Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
0𝐸 𝜖 𝐸
{ 𝐸(𝑈 + 𝑉) = 𝐸(𝑈) + 𝐸(𝑉)
𝐸(𝜆𝑈) = 𝜆𝐸(𝑈)
EXO3(Td1) :
𝐸1 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅 3 /𝑧 = 0}
0
0𝑅 3 = ( 0) 𝑧=0 𝐷′ 𝑜ù 0𝑅3 ∈ 𝐸1
0
𝑥1
On pose : 𝑈 = (𝑦1 ) ∈ 𝐸1 ⇒ 𝑧1 = 0
𝑧1
𝑥2
Et 𝑉 = (𝑦2 ) ∈ 𝐸1 ⇒ 𝑧2 = 0
𝑧2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑋
(𝑈 + 𝑉) = ( 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) = (𝑌 ) 𝑍 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 0 + 0 = 0
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑍
𝑂𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝜆 ∈ 𝑅
𝜆. 𝑥1
𝜆. 𝑈 = (𝜆. 𝑦1 ) 𝜆. 𝑧1 = 𝜆. 0 = 0
𝜆. 𝑧1
𝐷′𝑜ù 𝐸1 (𝜆𝑈) = 𝜆. 𝐸1 (𝑈)
𝐸1 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛 𝑆. 𝑒. 𝑣
𝐸2 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅 3 /𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0}
0
0𝑅 3 = ( 0) 𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 =0−0+0= 0
0
𝐷′ 𝑜ù 0𝑅3 ∈ 𝐸2
𝑥1
On pose : 𝑈 = (𝑦1 ) ∈ 𝐸2 ⇒ 𝑥1 − 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 = 0
𝑧1
𝑥2
Et 𝑉 = (𝑦2 ) ∈ 𝐸2 ⇒ 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 0
𝑧2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑋
(𝑈 + 𝑉) = ( 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) = (𝑌 )
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑍
𝑋 − 𝑌 + 𝑍 = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) − (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) + (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )
= 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 + 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
= (𝑥1 − 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 ) + (𝑥2 − 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 ) = 0 + 0 = 0
𝐷 ′ 𝑜ù 𝐸2 (𝑈 + 𝑉) = 𝐸2 (𝑈) + 𝐸2 (𝑉)
𝑂𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝜆 ∈ 𝑅
𝜆. 𝑥1
𝜆. 𝑈 = (𝜆. 𝑦1 ) 𝜆𝑥1 − 𝜆𝑦1 + 𝜆𝑧1 = 𝜆(𝑥1 − 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 ) = 𝜆. 0 = 0
𝜆. 𝑧1
𝐸2 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛 𝑆. 𝑒. 𝑣
𝐸3 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅 3 / 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1}
0
0𝑅 3 = ( 0) 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 = 0+0+0=0 ≠1
0
𝐷′ 𝑜ù 0𝑅3 ∉ 𝐸3
𝐸3 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑆. 𝑒. 𝑣
𝐸4 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅 3 /𝑥 + 𝑧 = 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0}
0
0𝑅 3 = ( 0) 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 0 + 0 = 0 𝑒𝑡 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0 − (2 × 0) = 0
0
𝐷′ 𝑜ù 0𝑅3 ∈ 𝐸4
𝑥1
On pose : 𝑈 = (𝑦1 ) ∈ 𝐸4 ⇒ 𝑥1 + 𝑧1 = 0 𝑒𝑡 𝑦1 − 2𝑥1 = 0
𝑧1
𝑥2
𝐸𝑡 𝑉 = (𝑦2 ) ∈ 𝐸4 ⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑧2 = 0 𝑒𝑡 𝑦2 − 2𝑥2 = 0
𝑧2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑋
