Chuyen e 18:

GIAI TCH TO HP

I.KHAI NIEM VE GIAI THA: 1.nh ngha: Vi n Nva n > 1 Tch cua n so t nhien lien tiep t 1 en n c goi la n - giai tha. Ky hieu : n! Ta co :

n! = 1.2...n

* Quy c : 0! = 1 va 1! = 1 2. Mot so cong thc: n! n! = (n k + 1)(n k + 2)...n * n! = (n - 1)!.n * = (k+1)(k+2)...n (n k) * (n k)! k! II. CAC QUY TAC C BAN VE PHEP EM: 1. QUY TAC CONG: V du: Co 8 quyen sach khac nhau va 6 quyen v khac nhau. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon mot trong cac quyen o. Quy tac cong cho trng hp hai oi tng : (Ap dung khi ta phan chia trng hp e em) Neu co m cach chon oi tng x n cach chon oi tng y va neu cach chon x khong trung vi bat ky cach chon y nao th co (m+n) cach chon. Tong quat: Neu co m1 cach chon oi tng x1 m2 cach chon oi tng x2 ......................................... mn cach chon oi tng xn va neu cach chon oi tng xi khong trung vi cach chon oi tng xj nao (i j ; i,j=1,2,...,n) th co (m1+m2+...mn) cach chon mot trong cac oi tng a cho. 2. QUY TAC NHAN: (Ap dung khi ta phan tch viec thc hien mot phep chon ra thanh nhieu bc lien tiep ) V du: An muon ru Bnh en chi nha Cng. T nha An en nha Bnh co 3 con ng. T nha Bnh en nha Cng co 4 con ng i. Hoi An co bao nhieu cach i en nha Cng

141

Quy tac nhan: Neu mot phep chon c thc hien qua n bc lien tiep: bc 1 co m1 cach chon bc 2 co m2 cach chon ----------------------------bc n co mn cach chon th co (m1.m2...mn) cach chon. V du: Ngi ta co the ghi nhan cho nhng chiec ghe trong mot giang ng bang mot ch cai va mot so nguyen dng khong vc qua 100. Bang cach nh vay, nhieu nhat co bao nhieu chiec ghe co the c ghi nhan khac nhau. III. HOAN V: V du: T cac ch so 1;2;3 co the lap c bao nhieu so t nhien co 3 ch so khac nhau. 1.nh ngha : Cho tap hp X gom n phan t (n >1). Moi cach sap th t n phan t cua tap hp X c goi la mot hoan v cua n phan t o Hoan v Nhom co th t u mat n phan t cua X

n phan t

2.nh ly : Ky hien so hoan v cua n phan t la Pn , ta co cong thc:

Pn = n! V du: Mot to co 10 hoc sinh. Hoi co bao nhieu cach to nay ng thanh mot hang doc IV.CHNH HP: V du: T cac ch so 1;2;3 co the lap c bao nhieu so t nhien co 2 ch so khac nhau. 1.nh ngha: Cho tap hp X gom n phan t . Moi bo gom k ( 1 k n) phan t sap th t cua tap hp X c goi la mot chnh hp chap k cua n phan t cua X.

n phan t 142

Chnh hp Nhom co th t Gom k phan t c lay t n phan t cua X

2.nh ly: Ky hieu so chnh hp chap k cua n phan t la A k , ta co cong thc: n

Ak = n

n! (n k)!

