Publication : Paris, 1735-1789

(Source : https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1510208n) 1
2
(https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1510208n/f177.item) 3
4
 1884

(Consulter : https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence:Armorial_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_(Rietstap) )
5
6
 [N. B. : Jean-Baptiste Rietstap n’indique PAS ses sources.]
[N. B.: Johannes Baptista Rietstap does NOT include his sources.]
(Les notes de ce document sont de / notes in this document are from Yan J. K. Bolduc.)
7
← D’argent, au chevron
d’azur, chargé de trois étoiles
d’or et accompagné de trois
ducs (oiseaux) de gueules,
tenant sous leur patte une
boule de sable.
[Argent, a chevron azure,
charged with three stars or and
accompanied by three dukes
(birds) gules, holding under
their feet a ball sable. (See:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T
incture_(heraldry))]

8
 (Circa 1717)

(Source : https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/64660)

Note on the Coat of Arms.

The Coat of Arms being infinite,
it is difficult not to omit anything
within the boundaries of this
chart. The assortment given here
should however guide the ama-
teur.
… The most ancient Coat of Arms
had for armorials Canting Arms:
la Tour for example used the
tower of Auvergne; just like
mallets are those of the Mailly’s.
Towns also often derive their
names from their position or
some singularities of the country-
side.

Diverse other kind of Arms

1: Canting Arms, or who has as
we said before a relation to the
noun of those who bear them.

9
 [Balls are shaded to give shape.]

(1707)

[Duke is a type of owl (eagle owl, Bubo bubo), always facing front.]

10
 [Cette illustration a été rendue possible grâce aux collaborations (V. & H. V. Rolland’s Illustrations To The
Armorial General, 1967) de Victor Rolland et son fils Henri Rolland (à partir de 1903) aux Armorial général de
Jean-Baptiste Rietstap. Par contre, les hachures des oiseaux n’ont pas été données. Un meuble d’une certaine
couleur ne peut être sur un champ de la même couleur. Lorsque Lionel Sandoz a colorié ce blason (entre 1993 et
2002), il n’a pas dû se rendre compte de cette « hérésie » héraldique, et a laissé les oiseaux blancs (d’argent).
Alors j’ai tout simplement colorié les oiseaux rouges (de gueules) moi-même. Voir la page suivante.]

[This illustration was made possible thanks to the collaborations (V. & H. V. Rolland’s Illustrations To The
Armorial General, 1967) of Victor Rolland and his son Henri Rolland (beginning in 1903), to the Armorial
General (1884) of Johannes Baptista Rietstap. However, the hatching for the color red were not illustrated on the
owls. A heraldic charge cannot be of the same color as the field it is placed upon. When Lionel Sandoz colored
this coat of arms (between 1993 and 2002), he must not have noticed this heraldic “heresy”, and left the owls
white (of silver, argent). I simply went ahead and colored the owls red (of gules) myself. See next page.]
11
12
 (p. 358)

BOULDUC (Gilles-François), alderman in Paris in 1726:

argent, a chevron azure, charged with three stars or, and
accompanied by three monstrous[sic] birds gules, each
placed on a ball sable.

Source : https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k368665
13
(Source : https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k940076)
14
 [The obligation imposed on everyone to register their coats of arms was therefore in reality just a financial
ploy, which did not have the success expected. Many difficulties arose in the levy. An infinite number of great
houses, whose notoriety thought themselves above all control, refused to submit their coat of arms to the revision.
Others, not very tax-conscious, escaped registration, and it was in vain that Adrien Vanier, Collector for this
enterprise, tried to enforce against the obstinate the laws of the Council and ensuing prosecutions. — It would be
easy to draw up a long list of noble families that do not appear in the Armorial. — Either way, the census started
in 1697 and was declared closed in 1709.]

[N. B. : Pierre Boulduc est décédé le 14 mai 1670.]

[N. B.: Pierre Boulduc died on May 14th, 1670.]

↓
15
→

16
(Source: https://books.google.com/books?id=bz0OAQAAIAAJ)
17
18
(Voir : https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_France )

19
20
 (Source de l’image : https://crowcanyonjournal.wordpress.com/2015/01/05/paris-2014-the-boulduc-apothecary-dynasty)

[Cette peinture a été faite en 1663 et semble représenter les armes de Pierre Boulduc (alors âgé de 56 ans) avec
un heaume (ainsi que des plumages ?) vu de face, et des lambrequins. Je ne crois pas discerner de cimier, et on
dirait qu’il y a une banderole sur le dessus, typiquement pour un cri de guerre ou une devise, mais il n’y a rien de
lisible. Les armoiries de cette peinture « ont été repeintes sans préoccupation d’exactitude au sujet des couleurs
et même en contradiction avec les règles de l’art héraldique » (Dr. Christian Warolin) en 1811, après avoir été
effacées suivant la Révolution de 1789.

Est-ce que le heaume avec lambrequins et la banderole existaient sur la peinture originale ? Pas moyen de le
savoir pour moi.]

[This painting, made in 1663, seems to depict the coat of arms of Pierre Boulduc (then aged 56) with a helmet
(along with feathers?) viewed from the front, and a mantling. I don’t believe I can discern a crest, and it looks
like there is a banner above, typically for a war cry or a motto, but there is nothing legible on it. The coat of arms
on this painting “were repainted with no concern for the accuracy of the colors and even in contradiction with the
rules of the heraldic art” (Dr. Christian Warolin) in 1811, after being erased following the French Revolution of
1789.

Did the helmet with mantling and the banner above existed on the original painting? There is no way for me
to find out.]

12 février 2019

21
 LA ROUE DE FORTUNE
Collection d’études historiques dirigée par
JACQUES D’AVOUT

LE SYSTÈME
HÉRALDIQUE
FRANÇAIS
Par
RÉMI MATHIEU

J. B. JANIN

1946

(pp. 256-257)
De nos jours, la législation héraldique est inexistante en France et chacun peut se donner un blason de
son choix ; les armoiries constituent toutefois pour les familles une propriété privée à laquelle aucune
atteinte ne doit être portée. Mais, depuis le XIXe siècle, la France est devenue le pays où la science
héraldique est la plus méconnue, après avoir été l’un de ceux où elle était la plus florissante. On peut
regretter que des emblèmes aussi commodes et aussi décoratifs que les armoiries continuent a être
considérés comme des marques nobiliaires qui ne sauraient être utilisées par tout le monde. Depuis
quelques années, il est vrai, les blasons semblent redevenus à la mode : ils remplacent de plus en plus les
initiales sur les chevalières, les insignes qui ornent tant de boutonnières ont tendance à s’ « héraldiser » et
beaucoup de jeunes gens portent sur leur poitrine les armes de leur province d’origine. Les armoiries
vont-elles retrouver une place dans la vie moderne, comme en Suisse et dans bien d’autres pays
démocratiques ? Il est au moins permis de l’espérer.

22
 J. SCHERMACK
ARCHIVISTE-GÉNÉALOGISTE l e 13 j u i l l e t 1950.
6, R U E D E S BRUYÈRES
A S N I É R E S (SEINE)

SUR RENDEZ-VOUS

Grésillons 47-48
Monsieur Jean Le Roy de Rosay
54, avenue KléLer,
Paris 16^.

Monsieur,

En réponse à votre l e t t r e du 10, j e dois vous informer

q u ' i l n'existe actuellement, sous l e régime républicain,
aucun moyen de f a i r e confirmer ou e n r e g i s t r e r des armoiries.
I l ne s'agit plus que d'ornements ou de dessins décoratifs
qui sont l i b r e s . N'importe q u i peut aujourdhui se créer un
blason e t en f a i r e l'usage q u i l u i plaît.
Bien entendu, i l n'en va pas de même quand l e s armoiries
sont déposées commercialement e t e l l e s sont a l o r s protégées
par l e s l o i s sur l e s dessins e t marques de fabrique ou
dessins i n d u s t r i e l s .
D'autre p a r t , s ' i l est l o i s i b l e à t o u t l e monde de
prendre des armoiries, i l ne peut naturellement être question
de s'approprier l e s armoiries appartenant déjà de façon
n o t o i r e à d'autres f a m i l l e s dont e l l e s constituent l a proprié-
té privée.
Pour m'exprimer juridiquement, i l n'y a pas d'action
en revendication en matière d'armoiries, mais i l e x i s t e une
a c t i o n en s p o l i a t i o n contre l e s usurpateurs.
Casques, couronnes, manteaux, toques, lambrequins, à
t r a i t e r en conformité de ce q u i précède.
V e u i l l e z agréer, Monsieur, mes s a l u t a t i o n s empressées.
SOCIÉTÉ FRANÇAISE d’HÉRALDIQUE et de SIGILLOGRAPHIE

TABLE ET INDEX
DE LA

REVUE FRANÇAISE D’HÉRALDIQUE

ET DE

SIGILLOGRAPHIE
1938- 2018

2018

1
(2006) Membres du Comité :
Michel POPOFF (Liste de 1937)
Christian de MÉRINDOL CHANDON de BRIAILLES
René LAURENT Auguste COULON
Toni DIEDERICH Guy COURTIN de NEUBOURG,
(2012) Albert GUERIN–SEGUIER
Alain ERLANDE-BRANDENBOURG Henri ROLLAND,
Werner PARAVICINI ROBERT de ROTON
Martine DALAS COUDURIER de CHASSAIGNE
John RASSWEILER Georges HUARD,
Maxime de SARS (1886-1960)
Emile VAN MOE

(Liste de 1949)
Paul ADAM- EVEN (1902-1964)
GUERIN – SEGUIER:

Membres du Comité (Depuis 1950)

(1952) Robert LOUIS (1902- 1965) (1991) Christian de MÉRINDOL

(1956) Hervé PINOTEAU (1991) Christophe ROUSSEAU-LEFEBVRE
(1957) L. BOREL du BEZ (1991) Marie-Claude DELMAS
(1957) Pierre BRIÉRE (1991) Cyrille DUBUC
(1957) Anne- Marie ARMELIN (1996) Édouard BOUYÉ
(1960) Yves METMAN (1996) Emmanuel ROUSSEAU
(1957) Albert-Maurice DELCER de (1996) Jean LEROY (+ 2014)
PUYMEGE (1907-1992) (1998) Mathias AUCLAIR
(1967) Cel de BELLAIGUE (1998) Emmanuel de BOOS (+ 2016)
(1967) Marguerite PECQUEUR (1998) Nicolas VERNOT
(1967) Robert VIEL (+ 1978) (2001) Thibaud GIRARD
(1978) Roger SICARD (2001) Benoît JORDAN
(1979) Jean-Luc CHASSEL (2001) Laurent HABLOT
(1980) Marielle GUILLAUME (2001) Yvan LOSKOUTOFF
(1980) Michel POPOFF (2001) Marie-Adélaïde NIELEN
(1980) Philippe PALASI (2006) Arnaud BAUDIN
(1984) Pierre BONY (+ 2012) (2008) Dominique DELGRANGE
(1984) Roland JOUSSELIN (2008) Caroline SIMONET
(1984) Hélène LOYAU (2010) Clément BLANC
(1991) Mariel GOUYON-GUILLAUME (2010) Marc GIL
(1991) Emile LEFORT des YLOUSES (2014) Ambre VILAIN
(+ 2008) (2015) Daniel KELLER
(1991) Pierre PACAUD (2016) Pierre COUHAULT

Les courriers sont à adresser à la « Société française d’héraldique et de sigillographie », CARAN,

Archives nationales, 60, rue des Francs Bourgeois, 75003 Paris ou par messagerie électronique à :
sfhs.sfhs@gmail.com site Internet : sfhs-rfhs.fr

(Source : http://sfhs-rfhs.fr/en/home/journal)

44
 APPLY FOR A COAT OF ARMS, FLAG, BADGE
In Canada, the Canadian Heraldic Authority manages the official creation of coats of arms, flags and
badges. All Canadian citizens and organizations (municipalities, schools, associations, etc.) can contact the
chief herald of Canada to have heraldic emblems created for them. A grant of armorial bearings is an honour
conferred within the Canadian Honours System in recognition of service to the community.

1. Opening of the file

Duration: 2 to 4 weeks
o You send your request to the Canadian Heraldic Authority (CHA). Which documents do I need
to include with my request?
o As the creation of heraldic emblems is part of the Canadian Honours System, you need to have
contributed to the well-being of your community to be granted heraldic emblems.
o The chief herald of Canada reviews your request and makes a recommendation to the deputy herald
chancellor, who then signs a warrant permitting the grant to be made to you.
o An invoice for the processing fee is sent to you. Consult the Price List.
2. Research and written concept
Duration: 1 to 3 months
o A herald works with you to determine the themes to be included in your emblems.
o The chief herald of Canada reviews and approves the concept developed by the heral d.
o A written proposal, including all of the design elements and their significance, is sent to you for
your approval.
3. Preliminary artwork
Duration: 2 to 3 months
o You sign a contract with an artist of the CHA.
o The CHA artist creates a colour illustration of your arms, flag and/or badge.
o This preliminary artwork is sent to you for your approval, along with the artist’s invoice.
4. Final art and calligraphy of the grant document
Duration: 3 to 4 months
o You choose one of two formats for the grant document.
o You sign two contracts for artists of the CHA to do the final painting and the calligraphy on the
grant document.
o The artist paints your heraldic emblems; the artist’s invoice is sent then to you.
o The calligrapher adds the text to the grant document; the calligrapher’s invoice is then sent to you.
o The chief herald of Canada signs and seals the document.
5. Mailing and publication
o The grant document, symbolism page and photographs of the emblems are mailed to you once all
payments have been made.
o In the following 6 to 12 months, a notice of the grant is published in the Canada Gazette and the
emblems are added to the online version of the Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of
Canada.

[March 2019]

[Sites: http://www.heraldry.ca/main.php?LANG=en & http://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/apply-coat-arms-flag-badge]

26
 Arms granted to / Armes accordées à Yan J. K. Bolduc
(https://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2021/2021-12-11/html/gh-rg-fra.html & https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/3329)
[Artist: Debra MacGarvie, helmet and mantle by Garreth Silverthane, edited and colored by YJKB.]
[Artiste : Debra MacGarvie, heaume et lambrequin de Garreth Silverthane, édités et coloriés par YJKB.]

27
 Personal arms of / Armes personnelles de :

Kyle Bolduc Rachel Bolduc

Mina Bolduc

28
Standard / Étendard

Flag / Drapeau

29
 Badge / Insigne

Above: “stealth” fleur-de-lis concepts designed and illustrated by Yan J.K. Bolduc, from July 5th 2019.
Ci-dessus : conceptions de fleurs de lys « furtives », conçues et illustrées par Yan J.K. Bolduc depuis le 5 juillet 2019.
30
 Creative ideas / Idées créatives :

Flag (variant) / Drapeau (variante)

Patches / Écussons Seal / Sceau

Inspired from the manuscript / Inspiré du manuscrit :

A Display of Heraldrie, John Guillim, 1611 (p. 62)
(https://books.google.com/books?id=LbxWXIFDr30C)
(16 Oct 2020)
31
Canada
Régistre 1er
V° 7
P° 342

PAR ORDONNANCE RENDUE

le 29 è m e du mois de Juillet de l’an 2019. par
M r s les Commiſſaires Généraux du Con ſeil
députés ſur le fait des Armoiries.
Celles de Yan J. Kevin BOLDUC, retraité de l’Armée de
l’Air Américaine, vétéran de guerre des opérations Bouclier/
Tempête du Désert ainsi qu’instructeur pour le Commande-
ment de l’Éducation et de la Formation Aérienne (AETC)
des États-Unis d’Amérique.
T elles qu’elles ſont ici peintes & figurées après avoir été
reçuë, ont été enrègitrées à l’Armorial Général, dans le Ré-
gitre cotté Canada en conſéquence du payement des droits
réglés par les T arif & Arreſt du Conſeil, du 20e de Novembre
de l’an 1696 . en foi dequoi , le préſent Brèvet a été délivré
par Nous CHARLES D’HOZIER, Conſeiller du ROI, &
Garde de l’Armorial Général de France, &c. A Paris le
15 ème du mois d e Mars de l’an 2021.

32
(Petite idée amusante pour rendre hommage.)

