t-ng.

Hnh 7-10: Hp thoi Select Cases: If

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l true, i t-ng s
-c chn
Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l false hoc
missing, i t-ng s khng -c chn
Hu ht cc biu thc iu kin s dng mt hoc mt vi
trong s 6 php tnh iu kin (<, >, =, <=, >=, v ~=) trn bng
tnh ton.
Cc biu thc iu kin c th bao gm cc tn bin, hng s,
cc php tnh s hc, cc hm s v cc hm khc, cc bin l-
gic, v cc php tnh iu kin.
5.2.2 SeIe.t Cases: #andom SampIe
Hp thoi ny cho php bn chn mt mu ngu nhin d trn mt t
l thch hp hoc mt l-ng chnh xc cc i t-ng.
41
pproximateIy. To ra mt mu ngu nhin cc cc i t-ng gn ng
vi mt t l -c xc nh tr-c. Do cch lm ny to ra mt quyt
nh ngu nhiu gi nh c lp cho tng i t-ng, t l cc i
t-ng -c chn ch c th gn ng vi t l -c xc nh tr-c.
Cng c nhiu i t-ng trong file d liu, t l cc i t-ng -c
chn cng gn ng vi t l -c xc nh tr-c.
Exa.tIy. Mt s l-ng i t-ng -c xc nh bi ng-i s dng. Bn
cng phi ch r s cc i t-ng t to ra mu. Con s th
hai cn phi nh hn hoc bng tng s i t-ng c trong file d
liu. Nu con s ny v-t qu tng s i t-ng c trong file d liu,
mu s bao gm mt cch t l t i t-ng hn con s yu cu.

Hnh 7-11: Hp thoi Select Cases: Random Sample

5.2.3 SeIe.t Cases: #ange
Hp thoi ny chn cc i t-ng d vo mt phm vi s i t-ng
hoc mt phm vi cc ngy hoc thi gian
Cc phm vi i t-ng -c da vo s hng -c th hin trong
ca s Data Editor
Cc phm vi ngy thng hoc thi gian ch c sn i vi d liu
chui thi gian {time series data} vi cc bin ngy thng -c xc
nh (menu Data, Define Data).
Hnh 7-12: Hp thoi Select Cases: Range i vi phm vi cc i
t-ng (khng c cc bin ngy thng -c nh ngha)
42


43
6 Bi 6: Lm vic vi kt xut
Khi bn chy mt th tc, cc kt qu -c th hin trong mt ca s
gi l Viewer. Trong ca s ny, bn c th d dng chuyn n
bt k phn no ca cc kt xut/kt qu u ra m bn mun
xem. Bn cng c th iu khin kt xut v to mt file ti liu
cha ng cc kt xut m bn mun, -c t chc v nh dng
mt cch thch hp.
.1 Ca s Viewer
Hnh 8-1: Ca s Viewer












Cc kt qu -c th hin trong Viewer. Bn c th s dng Viewer
:
Xem l-t cc kt qu.
Th hin hoc du cc bng v th -c chn.

