Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Virgile Garcia
Matthieu Gautier
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SOMMAIRE
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C’est à partir de cette fenêtre que les projets sont gérés. ADS utilise des répertoires
appelés projets pour organiser et stocker les données générées lors de la création, la
simulation et l’analyse de systèmes. Un projet contient par exemple les circuits, les layouts,
ou encore tous les résultats de simulations effectuées... Lors de l’ouverture d’un projet, la
fenêtre suivante s’ouvre.
Projet
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structure ou bien dans le cas de système complexe, de plusieurs systèmes incorporés comme
un sous réseau dans un fichier. Pour créer un système, il faut ouvrir une fenêtre appelée
« schématique ». Pour cela, il suffit de cliquer sur l’icône correspondant (« New Schematic
Window ») de la fenêtre principale, ou bien sur l’onglet « window/New schematic » de cette
même fenêtre. Il est aussi possible de créer un nouveau design dans l’onglet file de la fenêtre
principale (« File/New Design »). Dans ce dernier cas, à l’ouverture de la fenêtre, deux types
de « schématiques » sont possibles : schematic RF/analog Design (traitement analogique) ou
schematic DSP Design (analyse numérique). Dans cette fenêtre il est possible de :
Créer et modifier des circuits et des « layout »
Ajouter des variables et des équations
Placer et configurer des composants, des contrôleurs de simulations
Générer un layout à partir d’un système et inversement
Ajouter des commentaires
Une fois la « schématique » ouverte, il est alors possible de placer des composants, des
sources de mesures, des contrôleurs de simulations… Pour cela, il suffit de chercher l’élément
voulu dans la bibliothèque correspondante. Chacun d’entre eux dispose d’un certain nombre
de paramètres réglables. Lorsqu’un élément est placé sur la schématique une définition de
celui-ci est disponible en appliquant un double clic sur cet élément puis en sélectionnant le
bouton « Help ».
Bibliothèque
1. Sélectionner un
composant
2. Définir son
orientation
3. Placer le
composant
4. Définir ses
paramètres
Une fois tous les éléments placés et correctement configurés, il faut les relier en plaçant
des fils (bouton « insert wire »).
1.3 Simulation
ADS propose des outils appelés contrôleurs pour simuler et optimiser un système.
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La simulation d’un système numérique (ex. DSP) nécessite l’utilisation d’un « Data
Flow controller » qui se trouve dans la librairie « Common components » (icône « DF »).
Pour une simulation analogique RF plusieurs contrôleurs variables sont disponibles
suivant le type d’analyse que l’on souhaite obtenir (AC, DC, paramètre[S], temporel,
fréquentiel…et ils se trouvent dans les bibliothèques « simulation-x »).
1. Cliquer et
placer le
contrôleur
2. Cliquer et
configurer les
paramètres
3. Cliquer pour
simuler
Lorsqu’une simulation est exécutée, son avancement et les éventuels messages d’erreurs sont
affichés dans la fenêtre « Status/Summary » :
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La liste des principaux contrôleurs disponibles est décrite dans le tableau suivant :
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figure 6. contrôleur HB
Il faut définir les fréquences que l’on souhaite étudier et l’ordre des harmoniques pris en
compte. Il permet de calculer les composantes fréquentielles contenues dans les signaux en
tension et courant du circuit, d’évaluer la distorsion due aux harmoniques et à l’inter
modulation et les performances en termes de bruit non linéaire.
« Harmonic Balance » présente de nombreux avantages par rapport à une analyse avec
le contrôleur « transient ». En effet, HB capture directement la réponse spectrale stationnaire
alors que la méthode traditionnelle en temporel nécessite le besoin d’intégrer beaucoup de
périodes de la sinusoïde à la fréquence la plus basse pour atteindre l’état stable. Il résout assez
rapidement les problèmes aux hautes fréquences alors que « transient » ne peut pas les traiter
ou alors avec un coût temporel excessif. Enfin, il est plus approprié pour étudier les
phénomènes hautes fréquences où les modèles sont élaborés « pour et dans » le domaine
fréquentiel.
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Chaque signal modulé peut être représenté comme une porteuse modulée par une
enveloppe, A(t)*exp j[f(t)]. L’amplitude et la phase de l’enveloppe échantillonnée sont
utilisées comme signal d’entrée pour l’analyse harmonique balance.
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L’analyse harmonique balance est exécutée à chaque pas temporel. Cette procédure crée
une succession de spectre qui caractérise la réponse du circuit pur chacun des points
temporels.
« Circuit Enveloppe » fournit une solution complète de l’état non stationnaire du circuit
par une série de Fourier avec des coefficients temporels variables.
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En sélectionnant l’harmonique désirée dans le spectre (fc dans l’exemple), il est possible
d’analyser :
L’amplitude en fonction du temps (démarrage d’un oscillateur…)
La phase en fonction du temps (fréquence instantanée d’un VCO df/dt…)
L’amplitude et la phase en fonction du temps (constellation, BER,EVM…)
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Ou encore :
-Définir le signal d’entrée avec la modulation d’amplitude de phase ou de fréquence, I
et Q…
-Définir le pas temporel
-Simuler et calculer les coefficients de Fourier temporel
-Calculer les transformées de Fourier et visualiser le spectre en fréquence du signal
(module, phase).
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1. Cliquer pour
ouvrir la fenêtre
data display
2. Cliquer et choisir
le type de
graphique
3. Sélectionner les
données à tracer
et les options du
traceur
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P_1Tone
PORT1
Num=1
Z=50 Ohm
P=polar(dbmtow(PRF),0)
Freq=RFfreq
Cette source génère une séquence aléatoire de bits qui se répète après 8191 bits.
Le modulateur au format pi/4DQPsk se trouve dans la bibliothèque « system
mod/demod ».