33
34
 Dictionnaire des couleurs de notre temps
Dictionary of the Colors of Our Time
Michel Pastoureau, 2004
(Liberal translation using Google Translate by Yan J.K. Bolduc)

Héraldique / Heraldry (pp. 118-123)

Née au XIIe siècle, l’héraldique apparaît comme le grand système de la couleur créé par la culture occidentale.
Contrairement à la plupart des autres usages sociaux des couleurs, le blason envisage celles-ci comme des catégories
pures. Pour ce faire, il s’appuie dès l’origine sur la notion - à bien des égards déjà extrêmement moderne - de couleur
unie, c’est-à-dire non pas sur la couleur elle-même mais sur l’imaginaire de la couleur. De ce fait, en héraldique, la
frontière est toujours floue qui sépare l’emblème du symbole, et parler des couleurs héraldiques, qu’elles appartiennent
en propre au blason ou bien à tous les codes qui en découlent (drapeaux, uniformes, code de la route, emblèmes sportifs,
étiquettes et logos de toutes natures), conduit nécessairement à parler de la symbolique des couleurs.
Originating in the 12th century, heraldry appears as the great color system created by Western culture. Unlike most
other social uses of colors, coats of arms treat colors as distinct categories. In order to achieve this, the basis relied
upon from the outset is on the notion - in many respects already extremely modern - of a unified coloring system, that
is to say not on the color itself but on the vision the color entails. As a result, in heraldry, what separates the emblem
from the symbol is always hazy, and speaking of heraldic colors, whether they belong per-se to the coat of arms itself
or to all the codes that are derived from them (flags, uniforms, code of the road, sports emblems, labels and logos of all
kinds), necessarily leads to a talk about the symbolism of colors.
1. Apparues au milieu du XIIe siècle pour des raisons militaires - reconnaître les combattants sur les champs de
bataille et de tournoi - les armoiries peuvent se définir comme des emblèmes en couleurs, propres à un individu ou à
un groupe d’individus et soumis dans leur composition à certaines règles qui sont celles du blason. C’est
essentiellement l’existence de ces règles, peu nombreuses mais fortement prescriptives, qui différencie le système
héraldique européen de tous les autres systèmes emblématiques, antérieurs ou postérieurs.
1. Coats of arms appeared in the middle of the 12th century for military purposes - to recognize combatants on the
battle and tournament fields - and can be defined as colored emblems, specific to an individual or a group of individuals
and controlled in their composition to certain rules which are those of blazoning. It is essentially the existence of these
blazoning rules, few in number but strongly prescriptive, which differentiates the European heraldic system from all
other emblematic systems, earlier or later on.
La diffusion des armoiries fut extrêmement rapide, tant dans l’espace géographique que dans l’espace social, et leur
emploi s’est de bonne heure démilitarisé. Vers 1350, on peut admettre que l’ensemble de la société occidentale, y
compris la classe paysanne, en fait usage. Rien n’interdit à personne d’adopter l’armoirie de son choix, à la seule
condition de ne pas usurper celle d’autrui. Le système héraldique, dont la phase classique se situe grossièrement entre
1230 et 1380, est alors à son apogée. Tout à la fois signes d’identité, marques de possession et ornements décoratifs,
les armoiries prennent place sur des supports de toutes sortes : vêtements militaires et civils, bâtiments et monuments,
meubles et étoffes, livres, documents officiels, sceaux, monnaies, objets d’art et objets de la vie quotidienne. À partir
du milieu du XIIIe siècle, les églises deviennent elles-mêmes de véritables musées héraldiques : on y trouve des
armoiries sur les sols, sur les murs, sur les plafonds, sur les tombeaux, sur les vitraux, sur les objets et les vêtements du
culte. De ce fait, ces armoiries sont offertes à la contemplation du plus grand nombre (avec toutes les médiations et
dérives sémantiques que cela implique). L’armoirie est une image qui est faite pour être vue et qui est vue.
The spread of coats of arms was extremely rapid, both geographically and socially, and their use was demilitarized
early on. Around 1350, we can assume that the whole of Western society, including the peasant class, made use of
them. Nothing prohibits anyone from adopting a coat of arms of their choice, on the sole condition of not usurping that
of others. The heraldic system, whose classical phase is roughly between 1230 and 1380, is then at its peak. Whether
used as signs of identity, marks of possession or decorative ornaments, the coat of arms takes place on supports of all
kinds: military and civilian clothing, buildings and monuments, furniture and fabrics, books, official documents, seals,
currencies, objects of art and everyday objects. From the middle of the 13th century, churches themselves became
veritable heraldic museums: there are coats of arms on the floors, on the walls, on the ceilings, on tombs, on stained
glass windows, on objects and clothing of worship. As a result, these coats of arms are offered to the contemplation of
the masses (with all the mediations and semantic variations that this implies). The coat of arms is an image that is made
to be seen and looked at.
35
 À partir du XVe siècle, la place des armoiries dans la vie quotidienne et la civilisation matérielle devient
envahissante. Innombrables sont partout en Europe occidentale les objets, les monuments et les documents qui en sont
ornés et à qui elles apportent ce faisant un « état civil ». Bien souvent, en effet, les armoiries sont aujourd’hui le seul
élément dont nous disposions pour situer ces objets et ces monuments dans l’espace et dans le temps, pour en retrouver
les commanditaires ou les possesseurs successifs, pour en retracer l’histoire et les vicissitudes. Un moment en déclin
dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle, l’héraldique occidentale est régénérée par l’art baroque qui prolonge son
existence de deux siècles. Aujourd’hui, même si elle est encore vivante dans quelques pays (l’Angleterre, l’Écosse, la
Suisse), l’héraldique est surtout remarquable par les nombreux codes qui en sont issus et qui régissent toute notre
symbolique sociale, depuis les drapeaux et les uniformes jusqu’aux étiquettes des bouteilles de vin ou des boîtes de
fromage, en passant par les logotypes des partis politiques et les maillots des clubs de football.
From the 15th century, the status of coats of arms in daily life and material civilization becomes invasive. Objects,
monuments and documents that are adorned with them are everywhere in Western Europe and with this, they bring
about a so-called “civil status”. Very often, in fact, coats of arms are today the only element at our disposal to locate
these objects and monuments in space and time, to find their patrons or successive owners, in order to retrace their
history and fate. In decline in the second half of the 16th century, Western heraldry was regenerated by Baroque art
which extended its existence by two centuries. Today, even if it is still alive in a few countries (England, Scotland,
Switzerland), heraldry is above all remarkable for the numerous codes which have come from it and which govern all
our social symbolism, from flags and uniforms to the labels of beer bottles or cookie boxes, passing through the logos
of political parties and the jerseys of football clubs.
2. L’héraldique n’utilise qu’un petit nombre de couleurs. Six existent dès l’origine : blanc (argent), jaune (or),
rouge (gueules), noir (sable), bleu (azur) et vert (sinople). Une septième, le pourpre, traduite par un gris plus ou moins
violacé, est apparue dans le courant du XIIIe siècle mais est toujours et partout restée d’un emploi très rare. Elle semble
n’exister que pour atteindre symboliquement le chiffre sept, celui de l’harmonie et de la plénitude des systèmes. La
grande originalité de ces couleurs est d’être absolues, presque immatérielles. Les nuances ne comptent pas. Pour
exprimer en peinture le rouge des armoiries de la ville de Florence ou le bleu de celles du roi de France, par exemple,
les artistes sont totalement libres de choisir les nuances qui leur plaisent et de les adapter au support sur lequel ils
travaillent. Le rouge peut être carmin, grenat, sang, vermillon ou même rose, ocre ou orange, cela n’a aucune
importance ni aucune signification. C’est un rouge conceptuel. Même chose avec le bleu du roi capétien : il peut être
aussi bien bleu ciel que bleu outremer sans rien perdre de ses dimensions héraldique et symbolique. Au reste, dans la
langue française du blason, l’emploi de termes spécifiques, parfois très éloignés de ceux de la langue ordinaire (gueules,
sable, sinople), souligne nettement ce caractère abstrait des couleurs.
2. Heraldry uses only a small number of colors. Six existed from the outset: white (argent), yellow (or), red (gules),
black (sable), blue (azure) and green (vert). A seventh, purpure, translated by a more or less purplish grey, appeared
in the course of the 13th century but has always, and everywhere remained, very rare in use. This color seems to exist
only to symbolically reach the number seven, for the harmony and completeness of their studies. The true purpose for
these colors is to be an absolute, an almost immaterial color. Shades don’t matter. To express in painting the red of
the coat of arms of the city of Florence or the blue of those of the King of France, for example, the artists are totally
free to choose the shades they like and to adapt them to the support on which they work. Red can be carmine, garnet,
blood, vermilion or even pink, ocher or orange, the shade has no importance or meaning. It is a conceptual red. Same
thing with the blue of the Capetian king: it can be either sky blue or ultramarine blue without losing any of its heraldic
and symbolic dimensions. Moreover, in the French language of the coat of arms, the use of specific terms, sometimes
very different from those of the ordinary language (gueules, sable, sinople), clearly underlines this abstract character
of the colors.
Pour l’historien des armoiries cela représente un atout considérable par rapport aux autres systèmes de la couleur,
particulièrement les images. Ici non seulement les nuances ne comptent pas, mais le chercheur peut également évacuer
toutes les difficultés liées aux réactions chimiques et aux effets du temps sur la plupart des documents (salissure ou
pâlissement des tons, oxydation de certaines teintes, etc.). En outre, le caractère absolu des couleurs du blason l’autorise
à pratiquer des statistiques de toutes natures sur leur fréquence, leur rareté ou leurs combinaisons dans les armoiries
d’une époque, d’une région, d’une classe ou catégorie sociale. Les résultats obtenus peuvent être cartographiés, mis
en tableau, comparés à d’autres domaines de la vie sociale où la couleur est aussi fortement sollicitée. Dans la longue
durée, par exemple, ces statistiques sur la fréquence des couleurs héraldiques mettent bien en évidence la montée
progressive et continue de la couleur bleue entre le XIIe et le XVIIIe siècle. Rare à l’origine, l’azur héraldique émerge
36
au XIIIe siècle, fait concurrence au gueules (rouge) à la fin du Moyen Âge et au début des Temps Modernes, puis
devient définitivement la première des couleurs du blason en Italie, en France et en Angleterre à partir du milieu du
XVIIe siècle. Envisagée isolément, l’histoire chiffrée de cet azur héraldique (ou de toute autre couleur) reste
évidemment anecdotique. Mais comparée à d’autres champs de l’histoire sociale (le vêtement, l’habitat, le lexique),
elle prend une forte valeur documentaire. Et ce qui vaut pour la durée vaut également pour l’espace géographique et
pour l’espace social. L’étude des fréquences et des raretés des couleurs dans les armoiries peut apporter à l’historien
un matériel chiffré pour poser les premiers fondements d’une histoire du goût des populations européennes en matière
de couleurs, histoire dont les enjeux culturels et idéologiques sont à tous égards considérables.
For the historian of coats of arms, this represents a considerable advantage over other color systems, particularly
images. Here not only are the nuances irrelevant, but the researcher can also avoid all the difficulties linked to chemical
reactions and the effects of time on most documents (soiling or fading of tones, oxidation of certain colors, etc.). In
addition, the absolute nature of the colors of the coat of arms authorizes the historian to practice statistics of all kinds
on their frequency, their rarity or their combinations in the coat of arms of an era, a region, a class or social category.
The results obtained can be mapped, tabulated, compared to other areas of social life where color is also strongly
solicited. In the long term, for example, these statistics on the frequency of heraldic colors clearly highlight the gradual
and continuous rise of the color blue between the 12th and 18th centuries. Originally rare, heraldic azure emerged in
the 13th century, competed with gules (red) at the end of the Middle Ages and at the beginning of Modern Times, then
definitively became the first of the colors of the coat of arms in Italy, France and in England from the mid-seventeenth
century. Considered in isolation, the encrypted history of this heraldic azure (or any other color) obviously remains
anecdotal. But compared to other fields of social history (clothing, habitat, lexicon), it takes on a strong documentary
value. And what is valid for duration is also valid for geographical space and social space. The study of the frequencies
and rarities of colors in coats of arms can provide the historian with quantified material to lay the first foundations of a
history of the taste of European populations in terms of colors, a history whose cultural and ideological issues are to be
in all respects considerable.
3. Une autre grande originalité du système héraldique réside dans la règle qui organise l’emploi des couleurs.
Celles-ci ne peuvent pas s’associer n’importe comment à l’intérieur de l’armoirie. Au contraire, elles obéissent à une
combinatoire rigoureuse. L’héraldique en effet répartit ses sept couleurs en deux groupes ; dans le premier elle range
(j’emploie pour simplifier les termes du vocabulaire ordinaire) le blanc et le jaune ; dans le second, le rouge, le bleu, le
noir, le vert et le pourpre. La règle d’emploi des couleurs interdit de superposer ou de juxtaposer deux couleurs
appartenant au même groupe. Prenons l’exemple d’une armoirie dont la figure est un lion : si le champ est rouge, le
lion placé sur ce champ pourra être blanc ou jaune mais pas bleu, ni noir, ni vert, ni pourpre. Inversement, si le champ
est blanc, le lion pourra être rouge, bleu, vert ou pourpre mais pas jaune. Cette règle fortement contraignante existe
dès l’apparition des armoiries au milieu du XIIe siècle et a toujours et partout été respectée. Elle constitue le principal
élément syntaxique à l’intérieur du système héraldique et, débordant ce dernier dès le XIIIe siècle, elle a exercé une
influence considérable et multiforme sur la plupart des autres pratiques emblématiques de la couleur au sein des sociétés
européennes, du Moyen Âge à nos jours. Pour certaines associations de couleurs - par exemple le bleu et le noir, ou le
noir et le vert -, l’héraldique occidentale a fait preuve d’impérialisme et étendu ses interdits au plus profond de la
sensibilité européenne, y compris dans ses expressions artistiques et esthétiques.
3. Another great originality of the heraldic system lies in the rule which organizes the use of colors. These cannot
be associated just anyhow inside the coat of arms. On the contrary, they obey rigorous restrictions. Heraldry, in fact,
divides its seven colors into two groups; in the first rank (I am using the terms of ordinary vocabulary to simplify) white
and yellow; in the second, red, blue, black, green and purple. The rules for the use of colors prohibit superimposing or
juxtaposing two colors belonging to the same group. Take the example of a coat of arms whose figure is a lion: if the
field is red, the lion placed on this field may be white or yellow but not blue, black, green or purple. Conversely, if the
field is white, the lion may be red, blue, green or purple, but not yellow. This highly restrictive rule has existed since
the appearance of coats of arms in the middle of the 12th century and has always and everywhere been respected. It
constitutes the main syntactic element within the heraldic system and, already since the latter 13th century, has exerted
a considerable and multifaceted influence on most of the other emblematic practices of color within European societies,
from the Middle Ages onward to the present days. For certain combinations of colors - for example blue and black, or
black and green - Western heraldry has shown its influence and extended its prohibitions to the depths of European
sensibility, including in its artistic expressions and aesthetic.

37
 C’est dans l’univers des drapeaux que cette influence dominante du blason s’observe le mieux. Leur émergence a
été lente et complexe, mais jusqu’au XIXe siècle elle a presque toujours été liée à l’évolution des usages héraldiques.
Dans la plupart des pays d’Europe, l’emblématique vexillaire est progressivement passée du niveau familial au niveau
dynastique, puis du dynastique au monarchique et du monarchique à l’étatique, enfin de l’étatique au national. Il est
regrettable que l’histoire des drapeaux ait jusqu’à présent été abandonnée aux amateurs d’insignes et aux
collectionneurs de militaria.
It is in the world of flags that this dominant influence of the coat of arms is best observed. This emergence was slow
and complex, but until the 19th century it was almost always linked to the evolution of heraldic uses. In most European
countries, the emblematic vexillary gradually passed from the family level to the dynastic level, then from the dynastic
to the monarchical and from the monarchical to the state, finally from the state to the national. It is unfortunate that
the history of flags has so far been left to insignia enthusiasts and militaria collectors.
Ce qui est vrai des drapeaux l’est aussi des vêtements emblématiques, des uniformes et des insignes de toutes
espèces. Partout l’empreinte de l’héraldique a été et reste profonde et durable. Ici encore il faut regretter le désintérêt
des historiens pour de tels objets. Les livrées, les tenues domestiques et professionnelles, les vêtements juridiques et
universitaires, les costumes monastiques et liturgiques, les uniformes militaires, les maillots des sportifs, les casaques
des jockeys, tous ont une histoire, inséparable de celle des pratiques emblématiques de la couleur ; elle doit être inscrite
dans la longue durée. Parfois, l’ancienneté ne se situe pas où on l’attendrait. Sait-on par exemple que les tartans
écossais ne sont par antérieurs au XVIIIe siècle, ou que l’usage des couleurs liturgiques ne fut définitivement codifié
qu’en 1834 ? Alors que les couleurs des maillots de certains clubs de football ont une origine qui se situe parfois bien
en amont, dans les armoiries médiévales de telle ou telle ville, famille ou principauté. L’emblématique sportive -
comme l’emblématique politique - est toujours extrêmement riche pour l’étude des codes et des fonctionnements de la
couleur.
What is true of flags is also true of emblematic clothing, uniforms and insignia of all kinds. Everywhere, the imprint
of heraldry has been and remains deep and lasting. Here again we must regret the disinterest of historians for such
objects. Liveries, domestic and professional uniforms, legal and university vestments, monastic and liturgical
vestments, military uniforms, sportsmen’s jerseys, jockeys’ gowns, all have a history, inseparable from that of the
emblematic practices of color; it must be recorded for the long term. Sometimes seniority is not where you would
expect it to be. Do we know, for example, that Scottish tartans are not prior to the 18th century, or that the use of
liturgical colors was not definitively codified until 1834? While the colors of the shirts of certain football clubs have
an origin which is sometimes located well in the past in medieval coat of arms of such and such a city, family or
principality. The sporting emblem - like the political emblem - is always extremely rich for the study of the coding and
workings of color.

Vert / Green (pp. 219-222)

