159

Chng 11: T NG IU CHNH IN AP

VA CNG SUT PHAN KHANG
I. KHAI NIM CHUNG:
Duy tr in ap bnh thng la mt trong nhng bin phap c ban am bao cht
lng in nng cua h thng in. in ap giam thp qua mc co th gy nn trt
qua ln cac ng c khng ng b, dn n qua tai v cng sut phan khang cac
ngun in. in ap giam thp cung lam giam hiu qua phat sang cua cac en chiu sang,
lam giam kha nng truyn tai cua ng dy va anh hng n n nh cua cac may
phat lam vic song song. in ap tng cao co th lam gia ci cach in cua thit b in
(lam tng dong ro) va thm ch co th anh thung cach in lam h hong thit b.
in ap tai cac im nut trong h thng in c duy tr mt gia tr nh trc
nh co nhng phng thc vn hanh hp l, chng han nh tn dung cng sut phan
khang cua cac may phat hoc may bu ng b, ngn nga qua tai tai cac phn t trong h
thng in, tng va giam tai hp l cua nhng ng dy truyn tai, chon ty s bin i
thch hp cac may bin ap ...
in ap cung co th c duy tr nh cac thit b t ng i u chnh kch t (TK)
cua cac may phat in va may bu ng b, cac thit b t ng thay i ty s bin i cua
may bin ap, cac thit b t ng thay i dung lng cua cac tu bu tnh ...
II. THIT B TK:
Thit b t ng iu chnh kch t (TK) c s dung duy tr in ap theo mt
c tnh nh trc va phn phi phu tai phan khang gia cac ngun cung cp trong
tnh trang lam vic bnh thng cua h thng in.
II.1. Cac nguyn Ic Ihuc hin Iu dng diu chnh kch Iu:
May phat c c trng bng sc in ng E
F
va in khang X
F
(hnh 11.5). Ap
u cc may phat c xac nh theo biu thc :
U E jI X F F F
F
. . .
= (11.2)
Nu E
F
= const, khi I
F
thay i th U
F
thay i, gi U
F
= const th phai thay i E
F

tc la thay i kch t may phat.
Theo nguyn tc tac ng, thit b t ng iu chnh in ap c chia thanh 3
nhom:
iu chnh in ap theo lch cua ai lng c iu chnh (v du, theo lch
cua U
F
).
iu chnh in ap tuy thuc vao tac ng nhiu (v du, theo dong in cua may
phat I
F
, theo goc gia in ap va dong in cua may phat, ...).
160
iu chnh in ap theo lch cua ai lng c iu chnh va theo tac ng
nhiu.

Hnh 11.5 : S thay th va th vect in ap cua may phat

i vi cac may phat in dung may kch thch mt chiu, cac thit b iu chnh
in ap co th chia thanh 2 nhom:
a) Thay i kch t may phat nh thay i R
KT
trong mach cun kch t W
KT
cua
may kch thch KT mt cach t t nh con trt (hnh 11.6 a) hoc ni tt mt phn R
KT

theo chu ky (hnh 11.6 b).


Hnh 11.6 : Thay i kch t may phat nh thay i R
KT

b) Thay i kch t may phat nh dong kch t phu I
KTf
ty l vi U hoc I
F
hoc ca
2 ai lng U va I
F
. Dong kch t phu co th a vao cun kch t chnh W
KT
(hnh 11.7
a) hoc cun kch t phu W
KTf
(hnh 11.7 b) cua may kch thch.
161

Hnh 11.7 : Thay i kch t may phat nh dong kch t phu
II.2. Compun dong din:
Thit b compun dong in tac ng theo nhiu dong in I
F
cua may phat. S
cu truc cua thit b compun kch t may phat nh hnh 11.8. Dong th cp I
2
cua BI ty l
vi dong I
F
. Dong nay bin i qua may bin ap trung gian BTG, c chnh lu va c
a vao cun kch t W
KT
cua may kch thch. Dong a c chnh lu I
K
goi la dong
compun i vao cun W
KT
cung hng vi dong I
KT
t may kch thch. Nh vy dong tng
(I
KT
+ I
K
) trong cun kch t W
KT
cua may kch thch phu thuc vao dong I
F
cua may phat.
Bin ap BTG cach ly mach kch t cua may kch thch vi mach th BI co im
ni t, ngoai ra nh chon h s bin i thch hp co th phi hp dong th I
2
cua BI vi
dong compun I
K
.
Bin tr t R

thay i mt cach u n dong I

K
khi a thit b compun vao
lam vic, cung nh khi tach no ra.