hp J
m rng
hoc thu
hp cc
cp
xem
hp p
mt biJu
t-ng
kiJu
sch J
hiJn
hoc lm
En mt
chi tiJt
Pan
phn cp
xem
hp mt
chi tiJt
J chan v
i thng
Jn n
Pan ni
dung
hp p mt bng J
xoay hoc hiJu nh
n
44
Thay i trt t trnh by ca cc kt qu bng cch di chuyn
cc chi tit -c chn.
Di chuyn cc chi tit gia Viewer vi cc trnh ng dng khc.
Ca s Viewer -c chia lm hai pan:
Pan bn tri ca Viewer cha ng mc phn cp ca cc ni
dung.
Pan bn phi bao gm cc bng thng k, cc biu , v cc kt
xut dng vn bn.
Bn c th s dng cc thanh cun xem l-t cc kt qu, hoc
bn c th nhp vo mt chi tit trong phn phn cp n
thng bng hoc th t-ng ng.
Bn c th nhp v r cnh bn phi ca pan phn cp thay
i rng ca n.
.1.1 Th hin v du .. kt qu
Trong ca s Viewer, bn c th lm xut hin hoc n i mt
cch c chn lc cc bng hoc kt qu t mt th tc. Vic ny rt
hu ch khi bn mun lm ngn hn cc kt xut c th nhn thy
-c trong pan ni dung (pan bn phi).
V n giu mt bng hoc th m khng xo b n:
Nhp biu t-ng sch m {book icon} ca n thanh cng c Outlining
trong ca s Viewer
hoc
Nhp vo chi tit chn n
T thanh menu chn:
View
Hide
hoc
Nhp biu t-ng sch ng (Hide) trn thanh cng c Outlining .
45
Biu t-ng sch m (Show) tr thnh biu t-ng hot ng, ch ra
rng chi tit gi y -c n giu.
V n giu mi kt qu ca mt th tc:
Nhp hp bn tri ca tn th tc trong pan phn cp.
Vic ny n giu mi kt qu ca th tc v lm co phn phn cp
li
.1.2 Di .huyn, sao .hp v xo b .. kt qu
Bn c th t chc li cc kt qu bng cch sao chp, chuyn v
xo mt chi tit hoc mt nhm cc chi tit.
V di chuyn cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer
Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung
chn n. (S dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn
nhiu chi tit, hoc k thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn
cc chi tit nm khng lin tc nhau.)
S dng chut nhp v r cc chi tit (gia chut trong khi r).
Th chut ra ln chi tit nm trn v tr m bn mun th chi tit
-c di chuyn
Bn cng c th chuyn cc chi tit bng cch s dng hai lnh Cut
v Paste After trong menu Edit.
V xo cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer
Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung
chn n. (S dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn
nhiu chi tit, hoc k thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn
cc chi tit nm khng lin tc nhau.)
Nhn phm Delete
hoc
T thanh menu chn:
Edit
Delete
46
V sao chp cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer
Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung
chn n. (S dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn
nhiu chi tit, hoc k thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn
cc chi tit nm khng lin tc nhau.)
Gi phm Ctrl trong khi bn dng chut nhp v r cc chi tit
(gia chut trong khi r).
Th chut ra ni m bn mun sao chp chng vo .
Bn c th sao chp cc chi tit bng cch s dng hai lnh Copy
v Paste After trong menu Edit.
47
7 Bi 8: Frequencies {Tn s}
Th tc Frequencies cung cp cc thng k v cc th hu ch
cho vic m t rt nhiu loi bin. nhn u tin vo d liu,
th tc Frequencies l mt ni rt tt bt u.
i vi mt bo co tn sut v mt th thanh, bn c th b tr
cc tr s khc nhau theo trt t gim dn hoc tng dn cc nhm
theo tn s ca chng. Bo co tan s c th b treo khi mt bin
c qu nhiu tr s khc nhau. Bn c th t tiu cho cc
th vi cc tn s (tr s mc nh) hoc t l %.
V d. Phn b ca cc khch hng ca mt cng ty theo loi ngnh l
nh- th no? T kt xut, bn c th nhn thy rng 37,5% ca
khch hng ca bn l cc c quan chnh quyn, 24,9% l cc doanh
nghip, 28,1% l cc vin nghin cu, v 9,4% l t ngnh chm sc
sc kho. i vi d liu nh l-ng, lin tc, chng hn nh- doanh
thu, bn c th nhn thy rng tin bn sn phm bnh qun l
3.576$ vi mt lch chun l 1.078$.
C. thng k v th. Cc tn s, t l %, t l % tch lu, trung bnh,
trung v, mode, tng, lch chun, ph-ng sai, phm vi (ton c),
tr s nh nht v tr s ln nht, sai s chun ca trung bnh,
lch v nhn (c hai vi lch chun), t phn v, cc s
phn v do ng-i s dng nh ngha, th thanh, th trn,
v biu tn sut.
D Iiu. S dng cc m dng s hoc chui ngn cho cc bin nh
tnh (thang o nh danh hoc nh hng).
C. gi s. Bng v t l % cung cp mt m t hu ch i vi d
liu t mi phn b, c bit cho nhng bin vi cc nhm c
hoc khng c th bc. Hu ht cc thng k tng k tu chn,
chng hn nh- trung bnh v lch chun, -c da trn l thuyt
chun v l thch hp cho cc bin nh l-ng vi cc phn b cn
xng. Cc thng k t khng, chng hn nh- trung v, cc phn v,
v cc t phn v, l thch hp cho cc bin nh l-ng c th
hoc khng c th tho mn gi thit v phn b chun.
.1 Kt xut mEu

