CH 5

Chapitre 6
Hydraulique à surface libre
O. Thual, 15 février 2021
Sommaire
1 Frottement rugueux de Manning-Strickler . . . . . 2
1.1 Pertes de charge dans les canaux à surface libre . . 2
1.2 Régime rugueux du diagramme de Moody . . . . . . 3
1.3 Formule de Manning-Strickler . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Nombre de Froude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Définition du nombre de Froude . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Régime torrentiel ou fluvial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Courbes de remous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1 Cas des canaux de grande largeur constante . . . . . 6
3.2 Courbes de remous en faibles ou fortes pentes . . . . 7
3.3 Courbes de remous avec ressaut hydraulique . . . . 7
1
2 Chapitre 6. Hydraulique à surface libre
Introduction
La charge des écoulements à surface libre fait intervenir la cote de la surface

libre, la profondeur et le carré de la vitesse débitante. Les pertes de charge, dues
au frottement, traduisent, la plupart du temps, une diminution de la cote de
fond, en suivant la pente du canal, ce qui permet de maintenir une profondeur
et une vitesse dans des intervalles raisonnables. La plupart des écoulements à
surface libre correspondent à des régimes rugueux, ce qui permet de décrire le
frottement à l’aide de la formule de Manning-Strickler. Cette formule permet
d’exprimer la hauteur normale pour laquelle la pente de charge et la pente du
fond sont égales. L’augmentation ou la diminution de la profondeur au passage
d’obstacles ou en présence de frottement dépend du nombre de Froude, qui
permet de distinguer les régimes torrentiel ou fluvial suivant que ce nombre est
plus grand ou plus petit que un. La hauteur critique est définie comme étant
la profondeur, qui ne dépend que du débit, pour laquelle le nombre de Froude
vaut un. La variation de la profondeur le long de l’écoulement s’exprime alors
en fonction de la pente du fond, de la pente du frottement et du nombre de
Froude, ce qui permet de tracer les courbes de remous, c’est-à-dire les lignes
d’eau du régime stationnaire. La variation de la profondeur est nulle pour la
profondeur normale et devient infinie à l’approche de la profondeur critique. La
comparaison entre ces deux hauteurs permet de définir les notions de pente
faible et pente forte. Le cas des canaux à sections rectangulaires infiniment
larges est abordé à titre d’exemple. Le phénomène de ressaut hydraulique
stationnaire est introduit.
1 Frottement rugueux de Manning-Strickler
1.1 Pertes de charge dans les canaux à surface libre
L’aire de la section d’un canal ou d’une rivière est notée A. Son périmètre
est la somme de la largeur miroir B, en contact avec l’atmosphère, et du
périmètre mouillé P, en contact avec le fond (figure 6.1). On définit alors le
rayon hydraulique RH = A/P et le diamètre hydraulique par DH = 4 RH .
RH = A/P
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P A
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y
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D H = 4 RH
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Figure 6.1 – Définition du rayon RH et du diamètre DH hydrauliques.
La charge hydraulique des écoulements à surface libre (voir chapitre 2), est
définie par la relation
Pa V2
H= + Zf + y + , (6.1)
ρg 2g
où Pa est la pression atmosphérique, Zf la cote verticale du fond, y la pro-
fondeur et V la vitesse moyenne dans la section. On peut visualiser la charge
Frottement rugueux de Manning-Strickler 3
hydraulique comme étant la cote de la surface libre d’un tube de Pitot (fi-
gure 6.2) augmentée de Pa /(ρ g).
Z
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Pa /(⇢ g) hf
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V2 H
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2g
y
P
Zf B
L
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A
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Figure 6.2 – Perte de charge hf dans un canal de longueur L.
Les frottements sur les parois d’un canal de longueur L engendrent une perte
de charge hf et l’on définit la “pente de frottement” par la relation
dH hf
Sf = − = . (6.2)
ds L
La relation de Darcy-Weisbach (chapitre 3) relie cette pente de frottement à

