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âßfi㨄HÜ
˜ ∞« =∞iÜ«Ú #„`[« x =∞e<åÅ `˘ÅyOѨ٠(qã¨~#°̊ )
(Respiration and Elimination of Nitrogenous Wastes)
„Ѩu rq r=„H˜Ü∞« Å#∞ [~°∞ѨÙHÀ=_®xH˜ â◊HÎ̃ J=ã¨~O° . âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« ^•fi~å D â◊HÎ̃ ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞`«∞Ok.
WO`«‰Ωõ =ÚO^Œ∞ áÈ+¨} – r~°„‚ H˜Ü∞« áê~îåºOâ◊OÖ’ r=ÙÅ∞ JkèHõ â◊H` Î̃ À ‰õÄ_ç# ¿ãO„kÜ«∞ Ѩ^•~å÷Å#∞ PǨ~°OQÍ
„QÆÇÏ≤ ™êÎÜ∞« x `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« Ö’ D PǨ~° Ѩ^•~å÷Å∞ PH©ûHõ~} ° O K≥Ok â◊HÎ̃ q_»∞^ŒÅ=Ù`«∞Ok.
âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« Ö’ q+¨ÑÓ¨ i`«"∞≥ #ÿ HÍ~°ƒ<£ _≥· PÔHû· _»∞ ‰õÄ_® U~°Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. Wk ǨxHõ~"° ∞≥ #ÿ k HÍ|\ì̃ ^ÕÇϨ O #∞O_ç
"≥Å∞ѨeH˜ ѨOѨ|_»=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok. Hõ#∞Hõ r=ÙÅ∞ =∞#∞QÆ_‰» Ωõ PH˜û[<£#∞ „QÆÇÏ≤ Oz, HÍ~°ƒ<£_·≥ PÔHû· _£#∞ |Ü«∞@‰õΩ
ѨOѨÙ`å~Ú.
J^Õã=¨ ∞Ü«∞OÖ’ Hõ}ÏÅ #∞O_ç qq^èŒ r=„H˜Ü∞« Å=Å¡ J"≥∂xÜ«∂, Ü«¸iÜ«∂ =O\˜ J<ÕHõ q+¨ÑÓ¨ i`«
Ѩ^•~å÷Å∞ ‰õÄ_® U~°Ê_»∞`å~Ú. Wq ^ÕÇϨ O #∞O_ç qã¨iO˚ Ѩ|_®e. â◊s~° ^è~Œ ‡° âߢãÎ̈Ñ~¨ O° QÍ g∞~°∞ D ~Ô O_»∞
JOâßÅ#∞ D áê~îåºOâ◊OÖ’ J^躌 Ü«∞#O KÕ™êÎ~∞° . nx=Å¡ =∞e# Ѩ^•~å÷Å qã¨~#˚° , ^ÕÇϨ OÖ’ h~°∞ – Å=}
ã¨=∞`åã≤u
÷ ™ê^è#Œ Uq^èOŒ QÍ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^À `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~°∞.
ÅHΔͺÅ∞ (OBJECTIVES)
D áê~îåºOâ◊ J^躌 Ü«∞#O =Å¡ g∞~°∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#QÆeQˆ JOâßÅ∞ :
âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« , âßfiã≤OK«_O» , LKåÛùfiã¨O, xâßfiã¨O, "≥@
· Öò ™ê=∞~°º÷ O.
"å#áê=Ú =∞iÜ«Ú ÉÁkÌOHõÖ’ âßfi㨠"åÜ«Ú=ÙŠѨ~㰠ʨ ~°=∂iÊ_ç
=∂#=ÙÅ âßfiã¨=º=ã¨÷ Ѩ@=Ú#∞ wz ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«∞@
âßfiã≤OK«_O» =∞iÜ«Ú âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« : LKåÛùfiã¨O =∞iÜ«Ú xâßfiã¨OÅ =∞^躌 Éè^Ë •Å#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«@O
âßfiã≤OKÕ q^è•#O – ^•xfl „Hõ=∞ѨiKÕ Ñ¨^u
úŒ .
TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ Ö’ âßfi㨠"åÜ«Ú=ÙŠѨ~㰠ʨ ~° =∂iÊ_ç, Hõ}*ÏÖÏÅ =∞^躌 "å\˜ ~°"å}Ï
âßfi㨠=º=ã¨÷ ã¨O|Okè`« "åº^è∞Œ Å∞, "å\˜ x"å~°}
qã¨~#°̊ „H˜Ü∞« , ^•x „áê=ÚYº`«
J"≥∂‡<À\©e[O, Ü«¸iÜ≥∂\©e[O, Ü«¸iHÀ\©e[O
ÉÁkÌOHõÖ’x qã¨~H˚° õ J=Ü«∞==ÚÅ∞
=∂#=ÙÅÖ’x qã¨~H°̊ õ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’x ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ∞ – "å\˜ q^è∞Œ Å∞
ã¨∂Hõ‡Δ QÍÅ#O, =∂#=ÙÅÖ’ =¸„`«O `«Ü∂« ~°Q∞Æ q^è•#O
357
=∂#=ÙÅ =¸„`«ÑO≤ _» JO`«ifl~å‡}O Ѩ@O wz ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«∞@
=¸„`«OÖ’x ™ê^è•~°}, J™ê^è•~°} ã¨OѶ∞¨ @<åOâ◊=ÚÅ∞
„^Œ"åaèã~¨ }
° „Hõ=∞`« „Ѩ„H˜Ü∞« #∞ ADH [(PO\˜ _≥Ü
· Ú« ~Ô \˜H± Ǩ~À‡#∞), (Ju=¸„`«x~À^èHŒ õ Ǩ~À‡#∞)]
^•fi~å ^•x „Hõ=∞`«
=¸„`«ÑO≤ _»O ѨxKÕÜ∞« #ѨÙ_»∞ (Failure) _»Ü∂« Åã≤ãπ =∞iÜ«Ú =¸„`«ÑO≤ _»O =∂iÊ_çÅ áê„`«
qã¨~#°̊ „H˜Ü∞« Ö’ HÍÖËÜ∞« O áê„`«
14.1 âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞«
QÆ∂H¡ À*ò, W`«~° áÈ+¨HÍÅ∞ ^ŒâÅ◊ "åsQÍ PH©ûHõ~} ° O K≥Ok â◊HxÎ̃ q_»∞^ŒÅKÕã,≤ ^•xx ATP (J_ç<Àã≤<£
¢>ÿ̌áê¶ ¿ãÊ@∞) ~°∂ѨOÖ’ xÅfiKÕÜ∞« \Ïxfl âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« JO\Ï~°∞. =∞# ^ÕǨ xH˜ PH˜û[<£ J=ã¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’
ATP qzÛù#flO K≥Ok JkèH" õ Ú≥ `«OÎ Ö’ â◊HÎ̃ q_»∞^ŒÅ=Ù`«∞Ok.
âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« D „H˜Ok ^ŒâÅ◊ Ö’ ѨÓ~°=Î Ù`«∞Ok.
^Œâ◊ – 1. "åÜ«Ú=ÙŠѨ~㰠ʨ ~° =∂iÊ_ç – D ^ŒâÖ◊ ’ Hõ}ÏxH˜, ^•xfl K«∞\ì̃ =Ù#fl =∂^躌 =∂xH˜ =∞^躌
"åÜ«Ú=ÙŠѨ~㰠ʨ ~° =∂iÊ_ç [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. Hõ}ÏÅ∞ Ѩiã¨~åÅ#∞O_ç PH˜û[<£#∞ „QÆÇÏ≤ Oz, HÍ~°ƒ<£_·≥ PÔHû· _»∞
=∞iÜ«Ú h\˜ PqiÅ#∞ |Ü«∞\˜H˜ ѨOÑ≤"™Õ êÎ~Ú. ÉÏQÍ Jaè=$kúKO≥ k# [O`«∞=ÙÅÖ’ D „Ѩ„H˜Ü∞« ~Ô O_»∞ ^ŒâÅ◊ Ö’
[~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
Z) [O`«∞=ÙÅ ^ÕÇϨ O, ^•xK«∞@∂ì L#fl ÉÏǨϺ Ѩiã¨~åÅH˜ =∞^躌 [iˆQ "åÜ«Ú=ÙŠѨ~㰠ʨ ~°=∂iÊ_ç
nxfl "åܫڄѨã~¨ }
° ÖË^• âßfiã≤OK«_O» JO\Ï~°∞.
a) âßfi㨄H˜Ü∂« `«ÅO =∞iÜ«Ú Hõ}ÏÅ =∞^躌 [iˆQ PH˜û[<£, HÍ~°ƒ<£ _≥· PÔHû· _£Å ~°"å}Ï. D PH˜û[<£
~Ô O_»=^ŒâÖ◊ ’ JO>Ë Hõ}O֒ѨŠ[iˆQ Hõ}âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« Ö’ qxÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞`«∞Ok.
^Œâ◊ – 2 Hõ}âßfi㨠„H˜Ü∞«
Wk r=Ѩ^•~°O÷ , "≥∞\
ÿ ’HÍO„_çÜ∂« ÅÖ’ [iˆQ XHõ ã¨OH˜+¡ "ì̈ ∞≥ #ÿ qãÎ̈$`«"∞≥ #ÿ „Ѩ„H˜Ü∞« .
