Name: JOSHUA GREGORY PURA Instructor: ENGR.

JERRY JAKE JUNE HAYAGAN

Student Number: 201109489 Date: NOVEMBER 18, 2022

“Effect of Partial Replacement of Crushed Stone Dust Filler with Waste Glass Powder in
Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete Production”
Destaw Kifile, Emer Tucay Quezon, Abel Tesfaye
2020

I. Introduction and Review of Related Literature

The accumulation of waste materials such as rubber, glass, metal, and plastic is one of the most
concerning threats to the environment. As the population grows, so does the volume of waste, and
waste disposal must grow in proportion.
Recycling is one of the most practical and cost-effective methods of disposing of solid waste. With
diminishing material supplies and rising prices, there is renewed interest in reusing waste materials
in a variety of construction fields. The development of new and innovative uses for waste materials
is strongly encouraged.
Many highway agencies are conducting studies and research projects to assess the feasibility,
environmental suitability, and performance of using recycled materials in highway construction.
These studies attempted to find an appropriate balance between the need for safe and cost-effective
waste disposal and the need for satisfactory and cost-effective pavement materials. Recycled
materials used in road construction today provide a positive option when considering sustainable
materials sources and as an appealing materials option to provide satisfactory service performance.
Numerous articles on the subject of using solid waste as raw materials in hot mix asphalt concrete
have been written (HMAC). There are typically three methods for announcing garbage into
HMAC. One innovation is adding the waste substance that is utilized as a modifier to the asphalt
binder. According to studies, HMAC demonstrates superior qualities when an asphalt binder is
changed with rubber, polymer, and many other waste materials. The second development is the
substitution of solid waste materials for traditional fillers and aggregates in HMAC. The
importance of the filler used in asphalt concrete was acknowledged in the findings of various
investigations.
Furthermore, it is widely accepted that any suitable material, natural or artificial, may be
substituted for the natural filler. The third approach, in addition to binders and aggregates, included
fibers and polymers as HMAC additions. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine
how well hot mix asphalt with PET and HDP performs in stone mastic asphalt. The mechanical
properties of asphalt concrete are influenced by the filler and bitumen properties. High-quality
additive modifications to asphalt paving materials are relatively expensive for the creation of
bituminous road construction mixtures. This problem can be mitigated by incorporating natural
blend elements.
II. Problem Description
One of the main issues in mix design is the type and quantity of filler used, which is known to
have a significant impact on the mix design, particularly the ideal asphalt content. The amount of
filler used in the plant mixes will influence the quality of the mix produced. According to some
studies, substitution or addition improves the mixture. Several traditional building elements, such
as lime, cement, and granite powder, are frequently used as fillers in asphalt concrete mixtures all
over the world. Granite powder, cement, and lime powder are more expensive but perform better
in other applications.
In this study, the impact of employing waste glass powder in hot mix asphalt concrete in place of
crushed stone dust as a filler material was assessed. By substituting waste glass powder for the
principal, typically utilized crushed stone dust filler in samples at varying percentages, a laboratory
experiment was conducted to ascertain the volumetric, flow, and Marshal Stability qualities using
the Marshall Mix design method.
III. Modeling, Results, Analysis, and Conclusion
Materials. The materials used for this study are crushed stone as coarse and fine aggregate and
85/ 100 Penetration grade of bitumen as binder material. Crushed stone dust filler and aggregates
were obtained from IFH Engineering PLC Construction Quarry site around Kaliti area four
different sizes: 14-25mm, 6-14mm, 3-6mm, and 0-3mm. The asphalt cement of 85/ 100
Penetration grade also obtained from IFH engineers PLC batching plant. Waste glass bottle was
collected from Addis Ababa Glass and Bottles Shear Company's waste bottles stockpile.
Specimens of the waste glass bottles such as white, amber, and green bottles were collected.
Results and Discussions.
Relationship of Marshall Properties with Waste Glass Powder Filler Material. The effects of
replacing various proportions of the primary used filler with the Waste Glass Powder (WGP) filler
on Marshal stability, flow, and volumetric properties of a typical binder course asphalt concrete
are evaluated. On the basis of determining the amount of optimum bitumen content of 5.10% and
optimum content of 6.5%, crushed stone dust filler replaced at four incremental 25, 50, 75, and
100% by weight of CSD filler with WGP filler as shown in table VIII. Hot mix asphalt mix with
no waste glass powder filler served as the control mixture for the subsequent laboratory tests. The
obtained asphalt concrete mix samples with the waste glass powder denoted by using WGPAC
abbreviation, formed by the initials of "Waste Glass Powder Asphalt Concrete." The samples were
numbered from WGPAC 1 to WGPAC 4 based on percentage value, starting from 25% to 100%
WGP.
Marshall properties of asphalt mixes with Waste glass powder (WGP) at constant bitumen content
of 5.10% are summarized in table IX. A total of 15 Marshall specimen of mixtures, each of them
weighs 1,200gms prepared using five glass powder content of 0%, 25%, 5%, 75%, and 100% by
weight of Crushed stone dust filler, and 5.10% Bitumen content by the weight of the total mix.

