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Sommaire
Discrétisation du mouvement dans un tube . . . . .
Équations du mouvement discrètes . . . . . . . . . .
Passage au continu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Équation de D’Alembert pour les ondes sonores . .
Vitesse du son . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Débit associé à une onde sonore . . . . . . . . . . .
Réflexion et transmission d’une onde sonore . . . .
Cas limites de réflexion et de transmission . . . . .
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapitre . Réflexion et transmission des ondes sonores
Introduction
Les ondes sonores sont des oscillations des particules fluides d’un gaz compres-
sible. Ces déplacements sont associés à des oscillations de pression, de masse
volumique et de vitesse. Ce sont des ondes longitudinales dans la mesure où
les déplacements et les vitesses sont orientés dans la direction de propagation
de l’onde. On se restreint ici aux ondes sonores dans des tubes d’axe Ox.
Les transformations sont supposées isentropiques (pas d’échange de chaleur).
On se place dans le cadre des petites oscillations et on discrétise le fluide en
petits tronçons pour lesquels on peut écrire la loi d’état linéarisée autour de
l’équilibre, la loi de conservation de la masse et le principe fondamental de la
dynamique. La limite du continu s’obtient en faisant tendre vers zéro la taille
des petits tronçons, ce qui conduit à trois équations aux dérivées partielles en
espace et en temps pour la vitesse et les fluctuations de pression et de masse
volumique. En éliminant deux champs parmi les trois, ces ondes sonores sont
décrites par l’équation de D’Alembert, dont les solutions sont des signaux qui
se propagent sans déformation, à la vitesse du son, vers la gauche ou vers la
droite. En présence d’une discontinuité de la section du tube, on peut calculer
les coefficients de réflexion et de transmission d’une onde sonore à l’aide de la
continuité de la pression et du débit.
On considère les oscillations longitudinales des particules fluides d’un gaz com-
pressible contenu dans un tube d’axe Ox. On découpe le fluide en petits tron-
çons dont les abscisses des sections qui les délimitent en l’absence de mou-
vement sont une suite de réels ai tels que la longueur ai+1 − ai = δa est
constante. En présence d’oscillations, les abcisses de ces extrémités deviennent
xi (t) = ai + ξi (t) où les ξi (t) sont leurs déplacements (figure .).
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a
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3
2
1
2 x
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ui 3
2
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ui 1
2
ui+ 12
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ui+ 32
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⇠i ⇠i
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⇠i+1
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xi
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ai
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1
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xi 1 xi
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1
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a i xi
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On suppose
p que les oscillations sont petites, c’est-à-dire pe p0 , ρe ρ0 et
u p0 /ρ0 . On peut alors approximer la loi d’état p0 + pe = P(ρ0 + ρe, s0 ) par
sa linéarisation autour de l’équilibre (p0 , ρ0 , s0 ) qui s’écrit, dans la mesure où
l’entropie s0 reste constante :
∂P
pe = c2 ρe avec c2 = (ρ0 , s0 ) . (.)
∂ρ
La dérivée partielle de la pression par rapport à la masse volumique est tou-
jours positive, en vertu du second principe de la thermodynamique (si une
surpression provoquait une dilatation, le système serait instable).
La loi de conservation de la masse appliquée au tronçon compris entre xi (t) et
xi+1 (t) s’écrit ρi+ 1 (t)[xi+1 (t) − xi (t)] S = ρ0 δa S où S est la section du tube
2
et xi+1 (t) − xi (t) = δa + ξi+1 (t) − ξi (t). En simplifiant par S et en dérivant par
rapport au temps, on obtient :
ρ0 [ui+1 (t) − ui (t)] + δa ρėi+ 1 (t) = 0 , (.)
