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ClM qqs q xoM Aml-Aml AlMsi xqf W, AU AYxU ClM xuM m x mUpwi lW Mr
ei| Lx mUxjir q mpiu mmi r mpiu AM urr r xqW U Aq el M oUasr el
Axl W ei W|

SzlM xMsml - piSur (Matter)

) M qiur
(
qlwr Airi p uxiA ij mrA M Alali uukiA x bU WA W: eluU AU mk, up r
AU AeU, UxrlM raM, Ms uxiL, mMi M bOlL, AS| Wq eli W M xU uxiL AhA ij
mUqhA x ol W AU Szr oQ q AUo-ZUo iU, iUMr lWUML ij AMzaar mhsr W|
mWs leU q u xo Axoki uxiA ij bOlA M uwq xaW ex el mQi W| CxsL Slr AYxU
sa M LM Usms ex, xraM uxiA ij mrA M Esf WD aij ex leU Ai W, elM qkr
qlwr Uaxil q Zr-Zr x sai W|
Mi xU uxiA AU bOlA M oc ElM xU upiA M oueS LM xul upSM sh W, Aji
u xo qlwr M cil M oWU ij Exx xui m x uql W| SxU zoS q, qlwr M aS uxiA AU
mrA M Slr LM uxiai rjji (Objective Reality) W|
Cx uxiai rjji M Apur MUl us xMsml piSur M ulM m q Cx iUW mUpwi Mr
ei W: piSur, qlwr M cil x xui m x Axiiuql, AU qlwr U ExM xuSl (Sensation) U
Alpi, uxiai rjji M Apur MUl us LM SzlM mua W|
rW, qlwr M cil x mU ij xui m x uql uxiai rjji, AU CxM sL mr SzlM xMsml
(Concept) r mua (Categories) M oc AiU MUl AuzrM W| ElW mUxmU Esfl lW cWL, PM Ex
iUW x ex M LM uxiuM, uxiai qOUMU ij ExM xMsml qOUMU M| LM uxiuM qOUMU M
csMU s er xMi W, sMl Ex qOUMU M lW csr e xMi W, e xMsml M zYs q qlwr M
Sqa q Wi W|
Cx mUpw x lwMw lMsi W M:
0 piSur M Azr W qlwr M aS uql xmh u, uW WU ce e cil lW W, uW WU ce e cil
x mU W, Exx oWU Axiiuql W|
0 Cx xMsml M ahj rW W M Mx p piM uxi, Alah, xok r mr M LMq AU xox
qWiumh sh ExM uxiaii ij cil x ExM xukli W|

0 mua piSur mMi ij xqe Sl M bOlA mU, qlwr cil M oWU Axiiuql AU Wl us, ij
cil x xui xqeM mrA mU sa Wi W|
0 qlwr U xU piM mrA ij bOlA M xl Aju ExM cil U ElM mUuil, xuSl ij
xuSl-mirh M eUL Wi W|
Clq Mus u W uxiL ij bOlL zqs lW W, elM mirh qlwr Aml uh, Szr, xmz r ak
xuSl x MU xMi W, osM u p zqs W, elM sL El Airi eOs AklM EmMUh ( SUSz,
xqSz, UQU AS ) M eUi Wi W e qlwr M xuSl Aa M qiA M MD al oR Si W|

piSur xok SMh M uMx Mx WA?

AiiMs x W sa rW xcl-ucUl sa j M ElM aS uql uxiL Mxx lqi W AU M ElM
MD xuM (Universal) lrq r AkU W r lW|
mcl rll M mUliq SzlM l Aml AOMs M SlM eul M Alpu ij mh mU AkUi Mr|
ElWl lwMw lMs M ml W WU ce M qs iiu W| oS M MN SzlM ur M xoM qs iiu xqfi
j| TU xr M Sur Aal M ucU M csi Aa q xoM qsiiu SZ ar| AU Aa Cl qsiiu q q
M p eQ Sr ar AU rW xqf ar M xo MN Cl cU iiu x lqi W AU uW piSur W| Mi
AUxi M SMh x rW piSur lwr AU AlMU W AU Ex m mSl MUl M sL LM uzw os M
AuzrMi Wi W|
mcl pUi q p sapa Cx iUW M SMh EpU MU Ar, exM M AlxU xo MN mc iiu x lqi
W| rW AMz M p LM xui iiu M m q xqqsi Mr ar|
rll M SzlM srMmx AU QqOx ( sapa 500 Dx mu ) ASzr mUqh M u M AkU qli j|
pUi q MhS M mUqhuS p rW lwMw xjmi MU UW j| sMl mUqh M Axiiu M rW Msml MW
x mS WD? xkUhir Wu q ksMh M lW SZ ei, mUi AkU q Mx SUU r NS x Ai Uzl q
Alali Mh Mx p o Aua M ol csi-TUi leU Ai W| Ai mUqhuSr l Sss S M
mUqhA M p lW SZ e xMi, Mi qlxM S r iMo x ElM Msml M e xMi W, u Wqz
uql UWi W AU LM AluUi ai Elq AilWi Wi W| rW Sss MT so xqr iM q AOMs W
ol UW|
qkrral Szl piM eai M Su Ucl M Ts qli j| WU piM uxi lc, eblr AU mmqr, Ai
krl M Arar ql ei j| rW iM M MD SzlM kUA q i xmh uxiai eai M W qr, pq
bwi MU Sr ar|
17 u AU 18 u zioSr q ul M uMx M oS W u M piM mMi LM oU TU x Szl M
krl M MlSoS ol| Txx SzlM SMi, Aae piMuS lrOl AU x ulM sqlxu xq
AU MPU MhMp asr ex aiql Mh M piSur M AkU qli j| cM Ex u rM mqZ
ulM zx j, AU uW mSj M uxjml AU Air M Akrrl MUi j CxsL piSur (Matter) M

xMsml M mSj (Substance) M iSAlm W xqf ei j| mSj M xU Alah piSur mU AUmi MU

Sr aL|
19 u xS M Ai AU oxu xS M zAi q piM (ui-coMr , aiu ) ex lr
bOlA M Ze l piSur M xqf M Aqsi oSs Sr| piSur M, lwci Surql u erqiM AMU
us mSj M xqm urZr Cx xqf M sL MuO j M piM p piSur M W uz m W|
piM M xU ArelM uzwiA M oueS u mUqhA AU qs Mh M pi W qlwr M cil
x mU AU xui m x uql W|
rW uW LMq ij lhrM sh W e Cx oi M EU Sl xpu oli W M Yr piM W AU Yr
ApiM, rl mirrM W| LM Zp q Surql Wi W, uW mMz M sL AmUaqr Wi W, mUi ExM Nr
M sL r Sl oi sa lW Wi| TU p Zp AU ExM Nr piM W, YrM u uxiai m x qlwr M
cil x mU uql W|
piSur M AkpiuS (Metaphysical) ij rM (Mechanical) xMsmlL CxsL p xqi u Axir j
M ElW rM ij piM M oWU sa MUl Axpu j| qluxqe ij xqeM xok M ch mSj
M Alah M Alm lW Mr e xMi| CxsL piSur M mWs M xMsmlA AU xqf M xqeM
mrA AU CiWx M piMuS xMsml M Ucl M sL p Cxiqs lW Mr e xMi j|
Mi qlwr M mWs Sscxm M ce xqe ij ExM eul W, Zx iU mU qWi xqeM miUh M
Cx ra q, eo mzl rW mS Wi W M AUp MUl M sL Yr AuzrM W- piM xqeM xok r
AiqM eul M bOlL| rW MUh W M piSur M Cx ( mNs mxO q uhi ) xqxqrM mUpw l
ulM ij SzlM Aj p aWh MU sr W|

mSj M qspi ah - mUuil

qlu-ql r cil (Consciousness) M Eim El mzl q x W, elWl mMi M lrq M Akrrl MUl
us M xox AkM Esfl q Qs W| 18 u zioS q SzlM l Cx mzl mU mUeU oWx M j M
Yr piSur (Matter) M ol cil M Axiiu xpu W AU AaU lW W, i uW Ar MW x?
piMuS ulM M qi W M ql r cil M Eim mSj M uMx M Sb mr M Tsxum xm
WD| mSj M mMi M ec MUi WL ElWl ExM ai M up m mU krl MlSi Mr, YrM ai W
mSj M Axiiu M m W| mhi aizlr AU mUuil UWi mSj lq M MD ce lW W| oQ q xU
mSj, xU eu AU eQ mMi xii ai, mUuil AU uMx M Auxj q W|
mirruSr (Idealistic) M EmU mzl M EU Si WL Txx piMuS Sl SSU l Alql sar M
piSur M Aml AkU q W LM uzw Alah W, e qsi xuSl x qsi esi W| Cx x xuSl M
qi ij oS q cil M elq WA| Cx Alql M xqjl q ElWl AQ AU ce M ESWUh Sr M AQ
q xuSl AU u M mirh M qi lW Wi, eoM Exx Eim Wlus ce q Wi W| Tsi ElWl
iMh M M xuSl M qi Aeu piSur x Eim WD|

