SKEMPTON,

A. W. (1986). GCotechnique 36, No. 3,425-447

Standard penetration test procedures and the effects in sands of

overburden pressure, relative density, particle size, ageing and
overconsolidation

A. W. SKEMPTON*

Granted that good site control is exercised in carrying corriger le nombre de coups observe N pour obtenir la
out the standard penetration test the energy delivered valeur qui aurait it& mesuree si une energie de tige
to the sampler, and therefore the blow count obtained specifique avait ttt employee. Une valeur recommandee,
in any given sand deposit at a particular effective over- qui devrait dtre accept&e sur le plan international, est
burden pressure, can still vary to a significant extent 60% de I’energie de chute libre du poids normal du
depending on the method of releasing the hammer, on marteau. On appelle alors le nombre de coups corrigt
the type of anvil and on the length of rods (if less than N,, et on peut considtrer la valeur normalisie (N,),, a
10 m). For consistency it is essential to correct the la pression effective specifique (1 kg/cm2 ou 100 kPa)
observed blow count N to the value which would have comme une caracteristique fondamentale du sable.
been measured using a specified rod energy. A recom- L’article examine de facon detaillee les facteurs qui con-
mended value, which should be recognized internation- trblent le rapport de I’tnergie de la tige et p&ante des
ally, is 60% of the free-fall energy of the standard mtthodes pour calculer des valeurs N,,. Des don&es
hammer weight and drop. The corrected blow count is selection&es obtenues in situ et en laboratoire indi-
then designated as N,, and the normalized value (N,),,, quent que le rapport entre le nombre de coups, la press-
at unit effective pressure (1 kg/cm’ or 100 kPa) may be ion effective du terrain de couverture 0,’ (kg/cm’) et la
regarded as a basic characteristic of the sand. Factors densitt relative D, est don& a peu pris par une bqua-
controlling the rod energy ratio are examined in detail tion de la forme proposee par Meyerhof: N,, =
and methods of deriving A’,, values are developed. An (a + ba,‘)D,’ ou bien (N,),, = (a + b)D,* oti a et b sont
examination of selected field and laboratory data shows des constantes pour un sable spdcifique dans I’intervalle
that the relation between blow count, effective overbur- 0.35 < D, -c 0.85 et 0.5 kg/cm* < 0,’ < 2.5 kg/cm2. Les
den pressure 6,’ (kg/cm’) and relative density D, is given paramttres a et b, dont les valeurs sont don&es pour
to a close approximation by an equation of the form tous les cas etudib, tendent a s’accroitre au fur et a
proposed by Meyerhof: N,, = (a + bu,‘)D,’ or (N&9 = mesure que le diamttre des grains, I’lge du depot et le
(a + @Dr’ where a and b are constants for a particular rapport de surconsolidation augmentent. Le d&accord
sand within the range 0.35 < D, < 0.85 and 0.5 apparent trouve depuis longtemps entre les essais in situ
kg/cm’ < (T,’ < 2.5 kg/cm’. JThe parameters a and b, et en laboratoire disparait lorsqu’on tient compte des
values for which are given for all the cases studied, tend effets des rapports differents de I’energie de la tige et du
to increase with increasing grain size, with increasing ‘vieillissement’. On demontre aussi que les limites du
age of the deposit and with increasing over- nombre de coups donnees par Terzaghi et Peck pour
consolidation ratio. The long-standing apparent dis- ditferentes fourchettes de densitts relatives, comme men-
crepancy between field and laboratory tests is resolved tionnies par Gibbs et Holtz, representent de bonnes
when the effects of differing rod energy ratios and of valeurs moyennes pour des depots naturels de sable
‘ageing’ are taken into account. Also, the Terzaghi-Peck normalement consolides, a condition que les nombres
limits of blow count for various grades of relative de coups soient corriges pour obtenir les valeurs (N,),,.
density, as enumerated by Gibbs and Holtz, are shown
to be good average values for normally consolidated
natural sand deposits, provided that the blow counts KEYWORDS: field tests; liquefaction; relative density;
are corrected to (N,),, values. sands.

Pourvu que le chantier soit bien controle lors de ‘stan-

INTRODUCTION
dard penetration test’ I’tnergie transmise a l’appareil de
In connection with investigations of the River
prise de chantillon et done le nombre de coups donnes
dans un depot de sable a une pression effective de Indus alluvium, for the Kalabagh Dam project in
terrain de couverture specifique peuvent encore varier Pakistan, the Author has carried out an ancillary
de facon importante selon la methode de declanchement study of the standard penetration test (SPT) with
du marteau, le type d’enclume et la longueur des tiges regard to the influence of various test procedures
(si moins de 10 m). Pour &tre correct il est essentiel de and the relationship between blow count, relative
density and overburden pressure. Much use is
Discussion on this Paper closes on 1 January 1987. For made of recent research involving measurements
further details see inside back cover. of rod energy ratios and field investigations in
* Imperial College of Science and Technology. Japan.
425
426 SKEMPTON

The ‘dynamic efficiency of the hammer-anvil There is a further loss of energy on impact.
system is introduced as a new parameter. Some of This can be expressed by the dynamic efficiency
the confusion surrounding comparisons between qd where
laboratory and field tests is dispelled, and the
effects of particle size, ‘ageing’ and over- E, = ‘I&, (6)
consolidation are quantified. Thus finally

ER, = qdER, (7)

INFLUENCE OF TEST PROCEDURES If the rod stem has a length of 10 m or more

General considerations the sampler receives the full rod energy E,. With
To obtain reliable results the SPT should be shorter rods the sampler receives less than E, and
carried out under controlled conditions. These a correction has to be made for this effect: see
include later.