Hnh 11.8 : S cu truc cua thit b compun kch t may phat

162

Hnh 11.9 : c tnh thay i in ap U
F
cua may phat ng vi cac cos khac nhau

u im cua thit b compun la n gian, tac ng nhanh. Nhng co mt s nhc
im:
Compun tac ng theo nhiu, khng co phan hi kim tra va anh gia kt qua
iu chnh.
i vi s ni compun vao cun kch t W
KT
cua may kch thch nh hnh
11.7a, khi I
F
< I
Fmin
th U
F
thay i ging nh trng hp khng co compun (hnh 11.9).
Dong I
Fmin
goi la ngng cua compun. Thng I
Fmin
= (10 30)%I
Fm
. Tuy nhin may phat
thng khng lam vic vi phu tai nho nh vy nn nhc im nay co th khng cn
phai quan tm.
Compun khng phan ng theo s thay i cua in ap va cos, do vy khng th
duy tr mt in ap khng i trn thanh gop in ap may phat. Trn hnh 1.19 la c tnh
thay i in ap U
F
theo I
F
. Ta thy vi cung mt gia tr I
F
, thit b compun se iu chnh
in ap U
F
n nhng gia tr khac nhau ng vi cac trng hp cos khac nhau.


Hnh 11.10 : S cu truc cua correct in ap

163
II.5. CorrecIo din ap:
Correct in ap la thit b t ng iu chnh kch t tac ng theo lch in
ap, thng c dung kt hp vi thit b compun kch t iu chnh in ap u cc
may phat mt cach hiu qua.
Hnh 11.10 la s cu truc cua correct in ap, trong o bao gm: b phn o
lng L va b phn khuych ai K. B phn o lng L ni vi may bin in ap
BU qua t ngu t TN. Khi in ap thay i, b phn o lng L se phan ng va
iu khin s lam vic cua b phn khuych ai K. T ngu t TN thay i mc
in ap may phat cn phai duy tr bi correct. B phn khuych ai K cung c cung
cp t BU va a dong correct a c chnh lu I
C
vao cun kch t phu W
KTf
cua may
kch thch. Dong I
C
i qua cun kch t phu cung hng vi dong trong cun kch t
chnh W
KT
cua may kch thch.
B phn o lng gm 2 phn t (hnh 11.11a): phn t tuyn tnh TT va phn t
khng tuyn tnh KTT. Phn t tuyn tnh TT tao nn dong in tuyn tnh I
TT
ty l vi
in ap U
F
cua may phat, phn t khng tuyn tnh KTT tao nn dong in I
KTT
phu
thuc mt cach khng tuyn tnh vao in ap U
F
cua may phat (hnh 11.11b).

Hnh 11.11 : B phn o lng
a) S khi chc nng b) c tnh quan h cua dong I
TT
va I
KTT
vi ap u vao

B phn o lng lam vic theo nguyn tc so sanh dong I
TT
va I
KTT
. T c tnh
trn hnh 11.11b ta thy rng: khi U
F
= U
0
(U
0
la mt in ap xac nh trn thanh gop ni
may phat), dong I
TT
= I
KTT
, luc y se co dong I
Cmin
nho nht a ra t correct. Khi U
F

giam, v du giam n U
1
th I
TT
> I
KTT
va tn hiu t b phn o lng L se iu khin b
phn khuych ai K lam tng dong I
C
a vao cun kch t phu W
KTf
cua may kch
thch tng U
F
ln.
Khi in ap U
F
tng, v du tng ti U
2
th I
KTT
> I
TT
, luc nay cung xut hin dong I
C