la vitesse V et au diamètre hydraulique DH , par
V2
Sf = f (r, Re) , (6.3)
2 g DH
où le coefficient de frottement f dépend de la rugosité r = /DH et du nombre

de Reynolds Re = V DH /ν, est la rugosité absolue (voir une table de valeurs
au chapitre 3) et ν la viscosité cinématique.
1.2 Régime rugueux du diagramme de Moody
Le diagramme de Moody permet de déterminer la valeur de f (r, Re) (fi-

gure 6.3a). La plupart des écoulements à surface libre étudiés en milieu naturel
où dans les aménagements hydrauliques sont en régime rugueux, ce qui signifie
que le coefficient de frottement frug (r) ne dépend pas du nombre de Reynolds
Re, supposé très grand (supérieur à 106 en pratique). On peut donc écrire
dH V2
− = Sf = frug (r) , (6.4)
ds 2 g DH
où frug (r) = [−2 log10 (r/3, 7)]−2 est la limite rugueuse de la formule de Cole-
brook pour les écoulements à surface libre.
En traçant cette fonction en coordonnées logarithmiques (figure 6.3b), on voit
que l’on peut l’approximer par la formule frug (r) ∼ 0, 2 r1/3 avec r = /DH et
DH = 4 RH .
−1
1010 1
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sha1_base64="mWtoIeksn0iAXh1uUy5zVd+IDcI=">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</latexit>
r = 10 1
Re > 106 3
1/
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sha1_base64="1NPJtbUIfEQ0uHPB7jl5xPdcL4U=">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</latexit>
−1
1
<latexit sha1_base64="vk1shFxgHHKmfPYAyYjXjJ4ti9o=">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</latexit>
sha1_base64="cvhF1iaCme7q1o2y9XdM7ac94nU=">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</latexit>
10
10
r
frug
<latexit sha1_base64="1ZGYz+YH/ft7lID6/+8797ktIYY=">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</latexit>
sha1_base64="mWtoIeksn0iAXh1uUy5zVd+IDcI=">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</latexit>
Ru 2
gu 2 )]
Turbulent eu
x 0, 3,7
f <latexit
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sha1_base64="vw/nrvAZ+UqdjN+6TarnHTBXTNA=">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</latexit>
sha1_base64="bvPiiT05ksReci9r5aQX6mJbwZg=">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</latexit>
f l am
frug = (r /
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sha1_base64="JJtRP58/9VN5VPejANsNjXpe9W8=">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</latexit>
2
r = 10 <latexit sha1_base64="fVkk79PrgiOsygZ2QCQIScbsY9c=">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</latexit>
sha1_base64="p6nR0lbB0eWhDEY3nmmi59CwVAQ=">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</latexit>
g 0
ru log 1
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f
i=9
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2
3 [
6/R
r = 10
f=
Rugueux
fli
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2
Laminaire 1010 −2
e
ss
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−4 −3 3 −2 2 −1 1
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4 4 r=
10 10 r 10
= 10 r =1010
r = 10 r 10
= 10
2
