The Periodic Table of

Elements
1 18
1 2
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
1.008 4.003

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
10.811 12.001 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
6.941 9.012

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.948

4 19
K
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
44.956 54.938
39.098 40.078 47.87 50.942 51.996 55.845 58.933 58.69 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.80

5
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62
88.906
91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.4 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.904 131.29
101.07

6 55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.905 137.327 174.967 180.95 186.207 192.217 195.078 196.967 204.383 208.980
178.49 183.84 190.23 200.59 207.2 (209) (210) (222)

7 87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub
(285)
Uut Uuq Uup Uuh
(292)
Uus Uuo
(262) (284) (289) (288)
(261) (262) (266) (264) (269) (268) (269) (272)
(223) (226)

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Lanthanides La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
144.24 150.36 168.934
138.906 140.116 140.908 (145) 151.964 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 173.04

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

Actinides Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
(237) (243) (247) (257) (258) (259)
(227) 232.038 231.036 238.029 (244) (247) (251) (252)
Periodic  Periodic Law  Periodic Table

• Something periodic occurs at regular or at

least generally predictable intervals
• Periodic law - physical and chemical
properties of the elements are periodic
functions of their atomic numbers
• Periodic Table of Elements – a table of
the elements, arranged by atomic number,
that shows the patterns in their
properties; based on the periodic law
Can you think of anything that is periodic?
 Element
• A pure substance made up of one kind of
atom that cannot be broken down into
simpler substances by physical or
chemical means
• 90 occur naturally on earth
• 25 were synthesized (made) by scientists

http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html
 Dmitri Mendeleev
• In the 1860’s he
devised a periodic
table where the
elements were
ordered by their
atomic masses
• He did this by
grouping elements
together according to
their similarities
• Draft of Mendeleev's
Periodic Table

Image taken from:

http://jscms.jrn.columbia.edu/cns/2006-04-18/fido-luxuriantflowinghair/mendeleev/
Mendeleev’s Published Periodic Table of Elements

Why do you think there are question marks here?

Image taken from: http://www.chemsoc.org/networks/learnnet/periodictable/post16/develop/mendeleev.htm
 Mendeleev’s Predictions

• Although Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of Elements

had missing elements or “gaps,” he was able to
predict the characteristics of these missing
elements because of Periodic Law.
“Ekasilicon” Germanium
Date 1871 Date 1886 Notice how
Predicted Discovered Mendeleev’s
predictions
Atomic Mass 72 Atomic Mass 72.6
(orange column)
were very
Density 5.5 g/cm3 Density 5.47 g/cm3 accurate when
compared to
Bonding 4 Bonding 4 Germanium’s
Power Power actual
Color Dark Gray Color Grayish characteristics
White (green column)
 Henry Moseley
• In 1914, his work led
to a revision of the
periodic table by
rearranging the
elements by their
atomic numbers
• He concluded that the
number of protons in
an atom is its atomic
number
• Sample X-ray
Spectra
Image taken from:
http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/smith/
 3 Classes of Elements
1 Using this
Classas a guide,
Color color 18
1 code your periodic table to
Metal
2
1 H 2 show the three classes. Start
Non-Metal 13 14 15 16 17 He
1.008 4.003

3 4 by highlighting
Metalloid
the “zig-zag.” 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
10.811 12.001 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
6.941 9.012

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.948

4
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
44.956 54.938
39.098 40.078 47.87 50.942 51.996 55.845 58.933 58.69 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.80

5
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62
88.906
91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.4 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.904 131.29
101.07

6 55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.905 137.327 174.967 180.95 186.207 192.217 195.078 196.967 204.383 208.980
178.49 183.84 190.23 200.59 207.2 (209) (210) (222)

7 87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub
(285)
Uut Uuq Uup Uuh
(292)
Uus Uuo
(262) (284) (289) (288)
(261) (262) (266) (264) (269) (268) (269) (272)
(223) (226)

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Lanthanides La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
144.24 150.36 168.934
138.906 140.116 140.908 (145) 151.964 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 173.04

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

Actinides Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
(237) (243) (247) (257) (258) (259)
(227) 232.038 231.036 238.029 (244) (247) (251) (252)
 Metals
Location
• Found on the left of the 79
Au
zigzag line/staircase on 196.967

the periodic table

(exception  Hydrogen)
Chemical Properties
• Have few electrons in
their outer energy level,
thus lose electrons 11
Na
easily 22.990