Hõ}âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« Ö’x JOâßÅ∞:
1. Hõ}*ÏÖÏÅ ^•fi~å PH˜û[<£ „QÆÇÏ≤ OK«|_»@O
2. QÆ∂H¡ À*ò J}∞=ÙÅ∞, W`«~° áÈ+¨HÑõ ^¨ •~å÷Å∞ ^ŒâÅ◊ "åsQÍ PH©ûHõ~}
° O K≥O^Œ_O» .
3. HÍ~°ƒ<£ _≥· PÔHû· _»∞ =∞iÜ«Ú â◊HÎ̃ q_»∞^ŒÅ HÍ=@O.
Hõ#∞Hõ, Hõ}*ÏÖÏʼnõΩ PH˜û[<£#∞ JOkOK«_O» , "å\˜ #∞O_ç HÍ~°ƒ<£ _≥· PÔHû· _£#∞ `˘ÅyOK«_O» âßfiã¨=º=ã¨÷
Ü≥ÚHõ¯ „Ѩ^•è # ÅHõºΔ O.
358
Ѩ@O. 14.1 âßfi㨄H˜Ü«∞ ™ê^è•~°} ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞
QÍeÖ’ PH˜û[<£ O2
âßfiã¨~°O¢^è•Å∞
O2
QÍeÖ’ CO2
O2
"åÜ«Ú<åà◊O Hõ}*ÏÖÏÅ∞
O2qxÜ≥∂QÆO =∞iÜ«Ú
CO2q_Ȱ^΁
361
ÖÏiOH±û / ã¨fi~°`O« „`«∞Å`À ‰õÄ_ç# XHõ z#fl „QÆãx¨ x "åÜ«Ú<åà◊O`À HõÅ∞ѨÙ`«∞Ok† â◊ÉÏÌxfl
ã¨fi~°¿Ñ\˜Hõ =∞$^Œ∞ÖÏã≤÷ J=Ü«∞=O. â‹e· HÍ =∞Ü«∞ L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ∞« _»OÖ’ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞Ѩ_∞» `«∞Ok.
LѨHàõ `◊ À P=iOK«|_ç LO@∞Ok.
"åÜ«ÚHÀâ◊<åà◊O
"åÜ«ÚHÀâ◊O ÖË^• HÍÖÏOzHõ
ѨÙѨÙã¨ã≤~°Å∞ ~°HõÎ ˆHâ◊<åoHÍ
ѨÙѨÙ㨠^èŒ=∞#∞Å∞ Ѩ¡HõΔ=Ú "åÜ«ÚHÀâ◊O
"åÜ«ÚHÀâßÅ∞
(a) (b)
Ѩ@O 14.3 (a) =∂#=ÙÅÖ’ TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ ∞ (b) JO`«º "åÜ«ÚHÀâ◊=ÚÅ =~°‰Ωõ âßfiã¨<åà◊O qÉè[í #
362
Ѩ\ Hì̃ õ 14.2 âßfiã≤OK«_O» =∞iÜ«Ú âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« Å =∞^躌 Éè^Ë •Å∞
âßfiã≤OK«_O» âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞«
1. Éè∫uHõ „Ѩ„H˜Ü∞« 1. ZO*ˇ=· ÚÅ∞ áê„`« =Ç≤ÏOKÕ r=~°™êÜ«∞xHõ
2. Hˆ =ÅO ã¨sã¨$áêÅ∞, Ѩ‰ΩΔõ Å∞ =∞iÜ«Ú „Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞
H©~Δ ^° •ÅÖ’ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. 2. Jxfl r=ÙÅÖ’ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
3. Wk ÅÜ«∞|^Œ"ú ∞≥ #ÿ „Ѩ„H˜Ü∞« 3. Wk x~°O`«~O° QÍ [iˆQ „Ѩ„H˜Ü∞«
4. Hõ}ÉÏǨϺ„Ѩ„H˜Ü∞« 4. Hõ}ÏO`«ã÷¨ „Ѩ„H˜Ü∞«
5. nxÖ’ [O`«∞=ÙʼnõΩ, "å\˜ ÉÏǨϺѨiã¨~åʼnõΩ 5. nxÖ’ ZO*ˇ=· ÚÅ ã¨=∞HõOΔ Ö’ QÆ∂H¡ À*ò qzÛù#flO
=∞^躌 "åÜ«Ú qx=∞Ü«∞O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. KÕÜ∞« |_ç, â◊HΘ q_»∞^ŒÅ J=Ù`«∞Ok.
áê~îåºOâ◊ „Ѩâfl◊ Å∞ 14.1
1. âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« #∞ x~°fizOK«O_ç.
............................................................................................................................................................................................
2. âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« [iˆQ@ѨC_»∞ =∂iÊ_ç [iˆQ ~Ô O_»∞ "åÜ«Ú=ÙÅ#∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯#O_ç.