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sha1_base64="XK/HUQhXeJgaYPf0vPrOzBo5lw8=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="uJbYJJBi5wHnECQpzaml8xzXmIM=">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</latexit>
sha1_base64="1NPJtbUIfEQ0uHPB7jl5xPdcL4U=">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</latexit>
−2
r
<latexit sha1_base64="+f0jVWiS8E2A7ETECQ6VXiP29mQ=">AAAC8XicjVLLSsNAFD2Nr1pfVZeCBIvgxpKKYF2IBTcuW7C2olWSONbQvJhMhFK69AvciYK49Qe68j/8Ax8/4Z1pCj7wMSHJmXPvOTP3zlih60TCMJ5S2tDwyOhYejwzMTk1PZOdnduPgpjbrGoHbsDrlhkx1/FZVTjCZfWQM9OzXFazWjsyXrtgPHICf0+0Q9bwzKbvnDm2KYg64FsF47izut49yeaMvKGG/h0UEpDbfuxV3i4Xe+Ug+4ojnCKAjRgeGHwIwi5MRPQcogADIXENdIjjhBwVZ+giQ9qYshhlmMS26Nuk2WHC+jSXnpFS27SKSy8npY5l0gSUxwnL1XQVj5WzZH/y7ihPubc2/a3EyyNW4JzYv3SDzP/qZC0CZyiqGhyqKVSMrM5OXGLVFblz/UNVghxC4iQ+pTgnbCvloM+60kSqdtlbU8WfVaZk5dxOcmO8/Fqd3EG/13QudA0KXw/9O6iu5TfzRsXIlYrojzQWsIQVOvQNlLCLMqq0iIcr3OBWE9q1dqfd91O1VKKZx6ehPbwDZlmelw==</latexit>
sha1_base64="K8D3mGoC5BBM8ZnzfbQjeomwmQ4=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="+f0jVWiS8E2A7ETECQ6VXiP29mQ=">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</latexit>
sha1_base64="K8D3mGoC5BBM8ZnzfbQjeomwmQ4=">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</latexit>
10
10
a)
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sha1_base64="QWAGV8K+GP5ZkcF+EBaCbLRx0bs=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="WJ/ZWUkH/gZBZa8Kg1bWe4aDX5U=">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</latexit>
sha1_base64="2BIp4UPcG4ZXFfKVFSIqa4HF0cw=">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</latexit>
10
4
Re 10
<latexit sha1_base64="M6S05GFeV1y7cfL/xUOciiCy/uk=">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</latexit>
sha1_base64="aV0iNHx6rSD0ukt4RkQiBPWY/uA=">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</latexit>
6 Lis
se 10
8
b)
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Figure 6.3 – a) Diagramme de Moody. b) Régime rugueux frug (r).
−1/3
Comme frug est ainsi proportionnel à RH et Sf à frug /DH , Sf est pro-
−4/3
portionnel à RH avec une constante qui dépend de la vitesse, de la gravité
et de la rugosité absolue. Cette approximation est à la base de la formule de
Manning Strickler.
1.3 Formule de Manning-Strickler
Dans le cas des écoulements à surface libre en régime rugueux, ce qui est
souvent le cas dans les applications pratiques, la pente de frottement Sf dépend
de la vitesse V , ou du débit Q = V A, et du rayon hydraulique RH , à travers
la formule de Manning-Srickler :
q
2/3 V2 Q2
V = Ks Sf RH ⇐⇒ Sf = 4/3
= 4/3
. (6.5)
Ks2 RH Ks2 A2 RH
où Ks (m1/3 .s−1 ) est le coefficient de Strickler qui rend compte de la rugosité
des parois du canal. On note n = 1/Ks le coefficient de Manning. Les valeurs
du coefficient de Strickler ou du coefficient de Manning sont données dans
des tables qui décrivent avec précision la nature des fonds ([?], [?]). Quelques
ordres de grandeurs sont indiqués dans la table 6.1.
Fond Strickler Ks Manning n Variations