(4 the use of the wash boring technique or rotary Velocity energy ratio
drilling with a tricone drill bit and mud flush, In general practice four methods of releasing
water or mud in the borehole to be main- the hammer are used
tained up to groundwater level
tests to be made from the bottom of boreholes
(4 a trigger mechanism, such as the Japanese
(4 ‘Tomb?
not less than 65 mm (24 in) or greater than
150 mm (6 in) and preferably not more than
(4 a trip hammer, such as the Pilcon or Dando
hammers
100 mm (4 in) diameter, with the casing (if
(4 manual (lifting) and release of the rope
used) not advanced below the bottom of the passing over the crown sheave of the drilling
borehole
rig
(4 the blow count (N value) to be determined
(4 the ‘slip-rope’ method of rapidly slackening
between 6 in and 18 in penetration, the first
the rope on the winch cathead: it is usual to
6 in being regarded as a possible zone of dis- have two turns of rope on the cathead for
turbance from drilling operations. lifting the hammer, sometimes three turns and
Even with good site control there are still two rarely one turn, and it is these turns of rope
major variables, depending on the method of re- which have to be cast off to release the
leasing the hammer and the type of anvil. These hammer.
together control the energy E, delivered into the
Measurements of the impact velocity of a
rod stem which can be expressed as a ratio of the
Borros trip hammer, similar in type to the Dando
theoretical free-fall energy of the hammer, E”.
hammer, show (Kovacs, 1979) that ER, = 0.99.
Thus Trigger release mechanisms also impart very
E, = ER, E” (1) nearly a free fall.
In method (c) and still more in method (d) there
where ER, is the ‘rod energy ratio’ and is some retardation even though the rope may
seem to have been completely freed. Frydman

E”=Ev2 (1970) briefly reported alternate tests in boreholes,

in Israel, performed either with trigger release or
by the two-turn slip-rope method, using the same
For free fall
hammer. The results, plotted in Fig. 1, show an N
v = (2gh)“2 (3) ratio of about 1.4 or ER, z 0.7. Comparative
tests by Douglas (1982) in a sand fill at San Diego
so are also plotted in Fig. 1, the points being site
E” = wh = 140 x 3 = 350 ft lb (4) averages at various depths from tests with a trip
release or with a two-turn slip-rope. They show
for the standard weight (140 lb) and height of on average a slightly lower ER, value of about
drop (30 in) of the hammer. 0.66 or an N ratio of 1.5. Diameters of the
However, owing to frictional losses, the cathead in both cases were probably about 8 in, a
hammer velocity at impact is less than the free- typical dimension in American and American-
fall velocity. The actual hammer energy E, can be influenced practice.
expressed as A thorough investigation at Niigata (Yoshimi
& Tokimatsu, 1983) compared a donut hammer
E, = ER,E (5)
released by the Tombi trigger and by a two-turn
where ER, is the ‘velocity energy ratio’. slip-rope. The results, together with similar tests
 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST PROCEDURES 421

80 with trip release hammers of the same form and

NJN, = 14 . found
(ER, = 0.71)
/ N(manua1) z l.lSN(trip)
i
or
ER, x 0.87
This is largely a measure of the retarding effect of
the crown sheave. The value is in agreement with
special tests (used sometimes in Japan) in which
the rope is thrown sideways completely off the
cathead, when on average ER, = 0.88(tests sum-
marized in Seed, Tokimatsu, Harder & Chung
(1984)).
Direct measurements of hammer velocity at the
instant of impact (Kovacs, Evans & Griffith,
1977; Kovacs & Salomone, 1982) confirm the N
Toklmatsu (1983) ratios of around 1.4 found by comparative tests
0 Ohoka (1984)
with trigger release and the American two-turn
slip-rope and also provide information on ER,
I/ for one turn and three turns of rope; see Fig. 2
0 20 40 60 where the foregoing data are assembled, with
N trigger release
manual release and ‘special throw’ velocity ratios
Fig. 1 being counted as zero turns.
Experience at Kalabagh has shown no practi-
by Ohoka (1984) are shown in Fig. 1, the average cal difference in average N values obtained by
N ratio being 1.2 or ER, = 043. manual release and one turn of rope on a small
The higher velocity ratio of the Japanese slip- (80 mm) cathead. This fact is taken into account
rope method, compared with American practice, in drawing the uppermost curve in Fig. 2.
is explained by the smaller cathead diameter of
130 mm (5 in) used in the Niigata tests (lo& Rodenergy ratio
130 mm is usual in Japan) and partly by the By means of dynamic load cells inserted in the
thinner manila rope; 12-17 mm diameter com- rod stem it is possible to determine the energy E,
pared with 19-25 mm in America. in the rods (Schmertmann & Palacios, 1979) and
Shi-Ming (1982) compared the traditional therefore the rod energy ratio. These researchers
Chinese manual operation of donut hammers showed that the blow count in a given sand is

,Trip hammer (Kovacs, 1979)

4 Manual release @hi-Ming. 1982) .l.O
Rope thrown off cathead
Small
--- cathead
- 1.2

- : .6
g
z
0 Frydman (1970) 2
po Douglas (1982)
- 2.5
%. Yoshlml & Toklmatsu (1983)
o Kovacs & Salamone (1982)
0 Kovacs et al. (1977)

Nommal number of turns of rope on cathead

Fig. 2. Velocity-energy ratio
428 SKEMPTON

Table 1. Blow count N and rod
energy ratio ER, in two series of field
tests
inversely proportional to ER,. For example, five
or six tests in adjacent borings, at depths between
10 ft and 30 ft, gave the average results for two
different hammers and drill rods given in Table 1
and to a close approximation
14.2 x 0.31 = 8.8 x 0.52
In another example (Robertson, Campanella &
Wightman, 1983) alternate tests with two different
hammers were carried out in the same borehole,
using the same rig and a two-turn slip-rope
release. The results, Fig. 3(a), show considerable
differences both in N values and rod energy
ratios, but if the N values are normalized to a
single energy ratio (chosen here as ER, = 0.55)
the results, Fig. 3(b), fall into a consistent pattern.
A collection of rod energy ratios for the two
commonly used American hammers, donut and
safety, is presented in Table 2, in all cases with
the two-turn slip-rope release. The lower effi-
ciency of the donut hammer, Fig. 4(b), is to be
attributed to the heavy anvil associated with this
type of hammer in America, compared with the
small anvil of the safety hammer.
Similar data from Japan for donut hammers
operated by the Tombi and slip-rope methods are
given in Table 3. The higher rod energy ratios,
compared with the relevant values in Table 2, are
due partly to the more efficient Japanese slip-rope
technique (i.e. a higher ER,) and also to the light-
weight anvils used in Japan.
Trip hammers, Fig. 4(c), despite having vir-
tually a free fall, impart a rod energy ratio of only
about 0.6 (Table 4) because of a low dynamic
efficiency which is due to their heavy anvils (see
next section). Comparative tests by Serota &
Lowther (1973) show no significant difference
between N values obtained in tests with a Pilcon
hammer and the basically similar Dando trip
hammer.
In other tests Serota and Lowther found
almost identical N values with a Pilcon hammer
and the original British type of SPT hammer,
Fig. 4(a), released by one turn of rope on a small