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3. K«~‡° âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« JO>Ë Uq∞\˜? K«~‡° âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« [i¿Ñ XHõ [O`«∞=Ù#∞ L^•Ç¨Ï~°}QÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯#O_ç.
............................................................................................................................................................................................
4. "å#áê=ÚÖ’ ~°HOÎõ U~°OQÆ∞Ö’ LO@∞Ok? P ~°OQÆ∞#∞ HõeyOKÕ =~°H‚ Oõ ¿Ñ~°∞ `≥ÅÊO_ç.
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5. ÉÁkÌOHõÖ’ PH˜û[<£ qq^èŒ Hõ}=ÚʼnõΩ Uq^èOŒ QÍ ~°"å}Ï J=Ù`«∞Ok?
............................................................................................................................................................................................
6. "åÜ«Ú qx=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ ~°HOÎõ áê„`« =Ç≤ÏOK«x [O`«∞=ÙÅ ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂xfl ¿Ñ~˘¯#O_ç
............................................................................................................................................................................................
7. ÉÁkÌOHõÖ’"åÜ«Ú<åà◊O ÉÏǨϺѨiã¨~åÅ`À Uq^èOŒ QÍ ã¨O|O^è•xfl Hõey =ÙO@∞Ok?
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8. =∂#=ÙÅÖ’ <åã≤HÍ~°O„^è•Å #∞O_ç TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ =~°‰Ωõ QÍe „ѨÜ∂« }O KÕ¿ã =∂~åæxfl ã¨∂zOK«O_ç.
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363
9. =∂#=ÙÅ âßfiã¨=º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ QÍe =_»áÈÜ«∞|_»@O, `Õ=∞QÍ J=_»O, "≥KÛ« |_»@O [iˆQ ÉèÏQÍxfl ¿Ñ~˘¯#O_ç.
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10. =∂#=ÙÅÖ’ JkèlǨÏfiHõ qkè Uq∞\˜?
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11.2 ѨÙѨÙ㨠âßfi㨄H˜Ü«∞ q^è•#O
âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« =ÚYºÅHõºΔ O Hõ}*ÏÖÏʼnõΩ PH˜û[<£#∞ JOkOK«_O» , "å\˜ #∞O_ç HÍ~°ƒ<£_·≥ PÔHû· _»∞#∞ `˘ÅyOK«_O» .
D „Ѩ„H˜Ü∞« „H˜Ok ^ŒâÅ◊ Ö’ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
1. "å`å=~°}OÖ’x QÍeH˜, TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ ‰õΩ =∞^躌 PH˜û[<£, HÍ~°ƒ<£_·≥ PÔHû· _£Å =∂iÊ_çH˜ ^•if¿ã âßfiã≤OK«_O»
J<Õ „H˜Ü∞« (ѨÙѨÙã¨"åÜ«Ú „Ѩã~¨ }
° ).
2. "åÜ«ÚHÀâßÅ LѨi`«ÅO =^ŒÌ [iˆQ "åÜ«Ú=ÙÅ =∂iÊ_ç
3. Hõ}*ÏÖÏÅÖ’ "åÜ«Ú=ÙÅ ~°"å}Ï =∞iÜ«Ú =∂iÊ_ç
4. Hõ} âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞«
14.2.1. âßfiã≤OK«_O» ÖË^• ѨÙѨÙ㨠"åÜ«Ú „Ѩã~¨ }
°
Wk "å`å=~°}OÖ’x QÍex TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ Ö’H˜ fã¨∞H˘x, HÍ~°ƒ<£_P ·≥ HÔ û· _£#∞ |Ü«∞\˜H˜ =ke"Õ¿ã XHõ Ü«∂O„uHõ
„Ѩ„H˜Ü∞« . âßfiã≤OK«_O» XHõ JxÜ«∞O„u`« K«~º° . HÍh „Ѩ`ºÕ Hõ Ѩiã≤`
÷ ∞« ÅÖ’ xÜ«∞O„u`« K«~º° ‰õÄ_® J=Ù`«∞Ok.
nxÖ’ TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ ∞ UHÍO`«~O° QÍ ã¨OHÀK«"åºHÀKåÅ∞ [i¿Ñ ~Ô O_»∞ ^ŒâÅ◊ ∞ LO\Ï~Ú.
1. LKåÛùfiã¨O ÖË^• QÍex ֒ѨeH˜ fã¨∞HÀ=_»O
2. xâßfiã¨O ÖË^• QÍex |Ü«∞\˜H˜ <≥@_ì O» (Ѩ@O 14.4).