Ciment lissé 90 0,011 20%
Béton 40 0,025 30%
Terre 30 0,033 20%
Herbes ou graviers 25 0,040 25%
Pierres ou broussailles 20 0,050 20%
Mauvaises herbes ou crue 10 0,100 40%
Table 6.1 – Valeurs des coefficients de Strickler Ks et de Manning n = 1/Ks

en fonction de la nature des canaux ou rivières.
Comme A et RH ne dépendent que de la profondeur y, il en va de même

pour Sf si le débit est fixé. Étant donné un débit Q et une pente géométrique
S0 = −dZf /ds, il existe une (en général unique) profondeur yn (Q, S0 ), dite
“profondeur normale”, pour laquelle Sf = S0 .
Nombre de Froude 5
2 Nombre de Froude
2.1 Définition du nombre de Froude
La pente de frottement Sf permet d’exprimer la variation de charge dH sur

une longueur ds dans la direction de l’écoulement à surface libre à travers les
relations
Pa V2
dH = −Sf ds avec H = + Zf + y + . (6.6)
ρg 2g
La variation de charge dH = dZf + dy + d[V 2 /(2 g)] fait intervenir la variation
de la cote du fond Zf , de la profondeur y et du terme d’énergie cinétique
V 2 /(2 g).
B dA
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dy
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dA = B dy
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P A yH y
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yH = A/B
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Figure 6.4 – Variation de la section A en fonction de la largeur miroir B et

de la variation de la profondeur y.
Comme le débit Q = V A est constant et que la variation dA = B dy de la

section fait intervenir la largeur miroir B (voir figure 6.4) on peut écrire
!
Q2 2 Q2 B
d(V ) = d = −2 dA = −2 V 2 dy . (6.7)
A2 A 3 A
On définit alors yH = A/B la profondeur hydraulique qui permet d’écrire

!
V2 V
d = −F r2 dy avec F r = √ . (6.8)
2g g yH
Comme B et A ne dépendent que de y, il en va de même de F r pour un

débit Q fixé. Il existe alors une (rarement plusieurs) profondeur yc (Q), dite
profondeur critique, pour laquelle F r = 1.
2.2 Régime torrentiel ou fluvial
La variation du terme d’énergie cinétique V 2 /(2 g) de la charge hydraulique

étant reliée par l’équation (6.8) à la variation de la profondeur y et au nombre
de Froude F r, la dérivation de l’équation (6.6), exprimant la charge hydrau-
lique H, conduit à :
(1 − F r2 ) dy = −dZf + dH . (6.9)
À l’approche d’un obstacle tel que dZf > 0 ou en présence d’un frottement
qui induit une perte de charge dH < 0, on distingue deux régimes :
• F r > 1 : la profondeur y augmente, le régime est dit torrentiel.
• F r < 1 : la profondeur y diminue, le régime est dit fluvial.
D’une manière plus générale, la variation de la profondeur y(s) avec la co-

ordonnée curviligne s le long de l’écoulement est donnée par l’importante
équation de l’hydraulique stationnaire issue de l’équation (6.9) :
dy S0 − Sf
= , (6.10)
ds 1 − F r2
où S0 = −dZf /ds est la pente géométrique et Sf = −dH/ds la pente de
frottement. Suivant que le régime est fluvial ou torrentiel, la profondeur variera
dans un sens ou dans un autre en présence d’un déséquilibre entre la pente du
fond et la pente de frottement. On remarque alors deux propriétés :
• Le numérateur s’annule lorsque la profondeur s’approche de la hauteur
normale yn : la dérivée de la profondeur tend vers zéro.
• Le dénominateur s’annule lorsque la profondeur s’approche de la hau-
teur critique yc : la dérivée de la profondeur tend vers l’infini.
3 Courbes de remous
3.1 Cas des canaux de grande largeur constante
Dans la suite de ce chapitre, on se place dans le cas des conduites de sections

rectangulaires de grande largeur miroir B y, ce qui entraine que RH = y,
DH = 4 y et yH = y. On suppose également que la largeur miroir B est
constante, ce qui permet d’affirmer que le débit q = Q/B est constant pour
les régimes stationnaires étudiés ici.
Sf y 2/3 ainsi que
p
La formule de Manning-Strickler (6.5) s’écrit alors V = Ks
Sf = V 2 /(Ks2 y 4/3 ) = q 2 /(Ks2 y 10/3 ), ce qui entraine
−10/3 !3/10
yn q2

Sf = S0 avec yn = , (6.11)
y Ks2 S0
où yn est la hauteur normale, définie comme étant la profondeur pour laquelle
Sf = S0 .
Le nombre de Froude, défini par l’équation (6.8), vérifie ici F r2 = V 2 /(g y) =
q 2 /(g y 3 ), ce qui entraine
−3 !1/3
yc q2