Marshall Stability –Glass Powder Content Relationship: All stability values with the
replacement of WGP filler content had achieved the specification requirements. The figure
indicated that the mixtures' Marshal Stability value increased as the glass powder content increases
until it reaches the maximum Stability of 12.0kN at 75% glass powder content. Beyond this point,
it started to decline.
Flow – Glass Powder Content Relationship: The Flow value limit must be minimum at 2 mm,
and a maximum at 4 mm for heavy traffic. The flow of replacing mixes oscillates around the value
of the control mix, which was 3.26 mm. It means the value was in the range of ERA Pavement
Design Manual specifications at all replacement rates. When considering figure 6, the lowest flow
value was obtained at the point of 2.84 mm for samples prepared and tested with 75% of WGP
(i.e., 1.625% CSD filler and 4.875% WGP), a maximum flow value which was 3.26 mm for the
sample prepared with 0% of WGP (i.e., 6.5% CSD and 0% WGP).

Bulk Density – Glass Powder Content Relationship: The bulk density increases with an increase
in waste glass powder content until it reaches the maximum bulk density at 75% glass powder
content, and it started to decline. So, the maximum bulk density determined value of 2.360 g/cm3
at 75% glass powder content, and the minimum bulk density of 2.350 g/cm3 at 0% glass powder
content.

Air voids (Va) – Glass Powder Content Relationship: It must be emphasized that the design
range of air voids from 3%-5% was the desired level after several years of traffic. The mixes that
ultimately consolidate to less than 3% can be expected to show signs of rutting and shoving; a
similar problem like brittleness and premature cracking can occur if the final air void content is
above 5%. It was noticed that the Air void content for the replaced mixes from 0% - 100% glass
powder filler, all values within the range of 3% - 5% as specified by ERA Standard, Pavement
Design Manual. On the other hand, from figure 8 indicated at 75% glass powder content (i.e., the
sample prepared by 1.625% CSD and 4.875% WGP, the air voids percentage was 4%, which was
seen as the median value of local and international specifications.

Voids in Mineral Aggregates (VMA) – Glass Powder Content Relationship: The relationship
between glass powder content and voids in mineral aggregates interprets that the voids in mineral
aggregates decrease with increased glass powder content up to a minimum value; it increases at
higher content of glass powder. The minimum VMA value is 14.4% of asphalt samples that were
prepared with 1.625% CSD and 4.875% WGP. The voids in mineral aggregates value are all within
the permissible limits specified in the ERA Pavement Design Manual.

Percent Voids filled with Asphalt (VFA)–Glass powder content relationship: The relationship
between glass powder content and voids filled with shows that voids filled with asphalt; the value
increased with an increase in replacement rate of glass powder until it reaches the highest VFA
value at 75% Waste glass powder (WGP). It was noticed that the VFA for replaced mixes with 0%
to 100% glass powder, all are within the range of 65% - 75% specified by ERA Pavement Design
Manual. At 75% replacement rate of glass powder content, the VFA in the mix is the highest value
indicating the lowest air void for the mix. The VFA for the control mix was lower than the 75%
of the replaced mix. This result was due to more effective bitumen content that was present in the
mix to fill available voids between the inter-granular spaces.
Summary of Properties of Asphalt Mix with Various Glass Powder Content: Each of
Marshall's Stability, bulk density, and VFA increase as the glass powder increases. The Flow
values, air voids, and void in mineral aggregates decreased as the glass powder content increases.

