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Ficha 1
Ficha 1
Departamento de Matemática
Secção de Álgebra e Análise
I. Módulos e desigualdades
1. Mostre que:
1.1. {x ∈ R : |x + 2| = 3} = {−5, 1}
1.2. {x ∈ R : |x + 2| ≤ 1} = [−3, −1]
1.3. {x ∈ R : |3 − x| > 2} = ]−∞, 1[ ∪ ]5, +∞[
1.4. {x ∈ R : 2 < |x| < 3} = ]−3, −2[ 3∪ ]2,1 3[ 5 7
1.5. {x ∈ R : 3 < 2|x − 1| ≤ 5} = − 2 , − 2 ∪ 2 , 2
1.6. {x ∈ R : |x − 3| > 2 ∧ x ≥ 0} = [0, 1[ ∪ ]5, +∞[
1.7. {x ∈ R : |x + 2| ≤ 3 ∧ x+ 1 > 0} = ]−1, 1]
1.8. {x ∈ R : |3 − 4x| < 1} = 21 , 1 1
1.9. {x ∈ R : |4x + 3| > 1} = ]−∞, −1[ ∪ − 2
, +∞
{x ∈ R : |5 − 3x| ≤ 2} = 1, 37
1.10.
{x ∈ R : |5 + 3x| ≥ 2} = −∞, − 73 ∪ [−1, +∞[
1.11.
3
1.12. {x ∈ R : |4x + 1| > 5} = −∞, − 2 ∪ ]1, +∞[
3
1.13. {x ∈ R : |1 − 4x| < 5} = −1, 2 1
1.14. {x ∈ R : |5x + 2| ≥ 3} = ]−∞, −1] ∪ 5
, +∞
{x ∈ R : |2 − 5x| ≤ 3} = − 15 ,1
1.15.
1.16. {x ∈ R : |3x − 4| ≤ 1} = 1, 35
{x ∈ R : |3x + 4| ≥ 1} = −∞, − 35 ∪ [−1, +∞[
1.17.
1.18. {x ∈ R : |2x + 3| > 5} = ]−∞, −4[ ∪ ]1, +∞[
1.19. {x ∈ R : |3 − 2x| < 5} = ]−1, 4[
1.20. {x ∈ R : |2 − 3x| < 1} = 13 , 1 1
1.21. {x ∈ R : |2 + 3x| > 1} = ]−∞, −1[ ∪ − 3
, +∞
{x ∈ R : |5x − 4| ≤ 1} = 35 , 1
1.22.
{x ∈ R : |5x + 4| ≥ 1} = ]−∞, −1] ∪ − 53 , +∞
1.23.
1.24. {x ∈ R : |5 − 2x| < 1} = ]2, 3[
1.25. {x ∈ R : |2x + 5| > 1} = ]−∞,
2 −3[ ∪ ]−2, +∞[
1.26. {x ∈ R : |5 − 6x| ≤ 1} = 3 , 1
1.27. {x ∈ R : |6x − 5| > 1} = −∞, 23 ∪ ]1, +∞[
1.28. {x ∈ R : |9 − 2x| < 1} = ]4, 5[
1.29. {x ∈ R : |2x − 9| ≥ 1} = ]−∞, 4] ∪ [5, +∞[
4
1.30. {x ∈ R : |4 − 3x| < 8} = − 3 , 4
4
1.31. {x ∈ R : |3x − 4| ≥ 8} = −∞, − 3
∪ [4, +∞[
5
1.32. {x ∈ R : |3 − 4x| ≤ 7} = −1, 2
{x ∈ R : |4x − 3| > 7} = ]−∞, −1[ ∪ 25 , +∞
1.33.
1.34. {x ∈ R : |7 − 2x| ≤ 1} = [3, 4]
1.35. {x ∈ R : |2x − 7| > 1} = ]−∞, 3[ ∪ ]4, +∞[
1.36. {x ∈ R : |5 − 2x| < 9} = ]−2, 7[
1.37. {x ∈ R : |2x − 5| ≥ 9} = ]−∞, −2] ∪ [7, +∞[
1.38. {x ∈ R : |5 − 3x| < 1} = 34 , 2
4
1.39. {x ∈ R : |3x − 5| ≥ 1} = −∞, 38 ∪ [2, +∞[
{x ∈ R : 2 < 3|x + 1| ≤ 5} = − 3 , − 3 ∪ − 13 , 23
5
1.40.