2
Fr = avec yc = , (6.12)
y g
où yc est la hauteur critique, définie comme étant la profondeur pour laquelle
F r = 1.
On en déduit que l’équation de l’hydraulique stationnaire (6.10) s’écrit ici :
dy 1 − (y/yn )−10/3
= F(y) = S0 . (6.13)
ds 1 − (y/yc )−3
Les solutions y(s) de cette équation différentielle sont appelées “courbes de

remous”, qui permettent de remonter aux lignes d’eau de cote Zf (s) + y(s).
Courbes de remous 7
3.2 Courbes de remous en faibles ou fortes pentes
Le tracé de la courbe de la fonction F(y) de l’équation (6.13) permet de donner

l’allure des courbes de remous y(s). On note tout d’abord que F(yn ) = 0. La
limite F(yc ) = ±∞ se traduit par une asymptote verticale. Enfin, la limite
F(∞) = S0 se traduit par une asymptote horizontale à l’infini.
20 3
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Pente faible yc < yn <latexit sha1_base64="aUrv5yXp6UzzWYN46HjmHMsbJgc=">AAADC3icjVLLTtwwFD2kDx4t7dCuUBe4RUisRhk2BcFiJDZdDlIHkBg0SowHIjJx5DiI0Yg1O/6kuwokxJYf6K5/QLvtD/TYE6QCKq2jJMfnnnPte+04T5PChuH3seDJ02fPxycmp168nH71ujbzZrPQpZGqLXWqzXYcFSpNMtW2iU3Vdm5U1I9TtRUfrrv41pEyRaKzz3aQq91+tJ8lvURGllS39r5zEOvjYUtlVomeNladdFY7q0IMuplY41d2a/NhPfRDPASNCsw3Z0+7+tvcr5au/UQHe9CQKNGHQgZLnCJCwWcHDYTIye1iSM4QJT6ucIIpekuqFBUR2UN+9znbqdiMc5ez8G7JVVK+hk6BBXo0dYbYrSZ8vPSZHfu33EOf0+1twH9c5eqTtTgg+y/frfJ/fa4Wix6WfQ0Ja8o946qTVZbSd8XtXPxRlWWGnJzDe4wbYumdt30W3lP42l1vIx+/8UrHurmstCV+PFqd28Go1zwXXoPG/UN/CNpL9ZV6uMHr0MRoTOAdPmCRh/4RTXxCC20ucoovOMdFcBZ8DS6Dq5E0GKs8b3FnBNe/AQH+p+s=</latexit>
sha1_base64="lsm8rvpE8lQ7n9WYS6BVdoU1+cE=">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</latexit>
Pente forte yn < yc
F F 2
10
S0 M3 M2 M1 S0 1 S3 S2 S1
5
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M2 S3
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yn <latexit sha1_base64="iT+FW39jubXqzpoEgpJpJmheQEE=">AAAC63icjVLLSsNAFD2Nr1pf1S7dBIvgQkqqC3VXcOOyUmMLtZQkndbQNAmTiVBKN+7diYK49ZcE/6D6Ca68M01BLT4mJDlz7j1n5t4ZO/TcSBjGS0qbmZ2bX0gvZpaWV1bXsusb51EQc4eZTuAFvGZbEfNcn5nCFR6rhZxZPdtjVbt7LOPVK8YjN/DPRD9kjZ7V8d2261iCqEqlud/M5o2CoYY+DYoJyJdyz+/Xo+FuOci+4QItBHAQowcGH4KwBwsRPXUUYSAkroEBcZyQq+IMQ2RIG1MWowyL2C59OzSrJ6xPc+kZKbVDq3j0clLq2CZNQHmcsFxNV/FYOUv2J++B8pR769PfTrx6xApcEvuXbpL5X52sRaCNQ1WDSzWFipHVOYlLrLoid65/qkqQQ0icxC2Kc8KOUk76rCtNpGqXvbVUfKQyJSvnTpIb4/XX6uQOxr2mc6FrUPx+6NPA3CscFYx
M3 yc
yc
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yn
s
s
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Figure 6.5 – Tracé de F/S0 et courbes de remous. a) Pente faible : courbes

de remous M1 , M2 et M3 . b) Pente forte : courbes de remous S1 , S2 et S3 .
On doit ensuite distinguer deux cas :