cM 18 u zioS M ul M WqU ra M ul M xm eul AU cil M Eim M oU q oWi Mq

elMU j CxsL SSU cil AU piSur M xok M oU q LM mh, mqhi SzlM xi M Ucl
lW MU mL|
oWi oS q eo qluei M rW uxiai l AU uMxi Wi ar i LM Lx W xi M uMx WA
ex mUuil M xi MWi W|
Cx xi M AlxU, Aml eQ, Aeu m x sMU, mSj M ESuMx M xu ij eOsiq EimS qlu qxiwM iM, xU mSj M LM xqlr ah W mUuil| mUuil (Reflection, a reflex action, an action
in return) piSur (Matter) M LM xuM, qspi, Auper (Integral) ij uxiai Alah W| rW WU
piM uxi M Aml xj Airzs Alr piM uxiA M mpu M mi Alr MUl M LM uzw ah
W| rl M rW piM uxiA U o mpu M mir W|
mUuil M m, piSur M m mU lpU Wi W, rW Aml M o mpu M EU q, Cl mpu M mMi M
AlxU r MUl q ur MUi W| eQ mMi q ai, mQ Aju Sur M rM, piM Aju UxrlM
Alrlrr M m s xMi W| piM u M SbMsM quMx ij mSj M ai M m M oRi
eOsi M SUl eu mSj M Aupu ai M m q ahiqM mUuil s Ai W| eukUr q mUuil M
eu m mr ei W| eu mSj M ESuMx M SUl, mUuil M rW Alah Aii qlu cil ij cil q
uMxi W ar| Ai rW MW e xMi W M cil mUuil M Eiq m W|
u M piM xupu ij ExM uxiai SiqM uMx M SMh AU qi, mUuil M Cx xi M xj
bli AU Auper m x eQ W| mirruS AU AkpiuS Cx xrel M xqfl q Aq W AU Cx
MUh x u cil M Eim M mzl M Lx xW EU lW S xMi, e ul x qs Zi W AU mMi AU
xqe M uxiai xqf uMxi MUl q xq W|

Aeu eai q mUuil

Wql el j M, mUuil WU piM uxi ( mUuil M uwr ) M Aml xj Airzs Alr piM
uxiA ( uwr ) M mpu M mi Alr MUl M LM uzw ah W|
mUuil M xUsiq m Aeu eai q mr ei W, e piSur (Matter) M ai M rM, UxrlM,
piM ij MN Alr m q Aml AmM Apur MUi W|
Aeu eai q mUuil M Cl m M uzwi M xqfl M sL Wq cS ESWUh mU aU MUi W:
1. Wq osrQ M oss x aS mU cO MUi W| aS LM li Sz q AU LM li SU iM Lx UniU x
sRMi W, e aS mU Mr aL Abi os mU lpU Wi W|

2. S mjqM piM Mh, Gh Auz r CsYOl ij kl Auz r meOl li SzA q LM SxU

x OMUi W AU l W ei W, rl S TOl q Aji mMz M YuOq q ioSs W ei W|
3. eo Uh x AUi sW M Mx uxi mU ml aU ei W, i BYxMUh M r x Ex uxi q ea
sa ei W|
4. MPUiq cl x lqi mWQ p km, ml AU Ui M Mh, ur ij MMU M mpu x zl zl OOi
W, Exq SUU mQ ei W AU uW bx-mOMU NO-NO OMQ q AU Aii os q mUhi W ei W|
Cl ESWUh q Wq piSur M ai M uuk m ( rM, piM, UxrlM AU ijMji pulM e M
uxiu q ClW il M xqqs W ) M SZi W|
mWs ESWUh q q aS M xUs uxjml Wi W| Cx mUuil M uwr ( aS ) xur mUuii lW Wi| Alr
il ESWUh q o r M uwr ( LM mjqM Mh, sW M uxi, mWQ ) uxiai MUM M mpu M
mi LM li Ra x Alr W lW MUi, osM ElM AxU x uZQi WMU Mx Alr uxi q mUuii
W ei W ( LM TOl, ea, os q )|
Cl xU qqs q mUuil M uwr, o mpu M mi LM li Ra x Alr MUi W| ElM xj Wl
us mUuil, o mpu M xupu M Alm Wi W|
rS sW M uxi M osrQ M oss x PMU qU aD Wi, i Ex mU ea lW sai AU Wj Si M aS
M ml q par ar Wi, i uW Aml xjl x uxjmi l Wi| mUuil M uwr oWU mpu M mi
Mx Alr MUi W, rW Mus uwr M xupu mU W lW, osM uwr M Aml Alah mU, ExM piM,
rM AU UxrlM uzwiA mU p lpU MUi W|
Aeu eai q mUuil M EmU xp ESWUh, uuk ul M SMh x, mSj M ai M p m x
M Apur x xoki W| Szl M SMh x r ESWUh LM uzwi x LMMi W, Aji rW M uwr,
uwr M mpu M mi LM Zx Ra x Alr MUi W, rl mUuil M mr q pa si W|
Cx iUW, rW r i xjl mUuii MUi W ( ESWUh-1 ), r Mx Alr uxi q mUuii Wi WL aWl
ahiqM mUuil x WMU aeUi W ( qs Mh mMz M YuOq q, sW ea q, mWQ os-q q )|
mUuil M SUl uwr M ulz r ahiqM miUh Aeu eai q mUuil M shM uzwi W|

eu eai q xqh M SUl mUuil

mju q eul AUo uw mWs Eim WA, AU CxM Eim q MD cqiMUMi lW W| aq qWxaU q ij
esr uwm x pUmU urqQs q WCQel, lCOel, AYxel AU Alr iiu M mcUi j| eOs piMUxrlM mrA M Tsxum Elx MolM raM M Ucl WD| AlM ulM M Mr M oSsi
AklM ul q Cl raM M mrazs q Wxs MUl M ukr M uMx WA|

Aeu x eu mSj q mUuil M urZr M sL AlM xi mimSi Mr aL| AmUl l xfr M er

W Mol-AkUi eu Sur ol ar, elq Mol M mUqh uuk mMU x lCOel, AYxel, WCQel,
TxTUx AU akM M mUqhA x eQ Wi W, eu mSj M Eim M sL AkU irU W ar| AklM
ul Cx qi M xqjl q MT mqh mxii MUi W|
AmUl M xi M AlxU eu Sur M lqh sapa S AUo uw mWs mju M urqQs q q
AYxel M Eim AU iieli mMz-UxrlM AprA Lu mMz-xzswh M oSsi z WA j|
A qWxaU oWi MN eu Sur M MR ex j, e xqr M xj uUO AhA us Airi eOs MolAkUi Sur q xzswi W ar| ( CxM umUi p LM xi W, exM mimSl AsTS MxisU l Mr
AU CxM AlxU AhuM raM M uruxji xum xqlr AuxjA q oRl M oeL bOi W ei W|
Cx MUh CxM Airi Mq xpul W M eu raM M Eim mju mU WD Wa| SxU zoS q, Cx xi
M mimSM eul M mju x CiU qs M msml M xqjl MUi W)
AxjU AU xWei x Aml bOM q uZQi Wlus Ah, Aml xjU Axiiu M sL (xjriu M sL)
Aml x oWU M mMiM mUuz M xj xii crmcr ulqr mU ( rl mUuz M Sur M crliqM
AiqxiMUh AU AmbOl M EimS M Eixel mU ) lpU j| Cx iUW uUO Ah uxiu q xur Aml
EimSl MUl us i q mUuii W aL, e xuimUM Ra x Sur M ElM mMiM mUuz M xj ulqr
M mr M lrql MUi j|
Cl AhA q AU, xumU, xqxi eui Aar M Aa M Ucl MUl us mOl M AhA q, Lx Alah
j, e WqU sL AirkM qWiumh W| oWU uxiA M mpuiai u uZQi lW WL, ahiqM p
mhsr q miUi lW WL, osM xUi UW AU ElM Axiiu ol UW| CxM rW Aj W M Cl AhA
x uUci mSj M Az r iiu M mUxmUM AiUM ulrx q LM mUuil W ar| o mpu M mir
xum Mh ij iiu M oc Ee xmM mUuii WL, Mi xur mSj M mhs M Aml bOM Aa AU
iiu q uZQl lW WA| eo Lx mUuil sl us MUM M xr oS W ei W, i uwr Aml mWs
us xji q umx A ei W|
Cx iUW rW MW e xMi W M Aeueai AU leu mMi x eueai ij xeu mMi q xqh M
Auk, mUuil M m M uMx M LM lr Auxj j| eOs euM mhsr M xiU mU p mUuil Cx
oi q SZ ei W M uwr ( o mpu ) M r M mi uwr Aml MN AiUM xUclA q oSsu
M eUL Alr MUi W| eo r oS W ei W, i r xUclL Aml qs Auxj mU sO Ai W AU
Cx iUW mUuil M uwr M sL Axiiuql UWl AU uMxi Wl xpu W ei W|
AiLu, rW xcl M sL mrmi AkU qeS W M mUuil M ph m x r Lx eu xUclL W AlM
pulM ra M SUl uMxi WMU Ae M eu i M mUZ ol|
xSuum ( MLxuO ) M lq x i mOl M AhA M pi, e xpui AklM eukUr M A
mm j, xp mMU M eu Sur, o mpu M mUuil M Ra M qqs q W eQ mMi x p Wi W| rW
mUuil xur mruUhr mpu, ElM iui ij xum mU W lW, Ami eukU M AiUM Sz mU p
lpU Wi W| WU eukU xp o pM ( EmM, exciter ) M mi crliqM, Aji xr Uur Amli
W AU Cx iUW eu mMi M LM ahiqM lr uzwi, xuilrql M mSzl MUi W|