> I
Cmin
lam tng U
F
thm na. ngn nga correct tac ng khng ung nh vy, trong
s cua correct co b tr mt phn t khoa khi I
KTT
>I
TT
.
c tnh cua correct la quan h gia dong I
C
vi in ap trn thanh gop ni may
phat nh hnh 11.12.
im a, tng ng vi khi I
C
= I
C max
, xac inh kha nng tng cng kch t ln nht
co th am bao bi correct. Dong I
C min
tai im d xac nh kha nng giam kch t thp
164
nht khi U
F
tng. S giam thp cua c tnh oan ac la do in ap ngun cung cp cho
correct b giam thp cung vi s giam thp U
F
. oan de nm ngang do tac dung cua
phn t khoa khi I
KTT
> I
TT
.
S correct a khao sat trn la
loai mt h thng. u ra cua correct
mt h thng thng ni nh th nao
I
C
i qua cun kch t phu W
KTf

thun chiu vi dong I
KT
trong cun
kch t chnh W
KT
. Correct ni nh
vy c goi la correct thun. Trong
mt s trng hp ngi ta ni u ra
cua correct th nao dong I
C
i qua
cun W
KTf
ngc hng vi dong I
KT

trong cun kch t chnh W
KT
.
Correct ni nh vy c goi la
correct nghch.

Hnh 11.12 : c tnh cua correct
nhng may phat thuy in cng sut ln, ngi ta dung correct 2 h thng (hnh
11.13a) bao gm 2 correct mt h thng. Mt h thng la correct thun a dong vao
cun W
KTf1
thun chiu vi dong trong cun W
KT
. H thng th 2 la correct nghch a
dong vao cun W
KTf2
theo hng ngc lai.
c tnh cua correct 2 h thng (hnh 11.13b) c la chon th nao khi U
F
giam th correct thun lam vic, con khi U
F
tng th correct nghch lam vic.

Hnh 11.13 : S nguyn l cua correct 2 h thng
CP : thit b compun TN : t ngu t
a) S ni b) c tnh cua correct
II.4. Compun pha:
Phn t chnh cua compun pha la mt may bin ap c bit co t hoa phu BTP
(hnh 11.14). Trn loi cua BTP b tr 2 cun s cp (cun dong W
I
va cun ap W
U
), mt
cun th cp W
T
va mt cun t hoa phu W
P
.
165
T thng cua cun W
I
ty l I
F
, con cua cun W
U
ty l U
F
. Do o, dong trong cun
W
K
ty l vi tng cac thanh phn nay. Dong nay c chnh lu va a vao cun kch t
cua may kch thch.
Nh vy, compun pha thc hin vic iu chnh kch t may phat khng ch theo
dong in, ma con theo in ap va goc lch pha gia chung. Nh o am bao hiu qua
iu chnh cao.
Tuy nhin compun pha la mt thit b tac ng theo nhiu nn khng th gi khng
i in ap cua may phat, do o cn co hiu chnh phu. Vic hiu chnh in ap c
thc hin nh correct cung cp dong I
C
cho cun t hoa phu W
P
cua BTP.

Hnh 11.14 : S cu truc cua comun pha
III. IU CHNH VA PHN PHI CNG SUT PHAN KHANG GIA CAC MAY
PHAT IN LAM VIC SONG SONG:
Khi thay i kch t cua may phat
in lam vic song song vi cac may phat
khac, cng sut phan khang cua no cung
thay i theo. V vy vn iu chnh
kch t cua may phat co lin quan cht
che vi vn iu chnh va phn phi
cng sut phan khang trong h thng in
lc. iu chnh in ap co th c thc
hin theo c tnh c lp hoc c tnh
phu thuc (hnh 11.15). Di y ta se
xet n mt s trng hp s dung TK
t ng hoa qua trnh iu chnh in
ap va cng sut phan khang.