1
2 CDI I - MEM-MEAMBI-MEQ– 1 SEM. 2017/18 – FICHA 1
2. Mostre que:
{x ∈ R : |3 − 2x| ≥ |x + 2|} = −∞, 31 ∪ [5, +∞[
2.1.
2.2. {x ∈ R : |x| = |x − 2|} = {1}
2.3. {x ∈ R : |x| ≤ |x − 2|} = ]−∞, 1]
2.4. {x ∈ R : |2x − 5| ≥ |1 − x|} = ]−∞, 2] ∪ [4, +∞[ 3
2.5. {x ∈ R : |6x − 5| < |1 − 8x|} = ]−∞, −2[ ∪ 7
, +∞
{x ∈ R : |5 − 6x| ≥ |8x − 1|} = −2, 37
2.6.
4
2.7. {x ∈ R : |2x − 9| < |1 − 8x|} = −∞, − 3
∪ ]1, +∞[
4
2.8. {x ∈ R : |9 − 2x| ≥ |8x − 1|} = − 3 , 1
2
2.9. {x ∈ R : |3x − 4| ≤ |8 − 9x|} = −∞, 3
∪ [1, +∞[
2
2.10. {x ∈ R : |4 − 3x| > |9x − 8|} = 3 , 1
2.11. {x ∈ R : |4x − 3| < |7 − 6x|} = ]−∞, 1[ ∪ ]2, +∞[
2.12. {x ∈ R : |3 − 4x| ≥ |6x − 7|} = [1, 2]
3
2.13. {x ∈ R : |2x − 7| < |1 − 6x|} = −∞, − ∪ ]1, +∞[
2
3
2.14. {x ∈ R : |7 − 2x| ≥ |6x − 1|} = − 2 , 1
{x ∈ R : |2x − 5| ≤ |9 − 4x|} = ]−∞, 2] ∪ 37 , +∞
2.15.
2.16. {x ∈ R : |5 − 2x| > |4x − 9|} = 2, 73 6
2.17. {x ∈ R : |3x − 5| ≤ |1 − 4x|} = ]−∞, −4] ∪ 7
, +∞
6
2.18. {x ∈ R : |5 − 3x| > |4x − 1|} = −4, 7
{x ∈ R : 3|2 − x| ≤ |x|} = 32 , 3
2.19.
2.20. {x ∈ R : 3|x − 2| > |x|} = −∞, 23 ∪ ]3, +∞[
2.21. {x ∈ R : |4x − 9| ≥ |6 − x|} = ]−∞, 1] ∪ [3, +∞[
2.22. {x ∈ R : |9 − 4x| < |6 − x|} = ]1, 3[
2.23. {x ∈ R : |3x + 4| ≤ |x + 8|} = [−3, 2]
2.24. {x ∈ R : |3x + 4| > |x + 8|} = ]−∞, −3[ ∪ ]2, +∞[
2.25. {x ∈ R : |5x − 2| ≥ |x + 2|} = ]−∞, 0] ∪ [1, +∞[
2.26. {x ∈ R : |2 − 5x| < |x + 2|} = ]0, 1[
2.27. {x ∈ R : |7 − 4x| ≤ |2x + 1|} = [1, 4]
2.28. {x ∈ R : |4x − 7| > |2x + 1|} = ]−∞, 1[ ∪ ]4, +∞[
2.29. {x ∈ R : |5x − 4| ≥ |x + 4|} = ]−∞, 0] ∪ [2, +∞[
2.30. {x ∈ R : |4 − 5x| < |x + 4|} = ]0, 2[
2.31. {x ∈ R : |7 − 2x| ≤ |x + 1|} = [2, 8]
2.32. {x ∈ R : |2x − 7| > |x + 1|} = ]−∞, 2[ ∪ ]8, +∞[
2.33. {x ∈ R : |5 − 2x| < |x − 1|} = ]2, 4[
1
2.34. {x ∈ R : |2 − x| ≥ |3 + 2x|} = −5, − 33 3
2.35. {x ∈ R : |3 − 5x| < |7x − 6|} = −∞, 4 ∪ 2 , +∞
2.36. {x ∈ R : |5x − 3| ≥ |6 − 7x|} = 43 , 32
2.37. {x ∈ R : |3x − 2| > |4 − 9x|} = 31 , 12
{x ∈ R : |2 − 3x| ≤ |9x − 4|} = −∞, 31 ∪ 12 , +∞
2.38.