ESuMx M so mr M Tsxum uiql Aurur l plzsi (Emlzsi) x sMU xuSl, mir,

xqi AU cil rl qlxM eul M up Apurr iM, mUuil M AlMlM m uMxi MU sr
W|

eul M quMx AU iMi M Eim

LM oi MWl M eUi qWxx W UW W|
xiM AukUhL, Clx Ao iM AmUci qlu M sL jQ SW Wi W, mU rW SWi apU
Sscxm UZl us qlu M sL ClW xqf el M eUi AU Cx Wi xr mrx M Uxi p
mzxi MUi W| SWiA x xmrx efl, ClM xok q qlu M xqf M ASU x qji W AU mmi
xair AU lwMw ExM xqf M Wxx oli W, exx M Aii ExM uruWU lSzi Wi W|
ol Cx mr M mmi l, - e mWs x mmi AlMsi mokl M xj AirL ij Aixok lW mS
MU mi, CxM xupuM uMx lW MU mi - AiUM qlxM eai M sL xT xclA M ees
oli W (elW xqi MD oU, AYxU ps p Si W), uW xqf AU uruWU M Wxx lW ol mi, qlwr M
Aml LM xuM ulM SMh mS lW MU mi|
AZU rW AMUh lW Wi M lrOl ex qWl ulM Aml eul M Ai xqr q kqMi M AU
ElqZ W ei W, cO M ulM puuS qlxMiA q Esf UWi W, UMO, cSrl M lUrs TQ
MU AiU q pe ei W, oQ-oQ QYOU AsMM cqiMUMi q ux MUi mr ei W, AU MD mo
AU xqfSU x sai sa Aml Mr q p AU Cxx oWU M ce M xj p Aqql Aml xqi
mUmUA x mmi qlxMi AL xqf M xj xci AU uruWU MUi leU Ai W|
Mp AuxU Emsok WA AU xqr qs i xqeM-urM qlul M Cl xupuM mUhir mU
uxiU x cc M eLa, TsWs AmM qleai q Wscs M sL Cil W CzU mrmi x sa UW W|
AZU MW p i ei W M xqfSU M CzU MT Wi W|
csL Aml Ex uwr mU sOi W, AU cc M Aa oRi W|
eul M quMx AU iMi M Eim
mUuil M Aa M uMx eul M quMx x xo j| eul piSur M Axiiu ij ExM ai M LM
uzw m W| CxM olrS piM uWM W mOl AU lrYsr Aqs, e eui Aar M xilim ij
AluzMi M xcUh AU lrh M xli oli W| eui Aar M uz sh W Emmcrl, u,
Eeri ( plzsi ), xumlimSl, xulrql AU mruUh M mi AlMsi Wl M qi| xUsiq Aa
LMMzMr W| eul M AU AkM mUwMUh so, eOs, AiuUk uMx M mr M eUL WA| Cx
mr M euM quMx MWi W|

quMx M SUl eui Aa AkM eOs AU mUwMi oli ar| cM mruUh ij eul M xU SzL
kU-kU oSs, CxsL Aar M uW Mxq eui oc UW, e Cl mUuil M sL xuq Ra x
AlMsi j| mruUh M mi AlMsl S mrA mU AkUi W: mR-SU-mR xcUi Wl us Alah
ij uzwiL ( AluzMi ) AU mUuilzsi ( EimUmil )| up MUh x mpuiai Aar M MD
uzwiL xWx Nsalq Ra x mUuii W ei W| rW mUuil xU ei M S x xraM W xMi W|
rS MD Almi mUuil Emra x WA ( o eai M mi oWiU AlMsl M qi AU AluzMi
M U xcUh ) i Ex Aa M uze mk u eluU M Alr eir M xj Axiiu M sL xbw q
AkM Axl x eui oc UW|
eui Aa o mruUh M r M W uwr lW W, osM xur p ExM mpui MUi W| Aml eul M
rMsm M SUl, mruUh M mi AlMsi Wi xqr u LM li r r li Mr MUi W| rW
mUuil M xi M leUL x uzw qWiumh W, YrM eui Aar q mUuil xT ElM AiUM
xUclA q miMs mUuil x W lW, osM ElM eul r x p xo W|
eul xbw M SUl Aa AkM eOs ij mUwMi Wi ar AU Cx mr q LMMzMr x oWMzMr
Aar q xqh WA| oWMzMr Aar M MzMA M xqW AU Aa Asa-Asa Mr MUl M sL
uzwMi W ar| xqr oil mU iM MzM lq M MzMA M xqW mS Wi W, e mUuil M Mr
MUl M sL uzwMi Wi W|
eui Aar q mUuil Eelzsi M Alah M m q mMO Wi W, rl mruUh M AxU M mi
Alr MUl M Aa M qi M m q| Cxq uW LM li xqriUs q Aml M Cx Ra x mUuii
MU si W M uW Ex mpu M mi oWiU Ra x AlMsi Wl AU Aml M eui ij xUi UZl q
xqj W ei W| Eelzsi M AkU piM eu-uir mrL Wi W|
q-uMx M Aas Auxj q AkM uMxi mhr ( qixr, MO, esxjscU, xilmr ) q LM eOs
oWzZr iMi ol ar| lr uzwMUh M Tsxum MN iM MzML mruUh M Mus mMz M
mpu, MN Mus kul mpu AU MN rM mipu M W mirh MUl sa| MzMA M LM uzw
xqW Alr M oc xok xjmi MUlus qkrxj ol ar rl iM Aua M Alr Aa iM xcUi MUl,
muui mpu M oU q xcl xaW ( xqUh ) MUl ij mruUh x mmi xMi M uzswh ij Elq
TUoSs MUl M uzw Mr MUl sa| EiU eluU q Cl uzw iM MzMA x LM uzw Aa M
Ucl WD, e mruUh M xU mUuil ij ExM xj Air M lrh M Mr MUl sa| rW Aa qxiwM
W|
iMi AU ZxMU qxiwM M Eim M xj mUuil LM lr AU AkM Fc xiU mU mWc ar| o
eai M uxiai mpu M mi Alr M m q miMs xUcliqM mUuil Lx Mr xok mUuil x
xmUi W ar, e Aa M olL r xUi UZl M sL W lW, osM Aml mMiM ux-xjs M mi ij
ExM xj Air MUl M sL p oWiU AlMsi j|

xr AU lwr mUuil
Yr iMi AU qxiwM M Eim M rW qiso W M EiU eluU q cil qi ij iMo Wi W
AU u xci uruWU MU xMi W?
xUsiq LMMzMr Aar q rjji (reality ) M mUuil (Reflection, a reflex action, an action in
return ) Airi ASq m q Wi W| rS LM LMMzMr Aa, Aqo r LM m q Aqs M xSh
(concentration) M oR Sr eL, i Aqo Ex iUT M cs eLa, eW Aqs M xSh Mq W| rS uW
xrauz pel x OMU ei W, i Ex Aml zUU M Mx p pa x aQm ei W| Cx iUW Aqo Aml
uruWU AU ai M sL MD li Sz AU sr ir lW MUi|
Eelzsi (Excitability) M AkU mU rjji M mi q lwr AlMsl W xpu W xMi W| lwr
AlMsl M Aj W M LM eui Aa Aml Axiiu M sL Mus mruUh q Emsok AlMs SzA M W
cli W, Mi ElM Ucl MUl i SU, ElW Zei iM lW W| mk xWi xp oWMzMr Aar q p
Eelzsi Wi W| ZQM mU UZ eUlrq M mk mMzi m x AmMzi m M Wql M ai M
eUL Aml mr M Ex Sz M AU qQ si W, eW x ExM eul r M sL AuzrM AkM xU
mMz Ex mU mQi W| rW p LM iUW M crliqM ( zsciu ), TU p lwr AlMsl W, YrM
eUlrq l i mMz M Ze q ei W AU l W mMz M Mq Wl mU ExM Ucl MUi W|
eo iMi AkM eOs W ar AU qxiwM M Eim W aD, i kU-kU lwr x xr AlMsl q
xqh Wl sa| EiU eluU q ( mr AU Zx iU x xilmrr q ) xr AlMsl Aml lux M
sL AlMs SzA M Ze x xoki Wi W AU uruWU M eOs m M uMx M AU s ei W|
Eiq xilmrr q uruWU M AU p AkM eOs m mr ei W| qxsl, MD zMU eluU Aml
M WSoS MU Si W AU SxU M ExM ASU zMU lW MUl Si| LM AlxklMi l Aml mh M SUl
SZ M LM pZ qS pQr LM eas Wx M krl AM MUl ij fs M iO mU ml x MN SU Ex
Aml iUT Zcl M sL bx q EsO-msO MU, ij Aas-oas MUuO sMU lci WL LM zMr lir
mSzl MU UW W, Exl Wx M ml x oWU MT SU iM Aml AU AM Mr AU eo ElM oc M SU
MT Mq W ar, i Aml zMU mU fm qU Sr|
Wq eli W M cOr AU qkqYZr Airi eOs xUclL oli W, ouU lqM eu NiSU os AU os
iM el M sL ml M lc x Uxi W lW oli, osM Axs ok p oli W, Cxx p oQ oi rW W
M u ml M o muW M sL ij isr q xiU M AlxU lrh UZl M sL LM lMx U p NQ Si
W| Cl xo oi x eluU M Mji iMomh, xci uruWUM M oi MWl M AkU qsi W, mU uxiu
q rW mUuil M Airi uMxi m M AkU mU, mruUh M mi EiU eluU M xr AlMsl q M
qqs W xMi W|
EiU eluU q xr AlMsl, Aml lux M sL Aml mUuz mruUh M xr Emra, AkM
AlMs SzA M Ze ij Aml eul r M sL, cW xqi mql mU W Yr l W, mruUh M Aml
AlxU AlMsi MUl q lWi Wi W| Mi ElM rMsm q MD rel lW Wi AU u o
uxiuMi M Aqsi miUi lW MUi|