PI4DQPSK_ModTuned
MOD1
Fnom=RFfreq
Rout=50 Ohm
SymbolRate=sym_rate
Delay=0 nsec
BPF_RaisedCos
BPF1
Alpha=0.5
Fcenter=RFfreq
SymbolRate=sym_rate
DelaySymbols=Filt_delay_syms
Exponent=0.5
DutyCycle=100
SincE=no
Apres avoir placé et paramétré les éléments, il faut alors déclarer les variables utilisées.
Pour cela cliquez sur l’icône « VAR » de la fenêtre « schématique » et ajoutez les variables
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suivantes ci-après.
Var
Eqn
VAR
VAR1
numpts=256*10
sam_per_sym=10
tstep=1/(sym_rate*sam_per_sym)
PRF=10 _dBm
RFfreq=800 MHz
Filt_delay_syms=15
sym_rate=24.3 kHz
Pour désactiver un bloc cliquez sur l’icône représentant un élément barré par une croix
rouge puis cliquez sur l’élément souhaité. Placez une charge de 50 ohms en sortie du système
et les masses. Placez enfin une étiquette sur le fil ou l’on veut visualiser la tension (pour cela
cliquez sur l’icône « wire pin label », tapez le nom Vload, cliquez sur le fil et le label se
positionne sur le fil). Paramétrez le simulateur (time setup, freq…). Allez dans le menu
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Output et cliquez sur add/remove, sélectionnez Vload et Add, cela permettra de visualiser la
tension Vload.
Une fois que vous avez tout paramétré correctement, sauvegardez (icône « save curent
design ») et simulez le système (icône « Simulate »). Ouvrez une fenêtre « display » et tracez
Vload en fonction (vs sous ADS) du temps. Utilisez les marqueurs pour calculer le débit.
Vérifiez que la séquence générée correspond bien à celle définie dans le modèle utilisé dans la
« schématic » (débit, séquence…). Vous devez obtenir les résultats présentés sur la figure 17.
Pour visualiser les calculs dans un tableau, cliquez sur l’icône qui se trouve sur la barre
des taches à gauche de la fenêtre « display » et dans le menu « data set et equation »,
sélectionner équation. La liste des équations de votre fenêtre « display » apparaît alors dans le
cadre et sélectionnez celles dont vous voulez visualiser le résultat dans le tableau.
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Eqn spectre=dbm(fs(Vload[1],,,,,"kaiser"))
Eqn spectre = dbm(fs(Vload[1],,,,,"kaiser"))
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Calculez la puissance sur une plage de 40 KHz puis la DSP, pour cela utilisez la
fonction chanel_power_vr (une définition des fonctions est disponible dans la fenêtre de
l’éditeur d’équation, en cliquant sur « functions help »).
Attention la fonction chanel_power_vr ne donne pas directement la DSP !
Commentez et concluez.
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Paramétrez l’antenne de la BTS avec un gain de 15 dBi et l’antenne mobile avec un gain
de 4 dBi. Pour la propagation commencez par regarder l’affaiblissement direct en espace
libre, c'est-à-dire configurez l’élément « PropGSM » avec « type=nomultipath » et
« pathloss=yes ». Simulez ce système pour différentes distances entre les 2 antennes 10, 100
et 1000 m. La distance se règle dans l’élément « AntMobile ».Concluez.
Lors de la première simulation lisez la partie fonctionnement du VSA 89600 afin
d’utiliser correctement cet outil (page 23). Pour une distance fixe, vous pouvez regarder ce
qui se passe pour différents modèles de propagation.
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Fonctionnement du VSA_89600 :
Lorsque vous lancez la simulation la fenêtre suivante s’ouvre :
Cet outil d’analyse est un analyseur de spectre vectoriel identique à celui que l'on peut
utiliser en mesure réelle.
Le menu Input permet de sélectionner si vous travaillez sur une trace enregistrée (data
from recording) ou en mesure directe (data from hardware). « Range Coupling » et
« Trigger » sont des paramètres qui ne sont pas réglables en simulation, avec le VSA. En
mesure, par contre, ils permettent de configurer l’appareil en fonction du signal mesuré
(amplitude, synchronisation….)
Le menu MeasSetup permet de configurer la mesure : fréquence centrale, span (plage
de mesure) RBW (résolution), moyennage. Il est aussi possible dans ce menu de démoduler le
signal (cf partie 3-3).
Le menu Display permet de paramétrer la fenêtre d’affichage.
Le menu Trace permet de choisir le type de graphique tracé.
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Une fois ces paramètres réglés vous devez obtenir l’écran suivant avec le spectre et les
résultats des calculs en dessous de la courbe.
Comparez les résultats de l’ACPR avec la norme GSM (cf figure 27 tableau norme
GSM).
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Rajoutez un modèle de propagation urbain et relancez les mêmes simulations (pour ces
3 distances). Que constatez-vous ?
A une distance fixe, (par exemple 500m) vous pouvez comparer le spectre pour
différents modèles de propagation.
3.3 Analyse d’une trame TDMA
Rappel : Définition des slots et des trames pour la norme GSM.
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Avant d’analyser ce système, regardez comment la trame est constituée (durée des slots,
composition des slots…). Simulez le système pour différentes configurations (en désactivant
certains slots). Lors de la simulation vous visualiserez le diagramme de l’œil et la
constellation directement sur des fenêtres de visualisation. Une fois la simulation terminée
ouvrez les fichiers data set correspondant et analysez le spectre et le signal en bande de base.
Commentez les résultats.
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Les tableaux suivants présentent quelques définitions des calculs effectués par le
logiciel. Pour plus de détails sur le fonctionnement du 89600, une aide est disponible en
cliquant sur Help/tutorials.