Determination of Optimum Glass Powder Content. Asphalt mix with the calculated optimum
content satisfied the maximum Stability, maximum bulk density, Va within the allowed range of
specifications. From figure 10, it could be noticed that all values of Marshall stability for various
glass powder content satisfied the local and international specifications, which were in the
minimum of 7.0kN and 8.006kN, respectively. However, the maximum stability corresponding to
75% of glass powder content found out to have 12.0kN. Figure 7 showed the bulk density values
at various glass powder content and the maximum bulk density obtained at 75% glass powder
content. Figure 8 showed that all the values of air voids percentage at various glass powder content
at 75% Waste glass powder filler content, the corresponding air voids value was 4.0%, which is
the median air voids in the specifications. Therefore, the mix obtained using 25% CSD and 75%
WGP met the standard in terms of maximum Stability, maximum bulk density, and Va within the
allowed range of specifications, at an optimum bitumen content of 5.10%. Hence, 75% was
adopted as the optimum content of glass powder.
Comparison of Properties of Asphalt Mix at Optimum GPC With Local and International
Specifications. The comparison was made on Marshal and volumetric properties of asphalt mix at
optimum glass powder content of 75% by weight of the optimum crushed stone dust filler with
local and international specifications. Table XI indicated the asphalt mix with an optimum glass
content of 1.625% CSD and 4.875% WGP by weight from the total component of aggregates or
simply 75% by weight of crushed stone dust filler satisfying the requirements of Ethiopian Road
Authority (ERA) Pavement Design Manual 2002, and the Asphalt Institute Specifications for all
tested properties. Therefore, the use of glass powder with a maximum replacement of 75% WGP
by weight of crushed stone dust filler or 4.875% by weight of aggregate is advisable.

Conclusion. The waste glass powder laboratory test for gradation and plasticity index was
successful, meeting the Standard Specification for use as a filler in hot mix asphalt concrete
production. Similarly, the maximum Marshall stability test was used to determine the optimal filler
content of crushed stone dust (CSD). It was discovered that CSD with a filler content of 6.5% had
the highest Marshall stability at 5.10% bitumen content. Furthermore, the laboratory experiment
based on each test result for Marshall stability, bulk density, and VFA revealed that the value
increased as the glass powder increased. The flow values, Air voids, and void in mineral aggregates
decreased as the glass powder content increases. At 75% replacement of crushed stone dust by
glass powder, the mixture indicated maximum Stability, maximum bulk density, and Va within
the permissible range of the Standard Specifications. Therefore, the percent content of glass
powder at 75% by weight of Crushed stone dust (CSD) filler or containing 4.875% by weight of
aggregate can provide optimum performance for heavy traffic.
IV. Comment and Suggestion (500 words)
This research recognized the threats of waste materials towards the environment therefore it aims
to lessen the total global wastes and to preserve natural resources through innovative solution
applied in recycling. This is commendable as it is truly alarming how dangerous it is, knowing the
fact that we tend to produce more waste as our population grows. This research provides essential
information that will later shift the trend in highway engineering.
Upon analyzing the overall content of the research, the authors have truly applied their specialty
as they provide informative experimentation that the future researchers will look into it. This is a
remarkable representation of continuous improvements of materials used in construction. The
authors provide detailed methodologies as they execute different processes needed in the
experimentation. Selection and preparation of materials is also good as they navigate their
environment in order to have abundant resources. Aside from that, those materials undergone
numerous batches of testing to make sure that the replacement of materials is still follow and satisfy
the standard specifications. The testing of materials is very crucial in this research in order for it
to achieve its goal. Although its objective is just to provide the most acceptable and applicable
proportions of partial replacement, it is important to have a visual representation of each processes.
I suggest that the authors must include photo documentation of the whole experimentation in order
to improve its presentation. It doesn’t need to include all of the processes but rather an overall
view. The usage of tables and charts provide better understanding of the results aside of being
accompanied by descriptive text as interpretation. There is a slight problem when it comes to
abbreviations of terms as it does not directly show the exact context. Non-professional readers may
find it hard to interpret the given results as they have so many questions with regards to that
abbreviations listed in the table and charts.
When it comes to the given set of proportions of partial replacement, the authors provide numerous
sets. This is important in order for the study to identify what specific proportion is the best. Along
with a controlled or the standard mixture (without replacement), it became more satisfying to
identify which proportion surpassed the standard one. But I have this observation that those sets
of different proportions only has one set of specimen. This implies that the result of those specimen
is not that strong to validate a certain claim as it only show only one result. I have this thoughts of
having failed attempts in a specific samples, what result it may show? I suggests that the author
must provide numerous specimens per set in order to have a more reliable results. Through
calculating its average, it will lead you to more realistic point-of-view as in reality, it does not
always good in the first try.
Overall, the essence of the research really satisfy its goal as it provide a positive outcome. Here it
comes the role of the future researchers, utilizing this informative research as an inspiration in
innovating wonderful ideas. Some will start arguing that this only implies to the usage of specific
waste materials, this is a perfect example that small things still matters. And this little step will
soon turn into big changes that everyone will appreciate.
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