2.39. {x ∈ R : |2x − 5| > |4 − x|} = ]−∞, 1[ ∪ ]3, +∞[
2.40. {x ∈ R : |5 − 2x| ≤ |x − 4|} = [1, 3]
CDI I - MEM-MEAMBI-MEQ– 1 SEM. 2017/18 – FICHA 1 3
3. Mostre que:
3.1. {x ∈ R : 4 < x2 < 9} = ]−3, −2[ ∪ ]2, 3[
3.2. {x ∈ R : 9 ≤ (x − 1)2 < 25} = ]−4, −2] ∪ [4, 6[
3.3. {x ∈ R : x2 − 1 > 0 ∧ x − 3 ≤ 0} = ]−∞, −1[ ∪ ]1, 3]
3.4. {x ∈ R : x2 − 4 ≤ 0 ∧ x + 1 > 0} = ]−1, 2]
3.5. {x ∈ R : x2 − 2x − 3 ≥ 0} = ]−∞, −1] ∪ [3, +∞[
3.6. {x ∈ R : 2 − x − x2 > 0} = √ ]−2, 1[ √
2
3.7. {x ∈ R : |x − 2| ≤ 1} = − 3, −1 ∪ 1, 3
√ √
3.8. {x ∈ R : |3 − 2x + x2 | = 5} = 1 − 3, 1 + 3
√ √
3.9. {x ∈ R : |3 − 2x + x2 | < 5} = 1 − 3, 1 + 3
√ √
3.10. {x ∈ R : |15 + 2x − x2 | ≥ 9} = ]−∞, −4] ∪ 1 − 7, 1 + 7 ∪ [6, +∞[
√ √
3.11. {x ∈ R : |x2 + 2x − 15| < 9}i = −6, −1h − 7 ∪ −1 + 7, 4 h
√ i √
{x ∈ R : |4x − 3x2 | > 1} = −∞, 2−3 7 ∪ 31 , 1 ∪ 2+3 7 , +∞
3.12.
h √ i h √ i
3.13. {x ∈ R : |3x2 + 4x| ≤ 1} = −2−3 7 , −1 ∪ − 13 , −2+3 7
{x ∈ R : |3x2 − 5x + 1| ≥ 1} = ]−∞, 0] ∪ 23, 1 ∪ 35 , +∞
3.14.