2
en ayant négligé le terme ρei+ 1 (t) [ui+1 (t)−ui (t)]+ ρėi+ 1 (t)[ξi+1 (t)−ξi (t)] devant
2 2
les autres termes (hypothèse des petites oscillations).
h i
Le principe fondamental appliqué à un tronçon de masse δa ρ0 + ρi+ 1 S et
2
d’accélération u̇i+ 1 , soumis aux forces [p0 + pei (t)] S et −[p0 + pei+1 (t)] S à ses
2 h i
extrémités, s’écrit δa ρ0 + ρei+ 1 S u̇i+ 1 = [p0 + pei (t)] S − [p0 + pei+1 (t)] S. En
2 2
simplifiant par S et en négligeant le terme ρei+ 1 u̇i+ 1 (hypothèse des petites
2 2
oscillations), on obtient
δa ρ0 u̇i+ 1 (t) = pei (t) − pei+1 (t) . (.)
2
Passage au continu
pe pe
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c
<latexit sha1_base64="MbZtkCxYvjNLqnoWHExsO/V/xqc=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="v/54NwRCREZdv92tr6Sa1Q11vZM=">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</latexit>
c
<latexit sha1_base64="MbZtkCxYvjNLqnoWHExsO/V/xqc=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="2ZFbJe3AuJhI5TbA5VfUmR8jKsI=">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</latexit>
t1 ⇠
<latexit sha1_base64="qr3lqn8rVg0FUNSEnLZVXCkokqQ=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="d9N/ROIkCVsemUx9BBUMtzBCMaE=">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</latexit>
t2 ⇠
<latexit sha1_base64="qr3lqn8rVg0FUNSEnLZVXCkokqQ=">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</latexit>
x
<latexit sha1_base64="NzEpn3fBRnRW3Gf37DzZnTYpPXE=">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</latexit>
x
<latexit sha1_base64="NzEpn3fBRnRW3Gf37DzZnTYpPXE=">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</latexit>
Vitesse du son
<latexit sha1_base64="ifb+mo3l3QtVmi8Ze1EndZE9q6M=">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</latexit>
pe(x, t) <latexit sha1_base64="ifb+mo3l3QtVmi8Ze1EndZE9q6M=">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</latexit>
pe(x, t)
f (x
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c t) <latexit sha1_base64="TGuWXZS6azEUyo+Vr0lCHWCERT0=">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</latexit>
g(x + c t) f (x c t) g(x + c t)
c +c
<latexit sha1_base64="9VzIyZ79Wd6qw9o+4ob/muDAt6A=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="TGuWXZS6azEUyo+Vr0lCHWCERT0=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="c+MZUEzhcmsCMoDDnVdsa8jdiCc=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="TXeY4wLmcXCZrIu1XtpxYCwrSBk=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="c+MZUEzhcmsCMoDDnVdsa8jdiCc=">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</latexit>
c +c
<latexit sha1_base64="TXeY4wLmcXCZrIu1XtpxYCwrSBk=">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</latexit>
a) x b)
x
<latexit sha1_base64="RqCYdxS6ebRbUWhf1bTzza3Ottk=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="RqCYdxS6ebRbUWhf1bTzza3Ottk=">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</latexit>
u (x c t) u+ (x + c t)
x
<latexit sha1_base64="DmxhMwuXsKXLM4OvDE1DWk51reI=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="iCIILttnvsfkCwJ/NvI9VscYhz0=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="Y4PYadDD+MhiRAPy0PzNmekSHZw=">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</latexit>
S
<latexit sha1_base64="cWlEQ8X4pNnisgll/7O/J3Wzk2Q=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="3IVdXK2n+Nfwm6CwW6M7Ignbb2o=">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</latexit>