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Component Name: GSM_EDGE_Uplink_GMSK_Src The GSM system utilizes channels having a bandwidth of 200 kHz. If
Parameter(s): (name: description, type, range of usage) frequency hopping is not enabled, the Carrier_Freq parameter
Carrier_Freq: The center frequency of the output RF spectrum specifies the carrier frequency of the generated signal. If frequency
(if frequency hopping is not used, Carrier_Freq is the carrier hopping is enabled, the carrier frequency of the generated signal
frequency of the modulated signal), real. changes from frame to frame in accordance with a frequency hopping
Pav: Relative average output power of the modulator, real. algorithm - see section 6 of [1] for an overview of frequency hopping
Slot_x: Specifies whether a data burst is to be transmitted within and section 6.2 (specifically, 6.2.3) for details of the frequency
slot x of each frame. Use a 1 for a full-rate channel, 2 for a half- hopping algorithm. The number of channels utilized when frequency
rate channel on sub-channel 0, 3 for a half-rate channel on sub- hopping is enabled is determined by the Mobile_Allocation
channel 1, and 0 for no traffic, integer, >= 0 and <= 3. parameter. For example, if the Mobile_Allocation parameter is set
TSC_Num: The training sequence code that is inserted into to N, the transmitted signal will hop amongst N 200 kHz wide
each data burst, integer, >= 0 and <= 7. channels whose centre frequencies are separated from one another
Symbol_Rate: The modulation symbol rate. This design and its by 200 kHz x Channel_Spacing. If N is an even number, the
sub-designs expect a symbol rate of 270.8333... ksym/s, Carrier_Freq parameter specifies the mid-point of the band of N
real, > 0. channels; whereas, if N is an odd number, the Carrier_Freq
Frequency_Hop: Enables or disables frequency hopping, string, parameter specifies the center frequency of the center channel of the
"Yes" or "No". band of N channels.
Mobile_Allocation: Specifies the number of RF channels utilized
for frequency hopping, integer, >= 1 and <= 64. The GSM_EDGE_Uplink_GMSK_Src component is able to operate
Channel_Spacing: The frequency difference (measured in terms of with 4, 8 or 16 samples per modulated symbol. The number of
200 kHz channels) between the channels making up the samples per modulated symbol will depend upon the size of the
Mobile_Allocation, integer, > 1. time-step of the simulation. If frequency hopping is no enabled 4
Hopping_Sequence_Num: The hopping sequence number, integer, samples per symbol can be used, however, if frequency hopping
>= 0 and <= 63. is enabled, 8 or 16 samples per symbol will have to be used, with
Mobile_Allocation_Offset: The RF channel index offset for this reference to the value of the Mobile_Allocation parameter.
mobile, integer, >= 0 and <= (Mobile_Allocation - 1).
Delay_Time: The first TDMA frame begins precisely 6 modulation A quadrature modulator is used here to implement GMSK. The
symbol periods after Delay_Time, real, >= 0. GSM_EDGE_Uplink_GMSK_IQ sub-component generates the
Input(s): required I and Q modulating signals. See the
None. GSM_EDGE_Uplink_GMSK_IQ sub-component for more
Output(s): information. GMSK modulation as implemented here is
Modulated GMSK signal, ports 1 and 2. described in section 2 of [4].
Description: GSM_EDGE_Uplink_GMSK_Src generates a TDMA Besides the limitations described above, this component does
GMSK modulated user/mobile station (MS) signal. This component is not implement the logical channel combinations and mapping
intended for use with envelope simulations. described in section 6.5 of [2], or those aspects of the
specifications describing the cordless telephone system (CTS)
GSM utilizes an 8 slot frame to implement TDMA. Each slot has a and COMPACT mode.
duration of 156.25 symbol periods. The slots of a frame are identified as
slot zero through seven. A single physical channel is equivalent to the
same slot of each frame being utilized to transmit a data burst. A
MS may be allocated one or more physical channels, depending upon
the uplink data bandwidth required by the MS. The 156.25 symbol All references are to Release 5 of the following GSM/EDGE specifications:
periods of a slot include a guard period that is at least 8.25 symbol [1] 3GPP TS 45.001 V5.3.0 (2002-04) "Physical Layer On the Radio Path"
periods in duration and tail bits/symbol periods that precede and follow [2] 3GPP TS 45.002 V5.5.0 (2002-04) "Multiplexing and Multiple Access On the Radio Path"
the portion of the slot during which useful data is transmitted. See [3] 3GPP TS 45.003 V5.5.0 (2002-04) "Channel Coding"
section 5 of [1] for an overview of the TDMA aspect of the GSM system. [4] 3GPP TS 45.004 V5.0.0 (2001-11) "Modulation" (Note: this document states that it is
from Release 4, however its version indicates that it is from Release 5, and the 3GPP
document status table states that it is from Release 5)
In regard to this component, the number of physical channels that will [5] 3GPP TS 45.005 V5.3.0 (2002-04) "Radio Transmission and Reception"
form the transmitted MS signal depends upon the Slot_x parameters.
If the Slot_x parameter is set to 1, a full-rate traffic channel is allocated A helpful document for interpreting the above specifications is
[6] 3GPP TR 21.995 V5.3.0 (2002-03) "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications"
to slot x. If Slot_x is set to 2 or 3, a half-rate traffic channel is allocated
to slot x, with a 2 corresponding to sub-channel 0 and a 3 to sub-
channel 1. If Slot_x is set to 0 no traffic is allocated to slot x.
Although the GSM system utilizes four different types of data bursts for
transmission during a slot (namely: Normal, Frequency Correction,
Synchronization, and Access Bursts), this component only implements
a Normal Burst. See section 5.2 of [2] (and the
GSM_EDGE_Uplink_GMSK_IQ design) for more information.