N NSS
0 40 80 0 20 40 60

t
_1 o Donut hammer
A Safety hammer
N 55 = N ERJ55
Slip-rope, 2 turns
lo-

5-

ZO-

30-

o-

40-

51. 50-
80

(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Alternate tests in a borebole with varying N values and rod
energy ratios ER, measured with the donut and safety hammers (after
Robertson et al., 1983) (Fraser River delta)
 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST PROCEDURES 429

Table 2. American average rod energy ratios for two types of hammer and anvil, with the two-turn
slip-rope release method

Donut Safety Notes Reference

ER,: Number ER,: Number

% of %> of
tests tests

53 4 72 9 ‘Laboratory’ tests Kovacs & Salomone (1982)

48 8 52 9 Various field rigs Kovacs & Salomone (1982)
55 24 See Fig. 5 Schmertmann & Palacios (1979)
52 5 Schmertmann & Palacios (1979)
48 23 For N= 15-45 Robertson et a[. (1983)
43 8 62 8 See Fig. 3 Robertson et al. (1983)
45 55 Typical field values

Table 3. Japan: rod energy ratios for the donut-type hammer and small anvil with the Tombi and two-torn
sliprope release methods

ER,: % N ratio Notes Reference

Tombi Slip-rope

8&90 63-72 N ratio deduced Nishizawa, Fuyuki & Uto (1982)*

80 67 I:::;; from ER, values Kovacs & Salomone (1982)
I
76 Mean of 10 tests Kovacs, Yokel, Salomone & Holtz (1984)t
1.2 See Fig. 1

78 65 1.2 Typical values

* Summarized by Tokimatsu & Yoshimi (1983).

t Quoting Decker (1983).

Table 4. Rod energy ratios for trip hammers

* Quoting Decker (1983).

Table 5. Energy ratios and dynamic efficiency

Release Hammer system ER,: “A,

Type Cathead ER,: % Hammer Anvil Vd

weight: kg

Waterways Trip 100 Vicksburg 0 0.83 83

Experiment
Station

Japan Tombi 100 Donut 2 0.78 78

Japan Slip-rope (2 turns) Small 83 Donut 2 0.78 65
USA Slip-rope. (2 turns) Large 70 Safety 2.5 0.79 55
UK Slip-rope (1 turn) Small 85 Old standard 3 0.71 60

USA Slip-rope (2 turns) Large 70 Donut x 12 0.64 45

UK Trip 100 Pilcon 19 0.60 60
-
430 SKEMPTON

No doubt other factors are involved but until

further information is available the assumption
can be made that ‘la is about 0.74.8 for light-
weight anvils and between 0.6 and 0.7 for heavy
anvils.

Standard rod energy ratio

It is clearly necessary to normalize the N values
measured by any particular method to some stan-
dard rod energy ratio. In the USA ratios of 50%
or 55% have been suggested, but a better value is
60% as proposed by Seed et al. (1984).
N values measured with a known or estimated
ER, value can be normalized to this standard by
the conversion

The foregoing data are assembled in Table 6

along with conversion factors for normalizing to
ER, = 60%, the factors being rounded off to the
nearest 5%.

Effect of rod length

Values of ER, in Table 6 are for rod lengths of
10 m or more. Wave equation studies
7s Drill rod
@I
(Schmertmann & Palacios, 1979) indicate that the
theoretical maximum ratio thereafter decreases
Fig. 4. SPT hammers: (a) old standard; (b) donut;
with decreasing rod length as shown in Fig. 5.
(c) trip
Test results, also plotted in Fig. 5, follow this
trend. Appropriate correction factors are given in
(100 mm) cathead. The latter system therefore Table 7. The weight or stiffness of the rod stem,
gives a rod energy ratio of about 60%. of a given length, appears to have little effect
(Brown, 1977; Matsumoto & Matsubara, 1982).
Dynamic efficiency
If the velocity and rod energy ratios are known Sampler without liners
the dynamic efficiency qd can be deduced from The modern American sampler is equipped
equation (7) with liners. Often these are omitted, giving an
ER, = tjdER, internal diameter of lf in instead of the standard
14 in. Comparative tests (summarized in Seed
Values of qd found in this way are listed in et al. (1984)) show on average that the sampler
Table 5. They lie between 0.83 and 0.6, and with liners requires about 20% more blows per
appear to depend principally on the anvil weight. foot penetration than does a sampler with the

Table 6. Summary of rod energy ratios

Hammer Release ER,: % ER,/60

Japan Donut Tombi 78 1.3

Donut 2 turns of rope 65 1.1
China Pilcon type Trip 60 1.0
Donut Manual 55 0.9
USA Safety 2 turns of rope 55 0.9
Donut 2 turns of rone 45 0.75
UK Pilcon, Dando, Trip 60 1.0
old standard 2 turns of rope 50 0.8
 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST PROCEDURES 431