pe (x c t) <latexit sha1_base64="9/GBOjRYTdevsbph78O3Hkw4G3M=">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</latexit>
pe+ (x + c t)
x
<latexit sha1_base64="Y4PYadDD+MhiRAPy0PzNmekSHZw=">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</latexit>
S1
<latexit sha1_base64="1Ni701e7mc6Zru14e9f5NfV0aUQ=">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</latexit>
S2
<latexit sha1_base64="P4M/QxBfXq4OvjKM67PoQVuTbMk=">AAACxnicjVHLTsJAFD3UF+ILdemmkZi4Ii2a6JLohiUGQRIkpB0GnFDaZjrVEGLiD7jVTzP+gf6Fd8aSqMToNG3PnHvPmbn3+nEgEuU4rzlrYXFpeSW/Wlhb39jcKm7vtJIolYw3WRREsu17CQ9EyJtKqIC3Y8m9sR/wK390ruNXt1wmIgov1STm3bE3DMVAME8R1Wj0Kr1iySk7ZtnzwM1ACdmqR8UXXKOPCAwpxuAIoQgH8JDQ04ELBzFxXUyJk4SEiXPco0DalLI4ZXjEjug7pF0nY0Paa8/EqBmdEtArSWnjgDQR5UnC+jTbxFPjrNnfvKfGU99tQn8/8xoTq3BD7F+6WeZ/dboWhQFOTQ2CaooNo6tjmUtquqJvbn+pSpFDTJzGfYpLwswoZ322jSYxteveeib+ZjI1q/csy03xrm9JA3Z/jnMetCpl96hcuTguVc+yUeexh30c0jxPUEUNdTTJe4hHPOHZqlmhlVp3n6lWLtPs4tuyHj4AuYCQAQ==</latexit>
fI (x
<latexit sha1_base64="wEcWetap9uZkgW7C/rSP+tMDERk=">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</latexit>
c t) fR (x + c t)
<latexit sha1_base64="XcYJG5/LaEaJJmOujgNwHvaDfjs=">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</latexit>
fT (x
<latexit sha1_base64="3nw8I+pyapz/L73cP3+RhQdmmUY=">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</latexit>
c t)
R = 0, 5
<latexit sha1_base64="8kAPJUjxl7viUfYL/G9cppn1MJs=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="KxUE6+S2rkxMtC+1ab08PFQ/wpA=">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</latexit>
T = 0, 5 R=
<latexit sha1_base64="OCiaEpG3bxBEb/C0JshEsP5hzAk=">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</latexit>
0, 8 <latexit sha1_base64="fHWgexyCaQS5igS8Bm4GS2t6m5E=">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</latexit>
T = 1, 8
pe(x, t) pe(x, t) fT (x c t)
<latexit sha1_base64="ifb+mo3l3QtVmi8Ze1EndZE9q6M=">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</latexit>
+c
<latexit sha1_base64="ifb+mo3l3QtVmi8Ze1EndZE9q6M=">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</latexit>
+c
<latexit sha1_base64="3nw8I+pyapz/L73cP3+RhQdmmUY=">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</latexit>
fI (x c t)
+c
<latexit sha1_base64="TXeY4wLmcXCZrIu1XtpxYCwrSBk=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="TXeY4wLmcXCZrIu1XtpxYCwrSBk=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="wEcWetap9uZkgW7C/rSP+tMDERk=">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</latexit>
fR (x + c t)
+c
<latexit sha1_base64="TXeY4wLmcXCZrIu1XtpxYCwrSBk=">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</latexit>
c
<latexit sha1_base64="XcYJG5/LaEaJJmOujgNwHvaDfjs=">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</latexit>
c
<latexit sha1_base64="TXeY4wLmcXCZrIu1XtpxYCwrSBk=">AAACxXicjVHLSsNAFD2Nr1pfVZdugkUQhJJWQZdFF7qsYh9QiyTTaR2aF5NJoRTxB9zqr4l/oH/hnTEFtYhOSHLm3HvOzL3Xi32RKMd5zVlz8wuLS/nlwsrq2vpGcXOrmUSpZLzBIj+Sbc9NuC9C3lBC+bwdS+4Gns9b3vBMx1sjLhMRhddqHPNu4A5C0RfMVURdHbDbYskpO2bZs6CSgRKyVY+KL7hBDxEYUgTgCKEI+3CR0NNBBQ5i4rqYECcJCRPnuEeBtCllccpwiR3Sd0C7TsaGtNeeiVEzOsWnV5LSxh5pIsqThPVptomnxlmzv3lPjKe+25j+XuYVEKtwR+xfumnmf3W6FoU+TkwNgmqKDaOrY5lLarqib25/qUqRQ0ycxj2KS8LMKKd9to0mMbXr3rom/mYyNav3LMtN8a5vSQOu/BznLGhWy5XDcvXyqFQ7zUadxw52sU/zPEYNF6ijQd59POIJz9a5FVjKGn2mWrlMs41vy3r4AMaVj6E=</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="c+MZUEzhcmsCMoDDnVdsa8jdiCc=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="c+MZUEzhcmsCMoDDnVdsa8jdiCc=">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</latexit>