1. LKåÛùfiã¨O (QÍex ֒ѨeH˜ fã¨∞HÀ=_»O) :
TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ P^è•~° ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ HõO_»~Ü ° Ú« `«"∞≥ #ÿ , _À"£∞ PHÍ~°OÖ’ L#fl qÉèÏ[Hõ Ѩ@ÅO LO@∞Ok. Wk
ã¨OHÀzOK«_O» =Å¡ |Å¡Ñ~¨ ∞° ѨÙQÍ =∂i „H˜OkH˜ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅΠѨ~É° Ïè QÆO „H˜OkH˜ ÖÏQÆ|_»@O =Å¡
"å\˜ Ѩi=∂}O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. „ѨH¯õ Å =∞^躌 L#fl ÉÏǨϺ Ѩ~∞° ûHÍO`«~° HõO_»~åÅ∞ ã¨OHÀzOK«_O» =Å¡, Ѩ~∞° ≈HõÅ`À
‰õÄ_ç# Z=ÚHõÅ QÆ∂_»∞ (Rib Cage) "≥Å∞ѨeH˜ ÃÑ·H˜ Hõ^∞Œ Å∞`«∞Ok. D ã¨OHÀKåÅhfl Hõeã≤ L~°ó‰õΩǨÏ~° Ѩi=∂}Ïxfl
ÃÑOK«∞`å~Ú. TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ Ö’x "åÜ«ÚÑ‘_#» O `«Q∞Æ ` æ ∞« Ok. "≥O@<Õ "å`å=~°}OÖ’x â◊√„Éè"í ∞≥ #ÿ QÍe
TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ Ö’H˜ "ÕQOÆ QÍ „Ѩ"tÕ ã¨∞OÎ k. D q^èOŒ QÍ LKåÛùfiã¨O âßfiã≤OK«_O» Ö’ XHõ „H˜Ü∂« jÅ „Ѩ„H˜Ü∞« .
2. xâßfiã¨O (QÍex |Ü«∞\˜H˜ ѨOѨ@O) :
D ^ŒâÖ◊ ’ ÉÏǨϺѨ~∞° ≈HÍO`«~° HõO_»~åÅ∞ ã¨_Å» ∞`å~Ú. JO`«~° Ѩ~∞° ≈HÍO`«~° HõO_»~åÅ∞ ã¨OHÀz™êÎ~Ú.
Ѷe¨ `«OQÍ Ñ¨~∞° ≈HõÅ`À ‰õÄ_ç# Z=ÚHõÅ QÆ∂_»∞ „H˜OkH˜, ֒ѨeH˜ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. qÉèÏ[HõÑ@ ¨ ÅO ‰õÄ_®
ã¨_Å» _»O =Å¡, ÃÑ·H˜ [iy =∞m§ ^•x ã¨ÇϨ [ _À"£∞ PHÍ~åxfl á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞Ok.
364
L^Œ~° ÉèÏQÆOÖ’x J=Ü«∞"åÅ∞ qÉèÏ[HõÑ@ ¨ ÅO "≥Ñ· Ù¨ ÃÑ·H˜ <≥@|
ì _»`å~Ú. D =∂~°∞Ê =Å¡ L~°ó ‰õΩǨÏ~°
Ѩi=∂}O `«Q∞Æ `
æ ∞« Ok. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ Ö’x "åÜ«ÚÑ‘_#» O JkèH"õ ∞≥ ÿ "å\˜Ö’x HÍ~°ƒ<£_·≥ PÔHû· _£`À xO_ç#
QÍe |Ü«∞\˜H˜ <≥\"ì˜ Ü
Õ ∞« |_»∞`«∞Ok.
|Å=O`«OQÍ QÍe Ñ‘ÅÛ_»O : |Å=O`«OQÍ âßfiã≤OKÕ „Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞Ö’ LKåÛùfiã¨, xâßfi™êÅ∞ Ô~O_»∞ „H˜Ü«∂jÅ „Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞ÖË.
ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë =∞iH˘xfl Ѩ~∞° ûHÍO`«~° HõO_»~åÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú L^Œ~H° Oõ _»~åÅ JkèHõ âßfi㨠Hõ^eŒ HõÅ HÀã¨O D K«~º° Ö’ áêÖÁæO\Ï~Ú.
365
=∂iÊ_ç [iy# "åÜ«Ú=ÙŠѨi=∂}ÏÅ∞ :
Ѩ\Hì̃ õ 14.3Ö’ XHõ ™ê^è•~°} „áœ_è» =∂#=Ù_çÖ’ âßfiã≤OKÕ@ѨC_»∞ =∂iÊ_ç [iy# "åÜ«Ú=ÙŠѨi=∂}ÏÅ∞
K«∂Ѩ|_®¤~Ú.
Ѩ\Hì˜ õ 14.3 âßfiã≤Oz#ѨÙ_»∞ =∂iÊ_ç K≥Ok# "åÜ«ÚѨi=∂}ÏÅ∞
1) >ÿ̌_»~ü "åÅ∂º"£∞ XHõ âßfiã¨=ÅÜ«∞OÖ’ TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ Ö’H˜, |Ü«∞\˜H˜ 500 q∞.b.