48




Hnh 14-1: Kt xut ca th tc Frequencies
So tien dau tu .ho su dung nuo. sa.h
2 6.7 6.7 6.7
1 3.3 3.3 10.0
2 6.7 6.7 16.7
1 3.3 3.3 20.0
6 20.0 20.0 40.0
2 6.7 6.7 46.7
3 10.0 10.0 56.7
2 6.7 6.7 63.3
1 3.3 3.3 66.7
2 6.7 6.7 73.3
2 6.7 6.7 80.0
1 3.3 3.3 83.3
3 10.0 10.0 93.3
2 6.7 6.7 100.0
30 100.0 100.0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1500
2000
Total
Valid
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent

Statisti.s
So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach
30
0
803.33
92.411
256195.4
100
2000
Valid
Missing
N
Mean
Std. Error of Mean
Variance
Minimum
Maximum



49
So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach
2000.0
1750.0
1500.0
1250.0
1000.0
750.0
500.0
250.0
0.0
So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
10
8
6
4
2
0
Std. Dev = 506.16
Mean = 803.3
N = 30.00


.2 V thu -c cc tn s v cc thng k
T thanh menu chn:
Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies.
Hnh 12-2: Hp thoi Frequencies

Chn mt hoc mt s bin nh l-ng hoc nh tnh.
Mt cch tu chn, bn c th:
Nhp Statistics c cc thng k m t i vi bin nh l-ng
50
Nhp Charts c th thanh, th trn, v biu tn
sut.
Nhp Format c trt t m cc kt qu -c th hin.
7.2.1 Frequen.ies Statisti.s






Hnh 12-3: Hp thoi Frequencies Statistics

Per.entiIe VaIues. Cc tr s ca mt bin nh l-ng chia d liu c
th bc vo thnh cc nhm sao cho mt t l % c th l nm trn
n v mt t l % khc nm d-i n. Cc s t phn v (cc phn v
th 25, th 50, v th 75) chia cc quan st ra thnh 4 nhm c cng
s l-ng quan st. Nu bn mun mt s l-ng cc nhm ln hn 4, hy
chn Cut points for n equal groups. Bn cng c th xc nh cc s
phn v ring bit (v d, phn v th 95, l tr s m nm d-i n
l 95% s l-ng quan st ri vo).
51
CentraI Tenden.y. Cc thng k m t trung tm ca mt phn b bao
gm trung bnh, trung v, mode, v tng mi tr s.
Dispersion. Cc thng k o c ln ca s bin thin hoc tri
rng trong d liu bao gm lch chun, ph-ng sai, phm vi, tr
s ln nht, tr s nh nht, v sai s chun ca trung bnh.
Distribution. Skewness { lch} v Kurtosis { nhn} l cc thng k
m t hnh dng v cn xng ca mt phn b. Cc thng k
-c th hin cng vi sai s chun ca chng.
VaIue are group midpoints. Nu cc tr s trong d liu ca bn l im
gia ca cc nhm (v d, tui ca mi ng-i trong nhm 30 tui
th -c m l 35), hy chn tu chn ny -c l-ng trung v v cc
phn v cho d liu th, khng nhm gp.
7.2.2 Frequen.ies Charts