Physical Properties
• ductile, good
conductors, malleable,
Image taken from:
http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/ig/E

shiny, most are solid @

lement-Photo-Gallery.--98/Sodium.htm

room temperature What metal is not a solid

@ room temperature?
Atoms with Few Electrons in
their Outer Energy Level
11

-
Notice: only 1 Na
electron in outer
22.990

level
+ -
-
+ + -
- -
+
- -

+++
-
++ +
-
+ + -
4
++ +
Be
9.012 Notice: only
2 electrons -

in outer level - -
-
 Non-Metals
Location
• Most found to the right of
the zigzag line/staircase on
the periodic table 17
Cl
Chemical Properties
35.453

• Most have almost full outer

energy levels, thus they
tend to gain electrons;
some have completely full Image taken from:
http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/cl.htm

outer level
Physical Properties
• not ductile or malleable, 16

not shiny, poor conductors, S

most are solid, but some

32.066

are gas at room Image taken from:

temperature
https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/rockandmineral/sulfur.asp
 Atoms with Full or Almost Full
Outer Energy Level
8

- - O
Notice: 2
15.999 -

electrons in
-
+
outer level – + -
++ +
- + + + - FULL
+ +
- 2
-
He
- 4.003
- - -

-
Notice: 6
electrons in +++
outer level – + + +
Notice: 7
-

almost full
++ +
electrons in
- outer level –
9 - -
almost full
F
18.998
-
 Metalloids
Location
• Border the zigzag
line/staircase on the 14

periodic table
Si
28.086

Chemical Properties
• Most atoms have ½ (≈) Image taken from:
http://library.thinkquest.org/C0113863/bios.shtml

complete set of
electrons in outer
level
Physical Properties 5
B
• have properties of 10.811

both metals and non-

metals Image taken from:
http://library.thinkquest.org/C0113863/bios.shtml
 Atoms with ½ (≈) Complete
Outer Energy Level
Notice: only 4
-
5

- B electrons in outer
level
10.811

-
++
-
+ + -

+ -

- - -

+ +++ +
Notice: only 3 - ++ + -
-
+ + -
electrons in outer + + ++
level
-
- -
14
Si -
28.086

-
 Important Features of the Periodic Table:
Period (Row)
• each horizontal row of elements on the periodic table
1 18
1 2
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
1.008 4.003

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
10.811 12.001 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
6.941 9.012

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar How many
periods
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.948

4 19
K
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr (rows)
are on the
44.956 54.938
39.098 40.078 47.87 50.942 51.996 55.845 58.933 58.69 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.80

5
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Periodic
44
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Table
85.468 87.62
88.906
91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.4 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.904 131.29
101.07

6 55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Of
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.905 137.327 174.967
178.49 180.95 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.078 196.967 200.59 204.383 207.2 208.980 (209) (210) (222) Elements?
7 87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub
(285)
Uut Uuq Uup Uuh
(292)
Uus Uuo
(262) (284) (289) (288)
(261) (262) (266) (264) (269) (268) (269) (272)
(223) (226)

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Lanthanides La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
144.24 150.36 168.934
138.906 140.116 140.908 (145) 151.964 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 173.04

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

Actinides Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
(237) (243) (247) (257) (258) (259)
(227) 232.038 231.036 238.029 (244) (247) (251) (252)

FROM LEFT TO RIGHT OR RIGHT TO LEFT

 Period (Row) Properties
• Seven periods on a periodic table (numbered
from the top down)
• Atomic numbers and atomic masses increase as
you move from the left to the right in a period
• All atoms of the elements in the same period
have the same number of orbitals/levels
• All atoms of the elements in a specific period
have that respective number of orbitals/levels
– Example
• Period 1 = 1 orbital
• Period 2 = 2 orbitals
• Period 3 = 3 orbitals
• Etc…
Examples of Period (Row) elements having the same
number of orbitals/levels in their atoms

- - -
In what period
-
(row) do
+ + you think these
- +++ ++ -
-
++ -
atoms
+ reside?
+ +
-
-
- -

-
- -
- - - -
- - -
In what period
(row) do ++++ + ++ +
you think these -
++ +
+ - - +++ ++ -
- + -
atoms ++ + ++ ++
reside? -
-
- - - -
- -
-
Important Features of the Periodic
Table: Group (Family)
•each column of elements on the periodic table
1 How many groups 18
1 (families) 2
1 H 2 are on the 13 14 15 16 17 He
1.008 4.003

3 4 Periodic Table 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be Of Elements? B C N O F Ne
10.811 12.001 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
6.941 9.012

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.948

4 19
K
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
44.956 54.938
39.098 40.078 47.87 50.942 51.996 55.845 58.933 58.69 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.80

5
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62
88.906
91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.4 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.904 131.29
101.07