(𝑈 + 𝑉) = ( 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) = (𝑌 )
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑍
𝐷′ 𝑜ù 𝐸4 (𝑈 + 𝑉) = 𝐸4 (𝑈) + 𝐸4 (𝑉)
𝑂𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝜆 ∈ 𝑅
𝜆. 𝑥1
𝜆. 𝑈 = (𝜆. 𝑦1 ) 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 0 + 0 = 0 𝑒𝑡 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝜆. 𝑧1
𝐷′ 𝑜ù 𝐸4 (𝜆𝑈) = 𝜆𝐸4 (𝑈)
𝐸4 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛 𝑆. 𝑒. 𝑣
𝐸5 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅 3 /𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 0}
0
0𝑅 3 = ( 0) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 0 + 0 = 0
0
𝐷′ 𝑜ù 0𝑅3 ∈ 𝐸5
𝑥1
On pose : 𝑈 = (𝑦1 ) ∈ 𝐸5 ⇒ 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦1 2 = 0
𝑧1
𝑥2
Et 𝑉 = (𝑦2 ) ∈ 𝐸5 ⇒ 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2 = 0
𝑧2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑋
(𝑈 + 𝑉) = ( 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) = (𝑌 )
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑍
𝐷′ 𝑜ù 𝐸5 (𝑈 + 𝑉) ≠ 𝐸5 (𝑈) + 𝐸5 (𝑉)
𝐸5 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑆. 𝑒. 𝑣
𝐸6 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅 3 / 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ≥ 0}
0
0𝑅 3 = ( 0) 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =0+0+0= 0
0
𝐷′ 𝑜ù 0𝑅3 ∈ 𝐸6
𝑥1
On pose : 𝑈 = (𝑦1 ) ∈ 𝐸6 ⇒ 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 ≥ 0
𝑧1
𝑥2
Et 𝑉 = (𝑦2 ) ∈ 𝐸6 ⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 ≥ 0
𝑧3
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑋
(𝑈 + 𝑉) = ( 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) = (𝑌 )
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑍
= (𝑥1 + 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 ) + (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 ) ≥ 0
𝐷 ′ 𝑜ù 𝐸6 (𝑈 + 𝑉) = 𝐸6 (𝑈) + 𝐸6 (𝑉)
𝑂𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝜆 ∈ 𝑅
𝜆. 𝑥1
𝜆. 𝑈 = (𝜆. 𝑦1 ) 𝑆𝑖 𝜆 ∈ ]−∞; 0[ 𝑂𝑛 𝑎: 𝜆𝑥 − 𝜆𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜆(𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧) ≤ 0
𝜆. 𝑧1
𝐸6 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑆. 𝑒. 𝑣
Une famille liée Une famille libre Une famille génératrice Une famille non génératrice
+𝟑 𝑽𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒔 +3 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑠
2 1 −1 4 0 𝑎
EXO6 (Td1) : 𝑈 = (1) 𝑉 = (3) 𝑊=( 1) 𝑋 = ( 2) 𝑌 = (1) 𝑒𝑡 𝑍 = (𝑎)
1 1 1 2 2 𝑎
2 1 𝛼=2 𝛼=2
( 𝑈 = 𝛼𝑉) ? (1) = 𝛼 (3) ⇒ {3𝛼 = 1 ⇒ {𝛼 = 1⁄3 ⇒ 𝑈 ≠ 𝛼𝑉 𝐷′ 𝑜ù (𝑈, 𝑉)𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒.
1 1 𝛼=1 𝛼=1
𝛼 = 1⁄2
2 4 4𝛼 = 2
1
( 𝑈 = 𝛼𝑋) ? (1) = 𝛼 (2) ⇒ {2𝛼 = 1 ⇒ 𝛼 = 1⁄2 ⇒ 𝑈 = 𝑋 𝐷′ 𝑜ù (𝑈, 𝑋)𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖é𝑒.