Offrir une émeraude, porter une robe pistache, tendre ses murs de vert olive ou rouler dans une voiture épinard sont des
actes qui ne vont pas de soi et que l’on hésite parfois à commettre. Par pure superstition. La couleur verte est en effet
censée porter malheur. Mieux vaut donc ne pas s’en vêtir ni s’y abriter !
Offering an emerald, wearing a pistachio dress, painting the walls in olive green or driving in a spinach colored car are
acts that are not self-evident and that we sometimes hesitate to commit. Out of sheer superstition. The color green is
supposed to bring bad luck. It is therefore better not to wear it or take shelter in it!
Cette mauvaise réputation, que les bijoutiers et les couturiers connaissent bien car elle est surtout le fait des femmes,
est ancienne. Au Moyen Âge déjà, le vert passait pour maléfique, parce qu’il était la couleur du Diable. On évitait de
l’afficher sur soi (d’où sa rareté dans le vêtement et dans les armoiries).
This bad reputation, which jewelers and fashion designers know well because it is mainly due to women, is old.
Already in the Middle Ages, green was considered evil, because it was the color of the Devil. We avoided displaying
it on ourselves (hence its rarity in clothing and in coats of arms).
Toutefois, à regarder de plus près l’histoire symbolique du vert dans la culture occidentale, on constate que cette
couleur n’est pas tant celle du mal ou du malheur que celle du Destin. Elle est ambivalente : c’est tout à la fois la
couleur de la fortune et de l’infortune, de la chance et de la malchance. D’où ses attaches avec les circonstances et les
rituels où le hasard intervient. Les tables de jeu sont vertes (depuis le XVIIIe siècle au moins) comme sont verts la
plupart des terrains de sport, et comme à l’époque féodale était déjà vert le pré sur lequel se déroulaient les duels ou les
ordalies décidant du sort d’un accusé. Qu’il s’agisse de l’herbe du pré, de la feutrine des tables de roulette ou de
38
baccara, du bois des tables de ping-pong ou de la pelouse des terrains de football, la surface où se joue le destin des
compétiteurs reste partout associée à la couleur verte. De même, c’est sur le « tapis vert » des conseils d’administration
que s’arbitre et se négocie aujourd’hui le sort d’individus ou de populations de toutes natures. Avec le vert, « les jeux
sont faits », et ces jeux ont parfois des enjeux considérables.
However, if we take a closer look at the symbolic history of green in Western culture, we see that this color is not
so much that of evil or misfortune as that of Destiny. It is ambivalent: it is both the color of fortune and misfortune, of
good luck and bad luck. Hence its ties with circumstances and rituals where chance intervenes. Gaming tables have
been green (since at least the 18th century) as are most sports grounds, and as in feudal times the meadow was already
green on which duels or ordeals decided the fate of accused. Whether it is the grass of the meadow, the felt of the
roulette or baccarat tables, the wood of the ping-pong tables or the lawn of the football pitches, the surface where the
destiny of the competitors is played remains everywhere associated with the color green. Similarly, it is on the “tapis
vert” (“green carpet”, French expression meaning table around which people gather to discuss, to negotiate) of boards
of directors that the fate of individuals or populations of all kinds is arbitrated and negotiated today. With green, “the
chips are down,” and those games sometimes have high stakes.
Il est permis de s’interroger sur les raisons et les origines d’une telle symbolique. Pourquoi le vert est-il si
étroitement, et depuis si longtemps, lié à l’idée de sort, de hasard, de chance, de risque et de fatalité ? Pourquoi est-il
prioritairement la couleur de ce qui est instable, de ce qui change, de ce que l’on désire ardemment mais qui se révèle
aléatoire ou éphémère : la jeunesse, le jeu, l’amour, l’espérance, l’argent même (pensons ici au fameux billet vert) ?
Existe-t-il un lien entre l’instabilité pigmentaire de cette couleur - que la chimie occidentale des teintures et des
peintures a longtemps eu du mal à fixer sur la plupart des supports - et sa fonction symbolique ? Tenter de répondre à
cette question, c’est poser l’immense problème des rapports que la technique entretient avec l’idéologie au sein d’une
société donnée. La symbolique des couleurs est-elle fille de la chimie des colorants ? Ou bien les progrès de la chimie
dépendent-ils de la mutation des symboles ?
It is permissible to wonder about the reasons and origins of such symbolism. Why is green so closely, and for so
long, linked to the idea of fate, chance, luck, risk and fatality? Why is it primarily the color of that which is unstable,
which changes, of what we ardently desire but which turns out to be random or ephemeral: youth, games, love, hope,
even money (think here of the famous green bill [U.S. dollar])? Is there a link between the pigmentary instability of
this color - which the Western chemistry of dyes and paints has long struggled to fix on most supports - and its symbolic
function? To attempt to answer this question is to pose the immense problem of the relationship that technology
maintains with ideology within a given society. Is the symbolism of colors a daughter of the chemistry of dyes? Or
does the progress of chemistry depend on the mutation of symbols?
Voici comment pourrait se présenter un tableau résumant les différentes fonctions et significations de la couleur
verte dans la culture occidentale, telles qu’elles sont évoquées dans les notices du présent dictionnaire :
Here is how a table summarizing the different functions and meanings of the color green in Western culture could
look, as they are mentioned in the entries of this dictionary:
1. Couleur du destin, de la chance et de la malchance, de la fortune, de l’argent, du hasard, de l’espérance :
1. Color of fate, luck and bad luck, fortune, money, chance, hope:
• L’émeraude qui porte bonheur ou malheur.
• The emerald that brings good luck or bad luck.
• Le dollar, billet vert, symbole de l’argent et de la réussite.
• The dollar, the green bill, symbol of money and success.
• Les tapis des jeux de cartes et des jeux de casinos ; la langue verte, qui est à l’origine celle des joueurs de cartes.
• Carpets for card and casino tables; the green tongue, a card player’s secret language.
• La superstition qui entoure la couleur verte : femmes qui ne porteraient jamais une robe verte (ou une émeraude) ; comédiens
qui ne veulent pas jouer en vert.
• The superstition surrounding the color green: women who would never wear a green (or emerald) dress; comedians who don’t
want to play in green.
• Tapis verts des conseils d’administration.
• Boardroom green carpets.
2. Couleur de la nature, de l’écologie, de l’hygiène, de la santé, de la fraîcheur :
2. Color of nature, ecology, hygiene, health, freshness:
• Les végétaux, les légumes verts, la diététique.
• Plants, green vegetables, dietetics.

39
• La campagne, se mettre au vert.
• The countryside, going green.
• La chasse, les tenues de chasse.
• Hunting, hunting outfits.
• Les espaces verts, les poumons verts en milieu urbain.
• Green spaces, green lungs in urban areas.
• L’écologie, le mouvement des Verts dans tous les pays, Greenpeace, etc.
• Ecology, the Green movement in all countries, Greenpeace, etc.
• La chlorophylle, les bonbons à la menthe (fraîcheur dans la bouche).
• Chlorophyll, mints (freshness in the mouth).
• Les croix vertes des pharmacies (en France ; en Italie elles sont rouges !).
• The green crosses of pharmacies (in France; in Italy they are red!).
• Le lien historique entre couleur verte et médecine (parce que pendant des siècles toutes les médications sont à base de plantes).
• The historical link between green color and medicine (because for centuries all medications were herbal).
• Hygiène publique : poubelles, bennes à ordures, sacs poubelles de couleur verte.
• Public hygiene: garbage cans, dumpsters, green garbage bags.
• Le vert couleur calmante : on peint de vert les murs des écoles, des bureaux, des casernes.
• The soothing color green: the walls of schools, offices and barracks are painted green.
3. Couleur de la jeunesse, de la sève qui monte, du libertinage :
3. Color of youth, rising sap, free spirited:
• Vert couleur de la jeunesse (depuis le XIIIe siècle au moins).
• Green color of youth (since the thirteenth century at least).
• Rester vert, « être un vieillard encore vert ».
• Staying green, “being an old man who is still green”.
• Vert couleur de l’amour infidèle (par opposition au bleu couleur de l’amour fidèle) et du libertinage : un vert galant.
• Green color of unfaithful love (as opposed to blue color of faithful love) and licentiousness: a gallant green.
• Vert couleur du désordre, de la transgression.
• Green, the color of disorder, of transgression.
• Vert couleur de la folie (en association avec le jaune).
• Green color of madness (in association with yellow).
4. Couleur de la permission, de la liberté :
4. Color of permission, freedom:
• Feux tricolores : le vert opposé au rouge, couleur de l’interdiction de passer, devient la couleur de l’autorisation ; « donner son
feu vert ».
• Traffic lights: green opposed to red, color of the prohibition to pass, becomes the color of authorization; “give one’s green
light”.
• Couleur de la liberté, car couleur et de la nature et de la jeunesse.
• Color of freedom, because color and nature and youth.
5. Couleur du Diable et de l’étrange :
5. Color of the Devil and the strange:
• Couleur du Diable depuis le XIIIe siècle au moins.
• Color of the Devil since the 13th century at least.
• Couleur symbolique de l’Islam (Mahomet portait étendard et turban verts).
• Symbolic color of Islam (Mahomet wore a green standard and turban).
• Couleur de ce qui est étrange et inquiétant : petits hommes verts, martiens.
• Color of what is strange and disturbing: little green men, Martians.
6. Couleur acide, qui pique et empoisonne :
6. Acid color, which stings and poisons:
• La couleur du poison (giftgrün en allemand désigne un vert-jaune).
• The color of poison (giftgrün in German designates a green-yellow [decay, rotten flesh]).
• Pomme verte.
• Green apple.
• Acides.
• Acids.

40

(Source: https://books.google.com/books?id=6z1kuj40sh0C)
[Notes in brackets are from Yan J.K. Bolduc.]
CHAPTER XXV
AMERICAN HERALDRY
(pp. 317-325)
Many people imagine—and none are more loud in the assertion than
Americans themselves—that in the great Western Republic the species
of gentilitial registration denominated Heraldry is uncared for. This,
however, is far from being the fact. Even amongst the partisans of
political equality there is a large majority anxious to exhibit their
individual superiority. In proof of which, I may mention that a
gentleman connected with the College of Heralds recently informed me
that the fees received from America constitute one of the most important
sources of the revenue of that Institution.
The Aristocracy of America derives its origin principally from three
sources: from the Knickerbocker Families of New York—the VAN
BURENS, the STUYVESANTS, the VAN CAMPENS, the RENSELLAERS, the
VAN DAMS; from the Cavaliers who founded the Colony of Virginia—
the BEVERLEYS, the FAIRFAXES, the HARRISONS, the SEDDONS, the
BERKELEYS; and from the Puritans of New England—the APPLETONS,
the WINTHROPS, the RICHMONDS, the LATHROPS, the CHAUNCYS, the
WADES, the FOSTERS, &c. It is no matter of surprise that Americans,
particularly those of the Eastern States, with all their veneration for
Republican principles, should be desirous of tracing their origin to the
early settlers, and of proving their descent from those single-hearted,
God-fearing men who sought in a foreign land that religious liberty
which was denied them at home. True, that when they landed in
America they shot down the natives, and took forcible possession of
their land, without remorse. That, however, was simply a matter of
detail, and is still the inevitable consequence whenever strength and
civilisation are opposed to weakness and barbarism. Æsop's Wolf and
the Lamb is a Parable, not a Fable.
It should be remembered, moreover, that the early Colonists of New
England were, with but few exceptions, men of family; for, in those
days, a large sum of money was required to equip a vessel for a long
voyage, and provide the means of subsistence when they were arrived
at their destination.
41
 At the same time, it must not be forgotten that during the Sixteenth
and Seventeenth Centuries many persons were ‘deported’ to the
Colonies on political grounds, nominally as labourers, but really as
slaves. Many of these, however, may have been of good families,
though reduced in circumstances by their adherence to the losing cause,
whether of politics or religion. It is a matter of much difficulty to trace
the connection of such emigrants with their English paternal stem. [This
paragraph was added in the fourth edition.]
It is curious to note, amidst the simplicity of the Puritans’ lives,—a
simplicity which has passed into a proverb,—the tenacity with which
they clung to certain Old-World customs. Their Seals, probably brought
from England, and much of their Plate, were engraved with their Arms;
and the same, with the addition of the title Armiger, are inscribed on
many of their tombstones.
Not the least commendable characteristic of the Pilgrim Fathers was
the scrupulous accuracy with which they recorded the births and
marriages of their children. These documents were carried down to the
period of the Revolution, when, for about twenty years, their continuity
was somewhat broken. But when the Republic was firmly established,
and order once more obtained, the records were continued, though under
different auspices. Thus it follows that, if a descendant of the early
settlers can trace his ancestry as far back as the middle of the Eighteenth
Century, there is seldom much difficulty in clearly determining to what
English Family he is allied.
Unfortunately, there is not in the United States of America any
Institution analogous to our College of Heralds [Still, to this day.]; the
consequence is, there are probably more Assumptive Arms borne in that
country than anywhere else. Nor are the bearers of such Arms to be so
much blamed as the unscrupulous self-styled Heralds who supply them.
The advertising London tradesmen who profess to find Arms are for the
most part less anxious to give themselves the trouble of examining the
requisite documents,—even if they possess the necessary ability to do
so, which many certainly do not,—than they are of securing the fee. If,
therefore, they cannot readily find in the printed pages of Burke, they do
not hesitate to draw from the depths of their imagination. Many
American gentlemen consequently engrave their Plate, and adorn the
panels of their carriages, with heraldic insignia to which they have no
right whatever: and this, too, though they may have an hereditary claim
to Arms as ancient and honourable as those of a Talbot or a Hastings.
Nor have native professors of the science been behindhand in
distributing their worthless favours. The names of Thomas Johnson,
John Coles, and Nathaniel Hurd, are notorious in New England as those
of manufacturers of fictitious Arms and Pedigrees; and in New York at
the present day are many self-styled Heralds who, having failed in
honest trades, have fallen to Pedigree-making, as they might have to
Fortune-telling, to make a living.
So, too, with regard to their Corporate Heraldry: it is much to be
regretted that no competent authority should have taken cognisance of
the Arms borne by the individual States. The National Arms are at once
dignified and eloquent: An Eagle with wings displayed, holding in its
dexter claw a sheaf of Arrows, and in its sinister a Thunderbolt, all
proper; on the breast a Shield argent, charged with six Pallets gules
(constituting the thirteen original States, i.e. seven white and six red);
on a Chief azure, forty-four Stars of the first (the present number).
Motto: E pluribus unum. The Flag is equally well conceived: in this,
the Pallets are Barrulets, and for the Chief is substituted a Canton, on
which are as many Stars as there are States. But what shall be said of
the Devices assumed by the separate States? Old Guillim himself would
have been sorely puzzled had he seen the following blazon of the Arms
of KANSAS:
Two Ox-teams and Wagons, between a Man ploughing in sinister
foreground, and Indians hunting Buffaloes in dexter middle-distance;
42
on sinister, a River and double-funnelled, hurricane-decked Steamer: these have already become in some degree historical, it may be
behind Mountains in distance, the Sun rising; on sky, in half circle, interesting to mention them. All the Tinctures are supposed to be
thirty-seven [sic] Stars, all proper. Motto: Ad Astra per aspera. proper.

I confess myself utterly unable to do justice to a verbal blazon of the NEW YORK:
Arms of OREGON. Perhaps the following will give some idea of this
heraldic curiosity:

From behind a Mountain, the rising Sun. Crest: An Eagle with wings
addorsed, holding in its dexter claw a Ball. Supporters: Dexter: Justice
On a Fess, the words, THE UNION; in Chief a Landscape, an Ox-wagon,
holding in her dexter hand a Fasces, and in her sinister hand a Rod;
a Deer, Trees, Mountains, and Prairie; in distance, the Sea, thereon a
Sinister: Liberty holding in her sinister hand a Staff, on the top of which
sailing Ship and a Steamer: in base, a Plough, Rake, Scythe, Garbs,
a Cap of Liberty. Motto: Excelsior.
&c.—which I may venture to blazon as, All any how.

The Devices of the thirteen original States approach much nearer to

the standard of true Heraldry; several, indeed, are unexceptionable. As

43
 CONNECTICUT: MASSACHUSETTS:

Three Apple-trees, two and one. Motto: Qui transtulit, sustinet. An Indian holding in his dexter hand a Bow, and in his sinister hand an
Arrow: in dexter chief, an Étoile. Crest: A Cubit Arm grasping in the
hand a Sword. Motto: Ense petit pacem, sub libertate quietem.

44
 RHODE ISLAND: NEW HAMPSHIRE:

Flotant erect on waves of the Sea, a Shield charged with an Anchor, A Ship on the Stocks; on the horizon, at sinister side, the Sun in
flukes in base, from the ring a Cable pendent. Motto: Hope. splendour.

45
 NEW JERSEY: PENNSYLVANIA:

Three Ploughs in pale. Crest: A Nag’s head couped. Supporters: Per fess azure and vert; on a Fess or, between a Ship in full sail on
Dexter: Liberty, holding in her dexter hand a Wand, on the top thereof waves, proper, in chief, and three Garbs of the third in base, a Plough
a Phrygian Cap; Sinister : Plenty, holding in her sinister hand a of the fourth. Crest: An Eagle rising. Supporters: Two Horses
Cornucopia. caparisoned for draught, sable. Motto: Virtue, Liberty, Independence.

46
 DELAWARE:
Arg.; a Fess gules, between a Garb and ear of Maize in chief, proper;
and a Bull passant in base of the last. Supporters: Dexter: A Labourer
holding in his dexter hand a Rake, and in his sinister, as a Crest, a Ship.
Sinister: A Hunter habited in fur, holding in his dexter hand a Fowling-
piece. Motto: Liberty and Independence.
MARYLAND:
Quarterly: 1 and 4. Two Pallets, surmounted by a Bend; 2 and 3. A
Cross poommé. Crest: An Eagle with wings displayed. Supporters:
Dexter: A Husbandman holding in his dexter hand a Spade; Sinister: A
Fisherman holding in his sinister hand a Fish. Motto: Crescite et
multiplicamini.
47
 VIRGINIA: NORTH CAROLINA:

A female Figure in Roman armour holding in her dexter hand a Sword, On dexter side, Liberty seated; and on sinister, Plenty erect, reclining
point in base, and in her sinister hand a Spear, treading on a Dead Man her dexter arm on a Cornucopia, and holding in her sinister hand an
armed; lying on the ground, broken fetters. Motto: Sic semper Tyrannis. ear of Maize.

48
 SOUTH CAROLINA: GEORGIA:

Pendent from the branches of a Palm-tree, two Shields; in base, as many Three Caryatides, inscribed on bases, Moderation, Justice, and
sheaves of Arrows in saltire. Wisdom, supporting the front of a Grecian Temple; Tympanum
irradiated; above, the word “Constitution”: in front, standing by sea-
shore, a Revolutionary Soldier armed.

49
 The foregoing blazons, though somewhat imperfect, are the best I can
give. Great want of uniformity occurs both in colouring and drawing
the various Arms. I have only given Heraldic Tinctures where the same
are well established.
Already an attempt has been made in America to restrain in some
measure the indiscriminate bearing of Arms. The question has been
raised in Congress whether it would not be advisable to compel all those
who use Arms to register them in the United Stales Court, and to pay an
annual tax for the same, as in England. It is also proposed to inscribe at
the bottom of the Shield the date when such Arms were first granted or
assumed; any infraction of the law to be punished by a fine. Wholesome
as this regulation would be in restraining the too general use of Arms, it
falls short of what it should be; for, according to the proposed law, any
one will be at liberty to adopt whatever Arms he may please, provided
he pay his ten or twenty dollars a year. No provision is made for new
grants, or for examining the authenticity of alleged claims; it is simply
a device to increase the revenue of the country. Nevertheless, it is
calculated to be productive of much good, and is probably but the
precursor of a legally-established College of Heralds.
The following incident—which I believe actually occurred some
years ago—aptly illustrates the light in which Armorial Bearings are
regarded by many wealthy Americans. During the residence of our
Ambassador, Mr. Crampton, in Washington, a carriage which he
brought from England was sent to a carriage builder’s to be repaired.
Sometime afterwards, on Mr. Crampton going to the factory, he was
surprised to see several buggies, sulkies, and wagons, each bearing his
Arms. In astonishment, he turned to the attendant, and directing his
notice to the carriages in question, inquired if they were built for him.
“I reckon not, sir,” was the reply; “you see, when your carriage was
here, some of our citizens admired the pattern of your Arms, and
concluded to have them painted on their carriages too!”
During a recent visit to the United States I noticed many carriages
with Arms painted on their panels. Some of the Arms I knew to be
incorrect: at the same time, many other carriages, which bore a simple
Monogram, might with propriety have been emblazoned with Arms.
Americans are an eminently practical people; and inasmuch as there is
no competent authority to regulate the bearing of Arms, many who are
entitled to the distinction refuse to avail themselves of their prerogative.
The United States has many earnest and capable genealogists, but, as
far as I know—and I have taken pains to inform myself—there is
absolutely no professional worthy of the title. The New England
Historic Genealogical Society, and the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania, have done good and worthy service. Of W. H.
WHITMORE, and especially of JOHN WARD DEAN, both of Boston,
America may well be proud. In the same State of Massachusetts are
Henry FitzGilbert Waters, W. S. Appleton, Hon. R. C. Winthrop, J. R.
Rollins, Edward Russell, E. B. Crane, and others: nor should the name
of the late John Savage be omitted from the honourable list. The State
of New York can boast of Hon. Levi Parsons, James Gibson, George
Burnaby, and R. Woodward: in Connecticut are Ashbel Woodward, and
Charles A. White: and little Rhode Island has two worthy
representatives in Ira B. Peck, and John Osborne Austin. These, and
others whom I could mention, are earnest and honest workers in the
fields of historical research, but unfortunately they are not
professionals. The number of privately-printed Genealogies which
have been issued during the past few years conclusively shows that the
commendable pride of Ancestry has a great hold on Americans—as,
indeed, it has on anyone who values the reputation of his parents—and
that it would be a national boon if some incorruptible authority,
analogous to our College of Heralds, could be established among them.
I know J. W. Bouton, of 8 West 28th St., N. Y., Bookseller, to be a
capable man to advise with, but he is not, nor does he profess to be, a
Herald.
[Source of 1861 color seals: https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/60250]
50
 HERALDRY IN AMERICA.
BY EUGENE ZIEBER.
WITH OVER NINE HUNDRED AND FIFTY ILLUSTRATIONS.
PUBLISHED BY
THE DEPARTMENT OF HERALDRY OF
THE BAILEY, BANKS & BIDDLE COMPANY,
PHILADELPHIA.
1895.