6 55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.905 137.327 174.967 180.95 186.207 192.217 195.078 196.967 204.383 208.980
178.49 183.84 190.23 200.59 207.2 (209) (210) (222)

7 87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub
(285)
Uut Uuq Uup Uuh
(292)
Uus Uuo
(262) (284) (289) (288)
(261) (262) (266) (264) (269) (268) (269) (272)
(223) (226)

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Lanthanides La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
144.24 150.36 168.934
138.906 140.116 140.908 (145) 151.964 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 173.04

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

Actinides Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
(237) (243) (247) (257) (258) (259)
(227) 232.038 231.036 238.029 (244) (247) (251) (252)

FROM TOP TO BOTTOM OR BOTTOM TO THE TOP

 Group (Family) Properties
• Eighteen groups on the periodic table (numbered
from left to right)
• Atomic numbers and atomic masses increase as
you move from the top down in a group (family)
• Atoms of elements in the same group have the
same number of electrons in the outer
orbitals/levels of their atoms (known as valence
electrons)
– Exceptions:
• Transition elements (3-12)
• Hydrogen (could be 1 or 17)
• Helium (actually has 2 valence electrons)
• Elements in groups usually have similar physical
and chemical properties
Examples of Group Elements with the
same # of valence electrons
How many electrons do
-

1
each of these atoms have H
in their outer 1.008 +
orbital/level? 3
Li
6.941

11
Na
- 22.990

-
- - 19
K
39.098
- -
37
+ -

+++ Rb - + +
++ + 85.468

-
+ + -

++ + 55
Cs
132.905

-
87
- - Fr What group (family) do
(223)

- these elements reside in?

 Alkali
Alkaline
Group (Family) Names Noble
MetalsEarth Boron Nitrogen
Carbon Oxygen Gases
GroupGroupGroupGroup
Halogens
Metals

1 Transition Metals 18
1 2
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
1.008 4.003

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
10.811 12.001 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
6.941 9.012

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.948

4
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
44.956 54.938
39.098 40.078 47.87 50.942 51.996 55.845 58.933 58.69 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.80

5
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62
88.906
91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.4 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.904 131.29
101.07

6 55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.905 137.327 174.967 180.95 186.207 192.217 195.078 196.967 204.383 208.980
178.49 183.84 190.23 200.59 207.2 (209) (210) (222)

7 87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub
(285)
Uut Uuq Uup Uuh
(292)
Uus Uuo
(262) (284) (289) (288)
(261) (262) (266) (264) (269) (268) (269) (272)
(223) (226)

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Lanthanides La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
144.24 150.36 168.934
138.906 140.116 140.908 (145) 151.964 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 173.04

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

Actinides Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
(237) (243) (247) (257) (258) (259)
(227) 232.038 231.036 238.029 (244) (247) (251) (252)
 Identify the Element
1 18
1 2
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
1.008 4.003

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
10.811 12.001 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
6.941 9.012

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.948

4
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
44.956 54.938
39.098 40.078 47.87 50.942 51.996 55.845 58.933 58.69 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.80

5
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62
88.906
91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.4 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.904 131.29
101.07

6 55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.905 137.327 174.967 180.95 186.207 192.217 195.078 196.967 204.383 208.980
178.49 183.84 190.23 200.59 207.2 (209) (210) (222)

7 87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub
(285)
Uut Uuq Uup Uuh
(292)
Uus Uuo
(262) (284) (289) (288)
(261) (262) (266) (264) (269) (268) (269) (272)
(223) (226)

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Lanthanides La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
144.24 150.36 168.934
138.906 140.116 140.908 (145) 151.964 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 173.04

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

Actinides Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
(237) (243) (247) (257) (258) (259)
(227) 232.038 231.036 238.029 (244) (247) (251) (252)

Period 4
Group 17
2 –––Period
5 Group
Period2
14
76 Rutherfordium
Carbon - C
Strontium
Astatine - At
- Sr- Rf
 Using the Periodic Table
• The boxes that make up the periodic table contain a
significant amount of information. To understand this
information, it is necessary to refer to the periodic table’s
key(s)

8 Atomic Number
(Number of protons)

O Element Symbol
(Written with a capital letter or a capital
followed by a lower case if two letters )
Oxygen Element Name
15.999 Atomic Mass
(Rounded to a whole number, equals
the number of protons and neutrons)

Class Color State Symbol What is

Which class (@ Room Temp.)
Color Oxygen’s
Metal
does Oxygen physical state
Non-Metal Solid
fall into? of matter?
Liquid
Metalloid
Gas