eluU M uruWU M AlM m, quMx M sZ uw M SUl uMxi Wi W AU AluzMi U

mR-SU-mR xcUi Wi W| uruWU M Cl Aiei (inborn, inbred) m M xWeu MWi W AU u
Airi eOs W xMi W| Mi eul M SzA q iu mUuil Wl mU r eluU, Aml W xWeur M
oS W ei W AU Aml M lr xjir M AlMs olMU ElW oSsl q Aq Wi W| CxM Asu u El
SzA M lhrM Ra x oSsl ij ElW Aml AuzrMiA M AlxU AlMsi MUl M xji q lW
Wi|
Cx oi M xm MUl M sL Wq Airi xaPi MO M eul x LM ESWUh si W| cQ M mQ mU UWl
ij esx M zYs q cslus mia M zQr pel M isz q LM xbl Msq olMU Aa oRi W|
mirM zQ Aml Aaus M Aml Ur x Ni WL ExM mN-mN csi W| zQr qWl es M xuh
MUi W, e mN x Alus zQr M sL qaSzM ia M Mq Si W| xox Aaus zQ xU pZ
xl M cQ M zw M iUT, lr cUaW M iUT, s ei W|
mx Txx mMiuS el To l AaAD MUl us zQ M xU M Msq M Ai M zQ M mN M
iUT sa Sr| uW TUl qaSzM ia x cmM aD AU, Cx iUW, xlmi zQ qqs xmW q ioSs W
aD, ij Ex xox mN us zQ M mN-mN csl sa, exx uW eQ WD j| Cx iUW Msq M xU
AU Sq mUxmU eQ ar AU zQr l LM W xjl mU LM qiol M aS AiWl cU MOl z MU Sr|
xWeu ElW Cx qZimh xji x NOMU Ssl q Axqj x WD| pel mx W UZ Sr ar sMl
Mx p zQ l ExM iUT krl lW Sr| LM bO oi, SxU oi, Sl aeU ar AU zQr, qqak ex
cU mU cU sai UW| u mU LM xmiW iM cU sai UW, CxM oS Msq OO ar, zQr Cil
MqeU W ar M Ao u eU p Aa lW oR xM|
xm W M zAi q e xus mz Mr ar j, ExM xT lMUiqM EU W Sr e xMi W| Aji
iMi AU qxiwM M Emxji q x W, cil qi AU iMor xci uruWU mS W ml xpu
lW W ei|

ql, cil AU cil

qlxM AU SWM, mirrM AU piM
iMi AU qxiwM piM W| Elq up uuk piM ij UxrlM mrL Wi W, ex Emmcrl,
eu-ui Aua M mxTOl AU xcUh, AS| qxiwM AU oWU piM eai M Air M W Wq
xqlrir ci r ql MWi W AU CxM Mr M qlxM r MWi W|
AaU ql M uxiai AukUh M jQ xqfl cW i Cxq lqlMi oi zqs Wi W : ( 1 ) uxiA
ij uxiai eai q up mrA M WqU llSr U mmi, rl Szr, xuSM, mMzM, ur,
xmzqsM ij akiqM oo ; ( 2 ) sr M crl ij ElM Emsok M qi ( qlwr q xMsm ij
LcNM uruWU Cx qi x uMxi WL W ) e Mus xzr uruWU MUl us EiU eluU q W
AilWi Wi W ; ( 3 ) puua, Alpu, Alpir, elM U eluU mruUh M mpu M mi xk-xk

Alr MUi W ( qxsl k, Essx, pr, sau, AS ) ; ( 4 ) xcl, AU xumU uruWU M lrh
MUl AU mruUh M mi AlMsi Wl xpu oll us MrS, qlM, qmSQ M xcri ij ElM
uzswh MUl M qi ( qlwr q cil AU cil Cx qi x Eim Wi W ) |
rW xqfl oWi qWiumh W M qxiwM M rMsm M EimS Wl M MUh ql M oWU uxiuMi M
xUs lwr mUuil q xqi lW Mr e xMi W| ql oWU uxiuMi M WoW, Smh-mioo ex Nu
lW Wi W| Exq xcl aWh ij Ex miUi MUl M qi AU qlxM oo u rA M, xri x
qsl AU isl MUl ij CxM AkU mU qlxM oo AU rA M mlaPl MUl M qi Wi W|
Sb quMx M Tsxum r qiL, qlwr M ESpu M xj, UcliqM Mr r rMsm M uz
qlur qi q ioSs W ar| mUi CxM AS m M EiU eluU M qlxM rMsm q SZ e
xMi W|
qlu cil M Eim M oS p, qlwr q qlxM rMsm M Lx MD xiU ij m zw W, elq cil
zqs lW Wi AU e xci lrh M Akl lW Wi ij Acil qlxM rMsm M ol UWi W|
ql M Eim ij MrMUi AU qlxM rMsm q cil ij Acil M xok M uxiU x Akrrl
qlul M uwrliai Mr ei W|
xMsmlL cil (consciousness) ij cil (thinking ) AYxU mrr M pi Cxiqs M ei W| Mi
ClM oc MN AiU W| cil M Aj, qZri, oWU uxiuMi M oU q l M x M mr,
xMsmlA, lhr AU lwMw M mr W, exM mUpM Auxj xuSl (sensations) ij xuS mir
( xuSl M eUL Wxs xk Alpu ) M Ucl W, eoM cil M Aj W cil M Cx mr M mUhq
AU mWs x W Uci xMsmlA, lhr ij lwMw M o eai mU sa MUl, iM Ex xqf AU
mUuii Mr e xM|
Cx iUW, cil AU cil ql M AU qlxM rMsm M Eiq xiU W| u Mus qlwr q Ail (interengrossed) W| eluU q Mus ExM u A m, xUsiq iiu r u qiL Wi W, elx uMx M LM
Sbuk q qlu cil AU cil M elq WA|
cil AU cil xWi ql mirrM (ideal) W| rm u piM qxiwM AU piM o eai M Air M
Tsxum Eim WL, ijm Elq u Alah AU uzwiL lW Wi e xU piM bOlA q AilWi Wi
W| piM bOlL Mx mh M qlxMi r Exq WL mUuil x lUm Wi W AU saiU xii m x
aiql W| CxM umUi ql q Wl us MD p mUuil, piM qxiwM ij oWU piM uxiA q Wl
us mUuil mU lpU Wi W|
piSurr piM eai M xSp q ql irM W, YrM piM eai Ex mU lpU lW W AU mjqM W|
ql xU piSur q AilWi mUuil M Alah M uMx M mUhq W, mUi rW xU piSur U uMxi
lW WA, osM Mus eu-mSj M xox eOs m- qxiwM M U WA| rW Szi W M ql Aml
piM m M ol, Ex uMxi MUl us qxiwM M ol Axiiuql lW W xMi W|

AklM ul M ijr mU pUx MUi WL, M iqM piMuS kU rW Su MUi W M ql irM Wi

WL p Aml W lrq M AlxU uMxi Wi ij xr MUi W AU Ex rM m x piM, UxrlM
r euM bOlA AU mrA q mUhi lW Mr e xMi|

cil M xMsml AU uucl

qlwr M qxiwM q rjj M mioo M iU mU ql M MD xiU Wi W|
ql M Eiq xiU cil W, rW qlwr M xri M xqeM-LiWxM mUxjir AU Alr sa M
xj lUiU pwD xmM M mr q mS Wi W| Cx S x cil uxiu q xu M l W W|
cil M xUcl AU ExM qWumh qlulM uzwiL Yr W?
CxM mWs uzwi i CxM lq x W qsq W ei W, e mUuz u M l Aju ok M mrr W|
cil M xUcl q xukM qWumh xliqM mrL zqs W, elx qlwr Aml l M lUiU u
MUi UWi W| Cl mrA q xuSl, mir, xqi, Msml AU cil M xqqsi Mr e xMi W|
xuSl AU mir, e qxiwM mU Eei MUl us MUM M mpu M xk mUuii MUi W, cil q ux
W ClSreli c oli W, ex M uW qlwr M S h q mii W UW Wi W| xqi M oSsi qlwr
Aii M oo M cil q xUi UZi W| Msml Ex mS h q Almsok uxiA M ooiqM mim
oll M xpul Si W AU cil qlwr M xci l M iMM Cxiqs MUM xqxrA M Ws MUl q
xqj oli W| EmU qlxM xliqM mrA q Mx LM M p iaxi Aju uMi Wl x cil
q p Aluri uMi mS W ei W|
cil M SxU uzwi Exq Mi AU uxi (uwr) M oc, Aji e qlwr M Aiq M Aa W ExM AU
e qlwr M Aliq M Aa W, ExM oc xm pS Mr el W| eu eai M CiWx q qlwr mWs eukU
j, exl Cx eai x Asa WMU Aml M mUuz uxiA M qMos q UZ| uW AMs eukU W, e
Aml xl MU xMi W, Aji Aml AW M Aluwh u Akrrl M uwr ol xMi W| qlwr xcil Ra x
Aml Mr AU Aml Am M qsrMl MUi W| Aiq M Aliq x mjUh, e LM Lx Alpu W exx
ocml q WU MD aeUi W, qlwr M Aiqcil M lqh q LM qWumh cUh W|
cil M ixU uzwi qlwr M xzr rMsm M xliMUh W| cil M LM Mr qlwr M
xri M Ezr M lqh W, exq EimUM M oll ij ElW is el, xMsmqsM lhr sl, uz
Ezr M AU si Mr mU lrh UZl, AuzrM xkU MUl, AS p xqqsi W| Uauz r Alr
Mx MUh x xzr rMsm q ok Qslus xp qlxM ucsl M cil M uMU ql ei W|
Ai q, cil M cj uzwi mUuz M mi LM li Uur W| qlwr M cil M LM Alur Aa pu
M Slr W, e eOs uximUM AU qZri xqeM xok M miooi MUi W| qlwr el AiurM
xok q pa si W, ElM puiqM qsrMl ExM cil M qsrmUM mWs Wi W| MD Alr qqs M
iUW rW p uMiul xqlr cil M xUiiu M xm MUl q qSS Si W| Mimr qlxM Ua q cil