3.15. {x ∈ R : |3x2 + 5x + 1| < 1} = − 53 , −1 ∪ − 23 , 0
√ √
3.16. {x ∈ R : |x2 + 4x − 3| > 2} = ]−∞, −5[ ∪ −2 − 5, −2 + 5 ∪ ]1, +∞[
√ √
3.17. {x ∈ R : |3 + 4x − x2 | ≤ 2} = −1, 2 − 5 ∪ 2 + 5, 5
3.18. {x ∈ R : |2x2 − 5x| ≥ 3} = −∞, −21 ∪ 1, 23 ∪ [3, +∞[
3.19. {x ∈ R : |2x2 + 5x| < 3} = −3,i− 23 ∪ −1,h12
√ i √ h
3.20. {x ∈ R : |1 + 4x − 3x2 | > 1} = −∞, 2−3 10 ∪ 0, 43 ∪ 2+3 10 , +∞
h √ i h √ i
3.21. {x ∈ R : |3x2 + 4x − 1| ≤ 1} = −2−3 10 , − 34 ∪ 0, −2+3 10
3.22. {x ∈ R : |x2 + 3x − 2| ≥ 2} = ]−∞, −4] ∪ [−3, 0] ∪ [1, +∞[
3.23. {x ∈ R : |2 + 3x − x2 | < 2} = ]−1, 0[ ∪ ]3, 4[
3.24. {x ∈ R : |x2 − 5x + 2| ≥ 2} = ]−∞, 0] ∪ [1, 4] ∪ [5, +∞[
3.25. {x ∈ R : |x2 + 5x + 2| < 2} = ]−5, −4[ ∪1 ]−1, 0[ 3
2
3.26. {x ∈ R : |2x − 3x − 1| > 1} = −∞, − 2 ∪ 0, 2 ∪ ]2, +∞[
3.27. {x ∈ R : |2x2 + 3x − 1| ≤ 1} = −2, − 23 ∪ 0, 12
3.28. {x ∈ R : |2x2 + 4x − 3| > 3} = ]−∞, −3[ ∪ ]−2, 0[ ∪ ]1, +∞[
3.29. {x ∈ R : |3 + 4x − 2x2 | ≤ 3} = [−1, 0] ∪ [2, 3]
3.30. {x ∈ R : |x2 + 3x − 7| ≥ 3} = ]−∞, −5] ∪ [−4, 1] ∪ [2, +∞[
3.31. {x ∈ R : |x2 − 3x − 7| < 3} = ]−2, −1[ ∪ ]4, 5[
3.32. {x ∈ R : |4 − x − x2 | ≥ 2} = ]−∞, −3] ∪ [−2, 1] ∪ [2, +∞[
3.33. {x ∈ R : |x2 − x − 4| < 2} = ]−2, −1[ ∪ 5]2,
3[ 1
2
3.34. {x ∈ R : |3x + 2x − 3| > 2} = −∞, − 3 ∪ −1, 3
∪ ]1, +∞[
1 5
2
3.35. {x
∈R : |3 + 2x − 3x | ≤ 2} = −1, − 3 ∪ 1, 34 1
|5x2 + 4x − 21 | > 12 = ]−∞,
3.36. x ∈ R : −1[ ∪
5 − , 0 ∪ 5
, +∞
|5x2 − 4x − 21 | ≤ 21 = − 15 , 0 ∪ 45 ,1
3.37. x∈R :
|5x2 + 4x − 5| ≥ 4} = −∞, −59 ∪ −1, 1
3.38. {x ∈ R : 5
∪ [1, +∞[
1 9
2
3.39. {x ∈ R : |5 + 4x − 5x | < 4} = −1, − 5 ∪ 1, 5
4 CDI I - MEM-MEAMBI-MEQ– 1 SEM. 2017/18 – FICHA 1
4. Mostre que: √ √
4.1. {x ∈ R : |x(x − 3)| = |1 − 3x|} = −1, 3 − 2 2, 1, 3 + 2 2
√ √
4.2. {x ∈ R : |x(x − 3)| > |1 − 3x|} h= ]−∞, −1[ ∪ 3 − 2 2, 1 ∪ 3 + 2 2, +∞
√ i h √ i
− 3
4.3. x ∈ R : |x2 + x| ≤ |x + 34 | = −3 −1 3
2
, 2
∪ 2
, 2
h √ i h√ i
4.4. x ∈ R : |x − x2 | ≤ |x − 43 | = −2 3 , 12 ∪ 23 , 32
√ √
4.5. {x ∈ R : |3x + 4| > |x2 + 3x|} = −3 − 5, −2 ∪ −3 + 5, 2
√ √
4.6. {x ∈ R : |4 − 3x| > |3x − x2 |} = −2, 3 − 5 ∪ 2, 3 + 5