Hnh 12-4: Hp thoi Frequencies Charts

Chart Type. Mt th trn {pie chart} th hin phn b ca cc b
phn trong ton b. Tng ming ca th trn t-ng ng vi mt
nhm -c xc nh bi mt bin lp nhm. Mt th thanh {bar
chart} th hin s l-ng/tn s ca tng tr s ring bit hoc tng
nhm nh- l mt thanh ring, cho php bn so snh cc nhm d-i
dng hnh nh. Mt biu tn sut cng c cc thanh, nh-ng
52
chng -c v dc theo mt thang o khong bng nhau. Chiu cao
ca tng thanh l s l-ng ca cc tr s ca mt bin nh l-ng ri
vo trong khong. Mt biu tn sut th hin hnh dng, trung
tm, v tri rng ca phn b. Mt -ng cong chun t
chng thm vo mt biu tn sut gip bn xt on liu chng
d liu c phn b chun.
Chart VaIues. i vi th thanh, trc thang o c th -c t nhn
bi s l-ng hoc t l %.
53
8 Bi 7: Bng tr/xoay {pivot table}
#t nhiu kt qu trong ca s Viewer -c trnh by d-i dng
bng c th xoay mt cch t-ng tc. Tc l bn c th t chc li
cc hng, ct v cc lp/trang {layer}
.1 Thao tc i vi mt bng tr
Cc tu chn i vi thao tc mt bng tr bao gm:
Chuyn i cc hng v cc ct vi nhau
Di chuyn cc hng v cc ct
Lp cc lp a chiu
Nhm v khng nhm cc hng v cc ct
Hin v n cc
Tm cc nh ngha ca cc chi tit
V hiu Ynh mt bng tr
Nhp p bng. Vic ny kch hot ca s Pivot Table Editor
V hiu Ynh hai hoc hn hai bng tr cng mt lc
Nhp chut phi ln bng
T menu ni dung chn:
SPSS Pivot Table Object
Open
Lp li i vi tng bng tr m bn mun hiu nh
V xoay mt bng tr s dng biu t-ng
Kch hot bng tr
T menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray
54
Chm con tr ln tng biu t-ng xem mt ch dn mch bo bn
biu t-ng i din cho h-ng no ca bng.
# mt biu t-ng t mt khay ny sang khay khc.
iu ny thay i s b tr ca bng. V d gi s nh- mt biu
t-ng i din cho mt bin vi cc nhm es v No v bn r biu
t-ng ny t khay #ow sang khay Column. Tr-c khi di chuyn, Yes
v No l cc tiu ca hng; sau khi di chuyn chng l cc tiu
ca ct.
Hnh 10-1: Cc khay tr






V xc nh mt chiu trong mt bng tr
Kch hot bng tr
Nu cc khay tr khng xut hin, t menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray
Nhp ln mt mt biu t-ng v gi chut.
iu ny lm sng cc tiu theo chiu trong bng tr.
V chuyn i cc hng v cc ct trong mt bng tr
Kch hot bng tr
T menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Transpose #ows and Columns

iJu t-ng
trang/lp
Khay
trang/lp
iJu t-ng
hng
Khay hng
iJu t-ng
ct
Khay ct
55
iu ny c cng tc ng nh- r mi biu t-ng hng vo khay
Column v mi biu t-ng ct vo khay #ow.
V thay i trt t trnh by trong mt bng tr
Trt t ca cc biu t-ng trn khay ch chiu phn nh trt t ca
cc thnh phn trong bng tr. thay i trt t th hin ca cc
thnh phn trong mt chiu ca bng
Kch hot bng tr
Nu cc khay tr khng xut hin, t menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray
Nhp ln mt mt biu t-ng sp xp theo trt t m bn mun
(tri sang phi hoc trn xung d-i)
V di chuyn hng hoc ct trong mt bng tr
Kch hot bng tr.
Nhp vo nhn/tiu ca hng hoc ct m bn mun di chuyn.
Nhp v r nhn sang v tr mi
T menu ni dung, chn nsert Before {chn vo pha tr-c} hoc Swap
{Hon v}.
Ch : Hy m bo rng lnh Drag to Copy trong menu Edit khng
-c chn (nh du). Nu Drag to Copy -c chn, hy b chn n.
Hnh 10-2: Cc nhm hng v nhm ct vi cc tiu nhm
Gieng dao * Nuo. tu khe nui CrosstabuIation
Count
0 23 23
5 2 7
5 25 30
Khong
Co
Gieng
dao
Total
Khong Co
Nuoc tu khe nui
Total