V du: Co bao nhieu so co 3 ch so gom toan cac ch so le khac nhau ? V. TO HP: 1 V du: Cho tap hp X= { ,2,3} .Viet tat ca cac tap con cua X gom 2 phan t 1.nh ngha: Cho tap hp X gom n phan t .Moi tap con cua gom k phan t ( 0 k n ) cua X c goi la mot to hp chap k cua n phan t a cho.

n phan t

To hp Nhom khong co th t Gom k phan t c lay t n phan t cua X

2. nh ly :

Ky hieu so to hp chap k cua n phan t la Ck , ta co cong thc: n Ck = n

n! k!(n k)! V du 1: Mot lo hang gom 10 san pham. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon ra 3 san pham V du 2: Trong mat phang cho 7 iem, trong o khong co ba iem nao thang hang. Hoi co bao nhieu tam giac c tao thanh . 3.Mot so cong thc ve to hp: To hp co hai tnh chat quan trong sau ay: a) C k = C n k vi moi k = 0,1,...,n n n b) C k + C k +1 = C k +1 n n n +1 vi moi k = 0,1,...,n-1

143

VI. NH THC NIU TN:

2 n k (a + b)n = C0 a n b0 + C1 a n 1b + Cn a n 2 b 2 + ... + Cn a 0 b n = Cn a n k b k n n k =0 n

V du 1 : Khai trien ( x + 2) 6 V du 2 : Chng minh rang :

C0 + C1 + C 2 + ... + C n = 2 n n n n n

LU Y QUAN TRONG: Cac bai toan ve giai tch to hp thng la nhng bai toan ve nhng hanh ong nh : lap cac so t cac so a cho ,sap xep mot so ngi hay o vat vao nhng v tr nhat nh , lap cac nhom ngi hay o vat thoa man mot so ieu kien a cho v.v... 1. Neu nhng hanh ong nay gom nhieu giai oan th can tm so cach chon cho moi giai oan roi ap dung quy tac nhan. 2. Nhng bai toan ma ket qua thay oi neu ta thay oi v tr cua cac phan t , th ay la nhng bai toan lien quan en hoan v va chnh hp. 3. oi vi nhng bai toan ma ket qua c gi nguyen khi ta thay oi v tr cua cac phan t th ay la nhng bai toan ve to hp. Bai 1: T cac ch so 1,2,3,4,5,6 co the lap c bao nhieu so co bon ch so a) Cac ch so khong can khac nhau b) Cac ch so khac nhau c) So au va so cuoi trung nhau, khac vi 3 so gia. Bai 2: T cac ch so 0,1,2,3,4,5 co the lap c bao nhieu a) So co 3 ch so b) So co 3 ch so khac nhau c) So chan co 3 ch so khac nhau d) So nho hn 2005, khac 0 Bai 3: Co bao nhieu cach xep 7 ngi ngoi vao mot day ban co co bay cho ngoi Bai 4: Mot lp hoc co 20 nam, 10 n. Co bao nhieu cach chon 3 ngi trc lp a) Mot cach tuy y. b) Co ung mot n c) Co t nhat mot n d) Co nhieu nhat hai n Bai 5: Mot lp hoc co 20 nam, 10 n. Co bao nhieu cach chon mot ban can s gom 1 lp trng, 1 lp pho hoc tap, 1 lp pho phong trao a) Mot cach tuy y b) Lp trng la n c) Co ung mot n d) Co t nhat mot n Bai 6: Cho n iem A1,A2,...,An thuoc ng thang a va mot iem B khong thuoc ng thang a. Noi B vi A1,A2,...,An. Hoi co bao nhieu tam giac c tao thanh? Bai 7: Tren ng tron cho n iem A1,A2,...,An.Hoi neu lay cac iem nay lam nh th: 144