(pp. 77-81)
RULES TO GOVERN HERALDRY IN AMERICA.

THE ENGLISH RULES PREFERRED.

It is not within the province of this book to dictate rules for the government of an American heraldry; that,
indeed, would be “assumptive and presumptive” in the superlative degree. But it may be permissible to make
such suggestions as will have a tendency to direct the attention of those interested to the necessity of some system
by which the bearing of arms in this country shall be regulated. The difficulty in formulating such a plan is
apparent.

In England the population is homogeneous, and therefore governed by a common heraldic rule; and so of
Germany, France, Russia, Italy, Spain, etc. But in the United States the population is heterogeneous and
composed of the descendants of English ancestors who settled throughout the country, of the patriotic French who
gave such valuable aid in establishing American independence, of the Dutch who settled along the Hudson, of
the Swedes and Danes upon the Delaware, of the Spaniards in Florida, and of Germans who came here about the
time of the Revolution. The living descendants of these early settlers are Americans, and we may presume that
they bear the arms of their ancestors exactly as such came into their possession.

It is very evident that, as the English rule has, in a measure, heretofore guided Americans of English descent,
they will not depart from it. It may be assumed that if an arms-bearing German takes up his residence here, he is
entitled to bear his devices according to the rule which established them. And it is very natural that if a
Frenchman, Italian, Spaniard, or Russian of long residence here should desire to trace his family arms and bear
them, he would do so in accordance with the heraldic rule of his own country, if he were to follow any rule at all.

This all forms a very good theory, but, like many other theories, it is not confirmed in practice. For there have
been in America no rules to follow; and it is certain that the rules of all nations cannot govern the heraldry of one.
The result of this absence of a general rule, and the assumption of arms ad libitum, places the heraldry of America
in practically the same position as the heraldry of the eleventh century, and for some time later, when no law or
order regulated the bearing of arms, and each man adopted such devices as best pleased his fancy, or copied from
others. This method naturally produced much confusion as the number of arms increased; the same devices were
borne by several knights, and the necessity of some regulation became apparent. Out of this chaotic condition of
affairs grew system and order only as nations adopted certain rules to regulate the use of arms and protect those
who were entitled to them. It is an indisputable fact that from the assumptive arms came many of the coats of
arms of the nobility of the Old World.

The question now arises, how can the bearing of arms be regulated in America? And it admits of the suggestion
that the English rules, which are clear, precise, and positive, should govern American heraldry as far as possible.
By this proposal it is intended to convey the idea that the peculiar conditions of the United States forbid a blind
following of the heraldic laws of any one country, and the bearing of arms here can only be governed by a general
knowledge of heraldry, an appreciation of circumstances, and the exercise of sound judgment and good taste in

51
the treatment of each individual case. Any treatment must be guided by certain laws, usages, and customs. For
example, let us say that the general rules of English heraldry shall fundamentally govern heraldic bearings in
America,—to this there will be the exceptions providing for due recognition of Continental arms, which should
be treated apart if necessary; but as far as possible they also should yield priority to English laws. Three reasons
are offered for this course:
1. It is agreed that the time has come, owing to the increasing popularity of heraldry and the consequent
much greater usage than heretofore, that some system should be established for guidance, if in any way possible;
otherwise chaos must still reign, the confusion increase, and the science fall into disrepute.
When rules conflict, some must yield. When Continental peculiarities can be simply engrafted without
conflict, that may be done; but it is apparent that in forming a system out of discordant elements something must
give way.
2. Probably ninety per cent, of the descendants of armiger ancestors in America are of British origin.
Majority rules!
3. Each of the original thirteen Colonies forming the American Union was at the time of the Revolution an
English possession, under English law as to ranks, degrees, titles, etc., and the heraldry was governed accordingly.
Of this ample proof exists. The original heraldic laws of this country were British, and there are today more
English, Scotch, and Irish arms borne here than those of all other nations combined. Our legal as well as our
blood ancestry is British, and we are in a manner required to recognize the fact. Of course the French and Spanish
colonists were under laws governing those nations; and in the Southwest and South they still have representatives
who undoubtedly will be glad to bear their arms as Americans,—rules once established,—for Americans they are.
Persons who have come into the country since its national origin ought not to change the fundamental principles.
The cases of such persons should be exceptional.

An example of the practical superiority of the English rule may be in place. The German rule, following
custom, that charges and crests may face dexter or sinister, which of course would result in the helmets facing
either way, might be adversely commented upon by the French; for, according to Palliot (1661), the French helmet
when borne alone and turned to the sinister is a mark of illegitimacy. The English in all cases turn their crests
and charges to the dexter. It is here that the adoption of the English rule is certainly preferable for American
application, for if crests and charges all face the dexter they will be in conformity with the heraldic laws most
approved by all nations, and thus be open to no justly unfavorable criticism.

The Germans permit color upon color. When it appears so in France it is excused by the term cousu (sewed
to); while the English follow the original idea of distinctness, and consider color on color a great fault, for it is
very confusing.

Then there are occasions where the English rule cannot affect the American arms, and we are thrown entirely
upon our own resources. In England the eldest son is the shining light, and a mark of cadency upon his coat of
arms so testifies. In America all sons are equal, and thus the rules of cadency can never be applied to the use of
arms in the United States, the marks of cadency here appearing in many instances as an integral part of the arms,
as a result of the custom of bearing arms and transmitting them as first brought to this country. In fact, the
constitutional abrogation and prohibition of the law of primogeniture has introduced into American heraldry a
factor little short of revolutionary.

The marshalling of arms by quartering is comparatively unknown in the United States, but in other countries it
is often faithfully executed, and thus preserves a record of marriages of the male line with heiresses or otherwise.
The correct marshalling of arms in America would be difficult and almost impossible (wholly impossible in some
instances), a difficulty due to the confusion caused by the occasional bearing of the paternal arms by the female
as well as by the male descendants.

For these reasons the following suggestions are offered, and it is hoped may not be amiss:

52
 1. Apply the English rules to heraldry in America whenever it is possible to do so, especially as to the
following:
2. Metal upon metal, color upon color, should be avoided.
3. All charges and crests should face the dexter.
4. Men should avoid the bearing of such helmets as designate technically a rank not possessed by them. The
use of the esquire’s helmet is permissible and advised.
5. Great care should be taken against the bearing of the coronet of an English duke, a French count, a German
prince, or other foreign nobleman. Coronets indicate the rank of the bearers. The crest coronet (ducal coronet)
is the exception.
6. For individual use omit supporters. If belonging to an ancestor they may be portrayed in an original copy
of his arms, but upon personal seals, plate, etc., they would be out of place, as they indicate a rank. In England,
with few exceptions, supporters are borne by peers, and inherited by the
eldest son only.
7. The garter decoration, which is peculiar to Knights of the Garter, around arms, should not be used by those
not members of that Order.
8. Retain original marks of cadency if desired, in cases where they have been borne in the family arms for
several generations, and thus have practically become part of the arms.
9. A husband may impale the arms of his wife. The impaled arms can be borne by both, or by the survivor
of either, but these arms should not be borne in the form of impalement by the children.
10. If the tinctures of a coat of arms have long been reversed in accordance with heraldic law, do not change
them. The arms are possibly thus differenced for some just purpose. If they are unintelligibly reversed, it is better
to conform them to the original blazon.
11. Ladies who desire to conform to the laws of English heraldry will omit the helmet and crest at all times,
and unmarried ladies, or widows, will bear their heraldic devices in a lozenge. Mottoes are also denied ladies by
heraldic law, the Sovereign alone excepted. In both cases the English rule is advised.
12. A widow may bear her husband’s arms in a lozenge, either separately or impaled with her own; but if she
marries again, the arms of her late husband should be discarded.
13. In the United States, in which it has been the custom for all branches of a family to bear the same coat of
arms without change or modification, and in which a coat of arms may be said to be preserved as a family tradition,
the coat of arms of the mother as well as the father is sometimes used and cherished by the children, male and
female, and their descendants, without question. Thus, in America, coats of arms of maternal ancestors (not
heiresses) are occasionally borne by descendants as paternal arms, simply because they have been handed down
the paternal line for several generations.
By prescriptive right, it may be considered proper to continue the bearing of such arms. But to search out
a mother’s coat and adopt it as one’s own is contrary to heraldic laws, unless she was an heiress.
14. In carving, engraving, or designing arms, for any purpose, the tinctures should be indicated by heraldic
marks and lines, unless the device is borne proper. Failure to thus indicate the tinctures will create false heraldry.
15. Do not guess at any thing. Be sure your crest is a martlet, not a Cornish chough, or that a charge is a
trefoil, not a cross, etc. Charges and crests are often changed by misinterpretation, and create different arms. The
distinctions in some instances are very trifling, but important enough to demand careful attention.
16. DO NOT ASSUME THE ARMS OF ANOTHER simply because the names are similar, or relationship is
imagined. Do not take unlawful possession of the property of another. When heraldry is better understood such
action will prove embarrassing.
17. If you are uncertain of your claim to a coat of arms, apply to any competent genealogist. If he cannot
trace the connection, DO NOT BEAR ARMS.

[For full publication see: https://books.google.com/books?id=k1FWAAAAYAAJ]

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THE AMERICAN HERALDRY SOCIETY

Home › Education › Guidelines for Heraldic Practice

Guidelines for Heraldic Practice

Table of Contents

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Heraldic Composition
• 2.1. The Basic Arms
• 2.2. Additions to the Basic Arms
• 3. American Heraldry and the “Law of Arms”
• 3.1. The Legal Status of Arms in the United States
• 3.2. Arms of Women
• 3.3. Marshalling of Arms
• 3.4. Armorial Inheritance
• 3.5. Cadency
• 4. The Application of Heraldry
• 4.1. General
• 4.2. Stationery
• 4.3. Seals and Signet Rings
• 4.4. Silver, Glass, and China
• 4.5. Automobiles
• 4.6. Flags
• 5. Foreign Arms in the United States
• 5.1. General
• 5.2. Duplication
• 5.3. External Accessories in Foreign Arms
• 5.4. Foreign Rules to Govern Use of Foreign Arms
1
1. Introduction
1.0. The following guidelines were developed by the American Heraldry Society to provide Americans
with a set of recommended best practices for the use of traditional heraldry in the United States. The
American Heraldry Society does not claim to have any authority to mandate heraldic practices. It
recognizes that, for various reasons, some people will disagree with certain of the guidelines. The
decision to comply or not to comply with the guidelines is entirely up to the individual.

1.1. For the purposes of these guidelines, heraldry may be defined as a hereditary system of emblems
that are:

• centered on a shield
• used to identify and distinguish individuals, families, and collective bodies
• composed primarily of certain conventional tinctures and figures
• designed and employed in accordance with rules that have evolved in Europe and European-
influenced countries over the past eight centuries.

Note: Many systems of personal, family, and group symbolism which are more or less comparable to
heraldry also developed in non-European cultures. These systems are usually subject to their own
customary rules and are not covered in these guidelines.

1.2. Some of the rules governing heraldry grew out of the customary law of arms that prevailed across
most of Europe beginning in the Middle Ages. With isolated exceptions, these rules tend to be common
to all countries in which heraldry is used. Other rules were developed from time to time to meet the
social, legal, and political needs of particular countries. These rules apply only to the heraldry of those
countries.

1.3. While the extent to which heraldic rules are officially enforced has varied from country to country
and time to time, it has always been understood that arms are governed by a set of norms which enjoy
general acceptance within the given society. While there is nothing preventing the use of graphic
emblems of other kinds, those that diverge excessively from the established norms cannot be regarded
as heraldic.

1.4. Both individual and collective heraldry have been used in what is now the United States since the
time of the earliest European settlements in the late 16th century. For a variety of reasons, however, it
has been difficult to develop a set of agreed norms with which American heraldry ought to comply. The
purpose of these guidelines on American heraldic customs and etiquette is to fill this void in a way that
is consistent with American heraldic history, American cultural and legal values, and the common
international heritage of heraldry going back to the Middle Ages.

1.5. The development of these recommended guidelines has been shaped by the following fundamental
principles:

1.5.1. The primary purpose of heraldic arms has always been identification. Armorial ensigns have also
filled a variety of other functions at different times and places, such as providing a symbolic focus for
family, group, or national loyalty, or serving as a means of distinguishing one social class from another.

2
These guidelines are designed to encourage the use of heraldry for purposes that are consistent with
the ideals characteristic of the United States, and to discourage uses that are at odds with those ideals.

1.5.2. These guidelines reject the premise that possession of a coat of arms, regardless of the means
by which it was acquired, indicates any type of superiority over those who do not possess arms. They
also discourage the display by American citizens of any heraldic accoutrements indicative of titles of
nobility or other hereditary social ranks that have no recognized place in American society.

1.5.3. The guidelines reflect an understanding of the ethnic and national diversity of the American
people and seek wherever possible to avoid the universal application of practices that are peculiar to
any particular foreign country.

1.5.4. The guidelines are derived from two main sources: (1) the shared body of norms that are common
to the majority of areas in which heraldry has historically been used; and (2) the customary usages of
American heraldry as inferred from actual historic practice. Practices that are specific to particular
foreign countries are adopted only if they seem to fill an unanswered need within American heraldry,
and if the underlying rationale for the practice is consistent with American conditions and values.

1.5.5. The guidelines take into account that certain traditional heraldic norms (such as exclusive
inheritance in the male line, differencing for illegitimacy, and restrictions on the way women may use
arms) are not consistent with modern American mores. In these cases, the traditional rules are modified
to take account of contemporary laws and customs.

1.6. Four overarching principles bear emphasis above all the others.

1.6.1. It has always been perfectly legal and legitimate for any person in the United States to design,
adopt, and use an original coat of arms of his or her choice. While some countries have laws or
traditions limiting this right to bear arms without official approval, such laws have no force whatsoever
in the United States.

1.6.2. It has never been legitimate anywhere for a person to take someone else’s arms for his own.
Since arms are hereditary emblems of identity, the proven descendants of a person who bore arms
have a right to those arms in accordance with the rules of heraldic succession (section 3.4) applicable
to the place and time. However, the mere coincidence of bearing the same family name as another
person is not proof of descent from that person. Commercial enterprises that claim to sell the arms of
a name do so under false pretenses, and anyone who pays them for such arms has been duped.

1.6.3. The grant, certification, or registration of arms by a foreign heraldic authority confers no special
right to the use of the arms outside the country of origin. In the United States, therefore, the status of
such arms is precisely the same as the status of arms designed and adopted unilaterally.

1.6.4. Heraldry should never be used to imply a personal status that the person bearing the arms does
not actually have.

1.7. To the greatest extent possible, the guidelines have been written using plain English terms rather
than the technical language of heraldic blazon.

3
2. Heraldic Composition

2.1. The Basic Arms

2.1.1. The Shield

2.1.1.1. Heraldry is an art form constrained by certain rules of composition. While a limited degree of
flexibility is permissible, at a certain point a composition that diverges too far from these rules ceases
to be a coat of arms. In particular, arms should, with very rare exceptions, comply with the heraldic “rule
of tincture”: a metal object—that is, one that is gold (yellow) or silver (white)— should not be placed on
a metal field, while a colored object—one that is black, red, blue, green, purple, etc.—should not be
placed on a colored field. Objects displayed on the shield (known as charges) should normally be
oriented toward the dexter (viewer’s left), particularly if only one of a particular charge appears on the
shield. Compositions should normally be limited to the traditional palette of heraldic tinctures, although
the use of “proper” (natural colored) objects is permissible in moderation. If the shield is divided into
different tinctures, the partition lines should preferably conform to the standard heraldic forms, although
some innovation is permissible provided the final product remains identifiably heraldic. Other than in
inscriptions on books and the like, writing on the shield is to be avoided; heraldry is supposed to be a
graphic art form, not a verbal one. Anyone setting out to design a coat of arms should carefully study
several standard texts on the subject to get a feel for what constitutes appropriate heraldic composition.

2.1.1.2. As far as possible, the design displayed on the shield should be unique; the intentional
usurpation of someone else’s arms is morally tantamount to identity theft. Moreover, a newly devised
coat of arms should not resemble an existing one so closely as to suggest a connection that does not
exist. While the coincidental selection by different people of the same or similar designs is probably
inevitable considering the hundreds of thousands of arms in existence—most of which have never been
published—the designer of a new coat of arms is morally obliged to make a good faith effort to verify
that his design is truly original. A qualified heraldist can help in this effort.

2.1.1.3. A particular coat of arms pertains to a single specific individual and his direct descendants, not
to everyone who happens to share the same last name. If you are a direct descendant of someone who
previously bore arms, and if you can prove it, you may well have the right to use those arms—see
section 3.4 on inheritance of arms for further discussion. But appropriating a coat of arms merely
because the last name is the same as your own is absolutely out of bounds. It is permissible to design
new arms that are variations on those of a family with the same name, but the differences between the
existing coat and the new one must be substantial enough to reflect the degree of kinship or lack
thereof. If in doubt, consult a standard heraldry text on the subject of differencing.

2.1.1.4. Neither personal nor institutional arms should incorporate a field consisting of the arms of the
United States, a foreign country, a former or present ruling house, or a U.S. state. (An exception is that
an official agency may incorporate the arms of the government of which it is a part, if doing so is
permitted under the laws and regulations of the government concerned.) In addition, designers of new
arms should be aware of certain elements that are widely recognized as traditional augmentations
granted by foreign sovereigns to their subjects as marks of special favor. These include the Scottish
royal tressure, chiefs and cantons showing a gold English lion passant guardant on red or the gold
French fleurs-de-lis on blue, and red bordures scattered with the gold castles of Castile. The use of
these traditional augmentations should be avoided in devising new arms, as should elements that are
4
universally recognized as emblematic of particular honors, orders of chivalry, and the like. For example,
a silver (white) canton or small shield with the red open hand of Ulster is the distinctive mark of a
baronet of the United Kingdom—it should not be used by anyone who is not a baronet. Similarly, a red
chief with a white cross throughout is peculiar to specific grades of knights of the Sovereign Military
Order of Malta. Again, it should not be used by anyone else. Many of these distinctive emblems are
addressed in general heraldic textbooks.