• Faible pente : cas yc < yn . Le tracé de F(y)/S0 est représenté sur la
figure 6.5a, ainsi que les courbes de remous M3 , M2 et M1 dont le sens
de variation est donné par le signe de F.
• Forte pente : cas yn < yc . Le tracé de F(y)/S0 est représenté sur la
figure 6.5b, ainsi que les courbes de remous S3 , S2 et S1 dont le sens
de variation est donné par le signe de F.
Lorsque s croit (vers l’aval), les courbes de remous de type M2 et M3 , en
faible pente, se terminent au bout d’une distance finie avec un dérivée de
dy/ds infinie.
Lorsque s décroit (vers l’amont), les courbes de remous de type S2 et S1 , en
forte pente, se terminent au bout d’une distance finie avec une dérivée de
dy/ds infinie, tandis que les courbes de remous de type M3 et S3 tendent vers
zéro au bout d’une distance finie.
La plupart de courbes de remous n’ont donc d’existence physique que si elles
sont interrompues par des changements de pente. Les seules courbes de remous
solutions dans le cas d’une pente constante sont la courbe M1 et la solution
homogène y = yn .
3.3 Courbes de remous avec ressaut hydraulique
Pour illustrer la combinaison de courbes de remous en présence de changements

de pente, un premier exemple est représenté sur la figure 6.6. Le passage de
la pente faible vers la pente forte s’effectue à une profondeur yc en connectant

une M2 à une S2 . Comme yc ne dépend que de q, cette transition d’un régime
fluvial (y > yc ) à un régime torrentiel (y < yc ) permet de mesurer le débit. La
courbe S2 converge ensuite vers la hauteur normale yn dont la mesure permet
de déterminer le coefficient de Strickler, connaissant la pente géométrique S0
et le débit. Cette courbe se prolonge en une M3 lorsque la pente redevient
faible, la hauteur normale yn repassant alors au-dessus de yc . Cette M3 est
interrompue par un ressaut hydraulique qui fait transiter abruptement la ligne
d’eau vers une M1 qui connecte l’écoulement à un plan d’eau horizontal.
Z
yn
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M2
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yc
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S2
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yn M1
yn <latexit sha1_base64="Etx5eVZ59MO7ilIlT04+AYc6nXQ=">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</latexit>
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M3
sha1_base64="qDSh5+vtuhm75CCv807d0/nw/Lc=">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</latexit>
yc
s
Figure 6.6 – Courbes de remous : M2 → S2 → M3 → ressaut → M1 .
Un deuxième exemple est obtenu en forçant l’écoulement à devenir torrentiel à

l’aide d’une vanne de fond (figure 6.7). La courbe S3 qui émerge tendrait vers
la hauteur normale si elle n’était pas interrompue par un ressaut hydraulique
connectant la ligne d’eau avec une courbe S1 qui permet une transition vers
un plan d’eau horizontal.
Z
S1
S3
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yc
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yn
s
Figure 6.7 – Courbes de remous : S3 → ressaut → S1 .
Ces deux exemples illustrent la nécessité de faire apparaitre des ressauts

hydrauliques dans les écoulements stationnaires. Ils sont souvent modélisés
comme des discontinuités (chocs). Les relations de saut, qui permettent de
calculer leurs amplitudes, traduisent la conservation du débit q = y V et de
l’impulsion I = y V 2 + (1/2) g y 2 , obtenue en faisant un bilan de quantité de
mouvement. En revanche, la charge H n’est pas conservée dans la mesure où
le ressaut dissipe de l’énergie à cause de sa nature turbulente.
FORMULAIRE 9
FORMULAIRE
Charge hydraulique des écoulements à surface libre
La charge s’exprime en fonction de la pression atmosphérique Pa , de la cote