EY Table 7. Approximate corrections to mea-

0. 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 sured N values
Theoretical
. . maxlm"m Rod length: > 10 m 1.0
'1 610 m
\ ..
0.95
< 46m 0.85
\. \
\ 34m 0.75
'.I.. \
.. '.
\ Standard sampler I.0
.. \ \
A.. . \ US sampler without liners 1.2
I Borehole diameter :
. . ... . 0
65-115 mm 1.0
. .. . 150 mm 1.05
-. . .
.. 200 mm 1.15
1. .*
E
. !...
5 12 kg anvil, and two turns of rope on a large
..
1 - diameter cathead: N,, = 20 x 0.75 = 15
(4 as in (a) but using a modern American
!+%5;1)55 sampler without liners in a 6 in borehole:
0 N,, = 20 x 0.75 x 1.2 x 1.05 = 19
(4 in Pakistan with a standard sampler, 100 mm
.I . borehole, donut hammer with 7 kg anvil
(Q = 0.7) and manual release (ER, = 0.85):
80~ I N,, = 20 x 1.0 = 20
Fig. 5. Effect of rod length for a safety hammer with (4 in the UK with a standard sampler, 6 in bore-
two-turn slip-rope (after Sehmertmaon & Palacios, 1979) hole and a Pilcon or Dando hammer: N,, =
20 x 1.0 x 1.05 = 21
(4 in Japan with a standard sampler, 86 mm
liners omitted: rather fewer in loose sands and borehole, donut hammer with 2 kg anvil and
rather more in dense sands. two turns of rope on a small diameter
cathead: N,, = 20 x 1.1 = 22
Effect of borehole diameter u-l as in (e) but with a Tombi trigger release:
In its original form the SPT was carried out N,, = 20 x 1.3 = 26
from the bottom of 2f in or 4 in dia. wash
borings. The best modern practice still adheres to Finally, if in any of these tests the rod length had
these dimensions. In Japan, for example, tests are been 5 m (i.e. the test carried out at a depth of
mostly made from 66 mm (2.6 in) or 86 mm about 4 m below ground level), instead of 10 m
(3.4 in) boreholes and virtually never in holes or more, N,, would be 15% lower. For instance
larger than 115 mm (Yoshimi & Tokimatsu, in case (c)
1983). However, in many countries 150 mm (6 in) N,, = 0.85 x 20 x 1 .O = 17
test boreholes are common, and even 200 mm
(8 in) boreholes are permitted (Nixon, 1982). Now the difference between N,, = 17 and
The effect of testing from relatively large bore- N,, = 22, for example, could mean the difference
holes in cohesive soils is probably negligible, but between liquefaction or no danger of liquefaction
in sands there are indications that appreciably in a sand subjected to a cyclic stress ratio of O-2
lower N values may result (Lake, 1974; Sanglerat in a 7* magnitude earthquake (Seed, Idriss &
& Sanglerat, 1982). More information is urgently Arango, 1983). The importance of making proper
required on this aspect of the subject but, for the corrections to measured N values is therefore
present, minimum (and therefore conservative) apparent, but it will also be noted that, as a fortu-
correction factors to allow for the effect of testing nate consequence of compensating effects, several
in over-large boreholes may be suggested, as of the modern test procedures, e.g. cases (b), (6)
given in Table 7. and (e), give rather similar results.

Illustrative examples
LABORATORY TESTS ON NORMALLY
Consider six tests each with a measured N
CONSOLIDATED SANDS
value of 20 and the same rod length of more than
Full-scale laboratory tests have been made on
10 m
two sands (GHC and GHF) at the US Bureau of
(a) in the USA with the original standard Reclamation (Gibbs & Holtz, 1957) and on three
sampler, a 4 in borehole, donut hammer and sands (PR, SCS and RBM) at the Waterways
432 SKEMPTON

100

80-

60.

ZO-

0 Coarse I -
F1lle
FlWSS tiraw
Sand
I 1

0074 0.42 20
Particle size: mm

Fig. 6. Grading curves of sands in laboratory tests

60-
GHF CT”,‘= 288

40-

20-

0 20 40 60 80 100
Dr

2-5-

Fig. 7. Laboratory tests

 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST PROCEDURES 433

Experiment Station (WES) (Bieganousky & Mar- parameter N,/D,’ where, as in equation (9) D, is
cuson, 1976; Bieganousky & Marcuson, 1977). expressed as a ratio, not a percentage. In the tests
Grading curves are plotted in Fig. 6, the division N, is found simply by interpolation (see Fig. 7).
between ‘fine’ and ‘coarse’ sands being taken at Values of N, and N,/D,’ are listed in Table 8 for
D,, = 0.4 mm as in Japanese practice (Japanese each sand at relative densities of 40%, 60% and
Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation 80%.
Engineering, 1979). At the WES the maximum void ratio emax was
The tests, as illustrated in Fig. 7, show in any determined by pouring air-dry sand through a
particular sand for effective overburden pressures 1 in dia. spout with a free fall of 1 in, and the
less than 2 ton/ft’ and for relative densities in the minimum void ratio emin was found by vibrating
range 40-80% : dry sand on a shaking table for eight minutes.
The relative density is then calculated from the
(a) the blow count N increases almost linearly
usual expression
with overburden pressure CT”’at a constant
relative density D,
D, = emax -b
(b) at a constant overburden pressure, N (10)
e max- emin
increases roughly as 0,‘: thus to a first
approximation, as pointed out by Meyerhof where t? is the void ratio of the sand under test.
(1957) An American sampler was used without liners,
and a short rod typically about 8 ft long, employ-
N
ing a hydraulically operated Vicksburg trip
D,z= a+bov’ hammer falling directly on the head of the rod
stem. Measurements of the rod energy ratio of
but when the whole set of tests is considered it
this system for the WES by Schmertmann in 1979
is seen that
gave ER, = 0.83, but factors of about 0.65 and
(c) at a given relative density and overburden
1.20 respectively have to be applied to allow for
pressure, N is higher for sands with a larger
8 ft rods and the larger than standard internal
mean grain size @so).
diameter of the sampler. The appropriate conver-
Average values of the parameters a and b, sion factor to obtain N,, values is therefore 1.1.
within the limited range of crv’ and D, mentioned, The normalized values (N,),, and (N&,/Dr2
are given in Table 8. are given in Table 8 together with the corre-
It is convenient to characterize a sand by the sponding corrected parameters a and b.
blow count N, normalized to an overburden Insufftcient information is available to allow an
pressure of 1 ton/f? (which can be taken also as estimate to be made of the rod energy ratio
1 kg/cm2 or 100 kPa) or, more generally, by the applicable to the US Bureau of Reclamation tests.

Table 8. Laboratory tests

Sand Tested D,,: UC* Fines: D,: N, N, N -W (NIL (NJ,, Nm

mm % 02r 02r 60 Dr2 0,2
PR Wet 2.0 5.3 0 0.4 7.5 47 l.lt 8 52
0.6 19 53 30 + 22U”’ 21 58 33 + 240,’
0.8 37 58 41 64

GHC Dry and 1.5 5.5 0 0.4 6.5 40

moist 0.6 14.5 40 18 + 22~“’
0.8 25 39

scs Wet 0.51 2.5 4 0.4 7 44 l.lT 7.5 48

0.6 16 44 21 + 240,’ 18 48 23 + 26.~~’
0.8 29 45 32 49

RBM Wet 0.23 1.8 2 0.4 5.5 34 1,lt 6 37

0.6 12 33 16 + 176,’ 13 36 17 + 190,’
0.8 21 33 23 36

GHF Dry 0.3 7 14 0.4 4.5 28

0.6 12 33 15 + 18a,’
O-8 23 36

* Uniformity coefficient.
t Includes a correction for no liners.
434 SKEMPTON

120
t
.
l Srzewell OC
Nllgata NC

!
0 Kawaglshl
III1
0 Oglshlma I
x Laboratory tests
80 VIES
Coarse sands
.. (Peck & Bazaraa, 1969)
_--____----