(TV) „Ѩ"tÕ OKÕ QÍe Ѩi=∂}O (™ê^è•~°}OQÍ [iˆQ
âßfiã≤OKÕ q^è•#O)
2) LKåÛùfi㨠xÅfi >ÿ̌_»Öò "åÅ∂º"£∞#∞ ^•\˜ âßÜ«∞â◊‰õΩÎÖÏ Ö’Ñ¨eH˜ 2000–3000 q∞.b
Ѩi=∂}O Ñ‘eÛ# QÍe Ѩi=∂}O
(Inspiratory Reserve
Volume) (IRV)
"≥@
· Öò ™ê=∞~°ºú O ^è∂Œ =∞áê#O KÕ¿ã =º‰õΩÅÎ Ö’, HõÜ
Δ ∞« "åºkè ™ÈH˜# =º‰õΩÅÎ Ö’ ÉÏQÍ `«yáæ ÈÜÕ∞ J=HÍâ◊O LOk.
=∞~˘Hõ"Ñ·≥ Ù¨ „H©_®HÍ~°∞Å∞ =∞iÜ«Ú QÍÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ JkèHõ "≥@ · Öò ™ê=∞~°ºú O Hõey LO\Ï~°∞.
1) ~°HOÎõ Ö’x áê¡™ê‡Ö’ Hõiy TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ #∞ KÕ~∞° `«∞Ok. (~°"å}Ï JÜÕ∞º "≥Ú`«OÎ C0 Ö’ Hˆ =ÅO 5–7%
2
Z„~° ~°HÎõ Hõ}ÏÅ֒ѨŠW^Õ K«~º° HÍ~åƒxH± Z<£ÃÇ·Ï„_Õ*ò J#∞ ZO*ˇ=· Ú K«~º° =Å¡ L`ÕlÎ `«"∞≥ ÿ "ÕQOÆ QÍ
[~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. `«~åfi`« áê¡™ê‡Ö’H˜ "åºÑ¨#O K≥O^Œ∞`«∞Ok (C0 Ö’ JkèHÉõ Ïè QÆO ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 75–80% D
2
H CO
2 3
HCO
3
+ H+
HÍ~åƒxH± P=∞¡O (ɡH· Í~°ƒ<Õ\ò JÜ«∂<£)
367
ɡ· HÍ~°ƒ<Õ\ò ~°HOÎõ Ö’x áê¡™ê‡Ö’ JkèHõ „^•=}©Ü∞« `« Hõey =ÙO@∞Ok. Wk uiy Z„~°HÎõ Hõ}ÏÅ#∞ KÕi
"åÜ«ÚHÀâßÅÖ’ C0 =∞iÜ«Ú H 0 Å∞QÍ qzÛù#fl=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. ÃÑ·# q=iOz# =¸_»∞ q^è•ÅÖ’ Hõ}*ÏÖÏÅ
2 2
#∞O_ç TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ ‰õΩ KÕi# C0 TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ Ö’x "åÜ«ÚHÀâßÅÖ’x QÍeÖ’H˜ q_»∞^ŒÖ,·ˇ z=iH˜ xâßfiã¨O
2
"≥∞ÿ\’HÍO„_çÜ«∂
C6 H12 O6 + 6CO2 6CO2+ H2O + ATP (â◊HÎ̃)
Hõ} âßfi㨄H˜Ü«∞
PH˜û[<£ ã¨=∞HõOΔ Ö’ [iˆQ âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« x "åÜ«Ú ã¨ÇÏ≤ `« âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« (aerobic respiration) JO\Ï~°∞. Wk
Z‰õΩ¯= ã¨=∞~°=ú O`«"∞≥ #ÿ âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« , ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë D K«~º° Ö’ XHõ QÆ∂H¡ À*ò J}∞=Ù PH©ûHõ~}
° O K≥Ok#ѨÙ_»∞ 38
J}∞=ÙÅ ATP q_»∞^ŒÅ=Ù`«∞Ok.
H˘O`« ã¨=∞Ü«∞O PH˜û[<£ ÖËHáõ È=@O J"åÜ«Ú âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« (Anaerobic respiration) ‰õΩ ^•ifã¨∞OÎ k.
Wk ã¨=∞~°=ú O`«"∞≥ #ÿ âßfi㨄H˜Ü∞« HÍ^Œ∞. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë D K«~º° Ö’ XHõ QÆ∂H¡ À*ò J}∞=Ù PH©ûHõ~}
° O K≥Ok#ѨÙ_»∞
Hˆ =ÅO 2 J}∞=ÙÅ ATP =∂„`«"∞Õ q_»∞^ŒÅ=Ù`«∞Ok. (q=~åÅHÀã¨O áê~îO° 12#∞ K«∂_»O_ç.)