M uMU M sh pulA AU xok M M aQoQr Wi W: Ua Aml q x bh MUi W, WsM

mWs uW Ex oWS mrU MUi j, r TU uW Aml q AU xokr M oUD MUi W, CirS|
cil M Emr xp uz sh pw M qkrq x oli AU ur Wi W AU pw ql M uMx x
Api eQ WD W| uxiu q qlwr uM M eUL, pw U Wl us xmwh M eUL W l M xcr MU
xMi W AU qluei U xci ij pw q Apur ucU M xmS x Aml M xq ol xMi W|
pw LM uzw uximUM mhs W, e qlwr M xqeM-LiWxM Alpu Aju xqeM cil M
milkiu MUi W| ur U Aiqxi Mr el mU pw LM iUW x ExM uxiuM cil ol ei W|
LM xqeM EimS Wl M MUh cil Mus qlwr q mD ei W| mzA q cil lW Wi|
ql M xox lcs xiU Acil W, ex r mUpwi Mr e xMi W: Acil El qlxM mrA, Mr
AU AuxjA M xq W, e Lx mpu mU lpU W elM M qlwr M ok lW W| cil ql M umUi
Acil ql ur M Mr M xzr lrh Aju ElM mUhq M qsrMl MUl q Axqj Wi W|
Acil M q lSuxj M SUl bOi qlxM urmU ( xuml ) ; AxuSi, Mi Axs q pM U
Eim AlrL ; e rL mWs cilkUi j Mi xui Wl r oUoU Aui M MUh cil ql x
uxjmi W ar ; xri M Mimr EimUM, elq sr M cil M Apu W, AU oWi x ce Ai W|
Acil mUbOlA q oqU qlwr M ql q mS Wlus msm, upq, AS Mimr uMiqsM mrA M
p zqs Mr ei W| Acil ql M cil ql M usq qlMU, Acil M mz qlx M mim xqf
oPl PM l Wa| Acil p qlu ql M cil ex W cUM uzwi W AU uW p qlwr M Axiiu
M xqeM mUxjir U lkUi Wi W, WsM uxiu q uW qlwr M ql q u M Mus AzM ij
Amrmi mioo W|
ql AU qxiwM, ql AU mUuz M xWxok M Aa M ec M sL AU qlu xri M qlxM lrql
ij lrh M Aa uzswh M sL ql M, cil M Eim M mzl M AkM uxiU x uucl M
AuzrMi W| uxiu q ql M qZr lrqxair AU qlu cil M lqh M mzl M ESuMxr
SMh x uzswh MUM W mMz q sr AU Sraq Mr e xMi W|

qlxM MrMsm M piM Aam q, qxiwM

(The brain as the material organ of mental activity)

s M qxiwM ExM zUU M qMos MUo 500 al WsM Wi W, zU M MUo 150 al AU qlwr M
Mus 60-65 al WsM Wi W| Cxx rW eWU Wi W M EiU xilmrr M eul q qlxM Mr r
rMsm (psychic activities or functions) ij zUU M Alr rMsm M oc M Almi q oWi uuki
Wi W| ozM q rW lW W M qxiwM M Aril AU uel Mil Wi W, osM rW W M uW Yr
rMsm MUi W|

qlwr M ij EiU xilmrr M qlxM, oM, r AiqM MrMsm M oc LM olrS, ahiqM AiU
Wi W| qlwr mMi q lW mr el us ce M Ucl MUl, ahir mqr M x MUl, MsMU u
r M lqh MUl ij mju M xqA x mU AiU q EQl q p xqj Wi W, Clq x WU Mq eluU
M xqjr x oWU W| r xo Mq qxiwM M rMsm M eUL Mr ei W, e M xeu piSur M
Eiq, xukM eOs AU xaPi m W|
qxiwM M AllMsi (unconditioned) AU AlMsi (conditioned) miui (reflexes ) qlxM rMsm
M AkU Wi W| eo oWU uxiL xuS Aa M iMr Aia (nerve endings) mU r MUi W, i iM
mhs M eUL lri eu-ui Aua ( xMi ) qxiwM M mwi Mr ei W| u MD eOs piMUxrlM mUuil M EpUi W, elM SUl mmi xMi mUuii Wi W AU Aa M euo mir M
elq Si W| Cx xMi M AkU mU qxiwM iSlm AiUM Aa r csl-Aa M LM euo Aua mwi
MUi W, exx xukM xzr r xm Wi W| eo LM eluU pel M SZi W i ExM sU OmMl
sai W, eo ASq Mx oWi aq uxi M Ni W i uW Aml Wj M iUi mN WO si W| Cx mr M
AllMsi miui r xWeu (instinct) MWi W|
e xMi AllMsi miui Eim MUi W, u Aa M xqxi rMsm M sL Airi qWiumh uwr AU
mrL W| AlMsi miui, AllMsi miui x oli W| ESWUh M sL, rS LM M M Zsl x mWs
Wqz bO oer eL, i xqr oil mU ExM zUU Zl l Sr el mU p Mus bO oel mU W sU
OmMl saa| mMi q Cx mMU M AlMsi miui eluU M mruUh M ie x oSsi WD SzA M
mi Aml M AlMsi MUl q qSS Si W| EmU ESWUh q bO pel M LM xjlm (substitute ) ol
ar ij LM qWiumh Mr M LM AlMsi xMi j|
AlMsi AU AllMsi miui EiU eluU ij qlwr M qxiwM M ask M MOYx U ol MU
irU Wi W| qxiwM M e pa Szr, ur, xmzr ij ak xok EelA M mirh (perceive ) MUi
W, ElM oU q Ao MT xW elMU W AU El pa M oU q p i W, e uuk Aa M rA mU
lrh UZi W| eo eluU AU qlwr q ( oqU r cO sal M MUh ) iML iaxi W ei W, i
iSlm Mr oU iUW x aQoQ ei W| Cxx AxSak m x xm W ei W M mirrM qlxM
MrMsm (ideal psychic activities) Aml mMi x W piM qxiwM M Mr M mUhq W|
rW xoi MU Sr ar W M EiU eluU ij qlwr M mqxiwM ask M Sr AU or Akz pp Mr MUi W| o eai M oU q mMiqM (figurative ), xuSliqM xclL ( kulr M xuSl, ak,
Szr oo, AS ) Sr ask q xqi M zYs q xci (accumulated ), xxki (processed ), AU
xaWi (stored ) Wi W| LM mMU M MrS AU qlM (rules and norms) or ask q xaWi Wi W|
Cx iUW, qxiwM AU qlxM rA M oU q WqU l aWliU Wi e UW W AU Aa AU p aWU Wi
eLa|