The timing of the output signal is referenced to the start of the first
frame (or part thereof) transmitted. The start of the symbol period of
the first symbol (the first tail bit/symbol period) of slot zero is
precisely 6 symbol periods after Delay_Time.
The power of the transmitted signal is ramped up and down over the
course of three bit/symbol periods just before the start of the data
burst and after the data burst. The Normal Burst has a duration of
148 symbol periods, including the tail bits/symbols at the start and
end of the burst. During the ramp up and ramp down dummy bits
are used to determine the output state of the modulator. The shape
of the ramp up and ramp down is derived by time windowing the
modulator output with a raised cosine window.
Each normal burst transmitted includes an embedded training
sequence code. The same training sequence code is embedded
within all bursts that are transmitted. The training sequence code
is specified by the TSC_Num parameter and is selected from a
family of 8 (indexed 0 through 7) different codes. See section 5.2
of [2]. The data portion of each normal burst is generated
randomly using an independent identically distributed number
gnerator.
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Component Name: GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_Src The timing of the output signal is referenced to the start of the first
Parameter(s): (name: description, type, range of usage) frame (or part thereof) transmitted. The start of the symbol period of
Carrier_Freq: The center frequency of the output RF multicarrier the first symbol (the first tail bit/symbol period) of slot zero is
signal, real. precisely 6 symbol periods after Delay_Time (recall that all down-
Pav: Relative average output power of the modulator, real. link frames are time aligned).
BCCH_Channels: The number of BCCH physical channels (slots)
to be transmitted. The BCCH physical channels are always The power of the transmitted signal is ramped up and down over the
associated with the C0 RF carrier and utilize, in order, slot 0, 2, course of three bit/symbol periods just before the start of each data
4 and 6, depending upon the number of BCCH physical channels, burst and after the data burst. The Normal Burst has a duration of
integer, >= 0 and <= 4. 148 symbol periods, including the tail bits/symbols at the start and
BCCH_Gain: Relative gain of BCCH physical channel(s) and dummy end of the burst. During the ramp up and ramp down dummy bits
bursts on C0, real, >= 0.0. are used to determine the output state of the modulator. The shape
C0_Channel_Number: Index of the RF channel for the C0 (BCCH of the ramp up and ramp down is derived by time windowing the
carrier) RF carrier, integer, >= 0 and <= (Mobile_Allocation - 1). each burst that is to be transmitted with a raised cosine window.
Slot_Usage_BCCH_Tr0: An 8 element array that specifies whether
a data burst (traffic) is to be transmitted using each of the physical Each Normal Burst transmitted includes an embedded training
channels (slots) associated with the Tr0 group of traffic channels.
A value other than 0 will result in the associated slot being filled with
sequence code. The same training sequence code is embedded
a data burst and having a relative gain as specified by the value
within all bursts that are transmitted. The training sequence code
entered. Note: Slots 0, 2, 4, or 6 may be specified to be filled with is specified by the TSC_Num parameter and is selected from a
data bursts if not otherwise allocated for BCCH data, 8 element family of 8 (indexed 0 through 7) different codes. See section 5.2
real array, each element >= 0.0. of [2]. The data portion of each normal burst is generated
Slot_Usage_Trx: An 8 element array that specifies whether a data randomly using an independent identically distributed number
burst (traffic) is to be transmitted using each of the physical gnerator.
channels (slots) associated with the Trx group of traffic channels.
A value other than 0 will result in the associated slot being filled The GSM system utilizes channels having a bandwidth of 200 kHz.
with a data burst having a relative gain as specified by the value The Mobile_Allocation parameter specifies the number of RF channels
entered, 8 element real array, each element >= 0.0. (each having a bandwidth of 200 kHz) that are available for the
TSC_Num: The training sequence code that is inserted into each downlink. The centre frequency of the RF channels are spaced
data burst, integer, >= 0 and <= 7. 200 kHz x Channel_Spacing apart. The Carrier_Freq parameter
Symbol_Rate: The modulation symbol rate. This design and its specifies the centre frequency of the band of RF channels. If N is an
sub-designs expect a symbol rate of 270.8333... ksym/s, even number, the Carrier_Freq parameter specifies the mid-point of
real, > 0. the band of N channels; whereas, if N is an odd number, the
Frequency_Hop: Enables or disables frequency hopping, string, Carrier_Freq parameter specifies the center frequency of the center
"Yes" or "No". channel of the band of N channels. The band of RF channels is
Mobile_Allocation: Specifies the number of RF channels utilized indexed from the channel lowest in frequency to the channel highest
for frequency hopping, integer, >= 1 and <= 64.
Channel_Spacing: The frequency difference (measured in terms of in frequency, with the index running from 0 to N-1. The
200 kHz channels) between the channels making up the C0_Channel_Number parameter specifies the index of the RF channel
Mobile_Allocation, integer, > 1. that is to be the C0 carrier. The BCCH physical channels are
Hopping_Sequence_Num: The hopping sequence number, integer, transported on the C0 carrier at all times, whether frequency hopping
>= 0 and <= 63. is enabled or disabled. If frequency hopping is NOT enabled, each
Delay_Time: The first TDMA frame begins precisely 6 modulation group of traffic channels is associated with a single RF carrier, with
symbol periods after this time, real, >= 0. the Tr0 group being matched with the C0 carrier, and each
R_Out: The output resistance of the signal source, real, >= 0.01. successive traffic group being matched with the next higher RF
Input(s): channel (rolling over to the channel having index 0 if index N-1 is
None. exceeded). If frequency hopping is enabled, the carrier frequency of
Output(s): each physical channel (other than those associated with BCCH
RF GMSK modulated multicarrier signal, ports 1 and 2. logical channels) changes from frame to frame in accordance with a
frequency hopping algorithm - see section 6 of [1] for an overview of
Description: GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_Src generates a TDMA frequency hopping and section 6.2 (specifically, 6.2.3) for details of
multicarrier GMSK modulated base station (BS) signal. The output the frequency hopping algorithm. The physical channels of each
multicarrier signal can contain from 1 to 8 modulated carriers. This traffic group that coincide with the BCCH physical channels, i.e.
component is intended for use with envelope simulations. those physical channels occupying the same slot, hop over a
frequency range that does NOT include the C0 carrier. Whereas, the
GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_Src has two sub-components: physical channels of each traffic group (including all of the Tr0 traffic
GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_BCCH_IQ.dsn, and
GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_IQ.dsn. channels) that do not coincide with the BCCH physical channels
See the notes accompanying these sub-component designs files for hop over the entire frequency range defined by the
more information regarding their operation. Mobile_Allocation parameter.