2.1.1.5. Newly designed arms should normally consist of a single united field, not of several distinct
fields combined together. This does not exclude the use of the standard heraldic partition lines (per
pale, per fess, per pall, per saltire, per chevron, quarterly, etc.), but anyone using them should take
care not to imply incorrectly that the new arms are a combination of previously existing arms. The risk
of such a misleading impression is particularly high when the arms are divided per pale or quarterly, as
these are the most common methods of combining arms as a result of marriage or inheritance. The
more complex each of the fields, and the more diverse the fields are from one another in color and
composition, the more likely this false impression will be created. For example, a shield divided
quarterly, blue and gold, with a star of the opposite color on each quarter (counterchanged) is unlikely
to be viewed as anything but a single composition. On the other hand, a shield in which the first and
fourth quarters are blue with a gold star and the second and third quarters are white with a red cross
between four green fleurs-de-lys will probably be taken by most heraldists as a combination of two
preexisting coats. There are a few exceptions to this principle—notably arms following the traditional
quarterly pattern used by clans in the western Highlands of Scotland—but even in these cases it is best
to include some element that serves to unify the four fields, such as a chief, or a cross, fess, or pale
over all. Alternatively, one may introduce variations in the partition lines dividing the quarters (making
one or both of them indented, wavy, nebuly, etc.), which indicates that they are not merely a
combination of separate heraldic compositions. In general, however, designers should keep in mind
that simpler designs are usually better (subject to the rule against negligent or intentional duplication),
and that complicated combinations work against the arms’ function as an easily recognizable sign of
identity.

2.1.1.6. With the exception of the lozenge (diamond), there is no significance to the shape of the shield.
The lozenge has traditionally been distinctive of the arms of women in the heraldry of certain countries,
including much of the United States (see section 3.2 on heraldry of women). Other than that, any style
of shield is available to anyone. Some styles are more characteristic of certain times and places than
others, and the good heraldic artist will avoid putting charges drawn in an 18th century style on a 15th
century Italian shield and pairing it with a 17th century French helmet. But ultimately the shape of the
shield is a matter to be decided by the taste of the bearer of the arms and his artist.

2.1.1.7. While there is no firm rule prohibiting a person from redesigning his arms or even adopting new
ones from time to time, doing so defeats the basic purpose of the arms as a graphic representation of
personal and family identity. In principle, once a person has adopted a coat of arms, it should be as
unusual to change them as it would be to change his or her name.

2.1.2. Crest

2.1.2.1. In the United States, a complete coat of arms customarily includes a crest, a three-dimensional
figure originally modeled and placed atop the ceremonial helmet displayed by a knight at a tournament.
However, while having a crest is certainly the norm in American heraldry, anyone bearing arms may
forgo a crest he or she wishes. This might be the case, for example, if the use of crests is not customary
in his or her family’s country of origin. (In addition, some religious bodies prohibit or discourage the use
5
of crests by their clergy and members of religious orders. Those who might be affected should consult
the appropriate ecclesiastical authorities.)

2.1.2.2. The crest should be sufficiently distinctive to be able to stand alone as a recognizable symbol
of personal or family identity. On the other hand, in most heraldic traditions the uniqueness of the crest
is less important than that of the shield, and in any case the desire for uniqueness must be balanced
against the need to avoid excessive complexity. In any case, however, a newly devised crest should
never be intentionally copied from that of an unrelated person.

2.1.2.3. In armorial displays, the crest is usually depicted as joined to the helmet with a circlet of twisted
cloth, called a wreath or torse. The norm in the United States is to show the torse as a twisted band,
with three twists of the principal metal from the shield alternating with three twists of the principal color,
starting with a twist of metal at the dexter side (the front of the helmet if shown in profile). However,
there is nothing mandatory about this practice, and someone designing new arms is at liberty to choose
other tinctures, to show more or fewer than six twists, to use an untwisted strip of cloth, known as a
banderole, or simply to show the crest emerging directly from the mantling. Those with arms of foreign
origin may either follow the normal U.S. method of depicting the torse or retain the design previously
used with the arms.

2.1.2.4. In some heraldic traditions, the torse may be replaced with a coronet or crown of conventional
form. It is also possible to use such a coronet in addition to the torse. The most common design is
called a crest coronet; others include the mural, naval, astral, vallary, Eastern, and ancient crowns.
None of these signify social rank, although the mural, naval, and astral crowns are traditionally used to
symbolize distinction in military, naval, or air force service respectively. Nevertheless, those
contemplating the use a crest coronet or one of the conventional crowns in their crests should be aware
of the possibility that such elements will be misconstrued as a claim of noble status. A crest coronet or
other conventional crown should never be used as the sole element of a crest, and no coronet of a
design indicating noble, chivalric, or similar status in any country should be used as a crest coronet.
When in doubt, those designing arms should consult a reference showing the crowns and coronets of
rank used in various countries.

2.1.2.5. The crest may be shown atop the helm as part of a full achievement of arms, or it may be
shown mounted on the torse (or crest coronet) slightly above the upper edge of the shield, omitting the
helm and mantling, or it may be depicted with a motto scroll or alone.

2.1.3. Helmets

2.1.3.1. The customary helmets (also known as helms) used on personal arms in the United States are
the barrel (great) helm, tilting helm, or armet with closed visor. These are the only types of helm that
are universally recognized as appropriate for use with arms assumed in this country. The helm depicted
may vary from one emblazonment to another.

2.1.3.2. The helm should be shown as made of steel rather than precious metal and oriented to be
artistically consistent with the design of the crest: in profile facing dexter (the viewer’s left), in three-
quarters perspective to dexter, or directly facing the viewer (affronty). If there is no crest, the helm is
normally shown in profile, although this is a matter of taste.

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2.1.3.3. American citizens bearing arms of foreign origin may show their arms either with one of the
simple helms listed above (preferred) or with the type of helm correctly used with the arms in the country
of origin, provided that the design used carries no nobiliary connotations in that country. See section 5
on the use of foreign arms in the United States.

2.1.4. Mantling

2.1.4.1. The term mantling (also known as the lambrequin) refers to the cloth covering fastened to the
top of the helmet and falling behind and to the sides of it. Mantling is usually of the principal color and
metal contained on the shield (conventionally the first color and metal mentioned in the blazon), with
the color on the outside and the metal forming the lining. However, there is no absolute rule against
other combinations, including the use of multiple colors and metals. It is also permissible for the outside
of the mantling to be scattered with small charges if desired; in fact, this was not at all unusual during
the Middle Ages. It is recommended that furs not be used in mantling on American arms, as certain
furs are sometimes an indicator of noble rank and could be interpreted as asserting a claim to such
status.

2.1.4.2. Mantling is not to be confused with the mantle or robe of estate discussed in section 2.2.5.

2.1.5. Mottoes

2.1.5.0. Except in countries where a motto is explicitly specified as part of an armorial grant, mottoes
and slogans are not an intrinsic part of the arms. A motto or slogan may be shown or omitted, displayed
below the shield, above the crest, or elsewhere, and may be changed by the armiger at will without
affecting the essential nature of the arms.

2.2. Additions to the Basic Arms

2.2.1. Supporters

2.2.1.1. The use of supporters with personal arms is not customary in the United States. In most
countries where supporters are part of the heraldic tradition, they tend to be associated with the arms
of the titled nobility, even where there are no formal regulations on the matter. Supporters should
therefore not be included in personal arms adopted in the United States. American citizens who have
a hereditary right to arms that have traditionally been displayed with supporters in their ancestors’
country of origin, or in their own right as recipients of foreign grants of arms are encouraged to omit the
supporters when using such arms as their own in the United States. This is both a matter of honoring
the prevailing U.S. custom as well as of avoiding the impression of a claim to noble status that is not
recognized by American social and legal norms. Supporters should definitely not be used if the current
bearer of the arms does not meet the legal criteria for possession of supporters in the country in which
the arms were created (for example, the descendant of a British knight grand cross who was entitled
to supporters only during his own lifetime). In addition, if the supporters are indicative of noble status in
the country of origin, they should not be used if the current bearer of the arms or an ancestor from
whom they were inherited renounced such noble status in connection with naturalization in the United
States. See section 5 on the use of foreign arms in the United States for further discussion.

7
2.2.1.2. There is no objection to the private display of the full achievement with supporters if it is
presented as the arms of an ancestor who was entitled to them. See section 5 on the use of foreign
arms in the United States.

2.2.1.3. There is no objection to the use of supporters in the arms of states, counties, cities, and other
governmental entities, major educational institutions, and other corporate bodies of national or historic
stature.

2.2.2. Crowns, Coronets, and Chapeaux

2.2.2.1. The use of coronets or any similar headgear as an external ornament with the personal arms
of U.S. citizens is not customary and is discouraged. This includes coronets, caps of maintenance, and
the like placed directly above the shield, or shown in lieu of a full crest. Such displays are generally
recognized as a claim of noble status and are not appropriate for arms assumed in the United States.
(The use of crest coronets and crowns of conventional design as part of a crest is covered in section
2.1.2.4 on crests.) Arms with such coronets, etc., used by ancestors who were entitled to them in the
family’s country of origin may be displayed as one would display any other heirloom, but the coronet
should be omitted in personal use of the arms.

2.2.2.2. It is particularly inappropriate to display a coronet symbolic of a title or degree of nobility if the
current bearer of the arms or an ancestor from whom the arms are inherited renounced noble status in
connection with naturalization in the United States.

2.2.2.3. Coronets of conventional design that are not indicative of noble status in any country may be
used as integral elements of a crest. For further details see section 2.1.2.4 on crests.

2.2.2.4. The above guidelines should not be construed as precluding members of the clergy from using
hats emblematic of their clerical status that are prescribed or customarily used by the religious bodies
in which they are ordained. Members of the clergy who choose to use such hats should take care not
to use hats that are distinctive of religious offices other than their own.

2.2.2.5. It is permissible for counties and incorporated municipalities to display atop the shield a civic
or mural crown or another coronet symbolic of the locality’s history if it wishes to do so, but not a royal
crown or a coronet specifically associated with a degree of nobility.

2.2.3. Orders, Decorations, and Awards

2.2.3.1. Military and civil decorations awarded by the United States government or one of the states
may be displayed as part of an armorial achievement as follows:

• Decorations worn in the form of a shoulder sash and breast star are indicated by a depiction of
the sash encircling the shield, with the badge that fastens the sash at the hip shown surmounting
the crossed ends of the sash below the base of the shield and/or by placing the breast star
behind the shield with the perimeter of the star sufficiently visible around the shield to identify
the decoration represented.

8
 • Decorations worn on a neck ribbon are indicated by a depiction of the ribbon emerging from
behind the shield with the pendant of the decoration depicted below the base of the shield.
• Decorations worn on a breast ribbon are indicated by a depiction of the decoration suspended
below the base of the shield by a length of the ribbon emerging from behind the shield.

2.2.3.2. The insignia of orders and decorations conferred by or under the auspices of a foreign head of
state recognized by the United States may be displayed either in accordance with the guidelines for
U.S. decorations or with the customs governing heraldic display in the country granting the honor. It is
recommended that, if the recipient of such a foreign honor is also the bearer of a U.S. decoration, the
foreign insignia be displayed only if the highest U.S. decoration held is also depicted.

2.2.3.3. In addition to those conferred by recognized heads of state, many orders of chivalry exist
autonomously or are granted by former monarchs, former ruling families, and royal pretenders. Some
of these are universally recognized as legitimate, while others are the subject of considerable
controversy and still others are clearly fraudulent. It is not the business of the American Heraldry Society
to adjudicate the claims of such bodies. Armigers are urged to consider carefully whether the display
of their insignia is appropriate other than in connection with the affairs of the organization itself.

2.2.3.4. To avoid a cluttered appearance, it is recommended that no more than three decorations or
orders be suspended below the shield, nor more than one breast star be displayed behind the shield,
nor more than one sash or similar insignia be shown surrounding the shield.

2.2.3.5. Insignia are appropriately displayed in the following order of precedence:

• U.S. federal decorations awarded by or in the name of the President

• Orders and decorations awarded by or in the name of foreign heads of state
• Other U.S. federal decorations
• U.S. state decorations

2.2.3.6. Insignia depicted encircling the shield are shown with the most senior on the outside. Those
depicted suspended from neck ribbons are placed with the senior decoration in the center, the second
senior to dexter, and the third senior to sinister. Those depicted suspended from breast ribbons are
placed in order of seniority from dexter to sinister (viewer’s left to right).

2.2.3.7. Awards and insignia of membership conferred by private organizations, including lineage
societies, professional associations of a military character, and Scouting or similar groups, are not
customarily depicted as part of armorial achievements in the United States, unless the rules of the
organization concerned expressly provide for such display. In that case, they are normally used only in
the context of the organization’s activities.

2.2.3.8. Honors and awards that do not include wearable insignia are not shown as an integral part of
an armorial achievement, nor are service medals (as distinct from decorations), military unit citations
(except as may be authorized by military authorities for display with the arms of the unit itself),
qualification badges, and other military, police, or similar insignia. However, such badges and insignia,
as well as other honors and awards, may be represented within a composition of which an armorial
achievement constitutes a part, such as a decorative border surrounding the arms on a bookplate.

9
2.2.3.9. Orders and decorations belong only to the person to whom they are awarded. They do not
become an inheritable part of the arms. The insignia of an order or decoration should not be displayed
with a shield on which the arms of two spouses are marshaled, because the honor is specific to the
person to whom it was granted, not to his or her spouse. An exception may be made if both spouses
hold the same order or decoration.

2.2.4. Insignia of Office

2.2.4.1. It has been traditional in many countries for the holders of certain offices and functions to
display insignia of those offices with their arms. The insignia to be used and the offices entitled to them
are prescribed in each country by duly constituted authority. No equivalent insignia have ever been
prescribed by the United States government or any of the states for use with personal arms. It is
inappropriate for anyone to devise and display such insignia as part of his arms on his own initiative.

2.2.4.2. Clergy of religious bodies that have formal or customary rules for the use of insignia of office
use such insignia in accordance with those rules.

2.2.5. Mantles, Robes of Estate, and Pavilions

2.2.5.1. Since the late 16th century, it has been permissible in some countries for members of ruling
families, the high nobility, and holders of high offices of state to display their arms against a fur-lined
cloth backdrop, usually in the form of a crimson or purple cloak lined with ermine. Depending on the
specific form these backdrops take, they are known as mantles (or manteaux), robes of estate, or
pavilions. None of these accoutrements has any place in American heraldic custom.

2.2.5.2. Note: Despite the similarity of the names, the mantle or manteau is not to be confused with
mantling (also known as the lambrequin), the cloth covering of the helmet that is common to the arms
of all classes.

3. American Heraldry and the “Law of Arms”

3.1. The Legal Status of Arms in the United States

3.1.0. The term “law of arms” refers to the body of rules and norms governing who may bear arms, how
they are borne, and how they pass from one generation to another. The law of arms in any given country
consists of a combination of (a) customary norms common almost everywhere that heraldry is used
and (b) specific statutes, regulations, precedents, and practices that apply only within the particular
country.

3.1.1. Under the general customary law of arms, any person is entitled to assume a coat of arms that
does not infringe on the arms of another person, unless otherwise provided by the heraldic regulations
established by the sovereign authorities of the country in which he lives. As no such restrictions have
applied within the United States since July 4, 1776, at the latest, it is both legal and legitimate for anyone
in this country to design, adopt, and use an original coat of arms of his or her choice.

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3.1.2. Some countries give special legal status to heraldic arms that have been granted, certified, or
registered in accordance with prescribed procedures. In these cases, the bearer of the arms usually
enjoys an exclusive right to the arms that is enforceable in court, but only in the country of the arms’
origin. Any protection afforded anywhere else is entirely at the discretion of the “receiving” country. For
example, a grant of arms by the English heraldic authorities conveys an exclusive right to those arms
which is theoretically enforceable in the English legal system, but not necessarily in Germany.
Conversely, a coat of arms unilaterally assumed in Germany and registered with one of the recognized
German heraldic societies can be protected in the German courts, but will have no standing in England.
In the United States, there is no legal basis at either the state or federal level for the protection of
armorial bearings as such, no matter what the origin of the arms. Accordingly, the status of arms
assumed in the United States and arms granted by the English or Scottish kings of arms or any other
foreign heraldic authority is precisely the same—all are emblems of personal, family, or group identity,
used voluntarily and enjoying no protection.

3.2. Arms of Women

3.2.1. Women in the United States have the same rights as men to assume arms of their own devising,
to use arms granted or certified by foreign heraldic authorities, and to inherit arms in accordance with
the principles discussed in section 3.4 on armorial inheritance. The available evidence indicates that
many of the the restrictions placed on women’s armorial display in some other countries, and
particularly those prohibiting women from bearing a crest and motto, have not historically been
observed in the United States.

3.2.2. There is precedent for women to display their arms either in the same form as men (on a shield
accompanied by crest, helm, and mantling) or in one of the following forms:

• Single women: own arms (including arms inherited from a parent) on a lozenge or oval.
• Married women: either (1) in the same form as for an unmarried woman; (2) on a shield or
lozenge impaled with the arms of the husband, with his arms to dexter (or with her own arms
placed on an inescutcheon surmounting his arms, as described in section 3.3.1.1 on Marital
Arms). A married woman who is not armigerous in her own right may use the arms of her
husband, provided she uses the same surname.
• Widow: either (1) in the same form as for an unmarried woman, or (2) on a lozenge or oval,
impaled with the arms of her late husband. A widow who is not armigerous in her own right may
use the arms of her late husband, provided she continues to bear his surname.
• Divorcée: As for an unmarried woman, dropping any use of the former husband’s arms.

3.2.3. If a crest is used with arms displayed on a lozenge or oval, it is normally depicted without helm
or mantling.

3.3. Marshalling of Arms

3.3.1. Marital Arms

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3.3.1.1. There are a number of ways in which spouses can display their arms together. The best known
in the English-speaking world is impalement, in which the shield is divided in half vertically, with the
husband’s arms placed in the dexter and the wife’s in the sinister. The impaled arms are traditionally
displayed with the husband’s helmet and crest. If the wife has no brothers to inherit her father’s arms,
and her father is deceased, then instead of impaling the two arms, hers may be placed on a small
escutcheon in the center of the husband’s shield, known as an escutcheon of pretense.