qlwr AU mzA M qlx q pS

Cxq xSW lW M qlwr M ql AU mzA M qlx q oWi oQ AiU W|

oWxZr mra l SZr W M EiU mzA M cil mhi uruWUM Wi W| xp eu-ei Mus LM
li, miri Alpi xji M SrU q W Mr MU xMi W, u CxM xqA M sbl AU CxM
uziA M AlSZ MUM, q xqlr qsiiu mU krl Sl ij Ex Sraq MUl q Axqj W| WU mz
Aml xql qeS xji M Sx Wi W|
CxM umUi qlu uruWU M uzwi rW W M qlwr q Aml xql qeS xji x lUm ( Alx ) Wl
AU Ex xji M MUh e mUhq mS W xMi W, ElM mulql MUl M qi W| Cx MUh eWe,
eWe M mO q WL qqs NS M iUi qUqqi MUl sai W, AU mrsO Aml uql q jQ W Dkl UW
el mU lMOiq WuD A M Ze MUl sai W| qlwr Aml xql qeS xji M Sx lW Wi AU u
puwr M mulql p MU xMi W|
Cx mMU AaU mzA M Px, uruWUM cil ElW Aml xql qeS xji M mir mpu M Sr mU
NQi W, i qlwr M Aqi cil M qi Ex Aml xql qeS xji x AmMi xui oli W| qlwr
mUuz M iiMsM mpu M W lW, ElM pu mUhq M p mUuil MU xMi W| qlwr xcil Ra x,
AuzrMi M Aml l M AlxU Mr MU xMi W| Alr eukUr M qlx x qlwr M ql M mWs
qZr pS rW W|
qlwr AU mz M oc SxU pS rW W M qlwr q AeU oll AU xUi UZl M rari Wi W| mz
Mx li, rjji Alpi xji q Aml iiMsM AuzrMiA M sL W ce M AeU M m q
mra MUi W| Ex Px xji M oWU uW AeU M l i mWcli W l Ex pu Emra M sL xpsMU
W UZi W| er W AeU M Mq mU W ei W, ExM AeU M m q Axiiu iUi Ziq W ei W|
ESWUh M sL, ulU l ex QQ M Ap-Ap u x Ts iQl M sL Cxiqs Mr j, ExM MNM
qlO oS W uW ExM OMQ-OMQ MU xMi W Aju Mx SxU ulU M rW MUi SZ xMi W| eu-ei
xjr uxiA M Slr q lW UWi|
CxM AiU, mhr M AeU-lqh ij Emra x xoki xri M xum Mp xqWM lW Wi|
ulU Aml xj ulU M Mr M AkM x AkM SZ W xMi W| uW Exq Mp Wj lW oOra r ExM
xj qsMU Mr lW MUa| Mi CxM umUi qlwr mulqi rel M AlxU AeU oli W, uNi
Ezr M ml M sL Ex Cxiqs MUi W AU xql pu mUxjir M sL Ex xpsMU UZi W| qlu
AmMi xjD uxiA M Slr q UWi W| uW AeU M Alr sa M xj qsMU p Cxiqs MUi W
AU MN x ExM Emra M Alpu xZi W ij MN M Ex xZi W|
qlwr M qlx M ixU upSM uzwi ExM xqeM Alpu M Aiqxi MUl M rari W| xqeM
Alpu ur M uruWU M lkUM iiu W AU qlwr M ql M uMx q qWiumh pqM AS MUi W| o
elq M xqr x W xqeM xmM M uruWU, EmMUh ij iMlM M Emra M mhsr xZl z MU
Si W| qluei M xxMiM mai M AiqxiMUh M mr M SUl ExM qlxM rA q
ahiqM mUuil Ai W| uW Aml x LcNM xqi, LcNM krl AU Aqi cil ex xu qlur
uzwiL uMxi MUi W|

Aqi cil M uMx M pi llSr M uMx p rjj M AkM mrmi mUuil M LM iUM W| Ai
qlwr AU mzA M oc cj olrS pS ElM llSr q pS x xok UZi W| ozM, qlwr AU mz
Sl W Aml CS-aS M bOlA x ESxl lW UWi W| mUuz u M mUbOlL AU uxiL Elq o
mpu M mi MN Zx mMU M Uur, xMUiqM AU lMUiqM xua ea xMi W| TU p Mus qlwr q
SxU M SZ r Ww q xWpa Wl M uMxi qi W AU Mus qlwr W mMi M xSr M AlS EP
xMi W Aju xl M mr q oM xiw M pul Alpu MU xMi W|
qlwr AU mzA M qlx q e pS W, ExM eQ ElM uMx M mUxjir q W| rS mzeai q qlx
M mai eu ESuMx M lrq mU AkUi j, i qlwr ql, qlu cil M uMx xqeM-LiWxM
uMx M lrq x lSzi Wi W| qlu xqe M Alpu M Aiqxi Mr ol, Alr qlwr M xmM q
AL ol MD p ur Aml q mUmYu qlur pulA, LcNM krl, xqi ij Aqi cil M uMx lW
MU xMi AU x Aj q ur lW ol xMi| eas eluU M oc ms ij oQ WL qlu zzA M
x MWlr CxM mqh W| oSU M o Sparuz Aml fQ x oNQ el mU p oSU ex W uruWU
MUa, qaU qlwr M o qlwr ip ola, eo uW sa M oc msa ij oQ Wa|
qlwr M qlx M Eim eu mSj M so ESuMx M mUhq j| ql M uMx M ulM uzswh x
rW lwMw lMs e xMi W M cil M Eim M sL MN eu mumL j| qlwr M mUZ q lr W
uxiqsM xr cil M rari j AU uW oWi x xWcr p ol xMi j| Wj ex Aa Aa us
qlumu mh li mUxjir q xkUh AeU ol AU Cxiqs MU xMi j| rW xo Wq Ae mr el
us qlup ulU q p qsi W|
Mi ql, cil M xk mzA M ESuMx M mUhq qll asi Wa : qlwr xqeM xok M EimS
W| xqeM xok M eu mum rj r fQ j| qlwr M mue rj olMU UWi j, exx mUxmU xWri
AU oWxZr zA x U M sL AlMsiq mUxjir mS Wi j|
ulU M lU oll q, rj M xqe q mUuii Wl q lhrM pqM q l, rl AeU M xr lq?h
ij Emra mU AkUi xri l AS M|

cil M AkU M m q q
mNs oU Wql qlwr AU mzA M qlx q pS M xqfl M Mzz M j| mUi, CxM Yr MUh W
M eluU q cil M Mus mUpM m Wi W AU u l i xqxrA M Ws MU xMi W. l El Mr
M MU xMi W, elW qlwr MU xMi W, MUi W? SUAxs Mq M MUh qlwr M cil AU cil eluU
M qlxM rMsm x ahiqM m x p W| Mi Yr rW xli W M eluU Mq lW MU xMi?
LM uzw mMU M EMo Aml cc q LM as mijU EPL, ziUqa M AQ M FmU EQi W, AU Ex
aUMU AQ M iQ si W, ex uW Aml cc x iQl q Axqj j| cme FcD q sOM WL Ms M
iQl M sL LM NQ r QQ M iimUi x Cxiqs MU si W| Eq qkqYZr ij cOr M oU q
AlM MjL aR ar W| mUi Cx xo M oueS, eluU Mq ( rl q ) lW MUi| u eui UWl, pel

ml, Aml mMiM Aa ( Si, me, cc, AS ) x bxs AL os oll M sL AuzrM mMiM
xqa M W Mq q si W|
qlwr M Mq M uz sh rW W M uW Aml AU mMi M oc AeU M s Ai W| qlwr AeU M
eUL mMi x mmi xqa M AlMs Cxiqs W lW MUi, osM Exq TUoSs p MUi W AU Ex Aml
eUi M mU MUl M sL AuzrM uzw m mSl MUi W| q M mr q uW mMi M qluMUh
MUi W AU AYxU Lx uxiA M p Ucl MUi W, elM mMi q MD Axiiu lW Wi|
mMi M xj eluU M xok AmU (direct) Wi W| eluU xur mMi M Aa W| Mi qlwr AU mMi
M oc EimSl M AeU W ( EmMUh, AeU, eOs rM ukr AU qzl )| CxsL mMi AU qlwr M
oc M Uzi mU AU uruWi (indirect & mediated) W, rl Ex AeU M U Mrm Sr ei W| Cx
iUW x qlwr Aml M mMi x usa MU si W AU xur M ExM qMos q ZQ MU si W| sMl Yr
EMo AU cme M EmU ESWUh CxM ZQl lW MUi?
Mq MUl r q M ex mr x WqU SU M mue qlwr q mUuii WL uW PM Cx Mq M sL uzw
AeU M oll AU Rsl M xj xoki j, l M mMi q Axl x Emsok uxiA M Emra x|
EMo l Aml mijU M olr-xuU lW| cme Aml QQ M US r Nl x lW xuUi W| Mi WqU
mUliq mue iM l mijU M ASq AeU olL, u LM mijU M qSS x SxU M xuUi j| rW MUh W
M eluU M MD p rMsm, elq u Mp-Mp mMiM uxiA M Emra MUi W, qlwr M Mq x
ahiqM p Wi W|
q Axmx M uxiA M miUi ij Elq TU-oSs MUl W xpu lW oli, osM xur qlwr M
miUh ij uMx M AU s ei W|
mUuz mUxjir M biM mUuil l qlwr M mue M sL Aml AuzrMiA M i oQ MPl ol S
j, esur M oaQi el M MUh AWU mcU q q lW qs mi j| ElM xql S W uMsm j, r i
LM ei M iU mU usmi W eL r TU Aml uruWU q ahiqM mUuil sMU mUxjir M Aml sL
oWiU AU AlMsi MU| AuzrMi l m qlu M ulUxSz mue M xqWM qmu xri M xWU
sl M uuz Mr|
rj M piU qlwr M mUZ M xWeuqsM xmM zl zl q xri mU AkUi xWeul q uMxi
WA| LM W xqSr M xSxr M Amx xok q rW mUuil, rl xr xri, xWeul AU EimS M
ulqr M zAi, rj x xqe q xqh M AkU AU xkl ol| Cx mMU q M Eim AU xqe
M lqh l qlwr M ulUp mue M qluMUh Mr|
q l qlu cil M uMx M p mUi Mr| MN li xrA M xMQ WeU uw M Auk q
AUo oU SWUMU qlwr l Aml Aa uzw m x Wj, M mUwMi olr AU ClW Aa M xri M
MUh qxiwM M uMx M Alrlrr p z WD| q-xri q qlwr M krl olL e UW AeU mU,
r AeU U Mr e UW mMi q oSsu mU, rl Aml xri mU xMlSi Wi W| xqeM
AuzrMiA M mi M qleU rW eU W ei W M ur Aml xri M AscliqM S x SZ|
Cx iUW qlwr M xri, cil mU AkUi xri ol ei W, Tsi cil M uMx M mukU oli W|