Luyen tap

a) Xac nh c bao nhieu tam giac b) Xac nh c bao nhieu t giac loi BAI TAP REN LUYEN I. CAC BAI TOAN VE PHEP EM: Bai 1:T 7 ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 co the thanh lap c bao nhieu so chan , moi so gom 5 ch so khac nhau tng oi. KQ: 1260 Bai 2: Mot to gom 8 nam va 6 n . Can lay mot nhom 5 ngi trong o co 2 n . Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon. KQ: 840 Bai 3: Cho hai ng thang song song (d1) , (d2) . Tren (d1) lay 17 iem phan biet , tren (d2) lay 20 iem phan biet . Tnh so tam giac co cac nh la 3 iem trong so 37 iem a chon tren (d1) va (d2) . KQ:5950 Bai 4: T mot tap the gom 12 hoc sinh u tu , ngi ta can c mot oan i d trai he quoc te trong o co mot trng oan , 1 pho oan va 3 oan vien . Hoi co bao nhieu cach c ? KQ: 15840 Bai 5: Xet day gom 7 ch so , moi ch so c chon t cac so 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 thoa man cac ieu kien sau : - Ch so v tr so 3 la so chan - Ch so cuoi cung khong chia het cho 5 - Cac ch so v tr 4,5,6 oi mot khac nhau Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon . KQ:2.880.000 Bai 6: Ngi ta viet cac so co 6 ch so bang cac ch so 1,2,3,4,5 nh sau: Trong moi so c viet co mot ch so xuat hien hai lan con cac ch so con lai xuat hien mot lan . Hoi co bao nhieu so nh vay. KQ:1800 Bai 7: Cho tap hp A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} a) Co bao nhieu tap hp con X cua tap A thoa ieu kien cha mot va khong cha 2 ? b) Co bao nhieu so t nhien chan gom 5 ch so oi mot khac nhau lay t tap A va khong bat au bi 123? KQ: a) 64 b) 3348 Bai 8: Vi 6 ch so phan biet 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 co the lap c bao nhieu so co cac ch so phan biet trong o moi so ieu phai co mat so 6. KQ: 1630 Bai 9: Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 5 ch so khac nhau tng oi sao cho tat ca cac ch so eu khac khong va co mat ong thi cac ch so 2, 4, 5. KQ: 1800 Bai 10: Cho cac ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 co the lap c bao nhieu so gom 10 ch so c chon t 8 ch so tren , trong o ch so 6 co mat ung 3 lan , cac ch so khac co mat ung 1 lan . KQ: 544.320 Bai 11: Co 9 vien bi xanh , 5 vien bi o , 5 vien bi vang co kch thc oi mot khac nhau . 1) Co bao nhieu cach chon ra 6 vien bi trong o co ung 2 vien bi o ? KQ:10.010 2) Co bao nhieu cach chon ra 6 vien bi trong o so bi xanh bang so bi o? KQ:4.665 Bai 12: Mot hop ng 4 vien bi o , 5 vien bi trang va 6 vien bi vang . Ngi ta chon ra 4 vien bi t hop o . Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon e trong so bi lay ra khong u ca 3 mau. KQ:645 Bai 13: Cho 8 ch so 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 .T 8 ch so so tren co the lap c bao nhieu so , moi so gom 4 ch so oi mot khac nhau va moi so eu khong chia het cho 10. KQ: 1260 Bai 14:Hoi t 10 ch so 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 co the lap c bao nhieu so gom 6 ch so khac nhau sao cho trong cac ch so o co mat so 0 va so 1. KQ:42000 Bai 15: Co bao nhieu so chan gom 6 ch so khac nhau tng oi mot trong o co ch so au tien la so le? 145

KQ: 42000 Bai 16: Co bao nhieu so gom 6 ch so khac nhau tng oi mot trong o co ung 3 ch so le va 3 ch so chan ( ch so au tien phai khac khong ). KQ:64800 Bai 17: Trong mat phang cho a giac eu H co 20 canh . Xet cac tam giac co ung 3 nh c lay t cac nh cua H . 1) Co bao nhieu tam giac nh vay? Co bao nhieu tam giac ma co ung hai canh la hai canh cua H . KQ:20 2) Co bao nhieu tam giac co ung mot canh la canh cua H? KQ:320 Co bao nhieu tam giac khong co canh nao la canh cua H? KQ:800 Bai 18: Mot lp hoc co 20 hoc sinh , trong o co hai can bo lp . Hoi co bao nhieu cach c 3 ngi i d Hoi ngh sinh vien cua trng sao cho trong 3 ngi o co t nhat mot can bo lp . KQ:324 Bai 19: Co 5 nha toan hoc nam , 3 nha toan hoc n va 4 nha vat ly nam . Lap mot oan cong tac 3 ngi can co ca nam va n , can co ca nha toan hoc va nha vat ly . Hoi co bao nhieu cach. KQ:90 Bai 20: Cho a giac eu A1 A2 ... A2 n (n 2 , n nguyen) noi tiep trong (O). Biet rang so tam giac co nh la 3 trong 2n iem A1 , A2 ,..., A2 n nhieu gap 20 lan so hnh ch nhat co cac nh la 4 trong 2n iem A1 , A2 ,..., A2 n . Tm n.