3.3.1.2. In the United States, while employed by many families, the marshaling of marital arms on a
single shield has never been universal, and it should definitely be looked upon by American couples
today as one among a number of options for armorial display, not as something required by formal
rules. One alternative is to display each spouse’s arms on a separate shield, or on a shield and a
lozenge, side by side in a single artistic composition. When this is done, the husband’s arms are
customarily placed to dexter; in some traditions the charges on the husband’s arms, as well as the helm
and crest, are turned so that they face toward the wife’s arms.

3.3.1.3. The insignia of an order or decoration should not be displayed with a shield on which the arms
of two spouses are marshaled, because the honor is specific to the person to whom it was granted, not
to his or her spouse. An exception may be made if both spouses hold the same order or decoration.
See also section 3.2, Arms of Women.

3.3.1.4. Same-Sex Couples are also entitled to Marshall their arms. There is no proper order however
we suggest viewing the College of Arms website for their guidelines on this practice.

3.3.2. Arms of Office

3.3.2.1. With the exception of certain ecclesiastical dignitaries (such as Roman Catholic and
Episcopalian bishops) it is not customary in the United States for office-holders to marshal their
personal arms with those of the entity in which they hold office. When official and personal arms are
marshaled, they are usually impaled with the arms of the office (for example, a bishop’s diocese) to
dexter (the viewer’s left) and the office-holder’s personal arms to sinister.

3.3.2.2. Arms of office and marital arms are never marshaled together at the same time. The arms may
be impaled with either those of the spouse or those of the office, but not both.

3.4. Armorial Inheritance

3.4.1. All legally recognized children are entitled to inherit the arms of the parent whose surname they
bear, as well as to use those arms by courtesy during the parent’s lifetime. This principle is derived
from the most widely followed traditional practices of armorial succession—inheritance in the legitimate
male line—modified to take account of modern American family law and customs. For exceptions to
the principle that “the arms follow the name,” see sections 3.4.4. and 3.4.8.

3.4.1.0. For families that follow the traditional American naming custom in which children take the
father’s surname, this means that the children will use and inherit the arms of their father. In families in
which children are given their mother’s maiden name as their surname, they will use and inherit her
arms. In families in which the children are given a combination of their father’s and mother’s surnames,

12
the children may combine both parents’s arms (if both parents have arms), typically by quartering them,
with the last of the combined surnames taking precedence.

3.4.2. The term “legally recognized children” includes adopted children as well as children born out of
wedlock who are legally recognized as the parent’s heirs under the laws of the state of domicile.

3.4.3. Since a final decree of adoption severs all legal rights and responsibilities between a child and
the biological parents, an adopted child should not ordinarily inherit the arms of the biological parents.

3.4.4. A person who takes his or her spouse’s name upon marriage may continue using the arms to
which he or she was entitled by birth, but transmits these arms to his or her own offspring only under
one of the following conditions:

• The child’s legal surname is the same as the parent’s birth surname, in which case the arms
may be inherited without difference.
• The parent has no siblings who have children bearing the name associated with the arms. In
that case, the arms to which the parent was entitled by birth are quartered with those of the
spouse whose surname the child bears (the latter taking precedence). For example, in a family
following traditional American naming customs, a woman who had no brothers, or whose
brothers had no children to whom to pass on their father’s arms, could pass those arms to her
own children, even though they bore her husband’s surname.
• If either parent is an original bearer of arms, the arms are inherited by his or her children
regardless of the surname, in quartered form if the children are also entitled to inherit the other
parent’s arms.

3.4.5. Modern heraldic tastes generally frown on the excessive accumulation of quarterings. It is
therefore important to understand that the provisions above are permissive, not mandatory. A child in
these situations may select to use only the arms of the ancestor whose surname he or she bears (or
with one of his or her hyphenated surnames), or may elect to design new arms, possibly combining into
a single field elements from the various arms of the parents and grandparents.

3.4.6. In retroactively determining succession to historic arms within the United States, the eligibility of
adopted or illegitimate children to inherit the arms should be determined consistent with the laws on
inheritance in effect at the date of the previous bearer’s death in his state of domicile.

3.4.7. It should be noted that foreign heraldic authorities and institutions will apply their own laws and
regulations on these issues and may not recognize claims to inheritance of arms that involve adoption,
illegitimacy, or succession through a female line. The successive inheritance of arms through people
who lived in other countries should be traced according to the laws in effect in those countries at the
time of each ancestor’s death, or in the country where the arms originated.

3.4.8. Persons assuming arms in the United States may specify different rules for inheritance than
those set forth above if they so desire. We recommend that any desires on this matter be stated in
writing and that all potential heirs be made aware of them.

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3.5. Cadency

3.5.1. In some parts of Europe, the principle formerly prevailed that no two living men should bear
identical arms within the same heraldic jurisdiction. This principle led to the practice of introducing small
variations, known as “differences” into the arms of the heads of younger branches of a given family.
This principle is still enforced in Scotland, but elsewhere is widely ignored or has died out entirely, while
in many countries it was never the custom at all.

3.5.2. The tradition in the United States is for arms to be inherited without differencing for cadency.
Descendants of persons whose arms contained marks of cadency at the time of U.S. independence or
at the time of immigration to the United States, and whose families have continued to use the arms in
that form, usually retain the design as inherited without further differencing. However, there is nothing
objectionable about differencing for cadency by those who wish to follow this practice. See section 5
on foreign arms in the United States.

4. The Application of Heraldry

4.1. General

The uses to which heraldic devices may be put are innumerable. They may be stamped on leather
goods, cut into metal for use as seals, engraved on silver or glass, printed on bookplates, painted and
hung on walls, emblazoned in electronic form for use on personal web pages, silkscreened on T-shirts,
or even tattooed onto the armiger’s body. The following discussion is not intended to be all inclusive,
but merely to outline the customs that have historically been considered “proper” in the United States
in connection with selected applications.

4.2. Stationery

4.2.1. Writing Paper. By the traditional etiquette, paper used for purely social correspondence may be
engraved, embossed, or printed with the crest or coat of arms at the top center or upper left corner.
Typically such arms were shown in monochrome. Armorial paper is used only for the first page of a
letter; subsequent pages are written on matching unmarked paper. Private business letters are not
written on armorial stationery. Businesses, government agencies, universities, and other corporate
bodies may obviously depict their corporate arms in their official letterheads.

4.2.2. Cards. It is not customary in the United States to depict arms or crests on personal visiting (social,
calling) cards. Businesses, government agencies, universities, and other corporate bodies may display
their arms on business cards used by their officers and employees.

4.2.3. Invitations. The host’s coat of arms or crest may be embossed without color (preferred) or
engraved in monochrome on an engraved formal invitation.

4.2.4. Menus and Place Cards. The host’s crest may be engraved at the top center of place cards and
menus for a formal dinner. The same applies to the arms of the sponsoring organization in the case of
a banquet.
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4.3. Seals and Signet Rings

4.3.1. The requirement that legal documents be sealed with wax or wafer seals was abandoned in most
of the United States in the first few decades following independence. The use of such seals is now not
only unnecessary but discouraged in most jurisdictions, as they tend to jam photocopiers and scanners.
An acceptable alternative for those who wish to use armorial seals is to use a press that embosses the
design of the arms directly into the paper.

4.3.2. Signet rings are still sometimes used to seal envelopes, particularly of personal correspondence,
although modern mail processing equipment usually ensures that the seal does not survive its trip
through the postal system intact. Even if unused, however, signet rings can make an attractive and
conservative piece of jewelry. Signet rings have the arms, the crest and motto, or the crest alone
engraved on a metal (usually 10 to 14 carat gold) or stone surface. The engraving is done in reverse
so that the design will appear correctly when pressed into hot wax. Many authorities state that signet
rings are correctly worn on the little finger of the left hand, but customs vary from one place to another.

4.3.3. Women who use signets sometimes have the arms engraved on a small medallion worn as a
pendant rather than in ring form.

4.4. Silver, Glass, and China

4.4.1. With the cost of hand engraving now often exceeding the value of the item to be engraved,
armorial silver has declined in popularity, although laser engraving offers a more economical if less
artistically satisfactory result. Traditionally the full coat of arms is engraved only on large pieces, such
as trays, serving plates, and coffee pots, with the crest alone being placed on smaller items such as
flatware. Silver presented as a wedding gift prior to the wedding is traditionally considered part of the
bride’s trousseau and is correctly marked with her family arms or crest as appropriate. Items purchased
by or given to the couple later (other than matching pieces to fill out a set) should be marked with the
couple’s arms.

4.4.2. On china, the arms (on large pieces) or crest (on small ones) may be emblazoned either in full
color or in gold. Otherwise, the same basic rules pertain to china as to silver.

4.4.3. Arms or crests may also be etched on stemware, tumblers, carafes, and pitchers. Again, the
same basic rules apply.

4.5. Automobiles

4.5.1. The old custom of decorating carriages with the owner’s arms survives here and there in the
placement of a small emblazonment of the arms or crest on automobile doors. Traditionally the arms
were painted on the back door of the car, the assumption being that anyone with arms on his automobile
had a driver sitting in the front. This practice can still be seen on the fleet of U.S. Presidential limousines.
Arguably, a person who drives himself should place his arms on the front doors, but the use of arms on
automobiles is so rare in the United States that it is hard to say that there is any standard practice in
the matter. Those who are tempted to display their arms on their cars should understand that this is
likely to be viewed as extremely pretentious on any but the most expensive luxury cars.

15
4.6. Flags

4.6.1. Heraldic tradition includes a variety of flags, including banners, standards, guidons, pennons,
gonfanons, and many more. British (especially Scottish) heraldists tend to prescribe detailed rules for
who can use what kind of flag, but American armigers in the United States are not bound by these
restrictions. The most common heraldic flag is the basic banner of arms—the design of the shield
displayed on a rectangular field. The proportions of the field are a matter of artistic taste, although a
more or less square shape is the most historically authentic. Trim such as fringe, cords, tassels, and
pole finials are also a matter of taste. The banner may be flown over (or, more often, in front of) the
armiger’s house, or displayed in a variety of forms inside. When flown elsewhere, the banner is usually
understood to imply the personal presence of the owner of the arms. Boat owners may want to use
their banner of their arms as the basis for their “private signal” or “house flag.”

5. Foreign Arms in the United States

5.1. General

5.1.1. The use of arms of foreign origin in the United States normally presents no problems. Because
these guidelines are designed to conform to the general customs prevailing in heraldic use
internationally, most arms of foreign origin will fit easily into the framework set forth here. By using these
arms in accordance with the guidelines set forth above, these foreign arms may be thought of as having
been “naturalized” as American arms. The only problems that may arise concern (1) duplication, (2) the
use of nobiliary and similar accessories that are occasionally present in foreign arms, and (3)
determining whether American or foreign customs and rules should govern the use of the arms.

5.1.2. There is rarely if ever any need to modify the shield or crest of a foreign coat of arms to
“naturalize” the arms as American.

5.2. Duplication

5.2.1. The traditional international customary law of arms holds that there is no objection to people
domiciled in different jurisdictions bearing the same arms. As a result, many coats of arms—especially
shields—are borne by unrelated families in different countries, or even in different provinces of the
same country. As a result, it would not be surprising if an immigrant to the United States found himself
bearing the same arms, or at least the same shield, as an unrelated person already in the United States.
Because of the lack of formal heraldic regulation in the United States (and in most other countries),
there is little satisfactory basis for resolving such cases of duplication. It is therefore recommended that
such duplication normally be tolerated as the inevitable consequence of living in a melting pot society.

5.2.2. If, however, the use of the same arms in close proximity is likely to cause confusion, or if
demonstrable harm accrues to one party or the other as a result of the duplication, then steps should
be taken to distinguish one coat of arms from the other. It is recommended that in such cases the newer
arms, whether assumed or granted by a foreign authority, should yield to the older arms, whether
assumed or granted by a foreign authority. The person possessing the newer arms should then
introduce a difference into his arms to distinguish them from the older ones. (This difference need not

16
be extensive, but must be sufficient to make clear that there is no family relationship between the two
armigers.)

5.2.3. If it is impossible to establish reliably which of two duplicative coats of arms is older, or if both
have been in continuous, open, uncontested use for 60 years or three generations of adults, whichever
is less, it is recommended that both parties accept and live with the duplication. In such cases, since it
is highly unlikely that both arms will have identical crests as well as identical shields, it is advisable for
both parties always to display their arms with the crest, rather than omitting it as would normally be
permitted.

5.2.4. If it is clear that one of the parties concerned is using the arms without having made a good faith
effort to ensure their uniqueness (as discussed in section 2.1.1.2) before adopting the arms, or if one
of the arms was clearly usurped at the time it was assumed, then obviously the party without a bona
fide right to the design should alter his arms with a sufficient difference to make clear that they are the
arms of an unrelated person.

5.3. External Accessories in Foreign Arms

5.3.1. Foreign Visitors. Foreigners visiting the United States, or living in the United States with no
intention of seeking American citizenship, bear their foreign arms, including any external accessories
authorized under the law or custom of the arms’ country of origin, without any requirement for
modification.

5.3.2. Immigrants. A foreigner who establishes permanent residence in the United States with the
intention of becoming a U.S. citizen is encouraged to adapt his arms as necessary to comply with
customary American heraldic practices. This includes the omission of external accessories emblematic
of nobility or other status inconsistent with American principles of equality. Under U.S. law, members
of foreign nobility and persons possessing hereditary titles are required to make a formal renunciation
of their noble status and/or hereditary titles as a condition of naturalization as American citizens. Thus,
to continue using heraldic insignia indicating noble status after naturalization is clearly inappropriate.
This does not preclude the private display of the ancestral arms in their full form, just as one might
display any other family heirloom, provided they are clearly presented as such.

5.3.3. Succession to Foreign Arms. On occasion, American citizens find themselves entitled under the
laws or customs of another country to bear arms containing nobiliary or similar accessories, such as
supporters, coronets, and helmets indicating noble rank, by right of inheritance. It is recommended that,
in such cases, the public use of the foreign arms be confined to circumstances in which the bearer of
the arms is acting primarily in his foreign role. Thus an American citizen who succeeds to chiefship of
a major Highland clan and who is therefore entitled under Scottish heraldic law to display supporters
may reasonably use the arms with supporters when acting as the chief—at Scottish games and
gatherings, for example, or in correspondence with members of the clan. For other public purposes, it
is recommended that emblazonments be prepared which comply with these guidelines for American
arms, and which omit any accoutrements inconsistent with them. As provided for immigrants, these
recommendations would not preclude the private display of the ancestral arms in their full form, just as
one might display any other family heirloom (including the arms of a maternal line ancestor), provided
they are clearly presented as such.

17
5.3.4. American Citizens with Foreign Grants of Arms. For various reasons, many Americans over the
past century have been granted arms by foreign heraldic authorities. (For the sake of brevity, the term
“grant” should be interpreted as including any type of certification or registration of arms recognized as
authoritative under the law of a foreign country.) Most of the arms contained in such grants are fully
consistent with these recommended guidelines and require no adaptation to be “naturalized” as
American arms. Some, however, include various external accessories that either are or appear nobiliary
in character, which would be precluded under these guidelines. Recipients of such arms are urged to
eschew the public use of these accessories in the United States, except in connection with activities
clearly related to the arms’ country of origin. These recommendations are not intended to preclude the
private display of the foreign arms if they are clearly presented as such.

5.4. Foreign Rules to Govern Use of Foreign Arms

5.4.1. Persons who do choose to display foreign arms (that is, those with supporters, insignia of foreign
offices, or various nobiliary accessories) as described above should comply with all the rules and
customs governing those arms in their country of origin. This includes any rules concerning succession
to the arms. In many countries, the rules on inheritance of arms are more restrictive than the guidelines
set forth for American arms in section 3.4 above. In addition, persons who wish to use foreign arms
that would require rematriculation, confirmation, or other types of approval in the country of origin should
comply with those requirements before displaying the arms in the United States.

5.4.2. Arms that are “naturalized” and used in accordance with American customs need not comply
with the rules and laws of the country of origin, and need not be confirmed or matriculated with the
originating country’s heraldic authorities, unless they are taken back to that country. Such arms should
be used in the form they were brought to the United States, including any marks of cadency or
differences that were in use at the time of immigration.

THE AMERICAN HERALDRY SOCIETY

Founded to study and promote the proper use of heraldry in America

Source: https://www.americanheraldry.org/education-resources/guidelines-for-heraldic-practice (May 2024)

18
 Doc Savage Coat of Arms illustrated by Keith Howell in 2009.
Source: Doc Savage: His Apocalyptic Life by Philip José Farmer, 2013.

54
 College of Arms

The College of Arms is the official heraldic authority for England, Wales, Northern
Ireland and much of theCommonwealth including Australia and New Zealand.
As well as being responsible for the granting of new coats of arms, the College maintains registers of arms,
pedigrees, genealogies, Royal Licences, changes of name, and flags. The heralds, besides having ceremonial
duties, advise on all matters relating to the peerage and baronetage, precedence, honours and ceremonial as well
as national and community symbols including flags.
Coats of Arms
Coats of arms belong to specific individuals and families and there is no such thing as a coat of arms for a
family name. From their origins in the twelfth century to the present day arms have been borne by individuals,
and by corporate bodies, as marks of identification. They have also been used to denote other characteristics,
which have changed over the centuries as society and culture have evolved. New coats of arms have since the
fifteenth century been granted both to individuals and corporate bodies by the senior heralds in Royal service, the
Kings of Arms.
Enquiries
If you have an enquiry on a heraldic, genealogical or other relevant topic, you should in the first instance contact
the Officer in Waiting.
© College of Arms 2018
12/29/2018
[Site: https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk]
55
Artist for original illustration on this page is unknown (from: https://shop.spreadshirt.com/axletee/?page=2 ), &
chevron color change to black and red lion’s tongue added by Yan J.K. Bolduc.

The James Bond Coat of Arms was researched by Count Robin (Robin Ian Evelyn Milne Stuart le
Comte de La Lanne-Mirrlees, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant at the College of Arms), and illustrated for
Ian Flemming’s On Her Majesty’s Secret Service novel cover by Richard Chopping in 1963.