0
0.1 o-2 I
0.5 1 ,o 2.0 5.0
DsO: mm

Fig. 8. Effect of particle size, ageing and overconsolidation

However, the results of these tests are broadly The effect of overconsolidation is considered
compatible with those at the WES. later.
Average values of (N&,/D,’ for the three WES
sands are plotted against D,, in Fig. 8. The ten- FIELD DATA ON NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED
dency to increase with increasing grain size is SANDS
clearly seen; it is probably related to a similar Investigations in Japan during the past few
trend in Q (at a given relative density). years have yielded reliable measurements of rela-
For sands RBM and SCS the relationship tive density and grain size coupled with well-
between (N& and D,, and the increase in defined SPT procedures.
N,,,/D,’ with effective overburden pressure, are
shown in Figs 9 and 10. These curves can be Ogishima Island
taken as typifying laboratory tests on fine and Samples from Ogishima Island, in a fine sand
medium-coarse normally consolidated sands. fill (Saito, 1977), were taken with a compressed air

Very Loose Medwm Dense Very

loose dense

Fteld data
9 Coarse sands
l oc fine
l NC sands
0 FIII

_z 40.
z Terzaghl & Peck (1948)

20-

I
0 20 40 60 80 100
D,. %

Fig. 9. Effect of relative density

 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST PROCEDURES 435

N6,~42 sampler of the Bishop type but equipped with a

40 80 120 piston. The penetration and hence the sample
volume can therefore be measured, and from the
dry weight of the whole sample its average void
Oglshlma D,, = 03 mm ratio is known.
Maximum and minimum void ratios were
Nltgata (NC) D,, = 0.29 mm
determined respectively by the tilting test and by
tapping a 120 cm3 container filled with dry sand
C
under a load of 1 kg/cm’.
The SPT procedure followed usual Japanese
practice: a standard sampler, 66-86 mm dia.
boreholes stabilized with drilling mud and casing,
a donut hammer with a lightweight (2 kg) anvil,
released by a two-turn 15 mm manila slip-rope
on a 120 mm cathead. The tests were made in
1974 soon after most of the reclamation work had
been completed.
The relative density, below water level, remains
almost constant at 52-55% and the N values
increase steadily from 8 to 14, at depths from
1 about 5 m to 15 m: see Fig. 11 where each point
is the average of several tests.
The ERJiO ratio is well established at around
1.1, but rod length corrections are applicable to
the two uppermost points in Fig. 11. The results
conform to a linear relationship
2
N
Fig. 10. Effect of overburden pressure --E = 17 + 170,’ (0”’ in kg/cm’)
Dr2

D,,= 0 3 mm UC - 4 Fmes = 10%

D, %dDr2
O_ 0.4 0.8 / 20 40

Y
60

W!th rod length

correction

,5 -

O-

(N,),,lDr2 = 34
.

5- :--z---
.
17+17q
-i\ .

,o -

ERJ60 = -1

5-

o Average ffeld values x With rod length correction

Fig. 11. Results from Ogisbima Island, sand fill

436 SKEMPTON

Hence 1979) in two closely spaced boreholes adjacent to

the SPT borehole.
(N,),,lB,Z = 34 Both types of sample were allowed to drain for
24 hours. Small brass tubes (50 mm
(N,),, = 10
dia. x 100 mm long) were then pushed into the
for D, = 0.54. large diameter samples and these, and also the
The results, plotted in Figs 8-10, are similar to Osterberg samples, were frozen on site to prevent
those from laboratory tests on sand RBM, which disturbance during transport to the laboratory.
has a comparable D,, grain size but a smaller The SPT procedure conformed to modern Japa-
content of fines. However, an exact comparison is nese methods using the two-turn slip-rope release,
not possible since different methods were used for as described previously for the Ogishima site. The
determining the limiting void ratios, tests which N values, plotted in Fig. 12, are results of individ-
unfortunately are not internationally stan- ual tests.
dardized. Natural void ratios were determined from the
dry density. To measure the maximum void ratio
Kawagishi-cho oven-dry sand was carefully spooned into a
The tests at Kawagishi-cho were made in land mould 60 mm in diameter and 40 mm deep with
reclaimed between 1930 and 1950 (approximately) a negligible height of drop. The procedure for
by depositing about 15 m of sand in a natural determining the minimum void ratio consisted of
inlet close to the mouth of the Shinano River in placing the sand in a water-filled mould 52 mm in
Niigata. Recent investigations (Ishihara & Koga, diameter and 80 mm high, applying a load of
1981) include sampling by means of a large 1 kg/cm2 and vibrating on a shaking table with a
(200 mm) diameter sampler (Ishihara & Silver, single amplitude displacement of 7 mm at a fre-
1977) and a 76 mm piston sampler of the quency of 17 Hz for three minutes.
Osterberg type (Ishihara, Silver & Kitagawa, Each relative density point in Fig. 12 is the