Zf du fond du canal, de la profondeur y de la lame d’eau et de de la vitesse
débitante V :
Pa V2
H= + Zf + y + .
ρg ρg
Relation de Darcy-Weisbach
Les écoulements à surface libre étant la plupart du temps en régime rugueux,

la pente de frottement Sf s’exprime à l’aide du coefficient de frottement frug :
dH V2
− = Sf = frug (r) ,
ds 2 g DH
Formule de Manning Strickler
La pente de frottement Sf = −dH/ds s’exprime à partir du coefficient de

Strickler Ks ou du coefficient de Manning n = 1/Ks par la relation
q
2/3
V = Ks Sf RH .
Équation de l’hydraulique stationnaire
En régime stationnaire, les courbes de remous y(s) sont les solutions de

l’équation différentielle :
dy S0 − Sf
= .
ds 1 − F r2
Courbe des remous en grandes largeurs
Dans le cas des canaux de grande largeur miroir, les courbes de remous y(s)
sont les solutions de l’équation différentielle :
!1/3 !3/10
dy 1 − (y/yn )−10/3 q2 q2
= S0 avec yc = et yn = .
ds 1 − (y/yc )−3 g Ks2 S0
EXERCICES
EXERCICE 6.1 Changement de pente
On considère un canal de section rectangulaire, de largeur miroir B = 10 m

constante et grande devant la profondeur. La pente du fond passe abruptement
d’une pente −dZf /ds = S01 = 0, 05 à une pente −dZf /ds = S02 = 0, 5
(figure 6.8). On mesure alors les profondeurs y1 = 54 cm loin en amont de
la rupture de pente, y0 = 47 cm à la rupture et y2 = 13 cm loin en aval.
On suppose que l’écoulement à surface libre est en régime rugueux et que le
coefficient de Strickler du fond est constant.
Z
B
y1
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B
y0
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I1 s
B
I2 y2
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s
Figure 6.8 – Écoulement stationnaire avec changement de pente.
1) Calculer le débit Q.
2) Calculer le coefficient de Strickler Ks et le coefficient de Manning n.
Vérifier la cohérence des mesures y1 et y2 compte tenu d’une précision
de mesure de 1 cm.
3) Qualifier les courbes de remous observées.
Corrigé 5.1 Changement de pente
q
1)Comme y0 = yc = (q 2 /g)1/3 avec Q = q B, on trouve Q = B g y03 =
q
−10/3
10 m3 .s−1 . 2)Comme yn = [q 2 /(Ks2 S0 )]3/10 , on a Ks = q 2 yn /S0 . Pour
q
−10/3
y1 = yn (S01 ), on trouve Ks1 = q 2 y1 /S01 = 40 m1/3 .s−1 . Pour y2 =
q
−10/3
yn (S02 ), on trouve Ks2 = q 2 y2 /S02 = 43 m1/3 .s−1 . On en déduit que
Ks = 41 ± 2 m1/3 .s−1 avec la précision des mesures. On a n = 1/Ks =
0, 024 ± 0, 001 m−1/3 .s. 3)Il s’agit d’une M2 pour la faible pente S01 (yc < yn )
et d’une S2 pour la forte pente S02 (yn < yc ) .
NOTATIONS 11
NOTATIONS
A Aire d’une section (m2 )
dA Aire infinitésimale d’une section (m2 )
B Largeur miroir (m)
Fr Nombre de Froude ()
f Coefficient de frottement ()
frug Coefficient de frottement du régime rugueux ()
g Gravité (m.s−2 )
H Charge hydraulique (m)
Ks Nombre de Strickler (m1/3 .s−1 )
M1 , M2 , M3 Courbes de remous en pente faible ()
n Nombre de Manning (m−1/3 .s)
P Pression (Pa)
dP Pression infinitésimale (Pa)
Pa Pression atmosphérique (Pa)
P Périmètre mouillé (m)
Q Débit (m3 .s−1 )
RH Rayon hydraulique (m)
r Rugosité relative ()
Re Nombre de Reynolds ()
S0 Pente géométrique ()
Sf Pente de frottement ()
s Coordonnée curviligne (m)
S1 , S2 , S3 Courbes de remous en pente forte ()
V Vitesse (m.s−1 )
y Profondeur (m)
yn Profondeur normale (m)
yc Profondeur critique (m)
yH Profondeur hydraulique (m)
Z Coordonnée verticale (m)
dZ Longueur infinitésimale dans la direction verticale (m)
Zf Cote du fond (m)
Rugosité absolue (m)
ρ Masse volumique de l’eau (kg.m−3 )
ν Viscosité cinématique (m2 .s−1 )