%iu J nhm
ct
%iu J nhm
hng
56

Nu bn ch Swap {hon v}, bn s -c kt qu nh- bng d-i y
(Hy ch rng bng sau ct Co chuyn sang bn tri ct
Khong).
Gieng dao * Nuo. tu khe nui CrosstabuIation
Count
23 0 23
2 5 7
25 5 30
Khong
Co
Gieng
dao
Total
Co Khong
Nuoc tu khe nui
Total

V tch nhm cc hng hoc cc ct v xo tiu nhm
Kch hot bng tr
Chn nhn/tiu ca nhm (nhp vo bt k v tr no trong tiu
nhm) ca ct hoc hng m bn mun tch nhm.
T thanh menu chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray
V xoay tiu hng hoc ct
Hnh 10-3: Cc tiu hng -c xoay







u. do sa.h .ua nuo.
19 63.3 82.6 82.6
1 3.3 4.3 87.0
1 3.3 4.3 91.3
2 6.7 8.7 100.0
23 76.7 100.0
7 23.3
30 100.0
Sach hon
t sach hon
Khong doi
Khong biet
Total
Valid
System Missing
Total
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent

u. do sa.h .ua nuo.

19 63.3 82.6 82.6
1 3.3 4.3 87.0
1 3.3 4.3 91.3
2 6.7 8.7 100.0
23 76.7 100.0
7 23.3
Sach hon
t sach hon
Khong doi
Khong biet
Total
Valid
System Missing
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
V
a
l
i
d

P
e
r
c
e
n
t
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
57




T thanh menu chn:
Format
#otate nnerColumn Labels
hoc
#otate OuterColumn Labels
Ch cc tiu ct trong cng nht v tiu hng ngoi cng nht
mi c th -c xoay.
V thit lp ch mc nh cho bng tr
Sau khi thc hin mt hoc mt vi thao tc bng tr, bn c th tr
li cch b tr ban u ca bng tr.
T thanh menu chn:
#eset Pivots to Defaults
Vic ny ch thit lp li nhng thay i l kt qu ca thnh
phn hng, cc ct v trang gia cc chiu ca bng tr. N khng
nh h-ng n nhng thay i chng hn nh- nhm hay tch nhm
hoc di chuyn cc hng v cc ct.
V tm nh ngha ca tiu /nhn trong mt bng tr
Bn c th nhn -c tr gip Help dng nhy cm ni dung trong
cc cha nhn /tiu trong cc bng tr. V d nu Mean {trung
bnh} xut hin nh- l mt nhn, bn c th thu -c mt nh
ngha v mean.
Nhp chut phi ln mt cha nhn.
T menu ni dung chn What's This?
Bn phi nhp chut phi ln cha nhn ch khng -c nhp vo
d liu trong hng hoc ct.
58
Tr gip Help dng nhy cm ni dung khng c sn cho cc nhn
do ng-i s dng nh ngha, chng hn nh- tn tn hoc nhn tr
s bin.
.2 Lm vic vi cc trang/lp {Layer}
Bn c th trnh by mt bng hai chiu ring bit cho tng nhm
hoc kt hp ca cc nhm. Bng c th -c ngh nh- -c xp
chng trong cc trang/lp, vi duy ch c nh trang/lp l nhn thy
-c.
V to v th hin cc trang/lp
Kch hot bng tr, v t menu Pivot chn: Pivoting Trays nu n
khng -c chn.
# mt biu t-ng t khay #ow hoc khay Column sang khay Layer.
Hnh 10-4: Chuyn cc nhm sang cc trang/lp










Tng biu t-ng layer c mi tn sang tri v mi tn sang phi. Bng
c th nhn thy -c l bng ca trang trn cng.
Hnh 10-5: Cc nhm trong cc trang ring bit


iJn muc do sach cua
nuoc -c chuyJn t
h-ng hng sang h-ng
trang
59



V thay i cc trang/lp
Kch mt trong nhng mi tn ca biu t-ng layer.
hoc
Chn mt nhm t hp danh sch th xung ca cc trang.
Hnh 10-6: Chn cc trang t danh sch th xung
60