âßfi㨄H˜Ü«∞
â◊HÎ̃ q_»∞^ŒÅ HÀã¨O QÆ∂H¡ À*ò qzÛù#flO K≥O^Œ_O»
QÆ∂¡HÀ*ò QÆ∂¡HÀ*ò
O2
2CO2+ PůǨÖò + 2ATP
6CO2+ 6H2O + 38ATP
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
7. HõÜΔ ∞« "åºkè x"å~°}‰õΩ "å_Õ \©HÍ#∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯#O_ç.
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
371
8. =$uÎÑ~¨ "° ∞≥ #ÿ W|ƒOkQÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}O˜ KÕ U^≥<· å TÑ≤iu`«∞ÅÎ ‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# "åºkèx ¿Ñ~˘¯#O_ç.
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
9. „ÉÏOMˇ\ · 㘠π =∞iÜ«Ú PãÎ̈=∂Å =∞^躌 ÉË^"Œè ∞Õ q∞\˜?
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
14.3 qã¨~#°̊
[O`«∞=ÙÅhfl "å\˜ ^ÕÇϨ O qq^èŒ r=„H˜Ü∂« K«~º° Å∞ [iy#ѨÙ_»∞ U~°Ê_»¤ =º~°÷ Ѩ^•~å÷Å#∞ `˘ÅyOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜
U^À XHõ „H˜Ü∂« q^è•<åxfl Hõey=ÙO\Ï~Ú. D =º~°ú Ѩ^•~å÷ÅÖ’ CO h~°∞, Ü«¸iÜ«∂, Ü«¸iH± P=∞¡O, 2
áêÜ«Ú=Ù
ѨÙs+¨
<åà◊O
JO`«º h~°∞, JÜ«∂#∞¡ =∞iÜ«Ú
PǨ~° <åà◊O qÅ∞"≥·# ¿ãO„kÜ«∞ J}∞=ÙÅ
=∞^蕺Ǩ~° <åà◊O ѨÙ#óâ’+¨}
=∂sÊùlÜ«∞<£ <åoHõÅ∞
Ѩ@O. 14.6 ÉÁkÌOHõ qã¨~°˚Hõ J=Ü«∞"åÅ∞
373
– =∂bÊùrÜ«∞<£ <åoHõÅ∞ =∞^蕺 Ǩ~°<åà◊O, JO`«º PǨ~°<åà◊O Hõe¿ã KÀ@ LO_Õ JuH˜ L#fl á⁄_»"#·≥
JO^è<Œ åoHõÅ∞.
– Wq L^Œ~° ‰õΩǨÏ~°OÖ’ Ç‘Ï"≥∂eOѶπ (H©@HÍÅ ~°HOÎõ )Ö’ =Úxy (Bathed) =ÙO\Ï~Ú
<åoHÍHõ}ÏÅ∞ Ç‘Ï"≥∂eOѶπ #∞O_ç #„`«[x =º~å÷Å#∞, H˘xfl Å=}ÏÅ#∞ `˘ÅyOz <åoH͉õΩǨÏ~°O Ö’H˜
ѨOÑπ KÕ™êÎ~Ú.
D „^Œ=O JO`«º PǨ~°<åàÏxfl KÕ̂~ „Ѩ„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ QÍ_è`
» ~« =° ∞=Ù`«∞Ok.
D QÍ_è` » ~« "° ∞≥ #ÿ „^Œ=O ѨÙs+¨<åàÏxfl KÕ~∞° `«∞Ok. JHõ¯_ç #∞O_ç JkèHõ QÍ_è`
» Q« ÅÆ =¸„`«OQÍ =∞Å
Ѩ^•~°O÷ `À áê@∞ qã¨i` ˚ =« ∞=Ù`«∞Ok.
JkèHõ ÉèÏQÆO Å=}ÏÅ∞, h~°∞ =∂bÊùlÜ«∞<£ <åoHõÅ ^•fi~å uiy Ç‘Ï"≥∂eOѶÖπ ’H˜ ѨOÑπ KÕÜ∞« |_»`å~Ú.
D q^èOŒ QÍ #„`«[x =º~åúÅ∞ ѨÓiÎ á⁄_çÑ^¨ •~°O÷ QÍ `˘ÅyOѨ|_»`å~Ú.