Source of this illustration comes from Ian Flemming’s On Her Majesty’s Secret Service movie by
Peter R. Hunt, 1969.
56
(Source: https://books.google.com/books?id=LKIKAAAAYAAJ)
57
58
(Source: https://books.google.com/books?id=5sVq7VQlNwcC)
59
(Source: https://books.google.com/books?id=WmpmAAAAMAAJ)
60
(007 movie version)

61
62
Artistic lettering created by
Yan J.K. Bolduc
15 July 2019

63
 7/17/2019

Le matin du 14 juillet 2019, dans mon sommeil, je rêve que je suis dans un grand hôtel où l’intérieur ressemble
à un énorme B&B. Dans mon rêve, je me rends au continental breakfast et je commence a remplir deux petits
plats. C’est à ce moment que je remarque sur un des murs le grand écran d’un projecteur en train de projeter un
film, de style médiéval, comme celui d’Ivanhoe. Tout en regardant l’écran, brièvement, je m’aperçois que le mot
Bolduc apparait en gros plan, écrit à la main sur du parchemin, mais d’une manière très particulière ; j’ai voulu à
tout prix m’en souvenir. Le film continu, alors je retourne à ma chambre et considère comment y retourner, mais
cette fois-ci avec une camera, pour ensuite reculer le film à ce moment précis et prendre le mot en photo pour ne
pas en oublier ses particularités. Je me demandais exactement comment faire lorsque je réalise soudainement que
je viens tout juste de me réveiller dans mon lit, et tout ce que j’ai à faire est d’en dessiner un croquis sur papier ;
c’est exactement ce que j’ai fait, et voici le résultat, que j’ai numérisé avec le logiciel PowerPoint. Le mot sur
écran était écrit en plomb, je m’en souviens très bien, mais les deux éclairs étaient en encre ruisselante noire. J’ai
improvisé par après la version couleur en bleue et blanc, que je préfère.

In the morning of July 14, 2019, in my sleep, I dream that I am in a large hotel where the interior looks like a
huge B&B. In my dream, I go to the continental breakfast room and start filling two small dishes. That’s when
I notice on one of the walls the big screen of a projector showing a medieval style movie, like that of Ivanhoe.
While looking at the screen, briefly, I notice that the word Bolduc appears in close-up, written by hand on
parchment, but in a very particular way; I wanted to remember it at all costs. The film continues, so I go back to
my room and consider how to return but this time with a camera, to then rewind the film back at that precise
moment and take a picture of the word so as not to forget its particularities. I was wondering exactly how to do
this when I suddenly realize that I just woke up in bed, and all I have to do is draw a sketch on paper; that’s
exactly what I did, and here’s the result, which I digitized using PowerPoint. The word on the screen was written
in lead, I remember it well, but the two lightning bolts were in glossy black ink. Afterwards I digitally improvised
a color version in white and blue, which I prefer.

Yan J.K. Bolduc

Art created by
Yan J.K. Bolduc
14 July 2019

64
 Plaque Bolduc Plate

Les douzes boulons représentent douzes générations de Bolduc /

The twelve bolts represent twelve Bolduc generations.

Conçu, illustré et droit d'exploitations par / designed, illustrated and copyrighted by

Yan J.K. Bolduc
7/24/2019

65
 Trouvailles / Findings

J. Roméo Bolduc (1914-1988)

66
A QUICONQUE verra les présentes ou que les présentes concernent, TO A L L T O W H O M thèse Présents shall come or whom the same may in
S A L U T : D E la part de Samy Khalid, héraut d'armes du Canada; any way concem, GREETING: B Y Samy Khalid, Chief Herald o f Canada;

C O N S I D É R A N T QU'une demande de concession d'emblèmes héraldiques a WHEREAS a request that heraldic emblems be granted has been received
été reçue de Y A N J . K E V I N B O L D U C , un citoyen canadien né à Lafayette, from Y A N J . K E V I N B O L D U C , a Canadian citizen bom in Lafayette,
dans TIndiana, aux États-Unis d'Amérique, fils de Joseph Odorat Réginald Indiana, United States o f America, the son o f Joseph Odorat Réginald
Bolduc et de Marie Laure Dorothy Roy; Bolduc and Marie Laure Dorothy Roy;

SACHEZ QUE conformément à l'autorité dont est investi Son Excellence le
très honorable Richard Wagner, C F . , administrateur du gouvernement du
Canada, d'exercer la prérogative en matière d'armoiries que Sa Majesté la
Reine du Canada a attribuée au gouverneur général et conformément aux
dispositions de notre commission d'office. Nous, le Héraut d'armes du
Canada, par les présentes, concédons et assignons à Y A N J . K E V I N
B O L D U C les armes suivantes : D'azur au chevron d'argent chargé d'un
grand-duc volant de gueules posé de front tenant dans chaque serre un
bol de sable, le tout accompagné de trois étoiles d'or; Et pour cimier : Un
Pygargue à tête blanche d'or éployé de front tenant dans sa serre dextre
une lance d'argent, son fer d'or, et dans sa serre senestre un plioir en os
d'argent, le tout soutenu de deux burèles ondées d'azur séparées d'une
burèle ondée d'argent; Et pour devise : S E M P E R G R A V I S V E R I T A S ,
signifiant « La vérité est toujours sérieuse »; Et pour insigne : Un chevron
alésé d'azur au grand-duc volant d'or posé de front brochant; Et pour
drapeaux : D'argent à l'insigne, bordé d'azur en chef et en pointe; Et : Un
étendard, au guindant aux armes, au battant d'or chargé de trois fleurs
de lis de sable, le tout séparé par deux barres d'argent lisérées et inscrites
de la devise, le tout de sable;
N O W K N O W Y O U that pursuant to the authority vested in His Excellency
the Right Honourable Richard Wagner, P.C., Administrator o f the
Government o f Canada, to exercise the armoriai prérogative that Her
Majesty The Queen o f Canada has assigned to the Govemor General, and to
the tenus o f my Commission o f Office, I , the Chief Herald o f Canada, do by
thèse Présents grant and assign to Y A N J . K E V I N B O L D U C the following
Arms: Azuré on a chevron throughout Argent between three mullets O r
a great horned owl volant affronty Gules holding in each ciaw a bowl
Sable; A n d for a Crest: A bald eagle displayed affronty O r , holding in its
dexter claw a spear Argent its head O r and in its sinister claw a bone
folder Argent, ail issuant from a barrulet wavy Argent between two like
barrulets Azuré; A n d for a Motto: S E M P E R G R A V I S V E R I T A S ,
meaning "Truth is always serions"; A n d for a Badge: A great horned owl
volant affronty O r surmounting a chevron couped Azuré; A n d for Flags:
Argent the Badge bordered in chief and in base Azuré; And: A standard,
the Arms in hoist, the fly O r charged with three fleurs-de-lis Sable
between two bends sinister Argent flmbriated and inscribed with the
Motto in letters Sable;

LESQUELS emblèmes sont figurés en annexe et consignés dans le AS T H E S A M E are depicted i n the paintings herewith provided and entered
volume V I I , page 342 du Registre public des armoiries, drapeaux et insignes in Volume V I I , page 342 o f the Public Register o f Arms, Flags and Badges
du Canada pour être portés et utilisés à perpétuité par Y A N J . K E V I N o f Canada to be borne and used for ever hereafter by Y A N J . K E V I N
B O L D U C et par ses descendants avec les brisures convenables et appropriées B O L D U C and by his descendants with such due and proper différences as
qui pourront leur être assignées, notamment par ses enfants qui porteront les may be provided, more particularly by his children who w i l l each bear the
armes brisées du meuble d'or suivant au lieu de l'étoile en Arms debruised o f the following charge Or in place o f the
pointe : un soleil pour Kyle Anthony Bolduc, une tête de mullet in base: a sun in splendour for Kyle Anthony
cheval pour Rachel Lynn Bolduc et une rose pour Mina . Bolduc, a horse's head for Rachel Lynn Bolduc, and a
Winter Bolduc du vivant de son père, le tout conformément rose for Mina Winter Bolduc during her father's lifetime,
au droit héraldique du Canada; / . ^ ail according to the Law o f Arms o f Canada;

D O N N É E sous notre seing et le sceau de l'Autorité ^ G I V E N under my hand and the seal o f the Canadian
héraldique du Canada à Rideau Hall dans la ville d'Ottawa, , Heraldic Authority at Rideau Hall in the City o f Ottawa
ce 15^ jour de mars 2021. this 15'^ d a y o f M a r c h 2021.
i'

EN FOI DE Q U O I Marc Thériault, vice-chancelier I N T E S T I M O N Y WHEREOF Marc Thériault, Deputy

d'armes, s'est porté témoin de cette concession en apposant \ Herald Chancelier, has witnessed this grant with his
sa signature. signature.

Héraut d'armes du Canada Vice-chancelier d'armes

Chief Herald o f Canada Deputy Herald Chancelier
 AUTORITÉ HÉRALDIQUE DU CANADA
SYMBOLISME DES
EMBLÈMES HÉRALDIQUES D E
YAN J . KEVIN BOLDUC
Armes : Les bols et le grand-duc sont une allusion parlante au nom de M . Bolduc. Ces
éléments sont inspirés des armoiries parlantes de son ancêtre l'apothicaire-épicier
parisien Pierre Boulduc (1607-1670), arborant des boules et un grand-duc. Le bleu
représente ici le ciel et les origines françaises de la famille. Le chevron évoque la
forme stylisée d'un avion chasseur moderne, représentant la carrière de M . Bolduc
dans l'armée de l'air et son rôle d'instructeur dans ce domaine. Les étoiles représentent
ses trois enfants.
Cimier : Le pygargue à tête blanche, un symbole des États-Unis, représente la double
citoyenneté de M. Bolduc ainsi que le domaine de l'aviation. Jaillissant des vagues, i l
représente aussi le navire L'Aigle d'or qui a transporté son ancêtre le soldat Louis
Boulduc dit Bosleduc, fils de Pierre, lors de son déploiement en Amérique du Nord au
17'^ siècle. La lance arbore les couleurs du Vatican, et reflète donc la foi catholique de
M . Bolduc. Elle rappelle aussi le rôle du soldat en tant que gardien de la paix, rappelant
la carrière de M . Bolduc dans les forces armées ainsi que le nom de famille de son
épouse, La Guardia, signifiant « la garde » en italien. Le plioir en os est un outil utilisé
par les relieurs et fait état du travail de M . Bolduc dans ce domaine.
Devise : Signifiant « La vérité est toujours sérieuse », cette sentence latine exprime
un état d'esprit que M . Bolduc s'efforce d'inculquer à ses étudiants.
Drapeau : Les couleurs, le grand-duc et le chevron reprennent le symbolisme de l'écu.
La bande supérieure évoque le ciel et celle du bas, la mer. Le chevron est repris des
armoiries de ses ancêtres armigères du 17*^ siècle; pointant vers le ciel, il incame les
aspirations individuelles et le désir d'améliorer sa vie et d'élever son esprit. La couleur
dorée du grand-duc représente la lumière de la vérité, que l'on doit regarder en pleine
face, comme le fait le grand-duc.
Drapeau : La fleur de lis angulaire évoquant la figure d'un avion furtif a été conçue
par M . Bolduc en l'honneur de ses enfants pour illustrer à la fois leur ascendance
française et le milieu de l'aviation dans lequel ils ont été élevés.
Écus d'enfants :
Kyle Anthony Bolduc : Le soleil philippin honore ses racines matemelles philippines.
Rachel Lynn Bolduc : Le cheval paraît dans les armoiries de la province de Naples
en Italie et honore ainsi ses origines matemelles italiennes.
Mina Winter Bolduc : La rose honore la mémoire de ses grands-mères matemelles,
qui affectionnaient cette fleur.
Concept original de Yan J. Kevin Bolduc et de Teva Vidal, assistés par les hérauts
de l'Autorité héraldique du Canada.
'r •
Artiste-peintre : Debra MacGarvie • <:
Calligraphe : Doris Wionzek ',
Registre public des armoiries, drapeaux et insignes du Canada, volume V I I , page 342,
15 mars 2021.
je.
Bmce Pàtterson
Garde de l'armoriai / Registrar
CANADIAN H E R A L D I C A U T H O R I T Y
SYMBOLISM OF T H E
HERALDIC EMBLEMS OF
Arms: The bowls and the great homed owl (respectively bol and grand-duc in
French) are a canting référence to the name Bolduc. Thèse éléments are inspired by
the canting arms of Mr. Bolduc's ancestor, the Parisian grocer-apothecary Pierre
Boulduc (1607-1670), bearing balls (boule in French) and a great homed owl. The
blue colour represents the sky and his family's French ancestry. The chevron echoes
the stylized form of a modem fighter jet, referring to Mr. Bolduc's career in the air
force and his rôle as an instmctor in this field. The stars represent his three children.
Crest: A symbol of the United States, the bald eagle represents Mr. Bolduc's dual
nationality as well as the field of aviation. Emerging from the waves, it also
represents the ship L'Aigle d'or ("The Golden Eagle"), which carried his ancestor,
the soldier Louis Boulduc dit Bosleduc, the son of Pierre, when he was deployed to
North America in the 17'^ century. The spear is shown in the colours of the Vatican
and therefore represents Mr. Bolduc's Catholic faith. It also highlights the soldier's
rôle as a peacekeeper, honouring Mr. Bolduc's career in the armed forces as well as
his spouse's sumame, La Guardia, meaning "the guard" in Italian. The bone folder
is a tool used by bookbinders and represents Mr. Bolduc's work in this field.
Motto: Meaning "Tmth is always serions," this Latin phrase expresses the attitude
that Mr. Bolduc tries to instill in his students.
Flag: The colours, the owl and the chevron repeat the symbolism of the shield. The
upper stripe alludes to the sky, while the lower stripe refers to the sea. The chevron
is taken from the arms of his armigerous ancestors in the 17"^ century; pointing
towards the sky, it signifies aspirations and desires to better oneself and elevate one's
spirit. The owl's golden colour represents the shining light of tmth, which one must
face boldly as the owl does.
Flag: The fleur-de-lis using the angled lines reminiscent o f a stealth aircraft was
created by Mr. Bolduc to illustrate to his children their French ancestry and to allude
to the world of aviation, in which they were raised.
Cadet shields:
Kyle Anthony Bolduc: The Philippine sun honours his matemal Philippine héritage.
Rachel Lynn Bolduc: The horse is found in the arms of the province of Naples in
Italy, and honours her matemal Italian héritage.
Mina Winter Bolduc: The rose honours the memory o f her matemal grandmothers,
who favoured tnis flower.
Original concepi of Yan J. Kevin Bolduc and Teva Vidal, assisted by the heralds of
the C'anadian Heraldic Authority.
Painter: Debra MacGarvie
Calligrapher: Doris Wionzek
Public Register o f Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada, Volume V I I , page 342,
15March 2021.
,^jlc
Vol. 155, No. 50
Canada
Gazette
Part I
OTTAWA, Saturday, December 11, 2021
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Published by the Queen’s Printer for Canada, 2021 ISSN 1494-6076
Vol. 155, no 50
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© Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, 2021
Publié par l’imprimeur de la Reine pour le Canada, 2021
2021-12-11 Canada Gazette Part I, Vol. 155, No. 50 Gazette du Canada Partie I, vol. 155, no 50 5666

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES

Government House............................................... 5667 Résidence du gouverneur général ...................... 5667

(orders, decorations and medals) (ordres, décorations et médailles)

Government notices ............................................. 5671 Avis du gouvernement ......................................... 5671

Appointment opportunities ............................. 5764 Possibilités de nominations ............................ 5764

Parliament Parlement
House of Commons ......................................... 5766 Chambre des communes ................................ 5766

Commissions ........................................................ 5767 Commissions ........................................................ 5767

(agencies, boards and commissions) (organismes, conseils et commissions)

Miscellaneous notices .......................................... 5770 Avis divers ............................................................. 5770

(banks; mortgage, loan, investment, (banques; sociétés de prêts, de fiducie
insurance and railway companies; other et d’investissements; compagnies
private sector agents) d’assurances et de chemins de fer;
autres agents du secteur privé)

Orders in Council .................................................. 5773 Décrets ................................................................... 5773

Proposed regulations ........................................... 5787 Règlements projetés ............................................ 5787

(including amendments to existing (y compris les modifications aux
regulations) règlements existants)

Index ...................................................................... 5839 Index ...................................................................... 5841