Aml xri x, q x mUuz M mpui MUi AU oSsi WL qlwr l xj W Aml mMi M p oSs|
q M mpu x Wj M lr mMr mS WL, exx Exq AU p mUwMii Ai aD, qxiwM M xj xOM
xqlur x Exq AU p Si oRi aD| Wj l Mus mMQl M xkl, osM xur mMi M, uximUM rjj
M ell M EmMUh p ol UW j| q M mpu x xr Wj zl zl xr xmz x xoki LM
uzwMi Aa q mUuii W ar AU xmz, u M xl M Mus qlwr U mr iUM W| CxsL MW
ar W M qlwr M Wj q MUl us Aa W lW, q M EimS p W|
Wj M uMx xU zUU M uMx M xj WA| Wj M Mr M uzwMUh x WqU Uqs mUZ M ZQ
WMU csl M ASi Qsl q qSS qs| Mq MUi WL Wj mU lUiU AZ M lrh UWi W, e S M
Aa W| eWU iU mU S AU xmz M oc MD iSiqri mS WD| AU rW xo qxiwM M eUL W UW j|
lr iM MS M lqh M Tsxum qxiwM M Aril W lW oR, ExM xUcl p eOsiU Wi aD|
qxiwM M e pa Wj M r M lrh MUi W, u W qlwr M uh ij pw M, e qlwr M
qlxM rMsm M MS W, p lrql MUi W|
Aml oU q, qxiwM M uMx x, Mq M mukr (techniques), AeU oll M iUM, xqWM
Air M ASi ij mUuzr eai M oU q xclA M xcr MUl AU ElW Al us mRr M
WxiiUi MUl xpu WA| q M mr q qlwr l el uuk uxiA q TU-oSs ij miUh Mr,
ElM Alah M ell ij ElM Akrrl MUl q qSS qs| rW Lx ce W, e eluU M mWc x oWU
W|
Cx mMU, q M mr qlxM rMsm M Eiq m rl cil AU cil M AkU ol| Aml M
mMi x usa MUM qlwr mMi M mi Aml uUk xji x W Auai lW WA, osM rW p el ar
M uW cil r uzw mh W AU Cx MUh x Alr eui mhr x p W|
cil M Eim M Aj j uxiuMi M mUuil M LM EiU m q xqh| rW xqh mMi M mi
Aml M lwri x AlMsi MUl M oeL uxiuMi M Aml AlMs oll AU Aml sr M Alm
uxiuMi q mUuil MUl ij Lx uxiA M Ucl MUl xZl q lWi j, e mMi q lW Wi| Aml
mR M Alpu Aas mR M xZl, xWeir M q-mhsr M Cxiqs M mzh Sl AU ElM
oc Mr M oOuU MUl M AuzrMi l xmwh M AuzrMi mS M| xWeur M pw CxM sL
xmi Amrmi j|
Ai q M xj AU q M mr q qlur pw p Eim WD, e xmwh M EiU m W|

pw AU cil
qlwr M cil (consciousness) M uMx M LM AU mos xkl ExM pw W| rW cil (thoughts) M
mir uxiuMi (direct reality) W| ucU Wqz zoS q ur ML ei W, Ai rW MW e xMi W M
pw ucU M Apur M m W|

pw LM uzw xMi mhs W| mirM pw Asa-Asa zoS, Aji El mUmUM kul xMi x ol Wi
W, e up uxiA AU mrA M iM Wi W| pw M SxU xbOM Aa W urMUh M MrS, e
zoS x uYr oll q qSS MUi W| r uYr W ucU ur MUl M xkl W| LM pw M zoS x,
urMUhr MrS M oSsi AxZr xjM uYr os r sZ e xMi W AU mxiM r sZ M Ucl M
e xMi W|
eu-ei Mus Mx Px xji iM xqi mUbOlA M oU q Aml xjr M xMi S xMi W, eoM
qlwr pw M qkrq x Alr qlwr M uai, uiql ij puwr M oU q xci MU xMi W, AU xox
qWiumh oi M ElW xqeM Alpu oi xMi W| Cx iUW pw uukiq ucU M Apur, sa M
pulA AU Alpu M uhl, ahir mqr M lmh ij ulM u iMlM l M Ucl MUl xpu
oli W|
rm cil AU cil mirrM (ideal) W, mUi ElW ur MUl us pw piM (material) W| rW Cxsr
M qZM AU sZi pw M qlwr Aml xuS Aa, ClSr x xqf xMi W| xqWM q M mr M
SUl Eim AU uMxi pw cil M uMx M LM qWiumh xkl ol aD| pw M oSsi qlwr uai
mRr U xci Alpu M Cxiqs MU xMi W AU Aml U mWs Mp l SZ r l qWxx M aD
mUbOlA M xaWi l x sp EP xMi W| pw M elq xqe q WA, rW LM xqeM bOl W AU
S Airi qWiumh Mr mU MUi W, cil M Apur AU xcl M xmwh M| pw M U l M
xaWi, xxki AU LM ur x SxU M ij LM mR x SxU M AiUi Mr ei W|
EiU eluU q Aue x xMi Sl M MN xUs m mr ei W| qar MD Sel kulr mS MUi W, e
pr r AzM M, ce M mMUl AU pel M Emxji r Almxji M xMi W| QsTl ex Airi
uMxi xilmrr q MD x kul xMi W| mUi TU p r x Aj q pw lW W, eluU M xMi Sl
xuSl mU AkUi W|
ClW mjq xMi mhs M x S ei W| Clq xrMUh M MrS lW Wi, CxsL ClM U mwi
xcl oWi xqi Wi W| eluU M xMi uruxj q xcl M sapa Eil W CMCr Wi W, eil M
Asa-Asa xMi M xZr, eoM qlur pw uukimh l M Axqi mUqh M xmwi AU ur
MU xMi W|
qlur pw ir xMi mhs W| rW q M mr AU sa M xqeM rMsm M SUl
CiWxlxU Eim WD ij o u AU xur qlwr M ell AU miUi MUl M LM qWiumh EmMUh
ol aD| Cx xMi mhs M mqZ upSM sh rW W M mUxjiM xMi zoS ij Elx ol uYr M
AkU mU qlwr M sL xWeur x mU lMsl AU l M Axqi mUqh AU uuki q uMxi
MUl xpu W ei W|
qluxq ulU M qZM pw xZl M xU mr uTs UW W, YrM Cl eluU M kul EmMUh qlwr
M uh M uukimh, xm EUi kulr M EimSl MUl q xqj lW Wi W| Ws M uw q rW xpu
xoi W ar W M MN cmer M xUsiq pulL ( pZ, pr, AS ) ur MUl M sL qM-okU pw
M Asa-Asa pu-paqA M Cxiqs MUl xZsr e xMi W| r ulU pu-paqA M Cx pw
q erS x erS Cx iUW M oi ur MU xMi W, "qf ml M S", "aQr M s AA", AS| AkM

eOs mxjmlL ElM sL oWi MmS Wi W, elq Lx Aqi xMsmlL zqs Wi W, elM ol
cil M uMx Axpu W|
ulU M osl M rMsm M uMx M LM oQ ok
Aiqxi MUl srM MT oQ AU uMxi lW Wi W| Cx
ulM Sscxm M uwr W, Mi xj W u rW Szi W
rMsm q AilWi ir xMi mhs M xukl m x
mUai Wl q p Aq W|

rW W M ElM qxiwM qlwr M uh M

mMU M e Akrrl Mr aL W, u lr W
M EiU qluxq ulU, qlwr M qlxM
uMxi MUl q Axqj Wl M Asu Exq

q M mr M SUl cil AU cil M uMx M AkU u xkl M m q Eim pw qlwr M LM

uzw AU upSM sh W|
rW q r W j, exM SUl mUxmUM xqf M, Alpu M ulqr M AuzrMi ij xqlui Ra x
ASz M msl MUl M AU qWiumh xclA M xci u xcUi MUl M AuzrMi mS WD| CxM
Tsxum Ex pw M zl zl uMx ij eOsMUh Wi ar, e mUp q q r M xj xk-xk
aj j|
Cx mMU rW MW e xMi W M uxiuMi M mUuil M Eiq m q qlu cil M uMx M Aa
oRlus olrS MUM j q AU pw|

piSur AU cil M mimi

imi M xm xupu
(the Relative character of the Opposition of Matter and Consciousness)

Ao iM M Zsi uucl, Szl M olrS xus M euo M qleU cil M Eim AU piSur M
xj ExM xok M uxii mQis MU UW j| Wql rW el M piSur M umUi cil zi lW W| rW
piSur M uMx M LM EimS W| rW p M cil piSur M LM uzw Alah, Aji mUuil (reflection
), M Eiq AU xukM eOs m W|
piSur cil M ol uql W xMi W AU qM uMx M SUl cil x mWs qeS j, Mi cil
piSur M ol Axiiuql lW W xMi W| Cx Aj q rW irM ij urim W, AU Cx q piSur AU
cil M mimi lWi W| WqU aS uxiL piM W, eoM cil ( e WqU qxiwM q Eim Wi W )
mirrM (ideal ) W, Cxq p ClM mimi ur Wi W| mUi rW mimi xur q lUm (absolute) lW,
uUl xm (relative) Wi W| rW mimi Szl M olrS xus M xSp q W xjM W, rl eo Wq rW
ell q Sscxm Wi W M Clq x Ml mjqM W, cil piSur x Mx xoki W AU Yr rW WqU
mUuzr eai M el xMi W|
ql seL M Wq Aml Axmx M uxiA mU ucU MU UW W, ElW ec UW W AU ElM Akrrl MU UW
W| cM u Wqx mU W AU WqU cil mU lpU lW W AU Wq Aml xuS Aa M eUL ElM oU q xcl
mmi MUi W, CxsL Wq ux M xj MW xMi W M r xo piSur (matter) W, rl uxiai rjji