GSM utilizes an 8 slot frame to implement TDMA. Each slot has a The GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_Src component is able to operate
duration of 156.25 symbol periods. The slots of a frame are identified as with 4, 8 or 16 samples per modulated symbol. The number of
slot zero through seven. A single physical channel is equivalent to the samples per modulated symbol depends upon the size of the
same slot of each successive frame being utilized to transmit a data time-step of the simulation. If frequency hopping is not enabled,
burst (note: this says nothing about the carrier frequency of the data 4 samples per symbol can be used, however, if frequency hopping
burst). A mobile station (MS) may be allocated one or more physical is enabled, 8 or 16 samples per symbol will have to be used, with
channels, depending upon the required downlink data bandwidth. The reference to the value of the Mobile_Allocation parameter.
156.25 symbol periods of a slot include a guard period that is 8.25
symbol periods in duration and tail bits/symbol periods that precede A quadrature modulator is used to implement GMSK. The
and follow the portion of the slot during which useful data is transmitted. GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_IQ and
The frames of all downlink RF carriers are time aligned - see section GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_BCCH_IQ sub-components
4.3.1 of [2]. See section 5 of [1] for an overview of the TDMA aspect generate the required I and Q modulating signals. See both of
of the GSM system. these sub-component for more information. GMSK modulation
as implemented here is described in section 2 of [4].
The number of physical channels that will form the transmitted BS signal
depends upon the BCCH_Channels, SlotUsage_BCCH_Tr0 and
SlotUsage_Trx parameters. The BCCH_Channels parameter determines Besides the limitations described above, this component does
the number of physical channels that are allocated to carry broadcast not implement the logical channel combinations and mapping
control channel (BCCH - a logical channel) information. The described in section 6.5 of [2] (other than iv and vi of section 6.4.1
BCCH_Channels parameter will typically be set to one, however, up that apply to the BCCH channel(s)), or those aspects of the
four physical channels can be allocated for BCCH information. These specifications describing the cordless telephone system (CTS)
BCCH physical channels, whether one or up to four, are associated and COMPACT mode.
with an RF carrier identified as channel C0. The C0 RF carrier never
hops. The BCCH channels are utilize slot(s) 0, 2, 4 and 6, depending
upon the number of BCCH channels. Slot 0 is always allocated a All references are to Release 5 of the following GSM/EDGE specifications:
BCCH channel first, then in order of decreasing priority, slot 2, 4 and 6.
The BCCH channel that is assigned to slot 0, also includes [1] 3GPP TS 45.001 V5.3.0 (2002-04) "Physical Layer On the Radio Path"
synchronization and frequency correction information. [2] 3GPP TS 45.002 V5.5.0 (2002-04) "Multiplexing and Multiple Access On
the Radio Path"
The SlotUsage_BCCH_Tr0 and SlotUsage_Trx parameters determine the [3] 3GPP TS 45.003 V5.5.0 (2002-04) "Channel Coding"
number of physical channels that are allocated for data traffic. A [4] 3GPP TS 45.004 V5.0.0 (2001-11) "Modulation" (Note: this document
physical channel is allocated for data traffic by setting its corresponding states that it is from Release 4, however its version indicates that it
element of one of the parameter arrays to a non-zero value - with the is from Release 5, and the 3GPP document status table states that it
first element of each array corresponding to slot 0, the second to slot 1, is from Release 5)
and so on. The non-zero value entered also specifies the relative [5] 3GPP TS 45.005 V5.3.0 (2002-04) "Radio Transmission and Reception"
power of that traffic channel. Each ...Trx group of traffic channels
refers to a set of channels having a common RF carrier. The A helpful document for interpreting the above specifications is
SlotUsage_BCCH_Tr0 parameter determines the status of the physical
channel traffic group whose size is reduced due to the existence of any [6] 3GPP TR 21.995 V5.3.0 (2002-03) "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications"
BCCH channels. That is, if the BCCH_Channels parameter is set to one,
the value of the first element of the SlotUsage_BCCH_Tr0 array is
ignored. Each physical channel that is allocated for data traffic results
in a Normal Burst being transmitted. See section 5.2 of [2] (and the
GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_BCCH_IQ and
GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_IQ designs) for more information.