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Chapitre 6

Hydraulique à surface libre

O. Thual, 15 février 2021

La charge des écoulements à surface libre fait intervenir la cote de la surface

1 Frottement rugueux de Manning-Strickler

1.1 Pertes de charge dans les canaux à surface libre

Figure 6.1 – Définition du rayon RH et du diamètre DH hydrauliques.

Figure 6.2 – Perte de charge hf dans un canal de longueur L.

La relation de Darcy-Weisbach (chapitre 3) relie cette pente de frottement à

où le coefficient de frottement f dépend de la rugosité r = /DH et du nombre

1.2 Régime rugueux du diagramme de Moody

Le diagramme de Moody permet de déterminer la valeur de f (r, Re) (fi-

Figure 6.3 – a) Diagramme de Moody. b) Régime rugueux frug (r).

1.3 Formule de Manning-Strickler

Fond Strickler Ks Manning n Variations

Table 6.1 – Valeurs des coefficients de Strickler Ks et de Manning n = 1/Ks

Comme A et RH ne dépendent que de la profondeur y, il en va de même

2.1 Définition du nombre de Froude

La pente de frottement Sf permet d’exprimer la variation de charge dH sur

Figure 6.4 – Variation de la section A en fonction de la largeur miroir B et

Comme le débit Q = V A est constant et que la variation dA = B dy de la

On définit alors yH = A/B la profondeur hydraulique qui permet d’écrire

Comme B et A ne dépendent que de y, il en va de même de F r pour un

2.2 Régime torrentiel ou fluvial

La variation du terme d’énergie cinétique V 2 /(2 g) de la charge hydraulique

D’une manière plus générale, la variation de la profondeur y(s) avec la co-

3.1 Cas des canaux de grande largeur constante

Dans la suite de ce chapitre, on se place dans le cas des conduites de sections

Les solutions y(s) de cette équation différentielle sont appelées “courbes de

3.2 Courbes de remous en faibles ou fortes pentes

Le tracé de la courbe de la fonction F(y) de l’équation (6.13) permet de donner

Figure 6.5 – Tracé de F/S0 et courbes de remous. a) Pente faible : courbes

On doit ensuite distinguer deux cas :

3.3 Courbes de remous avec ressaut hydraulique

Pour illustrer la combinaison de courbes de remous en présence de changements

la pente faible vers la pente forte s’effectue à une profondeur yc en connectant

Figure 6.6 – Courbes de remous : M2 → S2 → M3 → ressaut → M1 .

Un deuxième exemple est obtenu en forçant l’écoulement à devenir torrentiel à

Figure 6.7 – Courbes de remous : S3 → ressaut → S1 .

Ces deux exemples illustrent la nécessité de faire apparaitre des ressauts

Charge hydraulique des écoulements à surface libre

La charge s’exprime en fonction de la pression atmosphérique Pa , de la cote

Les écoulements à surface libre étant la plupart du temps en régime rugueux,

Formule de Manning Strickler

La pente de frottement Sf = −dH/ds s’exprime à partir du coefficient de

Équation de l’hydraulique stationnaire

En régime stationnaire, les courbes de remous y(s) sont les solutions de

Courbe des remous en grandes largeurs

EXERCICE 6.1 Changement de pente

On considère un canal de section rectangulaire, de largeur miroir B = 10 m

Figure 6.8 – Écoulement stationnaire avec changement de pente.

Corrigé 5.1 Changement de pente

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où le coefficient de frottement f dépend de la rugosité r = /DH et du nombre