2
1 2 2𝛼 = 1 1
{𝛼 = ⁄2
2 1 −1
3 1 1 −1 1 −1
(1 3 1) = 2| | − 1| | +1| | = 2(3 − 1) − 1(1 + 1) + 1(1 + 3)
1 1 1 1 3 1
1 1 1
2⁄
3 1
( 0 ) 𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑛é𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑢 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑢𝑟 (1) 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 (𝑈, 𝑉, 𝑊)
1⁄ 1
3
5) Les rangs des familles (𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒)
𝑎 = 0 ∶ 𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔 = 0
Z 𝑠𝑖 {
𝑎 ≠ 0 ∶ 𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔 = 1
(U ,V) : 𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔 = 2
(U ,X) : 𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔 = 1
(U ,V ,W) : 𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔 = 3
(U ,V , W, Y) : 𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔 = 3
𝐸𝑎 = {𝑋(𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅 3 , 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 }
1. . 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≠ 0
0
0𝑅 3 = ( 0) 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =0+0+0= 0≠𝑎 ⟹ 0𝑅3 ∉ 𝐸𝑎
0
𝐸𝑎 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑆. 𝑒. 𝑣 𝑠𝑖 𝑎 ≠ 0
. 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 = 0
0
0𝑅 3 = ( 0) 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 − 0 + 0 = 0 ⟹ 0𝑅 3 ∈ 𝐸 𝑎
0
𝑥1
On pose : 𝑈 = (𝑦1 ) ∈ 𝐸𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥1 − 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 = 0
𝑧1
𝑥2
Et 𝑉 = (𝑦2 ) ∈ 𝐸𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 0
𝑧2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑋
(𝑈 + 𝑉) = ( 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) = (𝑌 )
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑍
𝑋 − 𝑌 + 𝑍 = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) − (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) + (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 + 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
= (𝑥1 − 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 ) + (𝑥2 − 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 ) = 0 + 0 = 0
⟹ 𝐸𝑎 (𝑈 + 𝑉) = 𝐸𝑎 (𝑈) + 𝐸𝑎 (𝑉)
𝑂𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝜆 ∈ 𝑅
𝜆. 𝑥1
𝜆. 𝑈 = (𝜆. 𝑦1 ) 𝜆𝑥1 − 𝜆𝑦1 + 𝜆𝑧1 = 𝜆(𝑥1 − 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 ) = 𝜆. 0 = 0
𝜆. 𝑧1
⟹ 𝐸𝑎 (𝜆𝑈) = 𝜆. 𝐸𝑎 (𝑈)
𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝐸𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛 𝑆. 𝑒. 𝑣 𝑠𝑠𝑖 𝑎 = 0
2. Une base de 𝐸0
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑦−𝑧
𝑥 =𝑦−𝑧
{𝑦 = 𝑦
𝑧=𝑧
1 −1
𝐸0 = 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡 [ ( 1 ) , ( 0 )]
0 1
1 −1
𝑣1 = ( 1 ) ; 𝑣2 = ( 0 ) (𝑣1 𝑣2 ) 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑔é𝑛é𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 .