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Component Name: GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_BCCH_IQ GMSK modulation for GSM is described in section 2 of [4]. The
Parameter(s): (name: description, type, range of usage) specification provides for differential encoding, filtering using a Gaussian
SymRate: The modulation symbol rate. This design expects a
a symbol rate of 270.8333... ksym/s, real, > 0. pulse shape and frequency modulation by the aggregate phase formed at
BCCHChannels: The number of BCCH physical channels (slots) the output of the Gaussian pulse shaping filter. In place of a frequency
to be transmitted. The BCCH physical channels are always modulator, it is possible to use a quadrature modulator to form the same
associated with the C0 RF carrier and utilize, in order, slot 0, 2, modulated signal. Furthermore, since the Gaussian filter has a finite length,
4 and 6, depending upon the number of BCCH physical channels, its output can be determined using a finite number of input bits to form an
integer, >= 0 and <= 4. address into a look-up table of prototype waveforms. For instance, see
BCCHGain: Relative gain of BCCH physical channel(s) and dummy the ADS GSM library signal processing component 'GSM_ROM.dsn', as
bursts on C0, real, >= 0.0. well as: A. Bodas & K. Feher, "Low Complexity GSM Modulator for
SlotUsage: An 8 element array that specifies whether a data burst Integrated Circuit Implementation" 1996 Proceedings Ninth Annual IEEE
(traffic) is to be transmitted using each of the physical channels (slots) International ASIC Conference and Exhibit 103, A.E. Jones & J.G.
associated with the Tr0 group of traffic channels. A value other than Gardiner, "Generation of GMSK Using Direct Digital Synthesis" 1992 IEE
0 will result in the associated slot being filled with a data burst and Colloquium on Implementations of Novel Hardware for Radio Systems 7/1,
having a relative gain as specified by the value entered. Note: Slots 0, and Yik-Chung Wu & Tung-Sang Ng, "New Implementation of a GMSK
2, 4, or 6 may be specified to be filled with data bursts if not otherwise Demodulator in Linear Software Radio Receivers" vol. 2, 2000 The 11th
allocated for BCCH data, 8 element real array, each element >= 0.0.
TSCNum: The training sequence code that is inserted into each IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile
data burst, integer, >= 0 and <= 7. Communications 1049.
FrequencyHop: Enables or disables frequency hopping, string,
"Yes" or "No". The starting point for the GMSK modulator is the formation of the bit
MobileAllocation: Specifies the number of RF channels utilized stream that is to be transmitted during a slot that is active. The bit
for frequency hopping, integer, >= 1 and <= 64. stream is derived with the aid of an array that forms a template of the type
ChannelSpacing: The frequency difference (measured in terms of of burst to be transmitted. The template contains the bits that are fixed
200 kHz channels) between the channels making up the for every burst - for instance, in the case of a normal burst: the dummy
Mobile_Allocation, integer, > 1. bits that precede and follow the tail bits of the burst, the tail bits
HoppingSequenceNumber: The hopping sequence number, integer, themselves, and the Training Sequence Code bits as specified by the
>= 0 and <= 63. TSCNum parameter. The data bits of the burst are generated by an
MobileAllocationOffset: The RF channel index offset for the C0 carrier indepedent identically distributed random number generator that produces
and the Tr0 group of traffic channels, integer, >= 0 and zeros and ones with equal probability. The data bits are stored for the
<= (MobileAllocation - 1).
Delay: The first TDMA frame begins and is output precisely 4 modulation duration of a symbol period at port 3 of the FDD7P component.
symbol periods after this time, real, >= 0.
Input(s): The bits to be transmitted are differentially encoded in-turn, with each
None. encoded bit being stored for the duration of a symbol period at port 4 of
Output(s): the FDD7P component.
In-phase baseband GMSK signal, ports 1 and 2.
Quadrature baseband GMSK signal, ports 3 and 4. Using the current differentially encoded bit, and the past four encoded bits,
a 5 bit index is generated and stored for the duration of a symbol period at
Description: GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_BCCH_IQ generates port 7 of the FDD7P component. Using this 5 bit index a base address is
the in-phase and quadrature GMSK baseband signals that together form the formed to reference a prototype waveform that is the aggregate phase of 5
GSM TDMA GMSK signal made up from those physical channels allocated consecutive symbols over the course of the symbol period of the center
for the transmission of broadcast control channel (BCCH) information and symbol of the 5 symbols. To this 5 symbol aggregate phase must be
the physical channels of the Tr0 traffic channel group. This component is a added the contribution due to the symbols that preceded the current 5
sub-component of the GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_Src component that
is intended for use in envelope simulations. See the notes accompanying
symbol block. This contribution is calculated once per symbol period and
the GSM_EDGE_Uplink_GMSK_Src design for more information. is stored at port 5 of the FDD7P component.
The operations performed within this component can be grouped into three Once the aggregate phase is determined, it is used to calculate the
broad categores - those operations that pertain to TDMA, those that pertain amplitude of the in-phase and quadrature components of the baseband
to FDMA, and those that pertain to GMSK signaling. The notes GMSK signal. The spectrum of this complex signal is then shifted, if
accompanying the GSM_EDGE_Uplink_GMSK_Src design provide an necessary, to the C0 channel or to the desired channel as given by the
overview of the TDMA and FDMA aspects of the basestation multicarrier frequency hopping algorithm.
RF GMSK modulated signal that it produces. Since the
GSM_EDGE_Uplink_GMSK_Src design performs quadrature modulation
using a fixed carrier frequency (i.e. frequency hopping is implemented at
baseband, not during modulation/upconversion), all of the TDMA and FDMA All references are to Release 5 of the following GSM/EDGE specifications:
aspects that are described there apply to the complex baseband GMSK
signal formed by the in-phase and quadrature outputs of this component. [1] 3GPP TS 45.001 V5.3.0 (2002-04) "Physical Layer On the Radio Path"
[2] 3GPP TS 45.002 V5.5.0 (2002-04) "Multiplexing and Multiple Access On the Radio Path"
The primary TDMA elements are implemented by: [3] 3GPP TS 45.003 V5.5.0 (2002-04) "Channel Coding"
[4] 3GPP TS 45.004 V5.0.0 (2001-11) "Modulation" (Note: this document states that it is
an 8 element array that is used to determine whether data is to be from Release 4, however its version indicates that it is from Release 5, and the 3GPP
transmitted during each of the 8 slots of a frame, and if so, the relative document status table states that it is from Release 5)
power at which the data is transmitted; [5] 3GPP TS 45.005 V5.3.0 (2002-04) "Radio Transmission and Reception"
a raised cosine window at port 6 of the FDD7P component to ramp the A helpful document for interpreting the above specifications is
output signals' amplitude on and off during a period of 3 symbols prior to [6] 3GPP TR 21.995 V5.3.0 (2002-03) "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications"
and following the 148 symbols of a burst;
a time-step counter (that is reset after each frame) from which a symbol
trigger and counter, slot trigger and counter, and frame counter are
derived and used to control signal generation,
The physical channels (slots) that transport BCCH information do not hop.