14.3.3 =∂#=ÙÅÖ’ qã¨~H˚° õ J=Ü«∞"åÅ∞
=∂#=ÙÅÖ’ qã¨~H˚° õ =º=ã¨÷ XHõ [`« =¸„`«ÑO≤ _®Å∞, XHõ[`« =¸„`«<åàÏÅ∞, XHõ =¸„`åâ◊Ü∞« O, XHõ
„Ѩ¿ãHõO (Urethra) Å#∞ HõeyLO@∞Ok.(Ѩ@=Ú 14.7)
=¸„`«ÑO≤ _®Å∞L^Œ~° ‰õΩǨÏ~°O „H˜Ok ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ "≥<fl≥ =ÚHõH˜ W~°∞"≥Ñ· Ù¨ ÖÏ L#fl z‰õΩ¯_»∞ yO[ PHÍ~°ÑÙ¨
J=Ü«∞"åÅ∞.
„Ѩu =¸„`«ÑO≤ _»O Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ѨÙ\ÏHÍ~°ÑÙ¨ =∞^躌 JOK«∞ =^ŒÌ ÃÇ·ÏÅãπ J<Õ XHõ <˘‰õΩ¯ LO@∞Ok. Wk =$Hõ¯„^À}˜
J<Õ QÆ~å@∞ PHÍ~°ÑÙ¨ „Ѩ^âÕ O◊ Ö’H˜ ^•ifã¨∞OÎ k.
=$Hõ¯„^À}˜x P=iOz =$Hõ¯=ůÅO J<Õ ÉÏǨϺ Hõ}*ÏÅѨ٠á⁄~°, =$Hõ¯^Œ=º J<Õ Ö’Ñ¨e Hõ}*ÏÅѨ٠á⁄~°
LO\Ï~Ú.
=¸„`«ÑO≤ _®Å∞ ~°HOÎõ #∞O_ç r=„H˜Ü∂« =º~åúÅ#∞ =_»áÈã≤, =¸„`«O J<Õ „^Œ=Ѩ^•~°÷ ~°∂ѨOÖ’ qã¨i™˚ êÎ~Ú.
=¸„`«ÑO≤ _®Å∞ =¸„`åxfl `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕ™êÎ~Ú Hõ#∞Hõ Jq ~°HOÎõ ™ê^è•~°} ã¨OѶ∞¨ @##∞,
^ÕÇϨ Hõ}*ÏÖÏÅxflO\˜Ö’ „^Œ= Ѩ^•~å÷Å =∞iÜ«Ú Å=}ÏÅ ã¨=∞`åã≤u÷ x ‰õÄ_® „Hõ=∞Ѩ~∞° ™êÎ~Ú.
=¸„`«ÑO≤ _»OÖ’ `«Ü∂« ~Ô #· =¸„`«O =¸„`«<åoHõÅ∞ J<Õ ~Ô O_»∞ HõO_»~Ü
° Ú« `«"∞≥ #ÿ <åàÏÅ ^•fi~å
=¸„`åâ◊Ü∂« xH˜ KÕ~∞° `«∞Ok.
„Ѩ¿ãHõO (Urethra) =¸„`åxfl =¸¢`åâ◊Ü∞« O #∞O_ç "≥Å∞ѨeH˜ ѨO¿Ñ XHõ z#fl<åà◊O.
=¸„`« qã¨~#˚° ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ =¸„`åâ◊Ü∞« O #∞O_ç =¸„`«O „Ѩ¿ãHõO ^•fi~å |Ü«∞\˜H˜ ѨOѨ|_»∞`«∞Ok.
=¸„`åâ◊Ü∂« xfl MÏm KÕÜ∞« _®xfl =¸„`« qã¨~#˚° (micturition) JO\Ï~°∞.
374
Ѩ@O. 14.7 =∂#=ÙÅÖ’ qã¨~°˚Hõ J=Ü«∞"åÅ∞
^Œ=º
Z_»=∞ =¸„`«Ñ≤O_»O
(JO`«ifl~å‡}=Ú K«∂ѨÙ@ H˘~°‰õΩ
=¸„`«<åà◊O HÀã≤ `≥~°=|_ç#k)
=¸„`åâ◊Ü«∞O
HõO_»~°Ü«Ú`« ‰õΩ_»ºO (JO`«ifl~å‡}=Ú K«∂ѨÙ@
T~°÷fi ã¨O=~°}˜ H˘~°‰õΩ HÀã≤ `≥~°=|_ç#k.)
x=∞fl ã¨O=~°}˜
„Ѩ¿ãHõO
=$Hõ¯¢Ñ¨=∂}ÏÅ∞
(2 ~°HÍÅ∞) Ñ≤~°q∞_£, „^À}˜ Ö’xH˜ á⁄_»∞K«∞‰õΩx =zÛ# ^Œ=fi
ÉèÏQÆO
`«O`«∞Ü«Ú`« QÆ∞oHõ
ã¨O„QÆǨÏ} <åà◊O `≥~°K«∞H˘<Õ ~°O„^èŒO
=ůÅ=Ú (=$Hõ¯^èŒ=∞x)
^Œ=fi „^À}˜,
=¸„`«<åà◊O
376