D,, = 0 35 mm UC= 2-4 Fines r 5%

N Dr %dDr2
0 10 20 0.4 0.8 0 20 40 60

o Large diameter With rod length

Sampler correction
q Osterberg
sampler

..
. .
. .
\
;:$j l\n
0.35

0 52

0 26
035 .
18 + 26~~’
025

E&/60 = 11

N values. 0 measured, x wth rod length correctlon

Fig. 12. Results from the Kawagishi-eho site, sand fill

 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST PROCEDURES 431

mean from three or four specimens from the sand by the in situ freezing method (Yoshimi,
samples. There is a considerable scatter, but Tokimatsu, Kaneko & Makihara, 1984).
average values from both types of sampler, for On specimens cut out from the block and hand
depths between 5 mm and 14 mm, are almost trimmed to size, cyclic triaxial tests and density
identical at 51%. Between these depths no measurements were made, and on the dried sand
obvious trend exists in D, or in the mean particle maximum and minimum density tests were
size. It is therefore reasonable to treat this body carried out in accordance with the new Japanese
of sand as having broadly uniform properties, standard (Japanese Society for Soil Mechanics
and the results correspond approximately to the and Foundation Engineering, 1979). For the
equation minimum density, sand was poured through a
small (12 mm) diameter funnel, with effectively
N zero height of fall, into a mould 60 mm in diam-
6O = 18 + 260, (0,’ in kg/cm2)
Dr2 eter and 40 mm high. For the maximum density
the sand was placed in the same mould in ten
Hence layers, the mould being tapped 100 times with a
(N&o/D,’ = 44 wooden hammer after placing each layer. Compa-
rative tests on a standard (Toyoura) sand showed
(N,),, = Il.5 only minor differences in emax and emin determined
by these procedures and the methods adopted
for D, = 0.51.
before 1979 by Ishihara and co-workers.
These values, plotted in Figs 8-10, are higher
Average results from several specimens at each
than those for the Ogishima sand fill. The differ-
of three depths at the station, between 9.25 m and
ence may be attributed partly to a somewhat
9.8 m, are given in Table 9 together with the rele-
larger grain size at Kawagishi and probably also
vant N values, each of the latter being the mean
to the fact that the fill had been deposited at least
of three tests by Tombi and three by slip-rope
25 years before being tested.
release. The results can be taken as having a high
Niigata station reliability. It may be added that the triaxial tests
At a site near Niigata railway station SPTs show 4’ = 41.4” at the maximum stress ratio.
were made at six equally spaced boreholes on the
circumference of a 4 m dia. circle, three by the Niigata, south bank site
slip-rope method with two turns of 15 mm Large diameter and Osterberg samples were
manila rope on a 130 mm cathead and three by taken in a medium dense fine sand of Pleistocene
the Tombi release method, using in all cases a age near the south bank of Shinano river at the
standard sampler, 66 mm boreholes stabilized Shoma Bridge, about 1.2 km from Niigata station
with drilling mud and a donut hammer with a (Ishihara & Koga, 1981). The techniques of sam-
3 kg anvil (Yoshimi & Tokimatsu, 1983). Below pling and testing were as described for the Kawa-
3 m there is a fine sand, becoming dense at a gishi site. Results are given in Table 10 along
depth around 6 m. At the centre of the test circle with N values derived by interpolation from tests
a large block sample was obtained in the dense in an adjacent borehole.

Table 9. Niigata station*

4
%i” D, D,,:
mm

0.76 0.82 0.29

0.75 0.87 0.28
0.78 0.86 0.30

0.76 0.85 0.29

* ER,/60= 1.3(Tombi) and ER,/60= 1.1(slip-rope); rod length correction, 1.0; at ov’ = 1.08 kg/cm’
C, = 2/(1 + o,‘)= 0.96; N,,/D,*= 57.5; (A',),, = 40; (NJ6,/DrZ = 55.
438 SKEMPTON

Table 10. Niigata, south bank*

Depth: “‘. N N,, e emax emin D, N,, (~“Jwt o,, L’s,:

k;crb
m 02I 0,’ mm

4.2 0.43 13
4.45 0.45 18$ 0.80 1.10 0.65 0.67 40 25 55 0.28
4.9 0.50 271 :; 0.72 1.08 064 0.82 40 36 54 0.29
5.2 0.52 33

* ER,/60 = 1.1; rod length correction, 0.9.

t C, taken as 2/(1 + uv’).
$ By interpolation.

Niigata, road site
The same techniques were used to investigate
an ancient alluvial deposit of the River Shinano
at a site beside a road situated on an old flood
bank of the river, about 1.5 km upstream of the
Showa Bridge. Under 4 m of fill, dating from the
early years of this century, the alluvial sand has a
relative density typically around 50% and the
grain size tends to increase with depth.
Two groups of results from depths of about
8-9 m and 13-14 m are given in Table 11.
The grading and mean grain size of the 8-9 m
samples is closely similar to the sand at Niigata
station and the south bank, although the relative
densities range from 45% to 85% at the three
sites. Nevertheless the parameter (N1)6,,/Drz is
constant, equal to 55, and the sands can be taken
as belonging geotechnically to a single group. The
results, plotted in Fig. 13, lead to the relationship
N,, = 21 + 280, (uV’ in kg/cm’)
Dr2
The alluvium is normally consolidated, and the
mutually consistent characteristics of the deposits
Table 11. Niigata road site
at the south bank and station sites strongly indi-
cate that they also are in this condition.
Comparisons with the Kawagishi fill, of rather
similar grain size and tested by identical pro-
cedures, clearly show the effects of ageing (Figs
8-10).
Ageing of sands
Direct evidence of the increased resistance of
sands which have long been under consolidation
pressure is provided by cyclic triaxial tests on
samples from the station site (Yoshimi et al.,
1984). The stress ratio required to cause a double-
amplitude strain of 5%, at ten cycles, is found to
be at least 60% greater in the undisturbed
samples than in freshly reconstituted samples at
the same density. Similar results have been found
for alluvial sand in Niigata with a relative density
around 52% (Ishihara, 1985) but, significantly, a
smaller difference is measured in the Kawagishi
fill.
There is little doubt that the effect is time con-
trolled. Seed (1979) reported a 25% increase in
resistance to the development of initial liquefac-
tion in laboratory samples tested after 100 days
440 SKEMPTON
 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST PROCEDURES 441

the section on illustrative examples earlier. Thus, Table 13. Values of K, and C, from equations (15)
in round numbers and (16)

N OCR +’ = 32” I$’ = 36 4’ = 40

60 = 45 + 2OU”’
Dr2
W,),olDr2
= 65 1.00 0.41 1.00
This result, although approximate, gives a useful 1.22 0.62 1.23
check on SPT results incoarse-grained sands. 1.38 0.78 1.43
1.53 0.93 1.59
1.76 1.17 1.91
EFFECTS OF OVERCONSOLIDATION 2.15 1.58 2.42
General considerations
It is reasonable to suppose, and model tests
confirm (Clayton, Hababa & Simons, 1985), that
penetration resistance in a given sand is con-
trolled by the mean effective stress I REMsand
D 50=023mm UC=78
150
a’ = &“’ + 2a,‘)
or t

a’ = $ (1 + 2K,) (11)

where

K, = u,,‘/cT,~ (12)
Thus if K,,, is the in situ stress ratio in a nor- u
mally consolidated sand, with an over-
200
consolidation ratio OCR of 1.0, the same sand 1
when overconsolidated (OCR > 1) will have an
increased N value given by the expression I /:
150
OCR = 3
N
D,Z = a + C,,ba,’ (13) /’ 0
NL
$100 :A
where
/ OCR = 1