As a result of having a fixed carrier frequency, the spectrum of these
channels is shifted to the C0 frequency. The C0 frequency is determined
by the value of the MobileAllocationOffset parameter. Frequency hopping
is implemented by shifting the spectrum of the baseband GMSK signal
over the duration of each slot to the appropriate location in the spectrum
according to the frequency hopping algorithm - see section 6.2.3 of [2].
The complete algorithm is implemented. The algorithm utilizes the frame
number associated with each TDMA frame as described in sections
3.3.2.2.1 and 4.3.3 of [2]. It is assumed that the first TDMA frame is frame
number (FN) zero. Moreover, it is assumed that the output of the frequency
hopping sequence algorithm, namely the Mobile Allocation Index (MAI) has
a one-to-one, from lowest frequency to highest frequency, correspondence
with each of the contiguous channels that make up the MobileAllocation
(as is described in the notes accompanying the
GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_Src design).
The actual spectrum shifting of the baseband GMSK signal is carried out
through a complex multiplication using the derived MAI in combination with
the ADS global variable 'time'.
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Variables :
The BCCH channel of slot 0 implements the logical
channel combination iv) given in section 6.4.1 of [2] -
specifically: FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH. The
BCCH channel at slots 2, 4 and 6, if any, implement
the logical channel combination vi) given in section
6.4.1 of [2] - specifically: BCCH + CCCH. See
Table 3 of 9 in [2] for details regarding the mapping
of these logical channels onto physical channels.
The frame format for the iv) logical channel
combination is shown in Figure 8a of [2].
The BCCH channel(s) have a 51 frame multiframe
format - see Figure 8a of [2]. The appropriate burst
format is determined based upon the current location
within the 51 frame multiframe. The iv) logical
channel combination consists of three different types
of bursts:
1) Frequency Correction
2) Synchronization
3) Normal
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Component Name: GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_IQ GMSK modulation for GSM is described in section 2 of [4]. The
Parameter(s): (name: description, type, range of usage) specification provides for differential encoding, filtering using a Gaussian
SymRate: The modulation symbol rate. This design expects a pulse shape and frequency modulation by the aggregate phase formed at
a symbol rate of 270.8333... ksym/s, real, > 0.
BCCHChannels: The number of BCCH physical channels (slots) the output of the Gaussian pulse shaping filter. In place of a frequency
to be transmitted. The BCCH physical channels are always modulator, it is possible to use a quadrature modulator to form the same
associated with the C0 RF carrier and utilize, in order, slot 0, 2, modulated signal. Furthermore, since the Gaussian filter has a finite length,
4 and 6, depending upon the number of BCCH physical channels, its output can be determined using a finite number of input bits to form an
integer, >= 0 and <= 4. address into a look-up table of prototype waveforms. For instance, see
BCCHGain: Relative gain of BCCH physical channel(s) and dummy the ADS GSM library signal processing component 'GSM_ROM.dsn', as
bursts on C0, real, >= 0.0. well as: A. Bodas & K. Feher, "Low Complexity GSM Modulator for
SlotUsage: An 8 element array that specifies whether a data burst Integrated Circuit Implementation" 1996 Proceedings Ninth Annual IEEE
(traffic) is to be transmitted using each of the physical channels (slots) International ASIC Conference and Exhibit 103, A.E. Jones & J.G.
associated with this group of traffic channels. A value other than Gardiner, "Generation of GMSK Using Direct Digital Synthesis" 1992 IEE
0 will result in the associated slot being filled with a data burst and Colloquium on Implementations of Novel Hardware for Radio Systems 7/1,
having a relative gain as specified by the value entered, 8 element and Yik-Chung Wu & Tung-Sang Ng, "New Implementation of a GMSK
real array, each element >= 0.0. Demodulator in Linear Software Radio Receivers" vol. 2, 2000 The 11th
TSCNum: The training sequence code that is inserted into each IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile
data burst, integer, >= 0 and <= 7. Communications 1049.
C0ChannelNumber: Index of the RF channel for the C0 (BCCH
carrier) RF carrier, integer, >= 0 and <= (MobileAllocation - 1). The starting point for the GMSK modulator is the formation of the bit
FrequencyHop: Enables or disables frequency hopping, string, stream that is to be transmitted during a slot that is active. The bit
"Yes" or "No".
MobileAllocation: Specifies the number of RF channels utilized stream is derived with the aid of an array that forms a template of the type
for frequency hopping, integer, >= 1 and <= 64. of burst to be transmitted. The template contains the bits that are fixed
Channel_Spacing: The frequency difference (measured in terms of for every burst - for instance, in the case of a normal burst: the dummy
200 kHz channels) between the channels making up the bits that precede and follow the tail bits of the burst, the tail bits
MobileAllocation, integer, > 1. themselves, and the Training Sequence Code bits as specified by the
HoppingSequenceNumber: The hopping sequence number, integer, TSCNum parameter. The data bits of the burst are generated by an
>= 0 and <= 63. indepedent identically distributed random number generator that produces
MobileAllocationOffset: The RF channel index offset for this group of, zeros and ones with equal probability. The data bits are stored for the
traffic channels, integer, >= 0 and <= (MobileAllocation - 1). duration of a symbol period at port 3 of the FDD7P component.