1 Bai 21: Cho tap hp A = { ;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9} . T tap A co the lap c bao nhieu so co sau ch so khac nhau sao cho cac so nay chia het cho 5 va co ung 3 ch so le? Bai 22: Cho tap hp A = {0;1;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9} . T tap A co the lap c bao nhieu so co sau ch so khac nhau sao cho luon co mat hai ch so 0 va 3? 1 Bai 23: Cho tap hp A = { ;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9} . T tap A co the lap c bao nhieu so co sau ch so khac nhau sao cho ch so th ba chia het cho 3 va ch so cuoi chan? 1 Bai 24: Cho tap hp A = { ;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9} . T tap A co the lap c bao nhieu so co sau ch so khac nhau sao cho cac so nay chia het cho 2 va co ung 3 ch so le? Bai 25: Cho tap hp A = {0;1;2;3;4;5;6;7} . T A co the lap c bao nhieu so : a) Co nam ch so khac nhau va ch so 7 luon co mat mot lan b) Co sau ch so sao cho cac so nay luon le; ch so ng v tr th ba luon chia het cho 6? Bai 26: Cho tap hp A = {0;1;2;3;4;5;6;7; ;8;9} . T A co the lap c bao nhieu so : a) Co sau ch so khac nhau sao cho luon co mat hai ch so 0 va 3 b) Co bay ch so khac nhau sao cho luon co mat hai ch so 2 va 5 Bai 27: Mot trng trung hoc co 8 thay day toan, 5 thay day vat ly, va ba thay day hoa hoc. Chon t o ra mot oi co 4 thay d ai hoi. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon e co u ba bo mon? Bai 28: Cho tap hp A gom n phan t (n 4) . Biet rang, so tap con gom 4 phan t cua A bang 20 lan so tap 1 con gom 2 phan t cua A. Tm k { ,2,.., n} sao cho so tap con gom k phan t cua A la ln nhat
Bai 29: oi thanh nhien xung kch cua mot trng pho thong co 12 hoc sinh, gom 5 hoc sinh lp A, 4 hoc sinh lp B, va 3 hoc sinh lp C. Can chon 4 hoc sinh i lam nhiem vu, sao cho 4 hoc sinh nay thuoc khong qua 2 trong 3 lp tren. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon nh vay? Bai 30: Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom hai ch so khac nhau ? Tnh tong cua tat ca cac so o. Bai 31: Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 5 ch so, ch so 0 co mat ung 2 lan, ch so 1 co mat ung mot lan, hai ch so con lai phan biet II. CAC BAI TOAN GIAI PT,BPT,HPT: 146

Bai 1: Giai phng trnh : Bai 2: Giai phng trnh: Bai 3:Giai phng trnh: Bai 4: Giai bat phng trnh: Bai 5: Giai he phng trnh:

Px Ax2 + 72 = 6( Ax2 + 2 Px )
3 C 1 + 6C x2 + 6C x = 9 x 2 14 x x 2 3 x 2 C xx14 = A4 C x 1 xC xx14 5 3 C x41 C x 1 Ax2 2 0 4 y y 2 Ax + 5C x = 90 y 5 Ax + 2C xy = 80

Bai 6: Giai he phng trnh:

a)

C xy++11 = C xy+1 y 3C x +1 = 5C xy+11

( x y)