1 + 2K,
cm= 1 + 2Ko~c
(14) 50 y/’ o
x
34 D, * 0.4
An analysis of tests on many soils has shown LN
(Mayne & Kulhawy, 1982) to a first approx- I
0 2 4 6
imation that cl”‘. ton/ft’

Fig. 14. Effect of overconsolidatioo

K ONC= 1 - sin 4’ (15)
K, = Ko,c(OCR)“L” *’ (16) effect of increasing OCR from 1 to 3 (Fig. 14).
For uv’ < 2 ton/f? the tests show on average
Values of K, and C,, are given in Table 13 from
which it can be seen that quite a modest degree of
overconsolidation may be expected to increase $ = 16 + 170,’
the coefficient of crv’ in equation (13) by 20-40%, r
and for heavy overconsolidation the increase for OCR = 1 and
could be at least lOO%, corresponding to K,
values in excess of 1.0.
N = 16 + 27a,’
Dr2
Laboratory tests
Some experimental results on sand RBM for OCR = 3. From Table 13, for sand with
(Bieganousky & Marcuson, 1976) illustrate the 0’ = 32-36” (as in the tests) and OCR = 3, the
442 SKEMPTON

coefficient C,, is about 1.4; thus standard SPT hammer (Fig. 4(a)), released by two
turns of 22 mm rope on a 5 in dia. cathead. From
bC,,= 17 x 1.4=24
tests with this type of hammer and anvil (Serota
which is close to the measured value of 27. & Lowther, 1973) the dynamic efficiency can be
estimated at about 0.7 (Table 5) and the velocity
energy ratio for the method of release would be
Sizewell
around 70% (see Fig. 2). Thus ER, E 50% and
Tests have been reported (Meigh & Nixon,
E&/60 z 0.8, to which a minimum correction of
1961) on a fine uncemented sand of the Norwich
5% has to be added for the 6 in borehole effect.
Crag, at Sizewell in Suffolk. This deposit was
All the tests were made above the water-table.
formed in Lower Pleistocene times and has been
The effective overburden pressure is therefore
heavily overconsolidated by the weight of an ice
sheet of the Anglian glaciation, more than 250000 0”’ = =v - u, (17)
years ago. In situ densities were determined at
three levels in a test pit 34 ft deep, giving an where U, is the capillary tension. In sand with
average relative density of about 50%, and the Dr, = 0.1 mm, as at Sizewell, the capillary rise h,
SPT N values measured in two adjacent borings is of the order of 80 cm (Terzaghi, 1942). Hence
show a fairly uniform increase with depth u, = -y,h, = -0.08 ton/ft’
(Fig. 15).
The tests were carried out in 6 in dia. boreholes The N,, values (corrected where necessary for
using a standard sampler and the original British rod length) and effective overburden pressures

0 5o= 0 2 mm UC = Fines = 4%

N ton/ft’ NdD,
0 20 40 1 50 100 150
, I I

o Measured With correctIon

for rod length
X With rod and borehole
length diameter
c0rrect10n

lo-
.
\
\
.
\ .

-20- ----

30-
Relative
density
tests

tR,/60 = 0.8

40-
Fig. 15. Sizewell: Lower Pleistocene sand
 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST PROCEDURES 443

can now be calculated, and the results (Fig. 15)

give
N
60 = 38 + 50~~’
R2 /
Thus

(N,),&* = 88
f
and for D, = 0.5
/I N, = C,N
(N,),, = 22.
Since D, is known only approximately these
values must be subject to appreciable variation,
b; 0 Ftll
but when compared with the normally consoli- 2.0 fine
. NC
dated Niigata sand of similar grain size they sands
clearly indicate a much greater penetration resist- t
. .
+ oc
Coarsesands
ance. This is due largely to the higher coefficient
of uV’(50 compared with 28), which can be attrib-
Ii! I 3:12 + U”‘)
-Laboratory tests

uted to overconsolidation,
great age of the Sizewell sand.

EFFECT OF OVERBURDEN
and in part to the

PRESSURE Fig. 16
30 I I+ I
I

In the field and laboratory tests described each

of the sands (with one exception) is sufficiently medium relative density to 2.0 for dense coarse
uniform with regard to grain size and relative sands when normally consolidated. The corre-
density to be treated as a unit, and the blow sponding limits for C, (plotted in Fig. 16) are
count at uV’ = 1 ton/ft’ is found by direct inter-
polation. In general, however, it is necessary to be 2
c, = - (20)
able to estimate the N, value for any particular 1 + 0”’
test, and this is done by means of the formula
3
N, = C,N (18) c, = - (21)
2 + 0,’
Now if
These expressions are numerically similar to
N curves derived by Seed et al. (1983) from the WES

D,2= a+hav’ laboratory

D, = 0.6-0.8
tests for sands with D, = 0.4-0.6 and
respectively, and equation (21)
then differs little from the well-known formula of Peck,
Hanson & Thornburn (1974)
a/b + 1
c, = ___ (19) 20
aJb + u,’
From the data given in this Paper it will be seen
that a/b varies roughly from 1.0 for fine sands of
c,

For detailed comparisons,

= 0.77 log
0 7
0”
see Table 14.
(22)