0 1
1 −1 −𝛼 = 1 𝛼=2
(𝑣1 = 𝛼. 𝑣2 ) ? (1) = 𝛼 ( 0 ) ⇒ { 0 = 1 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ⟹ {𝛼 = 1⁄3
0 1 1 = 0 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝛼=1
𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 = 0𝑅3
{
𝐸 ⨁ 𝐹 = 𝑅3
2 0 2
Exemple : 𝑈 = (1) 𝑉 = (1) 𝑊 = (0)
0 1 1
2 0 2 2𝛼 + 0. 𝛽 = 2𝛾 𝛼=𝛾 (1)
𝐸∩𝐹: 𝛼 (1) + 𝛽 (1) = 𝛾 (0) ⟹ { 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 0. 𝛾 ⟹ {𝛼 + 𝛽 = 0 (2)
1 1 1 𝛼+𝛽 =𝛾 𝛼+ 𝛽=𝛾 (3)
𝛼=0
(2) = (3) ⟹ 𝛾 = 0 ⟹ 𝛼 = 0 ⟹ 𝛽 = 0 ⟹ {𝛽 = 0 ⟹ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 = 0𝑅 3
𝛾=0
2 0 2 𝑥 2𝛼 + 2𝛾 = 𝑥 (1)
𝐸 ⨁ 𝐹 : 𝛼 ( 1) + 𝛽 ( 1) + 𝛾 ( 0) = ( 𝑦 ) ⟹ { 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝑦 (2)
1 1 1 𝑧 𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =𝑧 (3)
(3) − (2) ∶ 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 − 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 𝑧 − 𝑦 ⟹ 𝛾 = 𝑧 − 𝑦
1
𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 (1) ∶ 2𝛼 + 2𝑧 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2𝛼 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 ⟹ 𝛼 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧
2
1 1
𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 (2) ∶ 𝛽 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 ⟹ 𝛽 = 𝑧 − 𝑥
2 2
1
𝛼 = 𝑥+𝑦−𝑧
2 Donc E et F sont
{ 𝛽 =𝑧− 𝑥
1 ⟹ 𝐸 ⨁ 𝐹 = 𝑅3
2 supplémentaires
𝛾 =𝑧−𝑦
Application Linéaire
𝐸 = 𝑅3 𝑒𝑡 𝐸 ′ = 𝑅2 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥 − 2𝑦 , 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)
𝐸 = 𝑅3 𝑒𝑡 𝐸 ′ = 𝑅3 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 , 𝑦 − 2𝑧 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧)
𝐹(𝑈 + 𝑉) = 𝐹(𝑈) + 𝐹(𝑉)
𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛é𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑖 {
𝐹(𝛼. 𝑈) = 𝛼. 𝐹(𝑈)
𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑖 𝐸 = 𝐸′
𝑓(𝑢) = 0𝑅3 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑢 (𝐾𝑒𝑟(𝑓))
𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑖 𝐾𝑒𝑟(𝑓) = 0𝑅3
dim(𝐸) = dim(𝐼𝑚(𝑓)) + dim(𝐾𝑒𝑟(𝑓))
𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑 ′ 𝑜ù 𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝐼𝑚(𝑓) = 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( 𝑓(𝑒1 ) , 𝑓(𝑒2 ) , 𝑓(𝑒3 ))
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝑓) = dim(𝐼𝑚(𝑓))
𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑖 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝑓) = dim(𝐸′)
𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑖𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑖 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛é𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑡 𝑏𝑖𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑′ 𝑜ù 𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑒
𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑖𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑒 𝑑 ′ 𝑜ù 𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑒
Exemple : 𝑓(𝑢) = ( 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 , 𝑦 − 2𝑧 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧)
𝑥1
On pose : 𝑈 = (𝑦1 ) ∈ 𝑓 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑈) = ( 2𝑥1 − 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 , 𝑦1 − 2𝑧1 , 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 − 𝑧1 )
𝑧1
𝑥2
Et 𝑉 = (𝑦2 ) ∈ 𝑓 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑉) = ( 2𝑥2 − 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 , 𝑦2 − 2𝑧2 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑧2 )
𝑧2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2
(𝑈 + 𝑉) = ( 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )
𝑧1 + 𝑧2
𝑓(𝑈 + 𝑉) = (2( 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) − ( 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) + ( 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) , ( 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) − 2( 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) , ( 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + ( 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) − ( 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ))
𝑓(𝑈 + 𝑉) = (2 𝑥1 + 2 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 + 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 − 2 𝑧1 − 2𝑧2 , 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 − 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )
𝑓(𝑈 + 𝑉) = (2 𝑥1 − 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 + 2 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 , 𝑦1 − 2 𝑧1 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑧2 , 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 − 𝑧1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑧2 )
𝑓(𝑈 + 𝑉) = (2 𝑥1 − 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 , 𝑦1 − 2 𝑧1 , 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 − 𝑧1 ) + (2 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 , 𝑦2 − 2𝑧2 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑧2 )
𝑓(𝑈 + 𝑉) = 𝑓(𝑈) + 𝑓(𝑈)
BONNE CHANCE
A TOUS