2021-12-11 Canada Gazette Part I, Vol. 155, No. 50
GOVERNMENT HOUSE
THE CANADIAN HERALDIC AUTHORITY — GRANTS,
REGISTRATIONS AND APPROVALS
The Governor General, Her Excellency the Right Honour-
able Mary May Simon, is pleased to advise that the follow-
ing grants, registrations and approvals of heraldic
emblems have been made, as entered in the Public Regis-
ter of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada (Volume, page):
Registration of the Badge of the Canadian Armed
Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, February 15, 2021 (Vol. VII,
p. 1).
Registration of the Royal Cypher of Her Majesty Queen
Elizabeth II, London, England, February 15, 2021
(Vol. VII, p. 332).
Registration of the Royal Cypher of His Royal Highness
The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, London, Eng-
land, February 15, 2021 (Vol. VII, p. 333).
Registration of the Arms of the Honourable Onésime
Gagnon, P.C., Québec, Quebec, February 15, 2021
(Vol. VII, p. 334).
Registration of the Arms of the Pembroke General Hos-
pital, Pembroke, Ontario, February 15, 2021 (Vol. VII,
p. 335).
Registration of the Arms and Badge of Samuel
Bronfman, Westmount, Quebec, February 15, 2021
(Vol. VII, p. 336).
Registration of the Arms of the Right Reverend Philip
Rodger Beattie, Kelowna, British Columbia, Febru-
ary 15, 2021 (Vol. VII, p. 337).
Registration of the Arms of the Town of Liverpool,
Liverpool, Nova Scotia, February 15, 2021 (Vol. VII,
p. 338).
Grant of Arms, Flag and Badge to the Institut maritime
du Québec, Rimouski, Quebec, March 15, 2021 (Vol. VII,
p. 339).
Grant of Arms and Badge to Robert Michael
Culbertson, Toronto, Ontario, with differences to
Miranda Joyce Culbertson, March 15, 2021 (Vol. VII,
p. 340).
Grant of Arms and Flag to James Howard Mann,
Toronto, Ontario, with differences to Wesley James
Howard Mann, Amelia Helene Mann, Maylee Maria
Mann and Jamie Jody Mann, March 15, 2021 (Vol. VII,
p. 341).
Gazette du Canada Partie I, vol. 155, no 50 5667
RÉSIDENCE DU GOUVERNEUR GÉNÉRAL
L’AUTORITÉ HÉRALDIQUE DU CANADA —
CONCESSIONS, ENREGISTREMENTS ET
APPROBATIONS
La gouverneure générale, Son Excellence la très honorable
Mary May Simon, est heureuse d’annoncer les conces-
sions, enregistrements et approbations d’emblèmes héral-
diques suivants, tels qu’ils sont consignés dans le Registre
public des armoiries, drapeaux et insignes du Canada
(volume, page) :
Enregistrement de l’insigne des Forces armées cana-
diennes, Ottawa (Ontario), le 15 février 2021 (vol. VII,
p. 1).
Enregistrement du chiffre royal de Sa Majesté la Reine
Elizabeth II, Londres (Angleterre), le 15 février 2021
(vol. VII, p. 332).
Enregistrement du chiffre royal de Son Altesse Royale
le Prince Philip, duc d’Édimbourg, Londres (Angle-
terre), le 15 février 2021 (vol. VII, p. 333).
Enregistrement des armoiries de l’honorable Onésime
Gagnon, C.P., Québec (Québec), le 15 février 2021
(vol. VII, p. 334).
Enregistrement des armoiries du Pembroke General
Hospital, Pembroke (Ontario), le 15 février 2021
(vol. VII, p. 335).
Enregistrement des armoiries et de l’insigne de Samuel
Bronfman, Westmount (Québec), le 15 février 2021
(vol. VII, p. 336).
Enregistrement des armoiries du très révérend Philip
Rodger Beattie, Kelowna (Colombie-Britannique), le
15 février 2021 (vol. VII, p. 337).
Enregistrement des armoiries de The Town of Liver-
pool, Liverpool (Nouvelle-Écosse), le 15 février 2021
(vol. VII, p. 338).
Concession d’armoiries, d’un drapeau et d’un insigne à
l’Institut maritime du Québec, Rimouski (Québec), le
15 mars 2021 (vol. VII, p. 339).
Concession d’armoiries et d’un insigne à Robert
Michael Culbertson, Toronto (Ontario), avec brisures à
Miranda Joyce Culbertson, le 15 mars 2021 (vol. VII,
p. 340).
Concession d’armoiries et d’un drapeau à James
Howard Mann, Toronto (Ontario), avec brisures à
Wesley James Howard Mann, à Amelia Helene Mann,
à Maylee Maria Mann et à Jamie Jody Mann, le 15 mars
2021 (vol. VII, p. 341).
2021-12-11 Canada Gazette Part I, Vol. 155, No. 50
Grant of Arms, Flags and Badge to Yan J. Kevin Bolduc,
a Canadian citizen residing in Wichita Falls, Texas,
United States of America, with differences to Kyle
Anthony Bolduc, Rachel Lynn Bolduc and Mina Winter
Bolduc, March 15, 2021 (Vol. VII, p. 342).
Grant of Arms, Flag and Badges to Andrew Colin
Murdoch, Richmond, British Columbia, with differen-
ces to Brendan Kevin Murdoch and Sabrina Michelle
Murdoch, March 15, 2021 (Vol. VII, p. 343).
Registration of the Arms of John Baxter Allan, C.D., a
Canadian citizen residing in Washington, D.C., United
States of America, April 15, 2021 (Vol. VII, p. 344).
Registration of the Arms of Donald Kennedy
McDermaid, Halifax, Nova Scotia, April 15, 2021
(Vol. VII, p. 345).
Registration of the Arms of Peter Alick McDermaid,
Toronto, Ontario, April 15, 2021 (Vol. VII, p. 346).
Registration of the Arms of Ian Christie McDermaid,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, April 15, 2021 (Vol. VII, p. 347).
Registration of the Arms of The Synod of the Diocese of
New Westminster, Vancouver, British Columbia,
April 15, 2021 (Vol. VII, p. 348).
Registration of the Arms of Stewart McBain of
Glenbain, Glenbain, Saskatchewan, April 15, 2021
(Vol. VII, p. 349).
Registration of the Arms of Henry Gifford Birks, Saint-
Bruno-de-Montarville, Quebec, April 15, 2021 (Vol. VII,
p. 350).
Registration of the Arms and Badge of Dame Sarah
Evlyn Florence Eaton (née McCrae), King City, Ontario,
April 15, 2021 (Vol. VII, p. 351).
Registration of the Arms of Signy Hildur Eaton (née
Stephenson), Toronto, Ontario, April 15, 2021 (Vol. VII,
p. 352).
Registration of the Badge of John David Eaton,
Toronto, Ontario, April 15, 2021 (Vol. VII, p. 353).
Registration of the Arms of Alan Brookman Beddoe,
O.B.E., Blackburn Hamlet, Ontario, April 15, 2021
(Vol. VII, p. 354).
Registration of the Arms of Mortimer Patrick Bogert,
C.B.E., D.S.O., C.D., Halifax, Nova Scotia, April 15,
2021 (Vol. VII, p. 355).
Gazette du Canada Partie I, vol. 155, no 50 5668
Concession d’armoiries, de drapeaux et d’un insigne à
Yan J. Kevin Bolduc, un citoyen canadien résidant à
Wichita Falls (Texas, États-Unis d’Amérique), avec bri-
sures à Kyle Anthony Bolduc, à Rachel Lynn Bolduc et
à Mina Winter Bolduc, le 15 mars 2021 (vol. VII, p. 342).
Concession d’armoiries, d’un drapeau et d’insignes
à Andrew Colin Murdoch, Richmond (Colombie-
Britannique), avec brisures à Brendan Kevin Murdoch
et Sabrina Michelle Murdoch, le 15 mars 2021 (vol. VII,
p. 343).
Enregistrement des armoiries de John Baxter Allan,
C.D., un citoyen canadien résidant à Washington (D.C.,
États-Unis d’Amérique), le 15 avril 2021 (vol. VII,
p. 344).
Enregistrement des armoiries de Donald Kennedy
McDermaid, Halifax (Nouvelle-Écosse), le 15 avril 2021
(vol. VII, p. 345).
Enregistrement des armoiries de Peter Alick
McDermaid, Toronto (Ontario), le 15 avril 2021
(vol. VII, p. 346).
Enregistrement des armoiries d’Ian Christie
McDermaid, Halifax (Nouvelle-Écosse), le 15 avril 2021
(vol. VII, p. 347).
Enregistrement des armoiries de The Synod of the
Diocese of New Westminster, Vancouver (Colombie-
Britannique) le 15 avril 2021 (vol. VII, p. 348).
Enregistrement des armoiries de Stewart McBain of
Glenbain, Glenbain (Saskatchewan), le 15 avril 2021
(vol. VII, p. 349).
Enregistrement des armoiries de Henry Gifford Birks,
Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville (Québec), le 15 avril 2021
(vol. VII, p. 350).
Enregistrement des armoiries et de l’insigne de dame
Sarah Evlyn Florence Eaton (née McCrae), King City
(Ontario), le 15 avril 2021 (vol. VII, p. 351).
Enregistrement des armoiries de Signy Hildur Eaton
(née Stephenson), Toronto (Ontario), le 15 avril 2021
(vol. VII, p. 352).
Enregistrement de l’insigne de John David Eaton,
Toronto (Ontario), le 15 avril 2021 (vol. VII, p. 353).
Enregistrement des armoiries d’Alan Brookman
Beddoe, O.B.E., Blackburn Hamlet (Ontario), le 15 avril
2021 (vol. VII, p. 354).
Enregistrement des armoiries de Mortimer Patrick
Bogert, C.B.E., D.S.O., C.D., Halifax (Nouvelle-Écosse),
le 15 avril 2021 (vol. VII, p. 355).
2021-12-11 Canada Gazette Part I, Vol. 155, No. 50 Gazette du Canada Partie I, vol. 155, no 50 5669

Registration of the Arms of Charles William Barrett, Enregistrement des armoiries de Charles William
Montreal West, Quebec, April 15, 2021 (Vol. VII, p. 356). Barrett, Montréal-Ouest (Québec), le 15 avril 2021
(vol. VII, p. 356).

Registration of the Arms of Michael Grote Stirling, Enregistrement des armoiries de Michael Grote
Kelowna, British Columbia, May 20, 2021 (Vol. VII, Stirling, Kelowna (Colombie-Britannique), le 20 mai
p. 357). 2021 (vol. VII, p. 357).

Approval of the Queen’s Colour of The Cameron High- Approbation du drapeau royal de The Cameron High-
landers of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh’s Own), Ottawa, landers of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh’s Own), Ottawa
Ontario, August 20, 2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 2). (Ontario), le 20 août 2021 (vol. VIII, p. 2).

Approval of the Regimental Colour of The Cameron Approbation du drapeau régimentaire de The Cameron
Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh’s Own), Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh’s Own),
Ottawa, Ontario, August 20, 2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 3). Ottawa (Ontario), le 20 août 2021 (vol. VIII, p. 3).

Approval of the Queen’s Colour of The Nova Scotia Approbation du drapeau royal de The Nova Scotia
Highlanders, Truro, Nova Scotia, August 20, 2021 Highlanders, Truro (Nouvelle-Écosse), le 20 août 2021
(Vol. VIII, p. 4). (vol. VIII, p. 4).

Approval of the Queen’s Colour of The West Nova Approbation du drapeau royal de The West Nova Scotia
Scotia Regiment, Aldershot, Nova Scotia, August 20, Regiment, Aldershot (Nouvelle-Écosse), le 20 août 2021
2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 5). (vol. VIII, p. 5).

Approval of the Guidon of The Fort Garry Horse, Win- Approbation du guidon de The Fort Garry Horse, Win-
nipeg, Manitoba, August 20, 2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 6). nipeg (Manitoba), le 20 août 2021 (vol. VIII, p. 6).

Approval of the Guidon of The Halifax Rifles (RCAC), Approbation du guidon de The Halifax Rifles (RCAC),
Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 20, 2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 7). Halifax (Nouvelle-Écosse), le 20 août 2021 (vol. VIII,
p. 7).

Registration of the Arms of the Honourable Archer Enregistrement des armoiries de l’honorable Archer
Evan Stringer Martin, Hamilton, Ontario, August 20, Evan Stringer Martin, Hamilton (Ontario), le 20 août
2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 8). 2021 (vol. VIII, p. 8).

Registration of the Arms of Albert Edward McPhillips, Enregistrement des armoiries d’Albert Edward
Victoria, British Columbia, August 20, 2021 (Vol. VIII, McPhillips, Victoria (Colombie-Britannique), le 20 août
p. 9). 2021 (vol. VIII, p. 9).

Registration of the Arms of Sir Henry Mill Pellatt, Enregistrement des armoiries de sir Henry Mill Pellatt,
Toronto, Ontario, August 20, 2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 10). Toronto (Ontario), le 20 août 2021 (vol. VIII, p. 10).

Registration of the Arms of Dame Mary Pellatt (née Enregistrement des armoiries de dame Mary Pellatt
Dodgson), Toronto, Ontario, August 20, 2021 (Vol. VIII, (née Dodgson), Toronto (Ontario), le 20 août 2021
p. 11). (vol. VIII, p. 11).

Registration of the Arms of Charles William Beatty, Enregistrement des armoiries de Charles William
Toronto, Ontario, September 15, 2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 12). Beatty, Toronto (Ontario), le 15 septembre 2021
(vol. VIII, p. 12).

Registration of the Arms of Harry Worts Beatty, Enregistrement des armoiries de Harry Worts Beatty,
Toronto, Ontario, September 15, 2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 13). Toronto (Ontario), le 15 septembre 2021 (vol. VIII,
p. 13).

Registration of the Arms of Frederick Dane, Toronto, Enregistrement des armoiries de Frederick Dane,
Ontario, September 15, 2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 14) Toronto (Ontario), le 15 septembre 2021 (vol. VIII,
p. 14).

Grant of Arms, Flag and Badge to Carl Gagnon, C.D., Concession d’armoiries, d’un drapeau et d’un insigne à
Ottawa, Ontario, September 15, 2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 15). Carl Gagnon, C.D., Ottawa (Ontario), le 15 septembre
2021 (vol. VIII, p. 15).
2021-12-11 Canada Gazette Part I, Vol. 155, No. 50
Grant of Arms to Ronald Chow, Toronto, Ontario, Sep-
tember 15, 2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 16).
Grant of Arms, Flag and Badge to Donald Maurice
Joseph Roy, C.D., Ottawa, Ontario, with differences to
Joseph Martin Robert Roy, Daniel Michel Joseph Roy
and Anik Anne Roy, September 15, 2021 (Vol. VIII,
p. 17).
Grant of Arms and Supporters to the Honourable
Brenda Murphy, O.N.B., Fredericton, New Brunswick,
September 15, 2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 18).
Grant of Arms and Supporters to the Municipalité de
Saint-Gabriel-de-Valcartier, Saint-Gabriel-de-Valcartier,
Quebec, September 15, 2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 19).
Grant of Arms, Flag and Badge to Ian Leslie Macdonald,
Toronto, Ontario, September 15, 2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 20).
Grant of Arms and Badge to the Corman Park Police
Service, Corman Park, Saskatchewan, September 15,
2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 21).
Grant of Arms to Lise Papineau, Saint-Ferréol-les-
Neiges, Quebec, with differences to Marc-André
Laverdière-Papineau, Viviane-Nishika Laverdière and
Félix-Vihaan Laverdière-Gillalla, September 15, 2021
(Vol. VIII, p. 22).
Grant of Arms, Flag and Badge to the Surrey Police Ser-
vice, Surrey, British Columbia, October 15, 2021
(Vol. VIII, p. 23).
Grant of Arms and Badge to the Toronto Community
Housing Corporation, Toronto, Ontario, October 15,
2021 (Vol. VIII, p. 24).
Grant of Arms, Flag and Badges to Agnese Di Leonardi,
C.M., Toronto, Ontario, October 15, 2021 (Vol. VIII,
p. 25).
Ian McCowan
Herald Chancellor
Gazette du Canada Partie I, vol. 155, no 50 5670
Concession d’armoiries à Ronald Chow, Toronto (Onta-
rio), le 15 septembre 2021 (vol. VIII, p. 16).
Concession d’armoiries, d’un drapeau et d’un insigne, à
Donald Maurice Joseph Roy, C.D., Ottawa (Ontario),
avec brisures à Joseph Martin Robert Roy, à Daniel
Michel Joseph Roy et à Anik Anne Roy, le 15 septembre
2021 (vol. VIII, p. 17).
Concession d’armoiries et de supports à l’honorable
Brenda Murphy, O.N.B., Fredericton (Nouveau-
Brunswick), le 15 septembre 2021 (vol. VIII, p. 18).
Concession d’armoiries et de supports à la Municipalité
de Saint-Gabriel-de-Valcartier, Saint-Gabriel-de-
Valcartier (Québec), le 15 septembre 2021 (vol. VIII,
p. 19).
Concession d’armoiries, d’un drapeau et d’un insigne à
Ian Leslie Macdonald, Toronto (Ontario), le 15 sep-
tembre 2021 (vol. VIII, p. 20).
Concession d’armoiries et d’un insigne au Corman Park
Police Service, Corman Park (Saskatchewan), le 15 sep-
tembre 2021 (vol. VIII, p. 21).
Concession d’armoiries à Lise Papineau, Saint-Ferréol-
les-Neiges (Québec), avec brisures à Marc-André
Laverdière-Papineau, à Viviane-Nishika Laverdière et
à Félix-Vihaan Laverdière-Gillalla, le 15 septembre
2021 (vol. VIII, p. 22).
Concession d’armoiries, d’un drapeau et d’un insigne
au Surrey Police Service, Surrey (Colombie-
Britannique), le 15 octobre 2021 (vol. VIII, p. 23).
Concession d’armoiries et d’un insigne à la Toronto
Community Housing Corporation, Toronto (Ontario),
le 15 octobre 2021 (vol. VIII, p. 24).
Concession d’armoiries, d’un drapeau et d’insignes à
Agnese Di Leonardi, C.M., Toronto (Ontario), le
15 octobre 2021 (vol. VIII, p. 25).
Le chancelier d’armes
Ian McCowan
Dear Yan

Enclosed please find your Registration certificate with the College. I hope it meets with your approval.

Thank you again for supporting the College, and the future of heraldry, by opting to Register your
arms with our organization, as well as continuing to be an annual member and Patron,

Quite often we are asked if additional copies of Registration certificates may be obtained, usually by
the armiger to frame and hang in additional locations of the office, or for one or more descendants-
Normally duplicate certificates (often months or years post-issue) are listed at $50, However, should
you wish additional copies now, they may be obtained for $29,95, They will be identical to the original
document. If you wish to pursue this, please email me and advise how many certificates you would
like, and we can send you an electronic invoice.

As you know, the Registration will be published shortly in The Armiger's News. Registrations allow us to
continue to raise awareness of heraldry in the United States through our various publications and our
website. Should you know of anyone else interested in registering Armorial Bearings with the College,
or simply joining our organization, please pass along our website to them.

It is only through the aid of members and enthusiasts of heraldry that we will be able to continue our
work and increase the public's awareness of our activities. We still have a great deal of work to do in
order to correct the country's general public misinformation about what is and what is not proper
heraldry, ideally putting every "bucket shop" out of business along the way.

Should you have any questions regarding this Registration, please do not hesitate to contact me.

Take care.

Best Regards,

David Robert Wooten, DFAGH

T H E AMERICAN C O L L E G E O F H E R A L D R Y
OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
8 1 8 N O R T H T A Y L O R ST, S U I T E B , P M B LITTLE R O C K , ARKANSAS 7 2 2 0 7
WWW.AMERICANCOLLEGEOFHERALDRY.ORG

r . A u l . ' i i w ' L . k^L-'-. I.- '.^ b.

 Kyle A. Bolduc

Rachel L. Bolduc

m. 24 Avr 1994, Abilene TX

Linda L. m. 6 Juin 1964, Cacouna Kyle Rachel
La Guardia Mina
Mina W. Bolduc Dorothy Roy m. 1 Fév 1921, St-Samuel

Yan J.K. Bolduc Lucienne m. 25 Mai 1885, St-Vital

Deslongchamps
Réginald Bolduc Virginie Provost m. 7 Fév 1854, St-Michel

Wilfrid Bolduc Marguerite m. 12 Août 1828, St-Gervais

Godbout
Narcisse Bolduc Luce Fradet m. 13 Sep 1803, St-Michel
Marie-Anne
Yan Bolduc
François Bolduc m. 7 Oct 1771, St-Michel
Richard
Pierre Bolduc Marie-Josette m. 10 Avr 1752, Château Richer
Corriveau

Arbre
Pierre Bolduc Élisabeth Cloutier m. 13 Oct 1727, St-Joachim

Pierre Bolduc Thérèse Poulin m. 3 Juin 1697, Beaupré

Pierre Bolduc Louise caron

Joseph Bolduc
Louis Bolduc

généalogique
Louis Boulduc
dit Bosleduc
Pierre Boulduc
Loys Boulduc Élisabeth Hubert

Symon Boulduc Gillette Pijart m. 20 Août 1668, Québec, Canada

Henry Boulduc Françoise Le Brun m. 27 Déc 1639, Paris

Jacqueline de
Henri[?] Boulduc Bonnaire m. 6 Août 1595, Paris
Marguerite Lobry m. ca 1565, Senlis
[?] m. ca 1525, Senlis
Senlis, France

Senlis, 1638

Pierre Boulduc