Table 14. Normally consolidated sands: values of C,

D, = 4Ck60%

1.36
1.14
10Zl
0.80
0.69
0.60
0.54
444 SKEMPTON

For overconsolidated fine sands the a/b ratio they could not have been better chosen. Equally
lies between about 0.6 and 0% Thus to a first there is nothing wrong with the laboratory tests;
approximation they apply to cases where the effects of ageing are
minimal.
1.7 Finally it is interesting to note a statistical
CN = ~
0.7 + 6,’ analysis of more than 50 field tests in sands by
Schultze & Menzenbach (1961). Their data,
although presented as a logarithmic relationship,
TERZAGHI AND PECK’S
fit closely to the equation
CLASSIFICATION
Terzaghi & Peck (1948) gave the first classi- N
fication of relative density in terms of the SPT;
see Table 15. Values of D, were assigned to this
0,2= I7+22uv
classification by Gibbs & Holtz (1957) who in the range 0”’ = 0.5-1.5 kg/cm2 and for D, =
pointed out that the resulting N-D, relationship 0.4-0.9. Professor Schultze later questioned the
corresponded, more or less, to their laboratory accuracy of the relative density measurements,
tests at an overburden pressure of 40 lb/in2 or but if the SPT procedure had a moderately high
nearly 3 ton/ft’. Clearly something was amiss, for efficiency (e.g. ER,/60 = 1.1) the results would
the field experience from which Terzaghi and conform quite well with recent tests on normally
Peck formulated the classification had been consolidated sands.
derived from tests at the normal depths for ordi-
nary foundations corresponding to an overbur- SUMMARIZING REMARKS AND
den pressure typically around 0.75 ton/ft2 (Peck CONCLUSIONS
& Bazaraa, 1969). Experience shows that wide variations iii N
Now at (T,’ = 0.75 ton/f? the coefficient C, z values can occur as between different sands, even
1.1 and an appropriate rod energy ratio for the at a given overburden pressure and constant rela-
original American test procedure can be taken as tive density. Part of the variation is arbitrary,
about 0.45. Hence the (NJ,, values in Table 15 being due simply to the use of different test pro-
are determined. A plot of these against the D, cedures. This effect can be eliminated by normal-
values assigned by Gibbs and Holtz, see Fig. 9, izing the results to a standard rod energy ratio.
gives about the best single line that could be The variations which remain are intrinsic to
drawn through the field data, falling midway the nature of the sands being tested and fall into a
between points for normally consolidated fine consistent pattern when the effects of ageing, par-
and coarse sand deposits. For D, > 0.35 the cor- ticle size and overconsolidation are taken into
relation can be expressed to a good approx- account.
imation by the parameter Tables 8 and 16, and Figs S-10 and 16, sum-
marize the results of laboratory and field tests.
(N&,/R2 = 60
The main conclusions are as follows.
which from the data already given in this Paper Measured N values must be normalized to a
can be recognized as highly typical. standard rod energy ratio, and ER, = 60% is a
Thus, despite repeated criticisms, there is suitable standard.
nothing wrong with the N and D, values; indeed The relationship between blow count, relative

Table 15. Terzaghi and Peck’s classification*

Classification N(a,’ = 0.75) N, 1 (N&o ( (NJm/4*

4 4.4 3 -

11 8 65
(ii)
30
20
33
15
25
60
59

50 55 42 58

(70) 77 58 58

* C, = 1.1; ERJ60 = 0.75.

Table 16. Summary of field data

Site Type* D,,: UC Fines .Z %lax emin D, 6,’ : N 60 N Cti W&o _(NJ,,
60
mm kg/cm2 Dr2 Dr2
Y
Ogishima Island Fill 0.3 4 10 0.80 1.08 0.57 0.54 0.75 9 30 1.14 5
1.00 10 34 17 + 170,’ 1.00 10 34
?
1.75 13.5 47 0.73
T;
Kawagishi-cho Fill 0.35 2.4 t 0.86 1.08 0.63 0.51 0.7 9.5 36 1.22
8
1.0 11.5 44 18+26a,’ 1GO 11.5 44
14 0.82 3
1.4 54 I
;;1
Niigata station NC 0.29 1.8 2 0.83 1.21 0.76 0.85 1.08 42 57 0.96 40 55 5
Niigata, south bank 0.28 2.4 0.80 1.10 0.65 0.67 0.45 18 40 1.39 25
4. 27 + 280,’ :: 55 z
Niigata, south bank 0.29 1.5 : O-72 1.08 0.64 0.82 0.50 27 1.34 36
Niigata, road site 0.30 1.7 0.92 1.16 0.64 0.46 1.04 12 56 I 0.98 12 55 I -I
t
Niigata, road site NC 0.45 1.8 0.80 1.03 0.56 0.49 1.47 20 84 0.85 17 2
t
1 64 46 + 260,’
Niigata, river site 0.46 2.0 0.81 1.02 0.57 0.43 0.69 11.5 1 1.12 13 ;
Niigata, river site NC 0.63 2.8 2 0.82 0.99 0.51 0.36 0.86 10 80 1.05$ 10.5 84 F:
g
Sizewell oc 0.2 2.0 4 0.72 0.94 0.50 0.50 0.60 17 68 1.29
s
1.00 22 68 38 + 500,’ 1.0 22 88
G1
1.50 28 113 0.78

* NC, normally consolidated; OC, overconsolidated.

t Fines less than 5%.
$ Assuming C, = 3/(2 + u,‘).
446 SKEMPTON

density and effective overburden pressure in a Overconsolidation increases the coefficient b by

given sand can be represented by the expression the factor

N 1 +2K,
60 = a + bu,’
Dr2 1 + 2Ko,c
where K, and K,,, are respectively the in situ
(g,’ in ton/f? or kg/cm2 or kPa/f 00).
stress ratios for the overconsolidated and nor-
The parameters n and b are nearly constant for
mally consolidated sand.
0.35 < D, < 0.85 and 0.5 kg/cm’ < cv’ < 2.5
kg/cm*.
A sand can conveniently be characterized by ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
the parameters (N,),, and (N,),,/D,’ where It is a pleasure to record the generous help
(N&o is the normalized blow count at 0”’ = 1 given by Professor lshihara and Dr Saito in
kg/cm *. answering detailed questions about the sites and
N, can be evaluated from the equation N, = test methods in Japan. Mr Marcuson and Mr
C, N where, in normally consolidated sands, C, W. G. H. Hodges kindly provided information on
ranges from C, = 2/(1 + gv’) for fine sands of SPT procedures used at the WES and at Sizewell.
medium density to C, = 3/(2 + IJ”‘) for dense The inspiration to prepare this Paper came from
coarse sands. the work of Professor Seed with whom the
For normally consolidated natural sand depos- Author was associated in the Kalabagh Dam
its the best average correlation between blow project.
count and relative density is

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loose dense No. 1, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg.
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and standard concrete sand. Research Report S-76-2,
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(N,),,/Q2 = 60 Ciu. Engrs 103, 1332-1336.
Clayton, C. R. I., Hababa, M. B. & Simons, N. E.
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values should be increased in the ratio 65/60. The sand-a laboratory study. GCotechnique 35, No. 1,
second case corresponds to data given by Peck & 19-31.
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Bazaraa (1969). The tendency for N values to
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Decker, M. D. (1983). Dissertation, Purdue University.
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Civ. Engrs 91, 67-75.
Table 17. Frydman, S. (1970). Discussion on The dynamic pen-
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Engng, San Francisco 1,321-376.
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