fI (x c t)
<latexit sha1_base64="wEcWetap9uZkgW7C/rSP+tMDERk=">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</latexit>
fT (x
<latexit sha1_base64="3nw8I+pyapz/L73cP3+RhQdmmUY=">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</latexit>
c t)
fR (x + c t)
a)
<latexit sha1_base64="Mp++XDp5YhWzP7YyzHGjscqQIVE=">AAACxXicjVHLSsNAFD2Nr1pfVZdugkXQTUmroMuiC11WsQ+oRSbptA7Ni8mkUIr4A27118Q/0L/wzpiCWkQnJDlz7j1n5t7rxr5IlOO85qy5+YXFpfxyYWV1bX2juLnVTKJUerzhRX4k2y5LuC9C3lBC+bwdS84C1+ctd3im460Rl4mIwms1jnk3YINQ9IXHFFFX7OC2WHLKjln2LKhkoIRs1aPiC27QQwQPKQJwhFCEfTAk9HRQgYOYuC4mxElCwsQ57lEgbUpZnDIYsUP6DmjXydiQ9tozMWqPTvHplaS0sUeaiPIkYX2abeKpcdbsb94T46nvNqa/m3kFxCrcEfuXbpr5X52uRaGPE1ODoJpiw+jqvMwlNV3RN7e/VKXIISZO4x7FJWHPKKd9to0mMbXr3jITfzOZmtV7L8tN8a5vSQOu/BznLGhWy5XDcvXyqFQ7zUadxw52sU/zPEYNF6ijQd59POIJz9a5FVjKGn2mWrlMs41vy3r4AL1Lj50=</latexit>
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x
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b)
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x
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S2 S
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+c +c 2 fI (x c t)
S1
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S2
1
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x x
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T =0 R= 1
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R=1 T =2
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c <latexit sha1_base64="c+MZUEzhcmsCMoDDnVdsa8jdiCc=">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</latexit>
fI [ (x + c t)]
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fI [ (x + c t)] <latexit sha1_base64="c+MZUEzhcmsCMoDDnVdsa8jdiCc=">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</latexit>
c
fI (x c t) pe(x, t)
fR (x + c t) pe(x, t)
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+c
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c fT (x <latexit sha1_base64="3nw8I+pyapz/L73cP3+RhQdmmUY=">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</latexit>
c t)
c
+c +c
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<latexit sha1_base64="TXeY4wLmcXCZrIu1XtpxYCwrSBk=">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</latexit>
fR (x + c t)
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fI (x
<latexit sha1_base64="wEcWetap9uZkgW7C/rSP+tMDERk=">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</latexit>
c t)
a)
<latexit sha1_base64="Mp++XDp5YhWzP7YyzHGjscqQIVE=">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</latexit>
x
<latexit sha1_base64="Y4PYadDD+MhiRAPy0PzNmekSHZw=">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</latexit>
b)
<latexit sha1_base64="nFh9Dk8eVfwqdan9AOMDiziygGs=">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</latexit>
x
<latexit sha1_base64="Y4PYadDD+MhiRAPy0PzNmekSHZw=">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</latexit>
Figure . – Cas limite pour une onde progressives harmonique incidente : a)
R = 1 et T = 0. b) R = −1 et T = 2.
Conclusion
FORMULAIRE
Vitesse du son
∂P
c2 = (ρ0 , s0 ) . (.)
∂ρ
r
γ p0
Dans le cas d’un gaz parfait : c =
ρ0
Dans le cas de l’air avec p0 = 105 Pa et ρ0 = 1, 2 kg.m−3 : c = 340 m.s−1
∂ ρe ∂u ∂u ∂ pe
pe = c2 ρe, = −ρ0 , ρ0 =− . (.)
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x
∂ 2 pe 2e
2 ∂ p
Équation de D’Alembert : (x, t) = c (x, t).
∂t2 ∂x2
2 Y1 Y2 − Y1
T = , R= avec R + T = 1 . (.)
Y1 + Y2 Y1 + Y2
EXERCICES