(objective reality) W| Cl uxiA M oo, ElM xMsmlL AU WqU l M ur MUl us lhr AU Mjl
WqU qxiwM q W, WqU cil M Aa W AU Ex Aj q Aiqai (subjective) W| CxsL MN SzA q
Aiqaii, uxii WqU cil q uxiai rjji M mUuil W| AU Cx Aj q, cil, uxiai rjji M
m q piSur M mim q W|
Ao Aa rW ql seL M Aml Sscxm M piM uxiA M WqU Akrrl M SUl MD Alr ur
WqU lUh MU UW W, Wq ec UW W AU WqU rMsT mU ucU MU UW W| Cx ur AU ExM
cil M sL Wq xur AU WqU qxiwM u ElM rMsm Eil W piM W, eil M WqU mUuzr eai
M Alr uxiL| Tsi uW Wq AU WqU qxiwM M rMsm M EimS M uxiai rjji ql xMi W,
Lx ce xqf xMi W, e ExM cil x mU ij ExM qlxM rMsm M oWU W| AiLu, WqU
rMsm M xSp q WqU cil AU ql LM iUT i WqU qxiwM M mUuil M m q Mq MUi W AU
SxU iUT , LM Alr mM M sL Ex xqr uW ExM cil x mU M uxiai rjji M m q p W
xMi W| Cx iUW Aml oU q, Wq p Cx mM M cil ij qlxM r M, PM ux W, uxiai
rjji ql xMi W|
Cx iUW, Wq SZi W M piSur AU cil M Aixok M ir MUi u, uxiai AU Aiqai LM SxU M
mim q xmi ZQ Wi W AU Cx x rW Szr e xMi W M cil irM AU piSur x urim W,
M cil uxii piSur M SbMsM uMx M EimS W|
Wql rW p SZ M rW mimi xm Wi W, AU cil ij qlxM rMsm M xMsm ij
Alpir ex Alr Apurr M ulM Akrrl M u Cx mimi M AiUei MUl pU ps Wa|
cM ql, qlwr M piM rMsm q, Mq q, pw xok rMsm AS q mMO Wi W, CxsL piSur
AU cil M, SWM AU qlxM M mimi ij LM M SxU x mh osau, cil ij Alr qlxM
bOlA M ulM Akrrl q W okM Wa| piSur AU cil M mimi M xupu xm Wi W| Szl
M olrS xus x lmOl M oS ClW Cx AiS q SZl cWL|

Yr MmrOU xc-ucU MU xMi W?

uiql q ul M q xCoUlOM, xcl xi, Mq o M xi, AS M uMx Si CsYOlM
MmrOU M lqh x eQ WA W| ClM uz sh rW W M Alr r x p ClW qlwr M SWM q M
oeL qlxM q M WsM MUl M sL olr ar| AklM MmrOU Aml muir x WeU al W,
AU LM xMQ q MUQ xrL MU xMi W| xmU MmrOU p W, e oWS Asm xqruk q Lx Airi
eOs iMM ij xahMr xrL MU xMi W elq xcl M uUO mUhq lWi Wi W|
xcl xi AU Mq o xi MmrOU M sL Lx eOs maq M uMx q qSS MU UW W, elW
uz Mq ahir pwA q sZ ei W AU e LM xqxr M xqkl MUi xqr MmrOU U M el
us xrA M xO AU Alq M lkUh MUl us WeU lrq M xqr Wi W| AklM MmrOU
EimSl mr M LM oQ xZr ij oWS eOs ahlA M mhi xucsi MUl q xqj Wi W| Aml
maq xur ol xMl us Lx MmrOU W, e Elq mu MUr ar maq M AkU mU Elx oWiU maq
oh si W, u maqU U M WD asir xkUi W AU Alr xucsi CsYOlM r M Ucl p MU

xMi W| Cx xqr xxU q sZ CsYOlM xucsi r ij UoO Mq MU UW W| Cx q lUiU Mr

cs UW W, lr AU AkM eOs maq ol UW W AU AkM xOM u SiiU MmrOU ij xcsl r ol UW
W|
Cx xsxs q AYxU rW mzl EPi W M Yr MmrOU xc-ucU MU xMi W? Yr LM CsYOlM qzl
q cil AU cil M Axiiu W xMi W? Yr u qlwr M iMo ij AYs M mixjmi MU xMi
W? Yr u cilzs xiu M m q qlwr M W i uxjmi lW MU Sa? Cl mzl M Mus SzlM W
lW, osM xqeM-UeliM xaii p W| Mq o M xi M q Zeol, eOs Mr M
xm MUl q xqj uzw mhsr M Ucl AU xucsi UoO M lqh q oWi iUYM W el M
oueS, Mq x Mq lMO puwr q, Cx iUW M AzM M sL MD AkU lW W|
csL Wq Cx xqxr mU cil AU cil M xupu M uzswh M S x SZi W| qlwr M qlxM
rMsm q ExM Eiq m, li lrq M AlxU Wl us iMM cil W zqs lW W, osM
rjji M mUuil M AlM puliqM m ( ex xZ, k, pr, xiw, mq, q, zi, pZ, i, AS )
AU uuk mMU M Acil qlxM mrL p zqs W|
Cx iUW qlwr M UcliqMi (creativity) uzw Sscxm M ce W| rW LM Lx bOl (phenomenon )
W, e mWs x lkUi MrS x xlrqi (governed) lW Wi| CxM umUi Cx Ucl mr q W, CxM
SUl W lr MrS olL ei W, ahiqMi lr ucU ij xri M Exs M uMxi Mr ei W| rS
Lx l Wi, i sa mzA M iUW AluzMi x El iM xmwi rMsm M Aiei (innate) mMU M
LM W xqccr M saiU MUi UWi| UcliqMi qlwr M qlxM, cuiM (psychic) uzwi W W, e
mruUh M ahiqMi mUuii MUl M, MD xuj lD ce Ucl M ExM qi q ur Wi W AU e
Ex Alr xU eui mhr x qsi uz ol Si W|
rW LM Lx xxm xq UZ W, e xuq MmrOU ij Mx p xqlr ur M xpulA M upei
MUi W| MmrOU xur cil lW MU xMi W, uW mh mUmj AU CsYOlM rM ukr M eUL xT
El MrS M msl MUi W, e qlwr U Exq Qs ar maq q zqs Wi W| MmrOU xrA M ai
M qqs q AU Aml xqi ( xqi M rr ), Aml AljMi q AU AlM uw iM Mq MUl M qi,
AS q qlwr x oWiU Wi W| Mi, ex M Wq eli W, Ucl mr M mhi MrS M qiWi lW UZ
e xMi W AU ElM eUL uhi lW Mr e xMi W. CxsL ExM maql MUM Ex MmrOU M Wus
lW Mr e xMi W| eWU W M ul, CelrU ij Ms M Ucl M ol uMxi lW Mr e xMi
W : Cx iUW, uxiuM cil p ExM ol Axpu W|
MD p MmrOU, lri MrS M qioM xai oll us MmrOU p, L. AU. UWql M mixjmi lW MU
xMi W| okaqr mP irU MUl M sL maqi MmrOU mqcS M Mi aSl lW sZ xMi W| Ms qs
MU sosooAo rW M LM MmrOU xqlri Lx MD xqxr lW xsf xMi W, e Exq mu MUr
aL maq q zqs lW W|
uYOU a M mSWu xS M Ai M bOlA M uhl MUl us LM Emlrx l Sq M LM m LM
mQsm ij LM Nm WD mxiM M isl MUi WL rW AzM ur MUi W M Nm M qzl ( exM
AuwMU WA W j ) M MUh sa sZl ps eLa AU xUi smi W eLa| Ae Wq eli W M rW

AzM AU puwruh xir xoi lW WD| mRl-sZl ell sa M xZr xxU pU q saiU oR UW
W, z M xqlr xiU oR UW W AU Lx Nm M qzl M MUh W W UW W|
cilzs MqmrOU M oU q p Cxx qsi esi MD oi MW e xMi W| MN Mslr iMM
xrA M lwmSi MUM UoO u MqmrOU sa M SlSl, EoF ij pU Mq x NOMU Ssi W| ex
mMU mxiM mMzl x xupqM xUi q u WD, Ex mMU x MqmrOU M Tsu qlu cil M AU
AkM uMx M oRu S UW W| LM xW AU xqeM mioi x xqm uruxj q CxM xSmra M
U sa M z AU xxMi q AU ElM UcliqM qiA M uMx q Nsalq mai W Wa|
MmrOU M U qluei M Aml qlxM rMsm M uMxi AU mUwMi oll M Sz q ij elah
M uzs oWxZr M Wi q u M xqfl ij iMxqqi Ra x Cx oSsl M Sz q LM AU MSq
oRl q qSS qsa| CxsL MqmrOU M AU uzwi xq CsYOlM M uMx q qlu cil M mi
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xqWU : Szl M xzswM Mr

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