Delay: The first TDMA frame begins and is output precisely 4 modulation
symbol periods after this time, real, >= 0. The bits to be transmitted are differentially encoded in-turn, with each
Input(s): encoded bit being stored for the duration of a symbol period at port 4 of
None. the FDD7P component.
Output(s):
In-phase baseband GMSK signal, ports 1 and 2. Using the current differentially encoded bit, and the past four encoded bits,
Quadrature baseband GMSK signal, ports 3 and 4. a 5 bit index is generated and stored for the duration of a symbol period at
port 7 of the FDD7P component. Using this 5 bit index a base address is
Description: GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_IQ generates the in-phase and formed to reference a prototype waveform that is the aggregate phase of 5
quadrature GMSK baseband signals that together form the GSM TDMA consecutive symbols over the course of the symbol period of the center
GMSK signal made up from those physical channels of the same traffic
channel group. This component is a sub-component of the symbol of the 5 symbols. To this 5 symbol aggregate phase must be
GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_Src component that is intended for use in added the contribution due to the symbols that preceded the current 5
envelope simulations. See the notes accompanying the symbol block. This contribution is calculated once per symbol period and
GSM_EDGE_Uplink_GMSK_Src design for more information. is stored at port 5 of the FDD7P component.
The operations performed within this component can be grouped into three Once the aggregate phase is determined, it is used to calculate the
broad categores - those operations that pertain to TDMA, those that pertain amplitude of the in-phase and quadrature components of the baseband
to FDMA, and those that pertain to GMSK signaling. The notes GMSK signal. The spectrum of this complex signal is then shifted, if
accompanying the GSM_EDGE_Uplink_GMSK_Src design provide an necessary, to the C0 channel or to the desired channel as given by the
overview of the TDMA and FDMA aspects of the basestation multicarrier frequency hopping algorithm.
RF GMSK modulated signal that it produces. Since the
GSM_EDGE_Uplink_GMSK_Src design performs quadrature modulation
using a fixed carrier frequency (i.e. frequency hopping is implemented at
baseband, not during modulation/upconversion), all of the TDMA and FDMA All references are to Release 5 of the following GSM/EDGE specifications:
aspects that are described their apply to the complex baseband GMSK [1] 3GPP TS 45.001 V5.3.0 (2002-04) "Physical Layer On the Radio Path"
signal formed by the in-phase and quadrature outputs of this component. [2] 3GPP TS 45.002 V5.5.0 (2002-04) "Multiplexing and Multiple Access On the Radio Path"
[3] 3GPP TS 45.003 V5.5.0 (2002-04) "Channel Coding"
The primary TDMA elements are implemented by: [4] 3GPP TS 45.004 V5.0.0 (2001-11) "Modulation" (Note: this document states that it is
from Release 4, however its version indicates that it is from Release 5, and the 3GPP
an 8 element array that is used to determine whether data is to be document status table states that it is from Release 5)
[5] 3GPP TS 45.005 V5.3.0 (2002-04) "Radio Transmission and Reception"
transmitted during each of the 8 slots of a frame, and if so, the relative
power at which the data is transmitted; A helpful document for interpreting the above specifications is
[6] 3GPP TR 21.995 V5.3.0 (2002-03) "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications"
a raised cosine window at port 6 of the FDD7P component to ramp the
output signals' amplitude on and off during a period of 3 symbols prior to
and following the 148 symbols of a burst;
a time-step counter (that is reset after each frame) from which a symbol
trigger and counter, slot trigger and counter, and frame counter are
derived and used to control signal generation,
The actual spectrum shifting of the baseband GMSK signal is carried out
through a complex multiplication using the derived MAI in combination with
the ADS global variable 'time'.
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Variables :
The kburst variable is always assigned a burst, The mobile allocation determines the range of
however, the assigned burst may or may not be permissible RF carriers. If frequency hopping is
transmitted. If the current slot is a traffic channel, disabled, the MobileAllocationOffset parameter
or, may be a traffic channel ('kslotstatus' of 2), a determines the RF channel for all slots assigned
Normal burst is assigned, otherwise a Dummy burst data traffic.
is assigned to the slot.
The variable 'outputcontrol' controls whether a burst If frequency hopping is enabled, two alternative RF
is transmitted during a slot by setting its value so that channel ranges exist, one for slots/physical channels
the amplitude of the output signal is equal to zero or is that coincide with BCCH channels and one for slots/
proportional to the desired relative gain of the slot. If physical channels that do not coincide with BCCH
frequency hopping is not enabled, the slots allocated channels. In the former case, the RF channel range
for data traffic are enabled by setting 'outputcontrol' to is equal in size to MobileAllocation, whereas, in the
be equal to the desired relative gain as specified by the latter case, the RF channel range does not include
appropriate SlotUsage array element. If frequency the C0 RF carrier, i.e. one less channel that can be
hopping is enabled, the 'outputcontrol' variable must utilized for hopping. The kMAIndexselect variable is
reflect that not only must the component output data assigned the appropriate RF channel index, either
bursts at the appropriate amplitude during the slots kMAIndex, in the case of no frequency hopping and
allocated for data traffic, but it must also output a a non-BCCH coincident slot in the case of frequency
dummy burst at the appropriate amplitude whenever hopping, or kMAIndex_radj, in the case of a BCCH
the RF channel of a non-traffic slot coincides with the coincident slot in the case of frequency hopping.
C0 carrier. When frequency hopping is enabled, even-
though the GSM_EDGE_Downlink_GMSK_BCCH_IQ
sub-component is responsible for transmitting the
BCCH channels, it AND this sub-component share the
responsibility of ensuring that non-BCCH channels on
the C0 RF carrier are always filled with data bursts,
whether traffic or dummy bursts.
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Annexe ADS :
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44