Hnh 11.15 : c tnh iu chnh in ap
1 - c lp 2 - phu thuc
166

Hnh 11.16 : Hai may phat lam vic song song tai thanh gop in ap may phat
a) S b) c tnh iu chnh

III.1. Truong hop 2 may phaI lam vic song song ni chung o
Ihanh gop din ap may phaI:
Gia thit cac may phat co c tnh iu chnh nh hnh 11.16, hai may phat co
chung U
F
ng vi I
F1
va I
F2
. Khi tai tng th U
F
giam n U
F
ng vi I
F1
va I
F2
.
am bao gi khng i s phn phi cng sut phan khang gia cac may phat lam vic
song song theo mt ty l nh trc th iu kin cn va u la im ni chung cac may
phat phai co c tnh iu chnh phu thuc.

I
I
tg
tg
K
K
F
F
PT
PT
1
2
1
2
1
2
= =

K
PT
: H s phu thuc, c trng
cho dc cua c tnh. K
PT
nho th
dc c tnh t va I
F
ln, tc cng sut
phan khang phn phi ty l nghch vi
K
PT
III.2. Truong hop hai may
phaI lam vic song song ni
chung qua may bin ap:
Nu cac may phat lam vic song
song ni chung qua may bin ap (hnh
11.17) th mc du c tnh iu chnh cua
chung la c lp, ty l phn phi cng
sut phan khang gia chung vn n nh
v im ni chung c tnh iu chnh

Hnh 11.17 : Hai may phat
lam vic song song ni chung
qua may bin ap
167
cua chung la phu thuc.
U
F1
= U
F2
= hng s
U
TG
= U
F1
- I
F1
.X
B1
= U
F2
- I
F2
.X
B2
hng s
Khi cng sut phan khang thay i, tc khi I
F

va tng ng I
F1
va I
F2
thay i th
U
TG
thay i, do vy ch cn tai im ni chung cua cac may phat co c tnh phu thuc
th s phn b cng sut phan khang gia chung la n nh.
IV. IU CHNH IN AP TRONG MANG PHN PHI:
in ap trn thanh gop ha ap cua tram (hnh 11.18) la:
U U
Qx
U k
B F
B
=
+

Pr
'
1

trong o: U
F
: in ap trn thanh gop u cc cua may phat.
U
B
: in ap trn thanh gop cao ap cua tram.
r , x : tng in tr tac dung, phan khang cua ng dy va may bin ap.
k : ty s bin i cua may bin ap.
T biu thc trn co th kt lun rng, vic iu chnh in ap U
B
cung cp cho cac
h tiu thu co th thc hin c bng cach:
- thay i U
F
(nh s dung TK).
- thay i ty s bin i k cua may bin ap
- thay i cng sut phan khang Q truyn trn ng dy bng cach iu chnh
kch t cua may bu hay ng c ng b, hoc ong ct b tu bu tram.

Hnh 11.18 : S mang giai thch nguyn tc iu chnh in ap
* Tu dng diu khin b Iu bu o Iram:
Xet mt s iu chnh in ap bng b tu bu t tram giam ap. Vic iu khin
cac b tu c thc hin theo mt chng trnh nh trc, v du nh ng h in. Trn
hnh 11.20, khi tip im cua ng h in H ong vao mt thi im t trc th rle
thi gian 1RT tac ng ong tip im 1RT
1
, cun ong C co in, may ct ong lai
a b tu bu vao lam vic.
Khi ong may ct th cac tip im phu lin ng cua no cung chuyn mach m
mach cun dy rle 1RT va ong mach cun dy rle 2RT sn sang cho thao tac ct b tu
ra sau o.
168

Hnh 11.20 : S t ng ong ct b tu bu

n thi im cng sut phan khang tiu thu giam xung th tip im H lai khep,
rle thi gian 2RT lam vic va may ct se ct ra.
Hai rle thi gian 1RT va 2RT cn co thi gian ong tr nhm muc ch mi ln
ong tip im H ch kem theo mt thao tac ong hoc ct b tu.
Khi bao v BV cua b tu tac ng th rle RG co in, tip im RG
2
ong lai t
gi, tip im RG
3
m mach cun ong C cua may ct, tip im RG
1
ong a in
vao cun ct CC va may ct se ct b tu ra. Nut n N giai tr t gi cua rle RG.