1 x x C y : C y + 2 = 3 b) C x : A x = 1 y y 24

m m Bai 7: Tm cac so nguyen dng m, n thoa man: C nm++1 : C n +1 : C n +1 = 5 : 5 : 3 1 1

III. CAC BAI TOAN VE NH THC NIU-TN: 1 Bai 1: Tm he so cua so hang cha x trong khai trien x 5 + 3 x2
43
21

1 Bai 2: Biet tong he so cua ba so hang au tien trong khai trien x 3 x + 15 28 x khong cha x
n

bang 79. Tm so hang

3 . Biet tong he so cua ba so hang au tien trong khai trien tren Bai 3: Cho khai trien x 3 + 3 x2 bang 631. Tm he so cua so hang co cha x5.
1 Bai 4: Tm gia tr cua x sao cho trong khai trien cua 2 x + ( n la so nguyen dng ) co so hang x 1 2 th 3 va th 5 co tong bang 135, con cac he so cua ba so hang cuoi cua khai trien o co tong bang 22
1 Bai 5: Tm so hang khong cha x trong khai trien : P ( x) = 1 + 2 x 2 x k k 1 k 2 k 3 k Bai 6: Chng minh rang: C n + 3C n + 3C n + C n = C n +3 vi 3 k n
1 Bai 7: Chng minh rang : C n + 2.
9

2 Cn C3 Ck Cn n(n + 1) + 3. n + ... + k . kn1 + ... + n. nn1 = 1 2 2 Cn Cn Cn Cn

0 1 2 n Bai 8: Chng minh rang : 2 n C n + 2 n 1.71.C n + 2 n 2.7 2.C n + ... + 7 n C n = 9 n

0 1 2 Bai 9: Chng minh rang : n 2 n 1 C n + ( n 1) 2 n 2.3.C n + (n 2) 2 n 3.3 2.C n + ... + 3 n 1 C nn 1 = n.5 n 1

0 Bai 10: Chng minh rang: 2C n +

0 Bai 11: Tnh tong : S = C 2005

22 1 23 2 2 n +1 n 3 n +1 1 C n + C n + ... + Cn = 2 3 n +1 n +1 1 2 2005 + 2C 2005 + 3C 2005 + ... + C 2005

n

1 Bai 12: Tm he so cua so hang cha x26 trong khai trien nh thc Niutn cua 4 + x 7 , biet rang x n 1 2 20 C 2 n +1 + C 2 n +1 + ... + C 2 n +1 = 2 1

147

Bai 13: Tnh tong S =

0 1 2 n 1.C n 2.C n 3.C n (n + 1).C n 0 1 2 + 1 + 1 + ... + , biet rang C n + C n + C n = 211 1 1 A1 A2 A3 An +1

Bai 14: Khai trien bieu thc (1 2 x) n ta c a thc co dang a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + ... + a n x n . Tm he so cua x5, biet a 0 + a1 + a 2 = 71 Bai 15: Tm he so cua x 29 y 8 trong khai trien cua x 3 xy

15

0 1 2 2n Bai 16: Tm n N sao cho : C 4 n + 2 + C 4 n + 2 + C 4 n + 2 + ... + C 4 n + 2 = 256 1 1 1 Bai 17: Tm so t nhien n sao cho : n n = n C 4 C5 C6
3 1 n 0 1 Bai 18: Chng minh rang C n 3 n C n 3 n 1 + ... + ( 1) n C n = C n + C n + ...C nn 1 1 Bai 19: Cho A = ( x 2 ) 20 + ( x 3 )10 . Sau khi khai trien va rut gon th bieu thc A se gom bao nhieu so x x hang? Bai 20: Tm so t nhien n thoa man ang thc sau: 0 2 2k 2n 2n C 2 n + C 2 n 3 2 + ... + C 2 n 3 2 k + ... + C 2 n 2 3 2 n 2 + C 2 n 3 2 n = 215 ( 216 + 1)

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