4.7. {x ∈ R : |2x2 − 5x| ≤ |5x − 8|} = [−2, 1] ∪ [2, 4]
4.8. {x ∈ R : |2x2 + 5x| ≤ |5x + 8|} = [−4, −2]√∪ [−1,
2] √
2
4.9. {x ∈ R : |2x − x | < |1 − 2x|} = −1, 2 − 3 ∪ 1, 2 + 3
√ √
4.10. {x ∈ R : |x2 + 2x| < |2x + 1|} = −2 − 3, −1 1 ∪ −2 + 3, 1
2
4.11. {x ∈ R : |5x + 4| > |4x + 5x|} = ]−2, −1[
∪ −2, 1
4.12. {x ∈ R : |5x − 4| > |4x2 − 5x|} = −1, 12 ∪ ]1, 2[
√ √
4.13. {x ∈ R : |3 − 2x| ≥ |2x − x2 |} = − 3, 1 ∪ 3, 3
√ √
4.14. {x ∈ R : |2x + 3| ≥ |x2 + 2x|} = −3, − 3 ∪ −1, 3
√ √
4.15. {x ∈ R : |x2 + 3x| ≤ |3x + 5|} = −5, − 5 ∪ −1, 5
√ √
4.16. {x ∈ R : |x2 − 3x| ≤ |3x − 5|} = − 5, 1 ∪ 5, 5
√ √
4.17. {x ∈ R : |2x2 + 3x| < |3x + 4|} = −2, − 2 ∪ −1, 2
√ √
4.18. {x ∈ R : |2x2 − 3x| < |3x − 4|} = − 2, 1 ∪ 2, 2
4.19. {x ∈ R : |2x2 + x| > |2x + 1|} = ]−∞, −1[ ∪ ]1, 1 +∞[
2
4.20. {x ∈ R : |x − 2x | ≥ |1 − 2x|} = ]−∞, −1] ∪ 2 ∪ [1, +∞[
4.21. {x ∈ R : |3x2 + x| ≤ |3x + 1|} = [−1, 1]
4.22. {x ∈ R : |x − 3x | < |1 − 3x|} = −1, 13 ∪ 13 , 1
2
1
2
4.23. {x ∈ R : |3x2 + 4x| ≥ |3x + 2|} = ]−∞, −2] ∪
3−1, − ∪ 3
, +∞
4.24. {x ∈ R : |4x − 3x2 | > |2 − 3x|} = −∞, − 23 ∪ 13 , 1 ∪]2, +∞[
2. Demonstre as seguintesPpropriedades
Pn do somatório:
(a) Pnk=1 (ak + bk ) = n
P
a
Pn k=1 k + k=1 bk (propriedade aditiva);
n
(b) Pk=1 (c ak ) = c k=1 ak para qualquer constante c ∈ R (homogeneidade);
(c) nk=1 (ak − ak−1 ) = an − a0 (propriedade telescópica).
3. Utilizando os resultados do Exercı́cio I.1 e as propriedades anteriores do so-
matório, calcule:
18
X 20
X 15
X
2
(a) (k + 1) ; (b) (2k − 1) ; (c) (k − 3)3 ;
k=1 k=1 k=1
20 20
X 1 1 X
3k − 3k+2 .
(d) − ; (e)
k=1
k+1 k k=1
12. n
X
k(3k + 5) = n(n + 1)(n + 3) .
k=1
13. n
X
(2k + 1)3k = n3n+1 .
k=1
14. n
X
(2k + 1)3k−1 = n3n .
k=1
15. n
X 2k + 1 1
=1− .
k=1
k 2 (k + 1) 2 (n + 1)2
16. n
X 5 − 2k n−1
=1+ .
k=1
3k 3n
17. n
X 2k − 1 n+1
=1− .
k=1
3k 3n
18. n
X
k(k + 2)2k = (n2 + 1)2n+1 − 2 .
k=1
19. n
X
k(k + 2)2k−1 = (n2 + 1)2n − 1 .
k=1
20. n
X (k − 2)2 n2 + 2
=2− .
k=1
2k 2n
21. n
X (k − 3)2 (n − 1)2 + 2
=3− .
k=1
2k 2n
22. n
X (k − 2)3k−1 3n
=1− .
k=1
(k + 1)! (n + 1)!
23. n
X (k − 3)3k−1 3n
=1− .
k=1
k! n!